To efficiency and beyond - AIRAH · Source: Energex Large Customer Forum Presentation September 2008‐Energex website Without significant behavioral change, electricity prices will

AIRAH ( ACT ) presentationAIRAH ( ACT ) presentation

To efficiency and beyond

Key drivers impacting today’s HVAC choicesKey drivers impacting today s HVAC choices

Greenstar ratingGreenstar rating

NABERS rating

Mandatory disclosure

Life Cycle Cost of Buildings

3Energy represents a significant cost

What is driving energy cost upward ?

Australia has not been effective at managing growth in peak electricity demand

R idl i i l t i it i fl t th d f i ifi tRapidly rising electricity prices reflects the need for significant capital investment to meet peak demand requirements

Source: Energex Large Customer Forum Presentation September 2008‐Energex website

Without significant behavioral change, electricity prices will continue to go in one direction

$$

Chiller manufacturers have made great strides in improving chiller g p gpeak efficiency and reducing overall energy consumption

COP 7 (7 0)Chill COP t dCOP=7

COP=6

COP 5

(6.5)(7.0)Chiller COP trend

COP=5

COP=4

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Recent gains through cycle efficiency

The Role of Technology in Minimizing Environmental ImpactEnvironmental Impact

Over the last 25 years:

‐ Average chiller efficiency has improved over 35%

‐ Chiller leak rate has decreased well below 2%

New heat exchanger designsNew heat exchanger designs

+

+Compressor enhancements

Cycle efficiency improvements

+

7

f f ll l d ff h h• Significant gains in full load efficiency through advances in heat exchanger, compressor, and cycle efficiencies

• The biggest gain however has been in part• The biggest gain however has been in part load efficiency with the introduction of the

i bl d d ivariable speed drive

Chiller Carbon FootprintspGWP

1980’s CFC Chiller

2000’s NH3 Chiller

1990’s HCFC Chiller

2000’s HFC Chiller

21,050 MT CO2

14,660 MT CO2

15,970 MT CO2

13,600 MT CO2

• .66 KW/TR

• 5% Leakage

.60 KW/TR

2% Leakage

.60 KW/TR

2% Leakage

.56 KW/TR

2% Leakage

2 2 22

g

• CFC‐11

• 2000 Hours/year

2% Leakage

HCFC‐22

2000 Hours/year

g

R‐717 (NH3)

2000 Hours/year

g

HFC – 134a

2000 Hours/year

35% R d ti35% Reduction

Variable speed drives have enjoyed a higher uptake in today’s HFC chillers

Over 30 years of chiller development with advanced VSD technology

( )Generation 5 (2010s)

Generation 4 (2000s)

Generation 3 (1990s)

Generation 2 (1986)

Generation 1 (1979)

Significant Innovations in VSD technologyYORKTM OptiSpeedTM VSD

Full Load Vs. Annual Load

Chiller58% Chiller58% Chiller

33%Fans43%

TowerFans24%

Tower2%

Design Performance

5%Pumps13%

Annual Energy Usage

Pumps22%

2%

A historical focus on chiller full load efficiency [COP/EER]Increased focus today on‐y

Reduction of total plant energy Reduction of air and water ‘transport’ energyChiller part load efficiency [IPLV]

11

Tools used to identify the most appropriate chiller technology

Constant condenser vs ARI reliefLoad % time entering condenser water temperature

IPLV without ARI relief with ARI relief

100% 1 29.5 29.5

75% 42 29 5 23 975% 42 29.5 23.9

50% 45 29.5 18.3

25% 12 29.5 18.3

Constant high ambient wb climates Seasonal climates

Most important ……What is the jobsite location and weather data ?

ARI standardized weighting of hours at part load conditions determines the IPLV (integrated part load value)

1

0.01 0.42 0.45 0.12+ + +IPLV =

A B C D

Where:A ffi i @100% it @ 85°F ECWT ( 29 5C)A = efficiency @100% capacity @ 85°F ECWT ( 29.5C)

B = efficiency @ 75% capacity @ 75°F ECWT ( 23.9 C)

C = efficiency @ 50% capacity @ 65°F ECWT ( 18.3 C)

D = efficiency @ 25% capacity @ 65°F ECWT ( 18.3 C)

A hill l d 58 %

13

Average chiller load = 58 %

How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant ?

