Upload
dhruv-chadda
View
223
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
1/88
Washington State University-2010 1
Fundamental Exam Review
TOC Thinking Processes Segment
The Theory of Constraints
http://www.engrmgt.wsu.edu/
James R. Holt, Ph.D., PEProfessor
Engineering & Technology
Management
mailto:[email protected]://www.engrmgt.wsu.edu/http://www.engrmgt.wsu.edu/mailto:[email protected]8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
2/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 2
TOCICO Segmented Fundamentals Exam
Fundamentals Certificate
Multiple Choice Exam(Identify, Exploit, Subordinate, Elevate, Go to Step 1)
Fundamentals
Certificate of
TOC Philosophy
Fundamentals
Certificate of
TOC ThinkingProcesses
Fundamentals
Certificate of
TOC Applications
Fundamentals
Certificate of
TOC Finance &Measures
Inherent Potential
Inherent
SimplicityInherent Win-Win
Five Focusing
Steps
Three Questions
Conflict
Cloud
Negative
Branch
Ambitious
Target
DBRT, I, OE
PQ TypeProblemProject
Management
Replenishment
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
3/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 3
Topics in TOC Thinking Process
Cause and Effect Evaporating Cloud Surfacing Assumptions
Invalidating Assumptions Negative Branch Reservation Overcoming Obstacles (PRT)
Categories of Legitimate Reservation Layers of Resistance
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
4/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 4
TOC Thinking Process Elements
Two types of Logic (in Natural Language) If , Then . In order to , There must be .
Logical Causality Tools used to Answer the threequestions: What to Change? What to Change to?
How to Cause the Change?
TOC is a Systemic Thinking Process. There are a set of rules to guide and check validity. Could be called Visual Thinking.
Sufficiency Logic
Necessary Logic
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
5/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 5
Everyone Can Think
Goal: Lower the Ball yetkeep it attached.
Minimize: Y
subject to:(X-1)^2+(Y-8)^2
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
6/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 6
The Real World
My View of
my World
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
7/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 7
Thinking Time
We all think! Its what we do! Our minds are like CPUs. They keep on running
and running and running
We feel uncomfortable if we dont have thoughts inour head. Thats why junk TV still survives.
We feel uncomfortable if we start thinking thewrong thoughts Thats why there are magazines in Doctors
offices!
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
8/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 8
Thinking Experiment
Get out a pencil and paper. Wait for the starting signal. Then, Work really hard at not thinking for One
Minute!
GO!
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
9/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 9
QUICK!
Write down every thought you had in the lastminute!
Jot down a word to catch the thought you had
Capture as many as possible.
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
10/88 Washin ton State Universit -2010 10
How Many Thoughts did youhave in 1 Minute?
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
How many of those
thoughts have you
had before? 40%,
60%, 80%?
Pr
obable
#
Number of thoughts
In the production world, we would
call recurring thoughts RE-WORK!
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
11/88 Washin ton State Universit -2010 11
Improving our Mental Throughput
We need to increase our mental effectiveness We need to tie together the stray pieces so we
dont have to deal with individual thoughts
We need to get the whole picture, solve it, andmove on.
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
12/88 Washin ton State Universit -2010 12
What is this?
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
13/88 Washin ton State Universit -2010 13
Jonathans Family
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
14/88 Washin ton State Universit -2010 14
Thinking Process Tools
The Basic Set of Thinking Process Tools Include: Current Reality Tree
Evaporating Cloud
Future Reality Tree Negative Branch Reservation
Pre-Requisite Tree
Transition Tree
Derivatives Tools: Three Cloud Approach
Chronic Conflict
Layers of Resistance
All of these tools
are Scrutinized bytheCategories ofLegitimateReservation.
Thinking Process elements includedin the Fundamentals Exam
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
15/88 Washin ton State Universit -2010 15
For Fun!
