TM 9-1901 Artillery Ammunition 1944 - Chapter 01

5/13/2018 TM 9-1901 Artillery Ammunition 1944 - Chapter 01

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W A R D E P A I T M E I T T E C H N I C A L M A I U A L

ARTILLERYAMMUNITION

WAR DEPARTMENT


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TM 9-19011-3

RESTRICCEDThis Technical .Manualsupersedes TB 9-1901-1, dated. .20 March 1944;. TB: 9-t901-2, dated25 May 1944; TB 91901..3, dated 2.8 June 1944;TB ORD7, dated 10 January 1944; andTB ORD 77, dated S June 1944,.

CHAPTER 1GENERALSection I

INTRODUCTIONI. PURPOSE.. a. The. purpose of this Technical Manual is to impart informationof a general and technical nature concerning artillery ammunition,including trench-mortar ammunition, and components thereof, suchas may be necessary for their intelligent care, handling, and use..This is a . companion. volume to TM 9-1900, Ammunition, general,2. SCOPE.a. Ammunition for use in artillery weapons, including field, anti-

aircraft, aircraft, tank and antitank, and in trench mortars, is describedCoast artillery ammunition has not been. described since it is coveredin. TM 4-20S. This manual covers the general characteristics, specificdata, means of identification, precautions in handling and use, andgeneral information on packing and shipping. An additional chapterconcerns destruction of ammunition in case of imminent capture bythe enemy,3. ARRANGEMENT OF TEXT.a. Chapter 1 ccversgeneral ammunition terms, classification of

artillery ammunition, means of identification, explosive charges andchemical fillers, packing and marking for shipment, storage pre-cautions, care in handling and use, and a general discussion of pro-jectiles.h. Chapter 2 presents specific data for and description of the

rounds and projectiles used in artillery weapons and trench mortars.Subcaliber ammunition is covered in this chapter.c. Chapter 3 deals with the components, other than projectiles, of

complete rounds: Fuzes, propelling charges, primers, boosters, burst-ers, and adapter-boosters. Section V covers the components ofseparate-loading projectiles used in shipping, namely, grommets andeyebolt-lifting plugs.d. Chapter 4 describes the destruction of ammunition. to avoid

capture.e. Tables of complete rounds for ammunition described in chap-

ter 2 are pub 1ishe d in chapter 5.f.A list of references will be found in chapter 6.


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TM 9-19013ARTIL LERY AMMU 'N IT ION

.,

EXPLOSIVE D

RA PD 15129Explanatory Color Chart (for Sectioned Views)


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TM 9'-1'9013GEN!ERAL

tE.A.D A Z IDE ,

RA. -PD 1'5130- Explanato,ry C,olor CII,art (f,orSecfio,ned' Views}-Conf;nued,


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TM 9-19014ARTILLERY AMMUNITION

Section IIGEN ER AL D ISCU SS IO N

4. DEFINITIONS.a. Ammunition is materiel intended to be expended in combat

or simulated combat conditions. Artillery ammunition includes allammunition, except rockets, used in weapons of caliber greater than0.60 inch. Included in the discussion of artillery ammunition in thismanual is a special group known as trench-mortar ammunition.I). A round, or complete round, of artillery ammunition comprises

all of the components necessary to fire the weapon once. This in-cludes the following: First, a projectile; second, apcopel1ing chargeto drive the projectile out of the weapon; third, a primer to initiatethe burning of the propelling charge; and fourth, a fuze assembledto the projectile to explode it at the time and under the conditionsdesired. Dependent on the manner in which these components areassembled for firing, complete rounds of artillery ammunition areknown as fixed, semitised, and separate-loading. See figure 1 for thesetypes of ammunition and for terms applied to their components.c. In fixed ammunition, the propelling charge is fixed, that is,not adjustable, and the components are loaded into the weapon in

one operation. As usually designed, the propelling -charge is assem-bled loosely in the cartridge case which is crimped rigidly to theprojectile. The primer is fitted in the base of thecartridg,e case.A round affixed ammunition may also be termed a cartridge.

(1 . Semiiised ammunition is characterized by the loose fit of thecartridge case over the projectile so that the propelling charge maybe accessible for adjustment for zone firing. Like fixed ammunition,it is loaded into the weapon as a unit. The propelling charge isdivided into sections, each containing propellent powder assembledin a bag. To adjust the charge, the projectile is lifted from thecartridge case, the sections or increments not required are' removed,and the projectile is reassembled to the cartridge case. As in fixedammunition, the primer is assembled in the base of the cartridgecase. The lOS-mm howitzer H.E., A.T. round isa special typ.e inthat the charge is fixed, that is, not adjustable, the cartridge case andprojectile not being crimped together because of method of packingand shipping.e. In separate-loading ammunition, the separate components-e-

projectile, propelling charge, and primer-are loaded into the weaponseparately. First, the projectile is inserted into the breech and rammedhome so that the rotating band seats in the forcing,cone; second,the propelling charge in one or more cylindrical cloth. bags is placedin the powder chamber immediately to the rear of the projectile;


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A-FUZE. I -BOOSTERC-FUZE WELL LINERD-SHELLE-OGIVEF-BOURRELETG-BURSTING CHARGEH-ROTATING BAND! I -CRIMPJ-BASE COVERK -CA R TR ID GE CA SEL-PROPELlING CHARGEM-PRIMERN-LiFTING PLUGO-GROMMETP-COTTER PIN WITH PULL RINGQ-IGNl iTER

F IXED AMMUN IT ION S EM I F IX ED AMM UN IT IO N

TM 9-19014

H

L

MSEPARATE.LOADING AMMUN I T I ON

RA PO 80671

Figure J - Ammunition Terms - Complete Rounds


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TM, 919014-7

ART IIJ .ERY AMMUN ':I,T I'O 'Nand, third"after the breechblock hasbeen closed and locked 'behind.the charge, theprimer is, inserted into the firing mechanism, In aspecial type of separate-loadingammunition, the propelling, charge iscontained in a cartridge case instead of in a cloth bag, but the pro-jectile does not fit into th.e cartridge case and is: loaded into thecannon separately .. IIi the case of 120-mm (4.'7-in.) ammunition the'assembled cartridge case is used to, ram the projectile into: the weapon.5. CLASSIFICATION.a. General., Ammunition is classified according to use as service,

practicecblank, or drill It may also be classified according to typeof filler as explosive" chemical, or inerth. Service AmmuD:ilion. Service ammunition is fired foreffect

in combat, Dependent upon type of projectile, it may be high-explosive" high-explosive-antitank, armor-piercing or varmor-piercing-capped (with or without explosive filler), Iow-explosive (shrapnel},chemical (gas orsrnoke ), illuminating, or inert (canister). See para-graph 1 4 1 for descriptions of these types of projectiles and figures .2to 5" inclusive,c.PracticeAmmlJD,ition. Practice ammunition is fired for 'effect.insimulated co.mbatan.d is provided for training in. marksmanship ...