YK Chiller with VSD Performance

Loading has little effectLoading has little effect on efficiency

[~ 10%]

14

How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant ?

YK Chiller with VSD Performance

Loading has little effect ffi ion efficiency

[~ 10%]

Lift has significant effect on efficiency

[~ 50%]

15

What is lift ?

Condenser

PressureRefrigerant rejects heat to atmosphere35C

Lift = Differential

MeteringCompressorDifferential

PressureDevice

Evaporator Refrigerant absorbs heat from load

6.7C

Enthalpy

16

How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant ?Chiller Energy Usage Analogy Constant Speed Driven ChillersChiller Energy Usage Analogy ‐ Constant Speed Driven Chillers

17


LoadLoad

(weight of rock)

18


Lift

(height of mountain)

LoadLoad

(weight of rock)

19

How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant ?Chiller Energy Usage Analogy ‐ Constant Speed Driven Chillers

100%

Chiller Energy Usage Analogy Constant Speed Driven Chillers

Y Lift

ERGY (height of mountain)

Load

ENE

0%

Load

(weight of rock)

0%

20

How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant ?Chiller Energy Usage Analogy Constant Speed Driven Chillers

100%

Chiller Energy Usage Analogy ‐ Constant Speed Driven Chillers

Design Lift

Lift

Y

D

Load


ERGY

Load

(weight of rock)ENE

0%0%

21


Condenser Temp.100%


Y

Design Lift

Lift

ERGY D

Load


Evaporator Temp.

ENE

0%

Load

(weight of rock)

apo ato e p0%

22


100% Condenser Temp.

° ( ° )


85°F (29.5°C) ECWT

Y

Design Lift

ERGY D

Load

ENE

0% Evaporator Temp.

Load

(weight of rock)

0% apo a o e p44°F (6.7°C) LCHWT

23


° ( ° )

Condenser Temp.


70%

85°F (29.5°C) ECWT

55°F (12.8°C) ECWT

70%

Y

ERGY

esign Lift

Load

ENE

0% Evaporator Temp.

Off‐D

eLoad

(weight of rock)

44°F (6.7°C) LCHWTapo a o e p

24

How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant ?Chiller Energy Usage Analogy Variable Speed Driven Chillers

Condenser Temp.

85°F (29 5°C) ECWT

Chiller Energy Usage Analogy ‐ Variable Speed Driven Chillers

85°F (29.5°C) ECWT

VariableVariable

50%

Y 55°F (12.8°C) ECWT

SpeedSpeedDrive Drive

ERGY

esign Lift

Load

0%

ENE

Evaporator Temp.

Off‐D

eLoad

(weight of rock)

apo a o e p44°F (6.7°C) LCHWT

25

Variable Speed Drives save energy and reduce noise

Constant Speed

Variable Speed

26

Slow down and save energy

The Purpose of Variable Speed Drives

Starts & stops the motor

Significantly reduces inrush current to less than full load amps

Corrects power factor close to unity

Reduces utility electrical demand

Regulates compressor speed to provide the most efficient chiller operation, reducing part load energy consumption

28

C i t AHRI diti

Why VSD ? ‐ Comparative Energy PerformanceFixed vs Variable Speed Comparison at AHRI conditionsFixed vs Variable Speed

% Load ECWT100 29.5

%SAVED‐1.0

LWT6.7

90 27.280 25.070 22 8

2.28.716 2

6.76.76 770 22.8

60 20.650 18.3

16.225.933.0

6.76.76.7

40 18.3 30 18.3

36.438.5

6.76.76.7

20 18.3 15 18.3

44.145.0

6.76.7

15‐35% energy reduction depending upon climate

Low inrush current with VSD < 100% FLA

30

Superior power factorp p

0.98 power factor VSD with active IEEE electronic filter0.95 power factor (std VSD)

power factor non VSD

31

what power factor means

100 KWactual work

59 KVAR

116 KVA

PF = 0.86

Consumed energy to generate magnetic field

total energy provided from supply 116 KVA

100 KW

generate magnetic fieldfrom supply

33 KVAR105 KVA

PF = 0.95

100 KW

20 KVAR PF = 0.98102 KVA

Use less power by 3.2% compared to std VSD and > 12% compared to fixed speed motor