In order to understand the function and power ofthe Thinking Process Tools
Lets examine a Thinking Process Example. One that is fairly well known by most people
One that is not well solved by most people
Marital Strife
Fi t th A h Th Thi ki
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
16/88 Washin ton State Universit -2010 16
First the Approach: The ThinkingProcess
What to Change?
Find the cause of
the UnDesirable
Effects- UDEs.
Change (Remove)
the Core Problem.
UDEs
UDEs
UDEsUDEs
UDEs
UDEs
UDEs
UDEs
Core
Problem
Arrows are LogicalConnections areTailHead:If , Then .
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
17/88 Washin ton State Universit -2010 17
Find Whats Blocking the Solution
Injection that invalidates
the assumptionGoal
Necessary
Condition
Necessary
Condition
Prerequisite
Prerequisite
What to Change To?
Assumptions that
explain the necessary
connection.
Arrows are LogicalConnections areHeadTail:In Order to ,
Must have .
Thinking Process elements includedin the Fundamentals Exam
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
18/88 Washin ton State Universit -2010 18
How to Cause the
Change?
DE DE
DE DE
DE
DE
DEDE
Key
Action
KeyAction
Key
Action
Achieving the Solution
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
19/88 Washin ton State Universit -2010 19
Marital StrifeUnDesirable Effects
Lack of
Affection
Lack of
Trust One Carries
Excessive Load
Unequal Workload
InfidelityFrequent
Disagreements
LittleSupport
Lack ofCompassion Difference of
Opinion
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
20/88 Washin ton State Universit -201020
Story - Trust
1. My spouse doesnt come home when I expect him (her).
This is happening more and more. The stories seem to be
weaker and weaker. I want to trust my spouse. But I dont
want to be hurt.
I feel goodabout my
marriage
My spouse
feels free from
my bondage
I dont get hurt
I trust my
spouse at all
times
I dont trust
my spouseThinking Process elements includedin the Fundamentals Exam
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
21/88 Washin ton State Universit -201021
Story - Support
2. My spouse is deeply involved in ______. He/she expects me to support
him/her by taking care of __________ while he/she is gone. I dont mind
doing it, but it leaves me little time for my own hobbies.
We use our
time well
My spouse cando his/her own
thing
I have time formyself
Give lots ofsupport
Give littlesupport
Thinking Process elements includedin the Fundamentals Exam
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
22/88 Washin ton State Universit -201022
Story-Workload
3. My spouse is in a stressful job and at a critical point in his/her career.
It seems like this critical point is getting longer and longer. In the mean
time, I have to do my job and hold down the domestic duties too!
We bothAchieve
I survivemy Job
My spousegets ahead
We balance ourdomestic workload
We have unequalworkloadThinking Process elements included
in the Fundamentals Exam
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
23/88 Washin ton State Universit -201023
Generic Conflict(a consolidated Evaporating Cloud)
Happy
Marriage
My Spouseis Happy
I amHappy
My spouse does
what he/she wants
My spouse doesnt get
what he/she wants
1. Feel Good
2. Use Time Effective
3. Achieve
1. Spouse freedom
2. Spouse does own thing
3. Spouse gets ahead
1. Im not hurt
2. Time for me
3. I Survive
1. Trust
2. Support
3. Unequal work
1. Lack of Trust
2. Lack of Support
3. Balanced workThinking Process elements includedin the Fundamentals Exam
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
24/88 Washin ton State Universit -2010 24
Core Conflict
We want
a Happy
Marriage
My Spouse needs
to be happy
I need to be
happy
There is pressure to
give my spouse doeswhat he/she wants There is pressure not togive what he/she wants
My personal
feelings are
important
I not happy unless
my spouse is happy
I have real
needsThe things my
spouse wants
are importantto our
marriage
Our wants
are different
We have
different goals
I am often slightedOften, my spousetakes second
place
Core Problem
What to Change?