The projectile inthis type' of ammunition .may have a small quantityof low-explosive filler to' serve as a.spotting charge, or the filler maybe inert.d. Blank Ammunition,.- Blank-ammunition is provided. in small

and medium. calibers for suchpurposes as saluting and simulated fire.It has no projectile ..e, Drill A:in_DluD,ition. Drill or dummy ammunition is 'used.fortraining inhandlingand loading ("service of the piece") "andaimilar

purposes, I is completely inert,6 ,. NOMEN 'CLATURE . ,

a, Standard nomenclature is established in order thateachItemsupplied maybe specifically identified. by name, It consists of thetype,size;i and model of each item:"and rts jase for all purposes ofrecord is mandatory.Thisnomenclature is published inthe IO 'RD' 11Standard Nomenclature Lists (SNL's) of groups P, R,S, andT, andtheir exact use will keep toa minimum any 'errors which may resultin the shipping, storing" issue, and use of ammunition items,7,. AMMUNITION IDENTIFICATIQ'N C'O'DE SYM.a 'O ' LS .a. The Ammunition Identification Code (AI.C ..) symbol hasbeen

established to facilitate the supply ofammunitionin the: field. Codesymbols assigned to each item 'O f ammunition. in. a ~sp;!ecificpackingare to be used in messages, requisitions, and Ie'cords.Tbe.se codesymbols are published in 'O'RD 11 SNL's of groups P', R,. S;,and T.


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T M 9~19017GENE.RAL

RA PD 80673f.igure 2 - Typic,al Armor-piercing a'nd Armo'r-piercing-capped

Comp.l.te RoundsA

A ! ,A.P.C., WITH- 'EX P~ OS IV E F IL L'E,RB I ' A .P '.C . , W ITHOUT- I E X P L O S IV E F I L L E RC ~ A .P ., S9LID

c


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TM 919017ARTILLERY AMMUNITION

~": ::.0~C D0 . . . .C DZ . . . . .: : : : > a.01 E0::: : C 0

LIJ Z U~ :J - --0 ". . .J ~ . . . .c.. E~ wI- C D0 w .. cU _ . U.L I.I . a : : : o, ."> 'W ~. C- 0 0V) r- .U0 lI) ,. C D. . . .J ~ ~ >0.. . _i = > e nX C O i U 0UJ . . . . .- ~I: ~.o LLI ~- :t: :I: U - c :0')c c . _LI.I :J :> < w> < - -L - a. " ,~, ~ . _

~. ~ . ~Ln ILnl"- I-- e I'm (V)C D. .: : C. . . .1 1 . .


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TM 9'-19017GENERAL

cZ.~,!o 'a : : :

-Q.2.c:CIt-aI:a. .C D. ."_eaU

Q . . . .Z 0= - til0 -aa r : c:, ! :.I.I 0Z'Q. a & :, a r : : : : ::t: . . .c.I') C D-Q.= - E -) 0~ . J~ -l.f\ a"'" u_Q.

~I. . ..:'at--& .


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TM 9-19017ART I LLERY AMMUNITION

A-BAS.E-EJECTJO~ SMOKECOM PLETE ROUNDI-BASE-IGNITION(B ASE -EM IS SIO N) SMOKE,COMPLETE ROUND

BLACK POWDER EXPELLINGCHARGE~ -SMOKE MIXTURE

I,UM-~""""_- IGNITERSPACING DISC...--1S;;~~~

~-CANISTERSMOKE MIXTURE~- ~

P EL LE T CH ARGEDELAY PELLETS~~

t-- BASE PLUG

RA PD80676

Figure 5 - Typical Base-ignition and BOase-ejection Smoke


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TM 919018-9

G.ENERAL,8. GRADES OF AIRCRAFf AMMUNITION.a. A system of grading has been established for aircraft artillery

ammunition, The purpose of grading is to provide for higher per-formance by aircraft ammunition than is required, of ammunitionac-ceptable for use . inground guns. These grades are applicable. to am-munition for use in 20-mm guns Ml,AN-:M2, M3, and Br. KS./ AI;37-mm .guns AN-M9, AN-M4, and MIO; and 75-mm guns M4,AN~MS, M5.Al, andT13El. The grades are as follows:

GradeAIR-for use in any situation.Grade NA-for~se in any situation except air combat

(primarily for training),h,. Steel case rounds or resized case rounds will not be used inaircraft weapons.

9. .EXPLOSIVESIN AMMUNITION.a, General. The characteristics of various types of explosives are

given in TM 4-205, Coast artillery ammunition; TM 9-1900, Am-~munition, general; and TM 9-2900, 'Mili:qtry' explosives.h. Classlfieation, For military purposes, explosives are divided

into' two basic groups: Propellants (or low explosives) and high ex-plosives. One of the chief differences between these two groups isin the nature of the characteristic reactions. The propellant is, con-sidered to react by burning, the rate of which depends upon suchfactors as.pressure, grain form, composition, 'etc. The high explosive,on the other hand, is used for its detonating properties which arevisualized. as resulting. from. an explosion wave traveling throughthe high-explosive charge at an extremely high velocity (22,0.00 to27,500 ft/sec). The velocity of detonation of a .particular high. ex-plosive is directly proportional to its density.c.Propellants. Propellants are used to propel the projectile out

of the weapon at a prescribed velocity. Those currently used havea nitrocellulose base and are commonlyknown as smokeless powders.Thesepowders are distinguished by such terms-as straight nitrocellu-lose (NC_), or pyre powder; double-base powder containing nitro-glycerin (NG) and nitrocellulose. T.hey may be fiashless-nonhygro-scopic (FNH) ; or simply nonhygroscopic (NH), depending upontheir flashproperties in a particular weapon, Black powder (or gun-powder) has been almost completely superseded as a propellant bysmokeless powder. The usual form 0 . smokeless powder in artilleryammunition is a cylindrical grain with one or more perforations(ch. 3, sec. II).d. IDgh E_xplosives. High explosives, because- of their extremely

rapid rate of detonation, have a powerful disruptive action. Thisaction, or shattering=power, is known as "brisanee" and varies fordifferent explosives, The high explosivesmore sensitive to impact


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TM 9-19019

F O R }SUPE.RQU liCK "ACTIONART' ILLERY AMMUNI.TION

FIRING PIN___ ~~---- PRIMERPPER DETONATOR fUZEDELAY ELEM ENT

m-,r -- . t I~LOWER DETON,ATOR

S H E L L

P R I M E RPERCUSSIONELEMENT

BURSTINGCHARGE .EXPLOS IVETRA.IN.(UPON IMPACT)