32

Variable Speed DrivesLow Voltage Liquid Cooled Unit Mounted VSDLow Voltage Liquid Cooled Unit Mounted VSD

YMC²Magnetic Centrifugal

YKYKSingle Compressor

33

Variable Speed DrivesMedium Voltage (MV) VSD through 6 600 VoltsMedium Voltage (MV) VSD through 6,600 Volts

YKSingle Compressor

YK ‐EPf l hCentrifugal with Economizer

34

Variable Speed DrivesHigher Voltage MV VSD from 10 000 to 13 800 VoltsHigher Voltage MV VSD from 10,000 to 13,800 Volts

YKSingle Compressor

35

What if jobsite specific conditions d ’ hill i di idon’t represent chiller operation at conditions

as determined by ARI

IPLV NPLVIPLV vs NPLVIntegrated part load value ( t ARI t d d diti )

Non standard part load value ( t t ARI t d d diti )( at ARI standard conditions) ( not at ARI standard conditions)

What if specific chiller technologiesallow reliable chiller operation at conditions

other than those determined by ARI

Entering condenser water temperature Entering condenser water temperature

29.5C 29.5C

= 11.2 C = 19 5 C18.3C

10.6C

= 19.5 C

= 11.4 C= 3 9 C

6.7 C 6.7C= 3.9 C

Leaving chilled water temperature Leaving chilled water temperature

Reduced lift operating range(conventional technology)

Low lift operating range(unique technology)

C i t AHRI diti


% Load ECWT100 29.5

LWT6.7

90 27.280 25.070 22 8

6.76.76 770 22.8

60 20.650 18.3

6.76.76.7

What if ambient conditions permittedminimum condenser water temperatures

40 16.1 30 13.9

6.76.76.7

below those determined by ARI ?

20 11.7 15 10.6

6.76.7

C i t AHRI diti


% Load ECWT100 29.5

LWT6.7

90 27.280 25.070 22 8

6.76.76 770 22.8

60 20.650 18.3

6.76.76.7

What if ambient conditions permittedminimum condenser water temperatures below those determined by ARI and the design

40 16.1 30 13.9

6.77.58.2

below those determined by ARI and the designalso incorporated a chilled water reset strategy ?

20 13.9 15 13.9

9.010.0

Low lift operation saves even more energy

Slow down and save energy

York YK performance data deletedp

for more information contactJohnson Controls

New technologies YMC² – Centrifugal Chillers

•Permanent magnet motor•Active magnetic bearingsActive magnetic bearings•Oil free system

42

YMC² – YORK Magnetic Centrifugal Chillers Driveline Design – Permanent Magnet Motorg g

Permanent Magnet MotorPermanent Magnet MotorPermanent Magnet MotorPermanent Magnet Motor

“YK Aero”“YK Aero”YK Aero YK Aero SectionSection

43

YMC² – YORK Magnetic Centrifugal Chillers Performance – Improving Efficiencyp g y

OptiSpeed™ VSD – refining efficiency

Permanent magnet motor with active magnetic bearings

York YMC2 performance data deleted

for more information contactJohnson Controls

44

Th hi h t l l f l t f iThe highest levels of plant performance require modern state of the art VSD chillers

There are many types of Variable Speed Drive Chillers

SCREW

CENTRIFUGAL

46

Design is a key component of the optimization process

Maintain

Measure & Verify

Optimize System

Operating DecisionsOptimize System

Automate System

Apply components effectively, optimallyDesign

Select components effectively, optimallyDecisions

Design system infrastructure to max efficiency potential

Can we configure chillers differently to improve the overall efficiency of the plant ?y p

C f th d d d– Can we further reduce demand

and

– Can we further reduce energy

Parallel chillers (conventional design)Parallel chillers (conventional design)12.5C 7C