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
25/88 Washin ton State Universit -2010 25
The Current Reality TreeResults of the Core Conflict
We have different
goals
Excessive burdens
Different Opinions
Frequent
arguments
Loss of trust
Lack of support
Lack of Affection
Infidelity
Lack of Compassion
Unequal workload
Things need to be
done
Different people have
different levels of
importance
Time
continues
A P i l F
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
26/88 Washin ton State Universit -2010 26
A Potential FutureDesirale Effects (DEs)
We have a close
relationship
We have complete
confidence We share our
burdens
We share theworkload Committed to
each other
We rarely disagreeon important
matters
We support
each other Caring
Relationship
We reallyunderstand
each other
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
27/88 Washin ton State Universit -2010 27
Starting Injection
My spouse and I share
common goals, objectives
and direction in the importantaspects of our lives.
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
28/88 Washin ton State Universit -2010 28
Start of the Future
We want
a Happy
Marriage
My Spouse
needs to
be Happy I need tobe Happy
My personal
feelings are
importantI not happy unless my
spouse is happy
We have commongoals, objectives
and direction in the
important aspects
of our lives.
My spouse
works
towards
spousesgoals
I work
toward
my
goals
Spouse is
working to our
common goals
Im working to
our common
goals
We are working towards ourcommon goals/direction
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
29/88 Washin ton State Universit -2010 29
More Actions Needed
We are working towards our
common goals/direction
We have completeconfidence
We have a close
relationshipWe share our
burdens
We rarely
disagree We really understand
each other We have a Caring
Relationship
We support
each other
We share the
workload
? ? ? ? ?
A P ibl Ni
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
30/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 30
A Possible NiceFuture Reality Tree
We are working towards
our common
goals/direction
We have completeconfidence in each other
We have a close
relationshipWe share our burdens
We rarely disagreeWe really
understand each
other
We have good
communication
Caring Relationship
We support each otherWe share the
workload
We realize we need
each other to reach
our common goalsWe make it a point
to communicate
(good & bad)
We share a
common set of
moral virtues
What toChange to?
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
31/88
The Bad SideThe Good Side
Negative Branch Reservation
Washin ton State Universit -2010 31
We have common goals,
objectives and direction in the
important aspects of our lives.
Im working to
our common
goals
My spouseworks
towards
spouses
goals
My spouses
goals are
achieved. Most of my
spouses goals areour common goals
I am very
busy
My goals
take a lotof time
Im not working
on my goals
I cant achieve
my goals
Thinking Process elements included
in the Fundamentals Exam
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
32/88
Negative Branch Reservation
Washin ton State Universit -2010 32
Im working to
our common
goals
My spouseworks
towards
spouses
goals
My spouses
goals are
achieved. Most of my
spouses goals areour common goals
I am very
busy
My goals
take a lotof time
Im not working
on my goals
I cant achieve
my goals
The Good Side The Bad Side
I work on
things I
value
I work on our goals
AND my goals
I feel good about
my progress
I finally
prioritize
my life
We have common goals,
objectives and direction in the
important aspects of our lives.
Thinking Process elements included
in the Fundamentals Exam
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
33/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 33
OK, Injections, But HOW?How to Cause the Change?
We have common
goals, objectives
and direction in the
important aspects
of our lives.
My spouse
workstowards
spouses
goals
I work
toward
mygoals
We realize we need
each other to reach
our common goals
We make it a pointto communicate
(good & bad)
We share a
common set of
moral virtues
Create the PreRequisite Tree(Ambitious Target Tree).
Practice on this Injection
I finally
prioritize
my life
We share a common
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
34/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010
We share a commonset of moral virtues
ObstaclesPreventing
IntermediateObjectives
Its a gray world out there.
(I cant tell right from wrong)
We dont want to change.
Values change according tothe circumstances.
We have differentbackgrounds.
Our desires differ.
We both enjoy some moralindiscretions.