PROPELLINGCHARGE

L . . - - - - - - - FI,RiNG PIN O F WEAPON

PROPELLING.1 CHARGE

EXPLOS IVETRAIN( U PON FIRING}

RA PD 80672


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T M . 9.19 , 0 1 19i~1'1

are used as. initiators in primersor detonators, whereas the' h,i.gh ex-plosives less' sensitive to impact are used as bur-sting charges inshell, TNT- and. Composition Ba,re the standard bursting charges inthe United States, an:damatol istbe substitute explosive, "I'etrylbias mora brisaace than. TNT but is, also more sensitivej ihence, itis used only 8:S a bursting charge forsmallpropectiles, of .20-mm,3'7~mm,an,d '4Q-m~ttlc~liber, and. as a. booster dn other calibers toinitiate the detonation of TNT or explosive D., Expl9S,ive' D is fhehigh explosive least sensitive to, impact and therefore Isused a's the'bursting charge in .armer-piercing projectiles where severe ImpactIsexpected, For details. and descriptions of explosives, sleeTM '9'...9 0 , 0 1

d T M - 9 2-900' .n.. ' -zs e.Explo.siveTrain,. The' arrangement efa series of explosivesbeginning with a small amount ,ofsensJtiveexplosi.v:e,. and endingwith a large amount of comparatively Insensitive explosiveris termedan explosive 'train. I II -g e n ,e ra l, there are two' such trains ::The' pro-p:el1mg charge: explosive trainand the bursting ehargeexploslvetrain,Th.ese~two trains. are illustrated. in figure 6 for a complete round offixed artillery ammunition,10 1 CHEMICALFI,14LE 'RS , .

a., Som,esh,ell contain a chemical agent, A chemical agent is 8.substance which by its ordinaryand direct chemical action and inconcentrations attainable inthe field,.pir.odue,e:sa toxic or an irritating'

. , - -(harassing) physiological ,effect,s. screening smoke, an. incendiaryaction, or any combinatlon of these, Th,e most commonga:s usedas 8. chemical filler is mustard g;2S, denoted by theCh,emical War;..fare Service symbol '"R' ' ' This is,' a perrsistentgas; that is,. it re-mains effective at the point: of release for more than 10 minutes,The most commonly used smoke filler is white, phosphorus (WPI)which, In addition to producing a dense white smoke, also hasanincendiary action, Phosphorus is,a solid which melts at 1 1 1 0 ' FII, Asubstitute for phosphorus is FS smoke. This is :Qsulfur trioxide-chlorsulfonic ,acid mixture; 'no, mask Is required for theFS smoke,the smoke b,eing harmless, except invery heavy concentrations. Inbase-ejection andbase-ignitlon smoke shell, Hie smoke is used, Thisis , a hexachlorethane-zinc mixture for which no protection of personnelor materiel is required, F'urth,er informa.tionon, chemical filler willbe found inTM 9-1'9!00"TM 3...3,15,,an.dtbe' Ordnance Sa,fety ,Mall~al,O'.O~Form N:o. 72'24.11. IDEN'('IFICATION.'a.,. GeneraL Amtnun~tio'nis, comp,letely j,dentified,.,exee'ptas tograde, by painting and marking (which includes the ammunition lot


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TM 9 90111ARTILLERY AMMUNITION

the ammunition items. Other essential information may also be ob-tained from the marking on a.mmunition items. The muzzle velocityof projectiles may be obtained from the firing tables and ammunitiondata cards; in case of some rounds of smaller caliber, the muzzlevelocity also appears on the packing box.h. M,arkor Model. To identify a particular design, a model

designation is assigned at the time the model is classified as anadopted type. This model designation becomes an essential part ofthe nomenclature and is included in the marking of the item. Priorto the World War, the year in which the design was adopted, precededby an M, was used .as the model designation, for example M1914 ..From World War I to 1 July 1925, it was the practice to assign marknumbers, that is, the word "Mark", abbreviated "Mk.," followed by aroman numeral. The modification was indicated by the addition ofMI to the mark number, the second by MIl, etc. The present systemof model designation consists of the letter "M" followed 'by anarabic numeral, for example, "MI." Modifications are indicated byadding the letter "A" and the appropriate arabic numeral Thus,"MlAl" indicates the first modification of an item for which theoriginal model designation was "MI." Wherever a "B" suffix appearsin a model designation it indicates an item of alternative (or sub-stitute) design, material, or manufacture.c. Ammunition Lot Number. At the time of manufacture everyitem of ammunition is assigned a lot number. Where the size of

the item permits, it is stamped on the item itself to insure perma-nency of this means of identification. In addition to this lot number,there is assigned to each complete round of fixed and semifixed am-munition an ammunition lot number whic.h serves to identify the con-ditions under which the round was assembled and the componentsused in the assembly. This ammunition lot number is marked OD.every complete round of fixed and semifixed ammunition (exceptwhere the item Is too small) and on all packing containers. Itisrequired for all purposes of record, including reports on condition,functioning, and accidents, in.which the ammunition is involved Asfar as practicable, all complete rounds of any particular ammunitionlot are made up of components selected from the same lot Toobtain the greatest accuracy in any firing, successive rounds shouldbe from the same ammunition lot whenever practicable,d. Painting and _ arking.( 1) PAINTING. Ammunition is painted primarily to prevent rust.

Secondary purposes are to provide, by the color, a ready means ofIdentification; and, by the use of lusterless paint, for camouflage. Thecolor scheme is as follows:1


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TM 919011 1

GENERALHigh-explosive -; 0 _ . Olive-drs b; marking in yellow.Arm9r-pl~rcti1g~_ont~ining1 l.j g h -expIO$i:v e , ..... : ~...._ .-... ~- -. ~. .. . .. . . . . . . Olive-drab; ,mat-king in yellowAtm~r-pierclng 'withoutexplosiv ;e. _ _ ~ "". ' ' :._ ~ .......Black;. J : J )~ki~g inwhite'La 1 R'd ,. kin- "'- bi k. ~w-'e lql . O $ lv e~ , _ ~ . . . . 'e ' ; . m ar g lnacChemical ~.-.:..;, _ _..... Gray; one green band ' indicates nOD-

o persistent tQxicg~$:' two greenbands indicate per$i~~pt toxic gas;two red bands iniji*~t .persistentharassing .agent; ~Qd one yellowbang indicates smeke, ~king:ontheam.munition is in . the .sameco.1oras the band,Practice, ~.':""." -.-.......... Blue; marking. inwhite2~-""""'l'it I . \ : r - ~ : " ; 1 , ' 1 - : ( l n , e - rt~)' ,, B ' I a c k ; m a r , k i n g , . . : . . . . w h i , - t , e :3:LI'w:.-12U:~~ v U;l.~:1-. .' .: -. ..........,",'~ .... _,'.... '. ' - .. It . .... - ~ '. ... __ I. ,I , ~ ..... , c - _ " . & & . & I. ~(2) :~G. The components of artillery rounds are markedas follow.s:;(a): :prQj~.qti1fiis (:figs. 7, 8, and 9): 4 . 51'. Stenc iLed ' on. the body:

4:mmunitien' Iaelltffi.~tion Code (M,e.) symbol on 'separate-leadingshell.. -, . . .. -CaliQet a.d ..type, of eannon in which fired ("75 H", etc.. GKind of: nller ("TNT~" ''WP :SMOKE;~""H GAS , " :ete.)Type and model of projectile ( " 'SHELL M60,'; "PRO]. -AP.C.M61 , "etc.)Theword "TRACER " wh e:Q projectile cpt;ltaj~l$:~.tracer,