CHILLEDWATER

CONDENSERWATER

35C 29C

7C

35C 29C

12.5CCHILLED

WATER

29C35C

CONDENSERWATER

35‐7 = 28 x 2 = 56

Wide delta T – low chilled water flow system design12.5 / 7.0

13.5 / 6.0

14.5 / 5.0

Design delta T 5.5C 7.5C 9.5CT Difference 0 2C 4C% Fl Diff 0 2/7 5 27% 4/9 5 42%% Flow Difference 0 2/7.5 =27% 4/9.5 = 42%

Low flow chilled water systems save considerable pump energy

Parallel chillers (low flow design)( g )

14.5C 5C

CHILLED

(can include variable primary flow)

CONDENSER

CHILLEDWATER

CONDENSERWATER35C 29C

5C14.5CCHILLED

WATER

29C35C

CONDENSERWATER29C

30 + 30 = 6010% more chiller energy

42% less chilled pump energy

Series chillers (can include variable primary flow)Series chillers (can include variable primary flow)

14.5C 9.75C 5CCHILLED

WATER

CONDENSERWATER

29C35C 35C29CWATER

35‐5 = 3035‐9.75 = 25.25

25.25 + 30 = 55.25‐0 5% chiller energy0.5% chiller energy


Series counterflow chillers (can include variable primary flow)Series counterflow chillers (can include variable primary flow)

14.5C 9.75C 5C CHILLEDWATER

COOLING TOWER

29C32C35C

32 5 2835 9 75 25 25 32‐5 = 2835‐9.75 = 25.25

25 25 28 53 2525.25 + 28 = 53.256.5 % less chiller energy

42% l hill d42% less chilled pump energy

Series counterflow (h it k )Series counterflow (how it works)PressurePressure

Condenser 2Condenser

Condenser 1

Lift 1

Evaporator 2

Compressor 2

Lift 2Compressor

Evaporator 1

Compressor 1Lift 1

Evaporator

EnthalpyEnthalpy

Improvements in cycle efficiencyImprovements in cycle efficiency(system design vs chiller design)

Variable condenser flowVariable condenser flow

28.5C31.75C35C

•Revise delta T to address extra delta P 00% i % d i fl

Series condensers

•100% to min % design flow• minimum flow (must maintain turbulence)

Series counterflow chillers( )

Towers sized for 6.5 C approach

andCanberra design = 19C wb

(can include variable primary flow)

and 6.5 C range

14.5C 9.75C 5CCHILLED

WATER

COOLINGCOOLING TOWER

25.5C28.75C32C

22.25 + 28 = 50.2514 % less chiller energy


All variable speed plant…..the new paradigmp p p g

Automation is a key component of the optimization process

Maintain“Its not working! Please help us”

Measure & Verify

O ti D i i“We can do that!”

Please help us”

Optimize System

Operating Decisions

“Already optimized!”Automate System

Apply components effectively, optimally

y p

Apply components effectively, optimally

Select components effectively, optimally

Design Decisions

Design system infrastructure to max efficiency potential

All variable speed plant ‐ key optimization functions

1. Condenser water setpoint reset / tower‐chiller optimization

2 Chilled water setpoint reset2. Chilled water setpoint reset

3. Variable chilled water flow ( VPF)3. Variable chilled water flow ( VPF)

4. Variable condenser water flow

5. System differential pressure setpoint reset

6. Energy based staging algorithms

59

CPO‐10Metasys basedMetasys based

Chiller Plant Optimization

The chiller manufacturer knows best how to get the most from their chiller (system).

60

Variable primary flowVariable primary flow•Select chillers based on tube velocitySelect chillers based on tube velocity •Select for good turndown range•Manage rate of change

Project specific slides deleted

f i f ti t tfor more information contactJohnson ControlsJohnson Controls

SummarySummaryVSD chillersLow lift capability Variable primary flowSeries counter‐flowSeries counter flow Optimization systemMeasure & verify

www.jci.com/hvacdesignwww.jci.com/hvacdesignwww.jci.com/cpo

Question PeriodQuestion Period

Documents

To efficiency and beyond - AIRAH · Source: Energex Large Customer Forum Presentation September 2008‐Energex website Without significant behavioral change, electricity prices will