Thinking Process elements included
in the Fundamentals Exam 34
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
35/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 35
We share a common setof moral virtues
ObstaclesPreventing
IntermediateObjectives
We agree on common virtues
We are willing to work on this
We agree on a common virtues
We really know each other
We share a set of common goals
We live our set of virtues in allcases
Its a gray world (cant tell right
from wrong)
We dont want to change
Values change according to thecircumstances
We have different backgrounds
Our desires differ
We both enjoy some moralindiscretions
Thinking Process elements included
in the Fundamentals Exam
Sequencing the solution
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
36/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 36
Sequencing the solution(Structure of the PRT)
We recognize ourown frailties
We dont want to
admit error
We really communicate
We subordinateourselves to each other
We really know each other
We share a set of common goals
We agree on a common virtues
We live our set of
virtues in all cases
We share a common set of moral virtues
Our desires differ
Its hard to tell right
from wrong
We enjoy ourindiscretions
We dont
talk much
We are
different
We dont know
each other
Thinking Process elements includedin the Fundamentals Exam
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
37/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 37
Putting the Intermediate Objectives Into Place
The PreRequisite Tree exposed the IntermediateObjectives (Milestones) needed forHow to Cause the Change?
But, How to We actually Get there? How will, We Really Communicate? For this, the Transition Tree gives the Step-by-Step
Approach to getting there.
We recognize our
own frailties
We dont want to
admit error
We really communicate
We subordinate
ourselves to each other
We dont
talk much
Working Upwards on a
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
38/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 38
Working Upwards on aTransition Tree
We recognize our
own frailties
We dont want
to admit error
We really
communicate
We subordinate
ourselves to eachother
We dont
talk much
We recognize (moreand more of) our
own frailties
People rarely respectpeople who make a lot
of mistakes
We wantothers to
respect us
We aremortal
There are (andshould be) few
secrets between
spouses
We, each of us, try tohide our mistakes
Spouses can be asignificant help and supportfor dealing with problems
Mistakes areinevitable
We generally know about eachothers mistakes that we try to hide
We wantto improve
We, each, admit(confidentially) to
some of ourproblems that wewish to eliminate
Working Upwards on a
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
39/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 39
Working Upwards on aTransition Tree
We recognize our
own frailties
We dont want
to admit error
We really
communicate
We subordinate
ourselves to each other
We dont
talk much
We subordinateourselves (more andmore) to each other
We desire to love each othereven more than we do nowWe Loved
each otherin the past
We both havemade some
mistakes
We are willing to dosome things that show
love to our spouse
We need to resolve someproblems on both sides
Real love comes fromsacrificing self for the
benefit of others.
Our marriage hassome strife caused
by each of us.
We need cooperation(give and and take)
from both sides
We want
to improve
We, each, acceptwe will do morethings for each
other than we arecurrently doing
Mistakes areinevitable
It is easierto lovewhenloved.
Working Upwards on a Transition Tree
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
40/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 40
Working Upwards on a Transition Tree
We recognize our
own frailties
We dont want
to admit error
We really
communicate
We subordinate
ourselves to each
other
We dont
talk much We recognizemore and
more) of ourown frailties
We talk frequentlyabout our
successes together
We talkfrequently aboutour challenges
We dedicatetime to spend
with eachother
Neither of usdominates thediscussion (for
too long)
We both havetopics of interest
to each other
We dont talk much
We reallycommunicate
(more and more)
We subordinateourselves (more
and more) toeach other
We want
to improve
We need totalk more
We each mentionthree good things
that are happening
in our lives
We each mentionthree problems thatwe want to improve.
We are verypatient and
listen withoutjudgment.
Working Upwards on a Transition Tree
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
41/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 41
Working Upwards on a Transition Tree
We recognize
our ownfrailties
We dont want
to admit error
We really
communicate
We subordinate
ourselves to each
other
We dont
talk
much
We dedicate
time to spendwith each
other
We reallycommunicate
(more and more)
We each mentionthree good things
that are happening
in our lives
We each mentionthree problems thatwe want to improve.
We, each, admit (confidentially)to some of our problems that we
wish to eliminate
We are very
patient andlisten withoutjudgment.