Lot numbe r of lq~ed proj.e~il:e. For fixed and semifixed rounds, thelot number is , steniled below-the' rotatingband, :in which positionit i$ :c~ve~edp'y the neck :01 the eartridge case,"

AmtnUniti6~ lot= n.1Jt~h~1.\n: the case of 2Q-mm, .37-mm,and 4~mmproie.:djl~~Q~YWe,igJi t zdn~ (crosses or.squares) or weight to nearest pound ofloaderJ prqjectilei Exceptions 'are armor-piercing projectiles whichare cQmpo t f en t s of fixed :~r-ound$.and base-ignition- a nd b a s e -e je c tionsmoke. shell.2. ,:T~~ ~e _on ban~ .~~~ ~~~PX',,~c~ .:pro.j~ o . t ~ ~ caJiber whicll have beenpainted. b~8clc..I~: is co.nt~~pla~ ~~ w~~ ~eplcem.~Qr :i'e~~g' i . ~qm.recJ" tbey 'Wi l l '~epaint-e4_'bl~e "in agreem~f thm -e~~ ~ ;~ ~ or~ em .e .. . ' ..... . .- '~onferrpu8 -metal. parts ,~~~lj.&j ($1iD. .,1\$ ,O fb raS$ . or bro~)_ . - e . :Dot .p$iilted..~ID: ~ddition t.o:u a ~ ' identiii.eatioa ]J.sted.,.chemiea1 .shetl a lSO,are matiecl Witlt color ban:ds ,iu-aicat1n~tthe ~e pI ~lIer; s~pat;'~graph- : ( 1 - , ( :1), a,?ove.' ..'ij' ~yy' ~Ql~~~. are m8rk~ m -a~~anc& WIth Navy practi~~apnel fpr lS5~~ gw1Qr:b.i;jVi~~m~y, ~.~' f~uncJrnark$ieither ."155..~ G" or

Jf'la5~mmH:!' Thsei~em.sare .idiltj~l with, $b!'~~e~ pt~ly marked "'15S..mmGH.~,T~In ,older types and lots..h e ' Jot n~bet . 'of tQ.d~proj~e may . s i c ; > t b~' ~lp'w th~ rotating


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TM 9190'1'1 1

WE: IGHT .Z 'ONE MARKIN,G------:i lB ,ER AND D:ESIGNATIONOF W EAPO'N"- -- .. .. ..

K IN iD OF FILlER---_-. __T Y P E AND MO 'D El Q , F S H EL l,--- -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._

ITH TRAC,E:R"INDICATES ; P RESENCEO F T RAC ER~-l:OT :NUMBE,ROF LOADiEDSHELL

,M F R 'ER 'S IN IT IAL S AN D Y E A R , OF M F R . ,.,--- l;O T ,NUMBER OF CASE--~

C AL IBER AN D MODEL O F CAS EAMMUN IT , I ,ON LO T : NUM !BERAN II XU A F T E R T H E

, : S E R I A L N U MB ER IN DIC ATE SST EE LCARTRlDG f CASf

ITYPE ,AND M ODEL OF SHELL I

RA PD 80678


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TM 9190111GENERAL

F

A-WEIGHT ZONE M A R K I N GB - WEfGHT TO N E A R E S T L B .C -C AL IBER AN D T Y P E O F W EAP OND- K IN D O F FILLERE- L O T N U M B E R .OF L O A D E D S H E L LF - T YPE AN D , M O D E L O F S H E L L

RA PO 80680

Figure 8 - Typical Marking of Separate-loading High-explosive andArmor-piercing Projectiles (Early Type Grommet Fastening Shown)17


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TM 9-190111ARTI :LLERYAMMU!NI .TION'

B

.A - O NE YELLOW B A N : D IND' ICATESSMOKiEB -TWO GREENBANDS INDICATEP E R S I S T E N T G A S

-- WEIGHT ZONE M ARKIN G ,,_-....-1

:----KI'ND OFFILLER--..CALIBER ANDTYPE OF CANNON,

. -- L O T N UM BER ~ - .. . ......,_ - M OD EL O F SHEL L -. _ ..

Figure 9 - Typi'c,ol Ma.,king ofSeparafe-Ioadin9 Chemical Projectiles(E arly Type Grommet Fastening Shown)


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TM 9190111

0-' . . . . . . .-00.,01. . ' "c( 4)~ 2'a.cV. .

~Q.~en-cc0. . . .aE. . .0

~,1"1c a e : 'e nc_. .-u. . . .-aI:. . . .C It":00~. ,. . . .Q)- -e,'E00EE' "-'h0C)c:_

~. .a~ I0. . . .Q). .: : . ',C D. . . .. . . .

%'


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2. Stamped on or forward of the rotating band!Lot number of empty shell.Manufacturer's initials or symbol,Caliber and model of shell.Year of manufacture.

(b) Cartridge Case (fiBS. 7 and 10):1. Stenciled on the base:

Ammunition lot number and loader's initials. For 37-mm and40-mmrounds, this ammunition lot number appears on the projectile in-stead of the base of th-e cartridge case.

Type and model of shell.For7S-mm gun rounds: "'NORMAL" below one diametral stripe,indicating normal propelling chatge;"REDUCED" and two diame-tral stripes at right angles, indicating reduced charge; "SUPER"indicating supercharge.2. Stenciled on the side of the cartridge case."

For 75-mm gun rounds: "NORMAL" below one stripe, indicatingnormal propelling charge; "REDUCED" between two stripes indi-cating reduced charge; "SUPER" indicating supercharge,

For 37-mmgun, M9, AP e MS9, round: "37 G, M9, MV 2,800" todistinguish this from the similar round for the MIA2 gun.For 7S-mm aircraft gun rounds: "FOR 7S-MM AIRCRAFT GUNS."3. Stamped on the base:

Caliber and model of cartridge case. "Bl" after the model designa-tion indicates a steel case.Lot number of cartridge case. An "X" appearing after the lot numberindicates a steel case,

Manufacturer's initials and year of manufacture.(c) Propelling Charges (ch. 3, sec. II):11. Stenciled on each charge. or section tbereoi:

Designation of section, for example, "Yt 6 CHG.,""BASE," 'INCR~or "IN'CREMENT," "CHARGE 2," etc.

Model of charge, for example, "CHARGE MIAl.JiCaliber and models of cannon for which adapted.Weight of charge or section.Weight or weights of projectiles with which charge may be used.Powder lot (includes type of powder, the word "LOT," initials ofmanufacturer, serial number of lot, and year of manufacture).

Zone number of each section on the top, end.l.-To distinguish green hag charges from white bag charges, the cartridJe bag cloth for thegreen bag charges is dyed green; that for white b.ag charges is white. The clp-th used forigniters is dyed a bright red; this is to show clearly the Iocation of the ignit~r and to Indicatethe presence pf black powder' (low~xplosive). Igniters of olderma.nufitcturewill be found

in service made fromuacolored cloth, In this case, the stenciling and the quilting which holdsthe black powder in place will serve to locate ~e end of the propelling charge which contains


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TM 9-190111GENERAL

2. Stenciled on igniter:Weight, grade, and kind of igniter powder."IGNITER."Caliber and models of cannon in which fired.Month and year of loading ...

(d) Fuzes (Stamped on. the Body):Type and model of fuze.Manufacturer's initials.Lot number of fuze and year of manufacture.Action. of fuze, for example, "'D'ELAY" and length. of delay in seconds,"SQ (superquick), or time in seconds on a graduated time ring.( e) Primers (Stamped on the Bese}:

Loader's initials, lot number, and year of loading.Model designation.(3) WEIGHT ORWEIGQT-ZONE MARKINGS.(a) In the manufacture of shell containing explosives or chemical

agents, variations in weight occur, Ballistic corrections are providedin. firing. tables for th.ese variations in weight. For most separate-loading projectiles of medium and. large caliber, the weight to thenearest pound is stenciled on each projectile. For fixed and semi-

- fixed shell and for certain medium caliber separate-loading projectiles,shell of one: lot Dumper falling within a certain range of weights are'O(1$ipe~~qo be in a weight zone. The weight zone of the projectileis indicated by 'crosses on 75 -mm projectiles, and by squares with aprick punch in the center of each on projectiles of 76-tnm caliber andover, in the same color as the original markings, One, two, three ormore are used, depending 'on the weight of the projectile, Weightzones lighter than that of one cross are indicated by one "L" or more,as required. The following crosses or squares indicate "standard" or'normal" weight, that is, the range of weights for which no correctionsin range tables are required.

Caliber of Projedile "Standard" or "Nor:mal'~ Weight Zone75,-mm . @ ' , .

I24O-rom, how, "..."...I ," ' 040 '" ,_ i iII " ' . '1 " " __ , ,

2 crosses1 square2 squares4 squares

3-in., 76-mm ~ .gO-rom, lOS-mIn, 4.S-in., 6-in .120-mm (4.7-in.), ISS-mm, 8-in. how.8-in. gun. 1O-in. and above.,; None (weight to nearest pound used)(b) Small-caliber projectiles; trench-mortar rounds; canister, high-

explosive-antitank, armor-piercing, base-ejection smoke, and base-ig-nition smoke.projectiles do not require weight-zone tnarkings.Armor-piercing projectiles, 6" caliber and above, have weights to the nearest


23/43

r :M 9 '1 90 '1 ,1 '2,ART'ILLERYAMMUiNITI,O'N

1,2 . , CARE" HANDLIN~, AND , PRE SERVAT ION .a. Ammunition is packed to. withstand conditions ordinarily en-

countered in the field, moisture-resistant containers and suitable pack...ing boxes or crates being used to provide the desired protection forshipment and storage, Care must be observed to, keep packing boxesfrom beicomin,gbr,?ken or dama~ed.All broken boxes must be re-paired immediately and careful attention given to .the, transfer of allmarkings to, thenew parts of the box. When the packing box con-tains a metal liner, the liner shouldbeair-tested and sealed providedequipment for this work isa,v;ailable.Thisair-testing is also applica ...ble to cartridge-storage cases for propelling charges ..I). Since explosives are udversely affected by moisture and hightemperature, due consideration should be given to the fo1.l0iWi~g.:( 1) Do not break the moisture-resistant seal until ammunition -is,

to be used" Ammunition removed from the airtight container, par-ticularly in damp climates, is , apt to corrode, fhe.rebyc8-using' theammunition to become unserviceable,

(2') Protect the .ammurriticn, particula-rly fuzes, from sources ofhigh temperatures, including the direct raysof the .$,UD. M,ore uni-form firing is obtained if the rounds are at th.e same temperature.

e, Ammu_nitionand ammunitioncomponents should be protectedfrommud, .sand, dirt, and water. Wet or idirty a.m_m~nifion shgtil9, ~-be wiped offaton.ce, and any verdigris or light corrosion removed ..Ammunition should not be polished, however, to make it .Iookbettero r brighter, -d, Explosive ammunition, or components cC?ntaipip'g ~plosi.e$,._must b,ehan,dled with appropriate care at all times, -The ex.,ploslv.e

elements in primers and fuzes are particularlysensitive to' shockandhigh, temperature, Th.e adoption o f - h i g , h e :xplos les : s , u c i h as. composi-tion B, pentolite, .and tetrytolmakes it .even more ne c_ ess ,ary to : f Q l l o , wthe precautionsprescribed for handling :amrnunitioD_as stated in TM9-1900.e. Ammunition", or components of amm,uni~ion. , prepared for firing

but not fired will be retumed to their original 'condition and packings,and appropriately marked, Such a~munitionwillbe used first insubsequent firings- in order that stocks of 'Opened.packings maybekept at a minimum,

f. Do not attempt fo disassemble any fuze. Any alteration ofIoaded a:mQl'UnitiO'nex~ept by the technical service concerned 8IJ .dunder the .supervision of a commissioned officer .of that service .is.hazardous and is therefore prohibited (A.R 75010, par.. . 2 e, 22Jan44).g.. Do not remove protection or safety devices, from fuzesuntil


24/43

TM 9-190112-13GENERAL

h. Cartridge cases are easily dented and should be protected fromhard knocks and blows. A dented cartridge case may result in lossof obturation, jamming in the chamber, and difficulties in extraction.L Do not remove the eyebolt-lifting plug from unfuzed projectiles

until the fuze is to be assembled thereto. The plug is provided tokeep the fuze opening free of foreign matter as well as for conven-ience in handling. When separate-loading projectiles are stored in thefield, frequent inspection of the plugs must be made for evidence ofcorrosion. At the first sign of corrosion, the threads must be coatedwith a thin film of light, rust-preventive compound, to prevent theplug from sticking lor "freezing" in the projectile ..CAUTION: This lubrication should be done sparingly.j. Blank ammunition with loose or broken closing cup will not be

used or fired but will be reported to the Ordnance officer for disposi-tion.k. Do not handle duds .. Because their fuzes are armed, and hence

extremely dangerous, duds will not be moved or turned, but will be- destroyed in place in accordance with TM 9-1900.I. Precautions in handling, including procedures to be taken incase of misfires, will be-found in TM 9-1900 and in the various Tech-

nical Manuals and Field Manuals on rhe weapon.13. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS.a. When necessary to leave ammunition in the open, raise it on

dunnage at least 6 inches from the ground and cover it with a doublethickness of tarpaulin. Wherever possible, dunnage should be usedbetween each row to permit full air circulation. Suitable trenchesshould be dug to preventw_ater from flowing under the pile. Tar-paulin should be arranged so as to permit free circulation of airthrough the pile. The tarpaulin should be kept at least 6 inches fromthe pile on top, ends, and sides.h. Detonating fuzes will be stored and transported separate from

other explosive ammunition.c. Shell containing phosphorus, or rounds having phosphorus-filled

shell, should preferably be stored or transported on their base. Shouldsuch ammunition be stored or transported on their sides and thetemperature reaches the neighborhood of 110F, the melting pointof phosphorus, this filler may flow to one side of the shell and therebycause erratic ballistics.d. Fires involving fuzed ammunition can generally be fought for

approximately the first 10 minutes of the fire. This may allow suffi-cient time in which to bring the fire under control. .