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
42/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 42
The Strategic/Tactic Plan for Marriage
S. MaritalBliss
T. Love Each
Other
S. Get
Along
T. Accept
Each Other
S. Focus on
the OtherT. Have
Common
Goals
S. Trust
Each Other
T. Share
Moral Code
S. Spouse
Loves Me
T. Take
Actions tocause Spouse
to love meCommunication
Work at MarriageForgiveness
FidelityShared
Responsibility
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
43/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 43
The Evaporating Cloud
A. The
Goal
B. My
Need
C. OthersNeed
D. What I
Want
D. What
theOthers
Want
Thinking Process elements included
in the Fundamentals Exam
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
44/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 44
Creating the Evaporating Cloud
D. What I
Want
1. What is it that I Want (thatIm having trouble getting)?
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
45/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 45
Creating the Evaporating Cloud
D. What I
Want
D. What
theOthers
Want
1. What is it that I Want (thatIm having trouble getting)?
2. What is it that the Others Want(that I dont want them to have)?
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
46/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 46
Creating the Evaporating Cloud
B. My
Need
D. What I
Want
D. What
theOthers
Want
1. What is it that I Want (thatIm having trouble getting)?
2. What is it that the Others Want(that I dont want them to have)?
3. Why do I want what I want?What Need am I trying to fulfill?
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
47/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 47
Creating the Evaporating Cloud
B. My
Need
C. OthersNeed
D. What I
Want
D. What
theOthers
Want
1. What is it that I Want (thatIm having trouble getting)?
2. What is it that the Others Want(that I dont want them to have)?
3. Why do I want what I want?What Need am I trying to fulfill?
4. Why do the Others want whatthey want? What Need do they
have?
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
48/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 48
Creating the Evaporating Cloud
A. The
Goal
B. My
Need
C. OthersNeed
D. What I
Want
D. What
theOthers
Want
1. What is it that I Want (thatIm having trouble getting)?
2. What is it that the Others Want(that I dont want them to have)?
3. Why do I want what I want?What Need am I trying to fulfill?
4. Why do the Others want whatthey want? What Need do they
have?
5. What Goal do wemutually share? Whyare we still arguing?
Reading the Cloud:In order to I musthave .
Communicating the
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
49/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 49
Communicating theEvaporating Cloud
A. The
Goal
B. My
Need
C. OthersNeed
D. What I
Want
D. What
theOthers
Want
5. And you WANT to meetyour Need as well.
3. Acknowledge the Other sideWants to act on meeting their
Need.
4. Point out that you also have asignificant Need.
2. Recognize you understand theOthers Need must be meet to
reach the Goal.
1. Start the Mutual Goal.It is common ground.Both interested.
Reading the Cloud:In order to I musthave .
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
50/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 50
Lets Do Some Examples
A. The Goal
B. Why I
Want It
C. Why the
Other SideWants What
They Want
D. What I
Want (to do)
D. What the
Other SideWants
Thinking Process elements included
in the Fundamentals Exam
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
51/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 51
Lets Do Some Examples
A. Get the
Customer
order
B. Make the
offer
attractive to
thecustomer
C. Insure
the qualityof the
product
D. Supplier
makes the
mold
D.
Customermakes the
Mold
Thinking Process elements included
in the Fundamentals Exam
STUDENTEXAMPLE
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
52/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 52
Lets Do Some Examples
A. Make
more Profit
B. Motivate
better
Performance
C. ControlExpenses
D. Pay High
Salaries
D. Dont
pay HighSalaries
Thinking Process elements included
in the Fundamentals Exam
Because: Motivated
employees deliver
more profit
Because: Money is
the ONLY motivator
Because: Expenses
subtract from profitBecause: Salaries are
a significant part of
expenses
Because: This will
create conflict with
the team.
Salaries are fixed.
STUDENTEXAMPLE
Evaporating the
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
53/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 53
Evaporating theEvaporating Cloud
A. Manage
Production
Effectively
B.
Produce a
Lot
C. Keep
Costs andDelivery
in Control
D. Increase
the Work-In-
Process
D.