25/43


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26/43

TM 9-190114

GENERAL14. DISCU.SSION OF PROJECTILES.

H. (;eneral.An artillery projectile may be either solid or hollow.When hollow, the projectile may be empty or it may be partly orcompletely filled with explosive, .and have a fuze for the purpose ofdetonating the explosive. Service types of projectiles are mentionedin paragraph 5 b. These types are described more fully in this para-~raph. With the exception of canister, base-ignition smoke shell, andproof projectiles, artillery projectiles, although differing in character-istic details, are of the same general shape, in that they have a cy-lindrical body and an ogivalhead.The projectiles vary in lengthfrom 2 to 6 calibers. Their principal characteristic differences are in:( 1) Location of fuzes-point or base.(2) Radius of ogive smaller for low-velocity, larger for high-

velocity projectiles.(3) Rotating band-narrow for low-velocity, wide for=high-ve-

locity projectiles.(4) Base-tapering ("boat-tailed") or cylindrical ("square" base).(5 ) 'Armor-piercing-cap-e-only for certain armor-piercing projec-

tiles.(6) Windshield, ballistic cap, or false ogive when required for

improved ballistics.b. Components of Projectiles. A typical projectile with prin-

cipal parts named is shown in figure 11. These parts are describedbriefly below. Additional information will be found in TM 9-1900.( 1) LOCATION OF FUZES. High-explosive shell generally require

point-detonating fuzes or time fuzes located in the nose of the shell.The high-explosive shell shipped unfuzed are fitted with eyebolt-lift-ing plugs (ch. 3, sec. V) to protect the fuze hole threads and to pro-vide for ease in handling. Armor-piercing shell require base-detonat-ing fuzes with either delay or nondelay action.(2) OGlVE. The curved portion of the projectile from the point

to the bourrelet, is called the ogive. Since armor-piercing projectileshave a short radius of ogive for purposes of penetration, a ballisticcap, often called a false ogive Of windshield, is placed over the armor-piercing head to increase the ability to overcome air resistance.(3) BOURRELET. The bourrelet is the accurately machined sur-

face, of slightly larger diameter than the body, which bears on thelands of the bore. It centers the projectile in the bore and guides itin its travel through the bore. Generally, it is at the forward end ofthe body, but in the case of the 4.5-inch projectile it extends from theogive to the boat-tailed base. In addition, some projectiles of large


27/43

TM 9-19011 '4A .R TIL lE RY AM .MUN I'T IO 'N

(4) BODY. While applicable to the entire projectile, the term"body" is used to designate the cylindrical portion of the rprojectilebe-tween the bourrelet and the rotating band.(5) BURSTING CHARGE. The high explosives fill the entire cavity

in the shell except for space into which the booster or the fuze fits.In the case of chemical shell the bursting charge of tetryl is containedin a narrow cylindrical burster tube fitted. in the center of the shell.This burster for chemical shell ruptures the shell sufficiently to allowthe chemical filler to' escape without excess dispersion. The percent-age ofexplosive in shell varieswith the type of shell and the followingfigures are generally applicable:

. Perce'nt by WelSh. ofHigh ,Explo$ive IApprox)H.E ..shell, gun or howitzer _ I .H.E. shell, mortar:Light _ - - .Heavy : _ ,..

A.P. shell _ .Chemical shell -._ -'..-.- _ -"---- ._.-.-_ ,__-_.--..

7.5-18

12-1830-400.9-1.4

(6) ROTATING BAND. The rotating band is a cylindrical ring ofcopper or gilding metal pressed into a knurled or roughened groovenear the base of the projectile. It affords a snug seat for the projectilein the forcing cone and centers the base in the bore. As the projectilemoves forward, the soft rotating band is engraved by the lands of thebore, Because of compression of the band.iexcess metal flows towardthe rear . This flow of metal is taken up by cannelures, orgrooves, cutin the rotating band. 'Since the rifling of the weaponhas a 'helical twist,rotation is imparted to the moving projectile by the' engraved rotatingband. In .addition, the rotating band prevents the escape of the pro-pellent gases forward of the projectile by completely filling the groovesof the rifling.( 7) TYPE OF BASE.. When the surface to the rear of the rotating

band is cylindrical, the projectile is said to have a "square'ibase: when.tap-ered or conical, it is known as "boat-tailed .." From a velocity 0'2,500 feet per second to velocities below that of sound, the boat-taildecreases the retardation due to air resistance, by reducing the vacuum-forming eddy currents of air in the wake of- the projectile, increasingthe range. Accordingly" the boat-tailing is effective in low-velocityweaponsand in high-velocity weapons at velocities of 2,5'00 feet persecond or less, The taper of boat-tailed bases varies from 5 to 9degrees,(8) BASE PLU'G. To facilitate manufacture.. armor~piercingpr'o-


28/43

TM 9-190114- GENERAL

A ,F T ER CA LK INGRA PD 80677

Figure 12'- Calked 'Type ' of Base C,over' for Sh e"W if, h Explosive Fil,Ier

BEFORE CA LK I,N G

calibers, the 'base plug also provides a seat for the fuze plug and fuze ..In the smaller calibers, if an explosive charge is loaded in the cavity ofthe projectile, the base plug is.replaced by a base fuze. The tracer ele-ment, in the smaller calibers, is contained in the base of the projectile,in a base plug, or in the base fuze.(9) BASE- .COlVER. The 20-mm .pro}ectilesan,d projectiles of

7S-mm or larger caliber containing high explosive are provided with.a base cover to prevent the hot gases of the propelling charge fromcoming in contact with the explosive filler of the projectile' throughjoints or possible flaws in the metal of the base. Small and mediumcaliber armor-piercing projectiles' with high-explosive filler and: basefuzes are not ordinarily provided with base covers. Base covers maybe crimped, calked, or welded tothe base of the projectile (fig ..12).( 10) ARMOR-PIERCI~G CAP. Some armor-piercing projectiles are

fitted with. an armor-piercing cap for use especially in penetrating face-hardened armor plate. The cap is made of forged alloy steel, heat-treated to' have a hard face and relatively soft but tough core. On im-pact, the hardened face of the cap destroys the hardened face of thearmor plate while the softer core of the cap protects the hardenedpoint of the projectile by distributing the impact stresses over a largearea of the head. See also subparagraph c (4 ),below, describing'armor-piercing projectiles.( 11) WINDSHIELD. The windshield, also known as the false ogive


29/43

TM 9-190114

ARTILLERY AMMUN I T IONarmor-piercing. cap or the head of the' projectile to give improved ex-terior ballistics.. -.( 12) TRACER. For observation of fire, some shell are fitted with

a tracer in the' base. In some antiaircraft and aircraft' gun projectiles,the tracer ignites a 'pellet which after burning a prescribednumber ofseconds, detonates the explosive filler, should the fuze fail to operateagainst a target. This type of tracer is known as. "shell-destroying"(SD).c. Types of Projeetlfes,( 1) GENERAL. Dependent upon type of projectile, ammunition

may be classified as indicated in paragraph 5. Typical service projec-tiles are Illustrated in figures 2 to 5, inclusive. More complete de-scriptions of the various types of projectiles are given below :and inTM 9-1900.(2 ) HIGH EXPLOSIVE (H.E.) SHELL. This projectile, made of

common forged steelyhas comparatively thin wa-lls and a large burst-ing charge of' high explosive. It is used against personnel and mate-riel targets, producing blast effect and fragmentation at the' target.It may befittedwith either a time or impact fuze, according'. to typeof actiondesired, -(3 ) HIG.H~EXPLOSIVE-ANTITANK (H.E.. .A.T.) ~HE~L. This is , 8specia-l type-of high-explosive shell for use against 'armored or con-

crete targets. Its effect is dependent -upon the type and shape of itshigh-explosive charge. It blastsa hole in the target. It has a conicalwindshield which crushes on the target, and a base-detonating fuzehaving nondelay action,(4) ,ARMQR-PIERGING (AP. OR- A.P.C.) P~OJ_ECTIU. Armor-piercing projectiles are made of heat-treated high carbon 'alloy steel.

The head is very hard for penetration of armor and thebody is toughso that it will withstand the 'strains imposed by the twisting action ofthe projectile at angle-s of impact oblique t o normal, 'To aid in over-coming face-hardened armor plate, an armor-piercing cap (subpar.b( 10), above ) is attached to' the head of the proje-ctile. Thesearmor-piercing projectiles have thick walls and generally 8 small cavitywhich may be either empty or filled with explosive Da.nd, fitted witha base-detonating fuze having a delay action. Asteel or .aluminumwindshield is .~enerally attached to the bodyor to the armor-piercingcap by screw threads. or crimping, A tracer may be present in thebase plug or in the base end of the fuze.(S) CHEMICAL SHELL. There are three general types of-chemi-

cal shell, The burster, the base-ejection, and the base-ignition (base-emission ) types, The burster type is v.ery similar to high-explosiveshell, except for type of filler (par. 10), and the absence of a base


30/43

TM 9-190114GENERAL

above), is used to break the shell body and aid in dispersion of thechemical filler. In older types of chemical shell, the nose is fittedwith tapered threads to form a gastight joint with the adapter. Mod-ern types use standard threads with silver soldering for the adapterand a force fit for the burster casing. Base-ejection shell do not havea burster, but have an expelling charge of black powder, adjacent tothe time fuze, which ig-nites and blows the three: O:f four smoke canis-ters out through the base of the shell. In the base-ignition smokeshell, the smoke filler is ignited .through a hale in the base by thepropelling charge. Shell of older manufacturehave a low-melting fusi-blemetal plug in this base hole, whereas shell of new manufacturehave delay pellet's.(6) ILLUMINATING SHELL.. These shell contain parachute andillurninant assemblies which are ejected by an expelling charge adja-cent to the time fuze, The illuminant burns lighting up a target are-a.( 7) CANISTER. Canister consists of a light metal cylindrical case,

filled with steel balls, containing. no explosives. It is fired point-blankfor effect against personnel The case breaks upon leaving the muz-zle of the cannon, .allowing the balls to scatter with shotgun effect ..(8) SHRAPNEL. Shrapnel are point-fuzed with a combination

time and superquick or an AA. time fuze. An expelling charge ofblackpowder is assembled in the base. A central flash tube connectsthe. fuze and base charge. When the time fuze has burned its pre-determined time, the imagazine charge flashes through. the centraltube to ignite the base charge. This .results in the ejection of thesteel diaphragm, balls, head, and fuze from the case at a velocity ofabout 350 feet per second added to that of the shrapnel at time ofburst. The case is-not .ruptured, The balls are projected forward inthe form of a cone, due to rotational velocity. Shrapnel are author-ized only for training purposes.(9) TARGET-PRACTICE PROJ~CTILES. Target-practice projectiles,

generally made of cast iron, are provided for target practice. Theseprojectiles have, the same dimensions, weight, and center of gravity,as the service projectiles they simulate. Some target-practice pro-jectiles must be sand-loaded to bring them up to standard weight.Target-practice shell, including those used in subcaliber firings, some-times contain a blackpowder spotting charge.(10) DUMMY PROJECTILES. Drill or dummy (inert) projectiles

are used with fixed, sernifixed, and separate-loading drill rounds fortraining purposes. Those which are part of fixed and semifixed rounds(drill cartridges) .are usually inert. service projectiles, with or withoutmodifications, Separate-loading dummy projectiles are of two types:sliding-ring type and internal-plunger type. In the sliding-ring type, aa . cylindrical sliding assembly simulates the rotating band.


31/43

rear ring on a . cylindrical sliding assembly simulates the rotating band.TM 9-190114

A!RT'ILLERY AMMUN'ITIONAfter the rear band is seated in the forcing cone of the bore, thedummy projectile can beputled. sharply to the rear -for a short dis-tance by means of an extractor inserted in the base end of the dummyprojectile. In the internal-plunger type, an internal plunger" held tothe rear by a spring, moves forward against the spring when the pro-jectile is rammed home. The plunger then snaps back loosening theprojectile in its seat so that it can be extracted more easily.d. Armor-piercing D'ata.( 1) The penetration data of specific projectiles are given in chap-

ter 2. Certain general armor-piercing data for pr-ojectiles are givenherein. Penetration generally refers. to the piercing of armor plate,whereas perforation indicates complete penetration of the projectilethrough one side and out of the. other side of the plate.(2) The angle of impact is important in penetration, Once the

perforation is known at normal impact, the perforation at any anglecan be estimated as follows:

Angle Percentage Angle Pel 'Ce-:atCigelost in l.ostin(deg' Perforation Idegl Perforation0 0 2S 165 2 Y 2 3.0 20

10 5 35 2715 8 ~ 40 3420 13 45 41

(3) Approximate penetration for different caliber armor-piercingprojectiles is . given in Table 1, below.

TABLE 1 - ARMOR PENETRATION TABLE

CaliberHomo- face-geneous hardene~dPlate Plate

CaUber

Approx. Inches of Pene.- Itration of Annor Plat.at 1,000 Yar~s(Normal Impad)

20-mm .A.P. I 0 . 9 0 . 6 7S-mm H.E.,. A.T .... . . . . . . . . . . . . .37-mm AA., A.P..... 0 . 7 0.7 76-mm A..P.C. ..........