Decreasethe Work-In-
Process
Assumption: We aremeasured upon ourProduction Level
Assumption: All machines mustbe keep busy all the time.
Assumption:We cantincrease WIPand DecreaseWIP at thesame time.
Assumption: WIP is expensive.High WIP delays flow time.
Assumption: Our profitsare not high. Customersdemand on-time delivery.
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
54/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 54
There is an Injection for Every Conflict
Arrow Assumption Injection AB Productive Deliver Max Capacity AC Cost Effective Price on Value BD Busy Machines Keep Constraint 100% CD Expensive WIP Throughput Focus D/D Cant do Both Buffer Constraint only
Chosen Injection:Focus on the Capacity Constrained Resource.Release work to the system at the rate of theCapacity Constrained Resource a Buffer Time in
Advance (no sooner, no later).Use Buffer Management to improve the system.
Sometimes TOC Solutions Are Counter
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
55/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 55
Sometimes TOC Solutions Are CounterIntuitive
DBR: To get more out, put less in. CCPM: To finish project sooner, delay the Start. CCPM: To be safer, remove the safety.
Replenishment: To get your products quicker tothe customer, store them farther away. To Solve the Conflict, Ignore the conflict. To Make More Money, Sell at below Cost.
If you cant find an injection, then just do what is
opposite of what everyone else is doing (andthen do whatever it takes to make it work).
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
56/88
Negative Branch Reservation Practice
Story Line. I just had an exposure to the Negative Branch
Reservation Tool of the TOC Thinking Process.
I can remember parts of it (the Good Side, the
Bad Side part sticks out). The class instructor now tells us to make a
Negative Branch Reservations as an in classquiz.
Assignment. Draw the Negative Branch Reservation and the
results of the trimming Injection.
Washin ton State Universit -2010 56
Thinking Process elements includedin the Fundamentals Exam
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
57/88
The Bad SideThe Good Side
Negative Branch Reservation
Washin ton State Universit -2010 57
I draw a NBR Tree
Thinking Process elements included
in the Fundamentals Exam
..
.
.
We might I will lookd!
We mightI Wont be
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
58/88
The Bad SideThe Good Side
Negative Branch Reservation
Washin ton State Universit -2010 58
I draw a NBR Tree
Thinking Process elements included
in the Fundamentals Exam
I learn betterhow to dothe NBR
Im not too
good at theNBR
I might becalled topresent
I Could lookbad.
My NBR treemay not look
good
Practice
Get Help fromEach other
Two idiotsare betterthan one
glearn fromEach other
good!g
Miss it.I Wont be
alone
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
59/88
PreRequisite Tree Practice
The AMBITIOUS TARGET: To Learn the Evaporating Cloud, the Negative
Branch Reservation and PRT (Ambitious Target)Tree in the next half hour.
What are the Obstacles?
What are the Injections?
Washin ton State Universit -2010 59
Learn EC NBR PRT in
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
60/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010
Learn EC, NBR, PRT in30 Mins
ObstaclesPreventing
IntermediateObjectives
. .
Thinking Process elements included
in the Fundamentals Exam 60
Learn EC NBR PRT in
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
61/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010
Learn EC, NBR, PRT in30 Mins
ObstaclesPreventing
IntermediateObjectivesWe are preoccupied.
We are sleepy (after lunch)
Too many callsDetails unknown to us
Not enough time
No writing materials
Not willing to accept learning
Not motivated.
Difficult, complex, hard
Full Time Call Concentration
Coffee
Switch off (no distractions)
We Know the Details
Plenty of time
Write on White Board
We paid for this class!