!

37-mm A.T., A . P . C . 2 . 3 2.1 3-inch A . P . C . ...... '~ ....,40-mm A . P . .. . - . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 1.7 gO-mm A . p . e . .. . . . . . . . . . .57-mm A.-P..C. . . . .~... 3.6 3 . 7 lOS-mm H.E., A.T.

~

Approx. Inches ofPene-tration of Armor Plat.at 1,000 Yards(Normal Impact)Homo- Face-geneous haldene_dPlat. Plaie

30/8* -4.5 -t.74.5 4.75.S 6..04.0* -


32/43

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.8, 3.~4 lS5-mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . .TM 9-1901

15-16GENERAL

15. BL~4.NKUDIl.NITION.a.General. Blank ammunition is made up {or cannon of calibers

up to and including IOS-mm for practice purposes in maneuvers, infiring the morning and evening gun, and for saluting purposes.h. 'Complete Roun(l. A. complete round of blank ammunition

consists of a black powder charge contained in either a loose-fittingcloth bag which sags around the primer or in one or two compressedcylindrical pellets wrapped in cellophane fitting around the primer,assembled in a brass cartridge case. A chipboard closing cup is in-serted in the mouth of the case and sealed to hold the charge in placeand to prevent powder from leaking out. A to-gage blank cartridge,with 'a suitable adapter made from a service cartridge case, is usedfor blank firing of 37-mm weapons.16. P_t\CKING~'\ND ~IIARKIN(; FOR SHIP1\IENT.a. General. Moisture-resistant containers are used for practically

all ammunition, except separate-loading projectiles and primers ..These packing containers are marked to furnish all essential informa-tion. Specific packing data for each ammunition item will be foundinORD 11 Standard Nomenclature Lists.I.. Packing. Separate-loading projectiles do not require any outer

packings: they are shipped unfuzed with an eyebolt-lifting plug in thenose and a grommet to protect the rotating band (ch, 3, sec. V). Ex-ceptions are those projectiles having a windshield and dummy pro-jectiles which are shipped in a crate (fig. 21). Separate-loading prim-ers are packed 50 to a sealed metal can (fig. 13), and these cans arepacked in a wooden box. In the smaller calibers, other componentsand rounds of artillery ammunition are packed in a slip-cover fibercontainer of the mailing tube type. For further protection, roundsassembled with point-fuzed projectiles may have U-shapedpackingstops fitted into the fuze wrench slots. These must be removed beforefiring. All fiber containers .are packed in wooden boxes or in bundlesof three containers. For typical packing boxes, see figures 14, 15, and22 and for fiber containers, including the inverted IOS-mm type, seefigure 16. Some of these packing boxes have a carriage bolt androd holding and reinforcing the two ends of the box. Bundle pack-ings are illustrated in figures 17 and 18. Bundles are crated for over-sea shipments as shown in figure 19. Inddition to bundle packing,separate-loading propelling charges are packed in hermetically sealedmetal cartridge-storage cases (fig. 20). AI) igniter-protector cap, madeof cloth or paper, serves rs protection to the igniter end of propellingcharges as shipped. Metal containers are the latest type of packingfor single rounds of artillery ammunition and one, four, or eightrounds of trench-mortar ammunition. Rounds for the IOS-mm how-


33/43

TM 9-190116ART I L LERY AMMUNITION

tainers prior to packing in the metal container. Eight 60-mm mortarrounds, four light Bl-mm mortar rounds, or one heavy Sl-mm mortarround are placed in one metal container. The metal containers arecylindrical, made of steel, and sealed against moisture by a rubbergasket in the sealing cover. A screw and pressure plate cover assem ..bly hooks under a locking ring on the metal container and providespressure over the sealing cover and gasket.c. Sealtng. Each container, after the contents are.vproperly

packed, is sealed in some manner which will indicate whether or notthe container has been tampered with. Where metal strapping is usedaround boxes, paper seals are notnecessary and are no longer used.(I. 1\larking for Shtpment.( 1) GENERAL. Ammunition items are marked as described in

paragraph 11. Packing containers are marked. in 'accordance withArmy Regulations, specifications, and I.e"C. regulations.(2) Each package of supplies turned over for shipment on a

Government bill of lading is marked with the following:(a) Name and address of destination or port officer (or code

marking) preceded by word "To."?(b) Name and address of ultimate consignee, preceded by word"F ".,:.f. '..(c) List and description of contents.(d) Ammunition code symbol, published in ORO 11 SNL's.(e) Gross weight in pounds, displacement in cubic feet.(1)"'- The number of the package or shipping ticket."(g) The letters "U.S." in several conspicuous places.(h) Order number or contract number.(i) Ordnance insignia.(j) Narne or designation of consignor preceded by the word"'F .,~!.T om ... '(k) Lot number.(1) Month and year packed.(m) Inspector's stamp.(3) The adhesive sealing strips on fiber containers are in the

same color as ammunition item, in accordance with basic colorscheme. Thus, blank ammunition has sealing strips in red, to indicatelow explosive (black powder). It will be noted, however, that forrounds with high-explosive projectiles, the strips are yellow withblack marking.(4) Wooden packing boxes are painted or stained brown; mark-

ings in yellow.(5 ) Metal containers are painted olive drab; markings in yellow.(6 ) Containers for green bag propelling charge, white bag pro-1iO.-May be on-lined on individual packages in carload shipments of packages of standard


34/43

TM 9-190116-17

GENERAL

RA PD 26818Figure 13 - Metal Container for Primers

pelling charge, or section of propelling charge containing the blackpowder igniter, are painted with green, white, and red stripes, re-spectively. .(7) The muzzle velocity of rounds of smaller caliber is indi-

cated on the packing. box.(8) To distinguish rounds assembled with brass cartridge cases

from those with steel cartridge cases, the words "steel case" aremarked. on those boxes containing steel case rounds.(9) Linen data tags, containing pertinent information, are at-

tached to separate-loading propelling charges. Ammunitiondata cardsfor other ammunition accompany shipping tickets for ammunitionpackings. Firing table cards are inclosed in the packings of trench-mortar complete rounds.17. FIELD REPORT OF ACCIDENTS.a. When an accident occurs during training practice, procedureprescribed in AR 750-10 will be observed by the Ordnance officerunder whose supervision the ammunition is maintained o r issuedWhere practicable, reports covering malfunctions of ammunition incombat will be. made to the Chief of Ordnance, giving the type ofmalfunction, type of ammunition, type of weapon, the lot numberof the complete rounds of separate-loading components, and condi ..tions under which fired. .


35/43

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36/43

34TM9190117

GENERALwZ..J 00 Nt!)III

~ I-Z w:1:-> - (!)~ L L > CI!I') -~ ov;~ w. '~~

mU a9w ~zo..-J ::>x . . . J- -ZUJLL\ ,W. . . . Jen


37/43

T M 9-190117

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Documents

TM 9-1901 Artillery Ammunition 1944 - Chapter 01