I really want to do this
With the right materials, this is easy!Thinking Process elements included
in the Fundamentals Exam 61
Sequencing the solution
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
62/88
Washin ton State Universit -2010 62
(Structure of the PRT)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I learn the EC, NBR, PRT in 30 Mins.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Thinking Process elements includedin the Fundamentals Exam
Categories of Legitimate Reservation
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
63/88
g gUsed to Scrutinize All Logic Trees
First: Clarity
Second: Entity ExistenceCausality
Third CauseInsufficiency
Additional Cause
Cause ReversalPredicted EffectTautology
The Cause
The Effect
This simple set of rules, which compiles all the key elements necessary
and sufficient for anyone to validate or invalidate logic, is one of Eliyhau M.Goldratts si nificant contribution to thinkin . 63 Washin ton State Universit -2010
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
64/88
Resistance to Change
Why dont People Change? Resistance to change is a good thing. It prevents
most un-needed changes.
People resist because they dont understand the
value of the change and / or see significantnegative branches without a way to deal withthem.
There are six basic layers of resistance and sixmethods to overcome them.
Washin ton State Universit -2010 64
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
65/88
Layers of Resistance
Layer 1. Disagree on the problem Solution: Agree on the problem (CRT) Layer 2. Disagree on the direction of the solution Solution: Agree on the direction of the solution (EC)
Layer 3. Disagree that the solution solves the problem.
Solution: Agree that the solution solves the problem (FRT) Layer 4. Yes, But, there are potential Negative consequences. Solution: Agree that the solution will not lead to any significant
negative effects (NBR)
Layer 5. Yes. But, there are obstacles to implementing the solution. Solution: Agree on the way to overcome any obstacles that might
block or distort implementation of the solution (PRT)
Layer 6. Unverbalized fears Solution: Overcome Unverbalized fears (TT)
Washin ton State Universit -2010 65
Categories of Legitimate
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
66/88
g gReservation: CLRClarity
A School only for Pretty Girls?Or, is it a Pretty School for young girls?Or, just a very Little School?Could it be a school for one particularly
Pretty Girl (you missed the apostrophe)?Are there boys there too?
Does the building look particularly nice?What is the enrollment?
This is a pretty
little girls school
This is a smallschool for girls
Expressing logic visually gives the opportunityfor scrutiny often missed when voiced only.
66 Washin ton State Universit -2010
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
67/88
CLREntity Existence
Entity Existence Reservation:Do these things really exist in
your world?
Operating costsof the car are oflittle concern
There is freemaintenance for100,000 miles
The exteriorappearance of thecar doesnt matter
A brand newLexus costs$15,000
67 Washin ton State Universit -2010
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
68/88
CLRCausality
Causality: Show me how the parts in theEffect (at the point of the arrow) come fromthe Cause (from the tail).
I open aSavings
Account
I receive20%interest
I want to bedifferent
I need pantslike Joes
My roommatehas a car
I needa car
I buy stock
I become amillionaire
There are problems with each one.The Cause
The Effect
68 Washin ton State Universit -2010
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
69/88
CLRCause Insufficiency
Insufficiency Reservation: Your
Group needs to complete agood Group Project too.
I get excellentgrades in Class
My Projectgoes well
I turn-ingoodhomework
My GroupProjectgoes well
Insufficiency Reservation: YouNeed to do your Project well.
69 Washin ton State Universit -2010
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
70/88
CLR(More on Insufficiency)
Is it sufficient?
Not without theTriangle!
70 Washin ton State Universit -2010
C R Addi i l C
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
71/88
CLRAdditional Cause
I dont get
good GasMileage
My Truck islarge
Additional Cause Reservation:
I carry heavyloads
Additional Cause Reservation:
I drive too fast
Ah-Ha! We see an
area wereimprovement ispossible.
71 Washin ton State Universit -2010
CLR C R l
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
72/88
CLRCause Reversal
My Garage isfull of stuff.
My Garage istoo small.
The Garage didnt
create all the extrathings.
My Garage isfull of stuff
My Garage istoo small.
I cant get my
car in theGarage.
72 Washin ton State Universit -2010
CLR P di t d Eff t
The Most DifficultCLR t (
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
73/88
CLRPredicted Effect
Our Income
is toolow
We dont
have enoughmoney
to pay our
bills
Predicted Effect Reservation:If our income is too low, Iwould expect to see mostpeople with the same incomeunable to pay their bills.
Others with thesame incomewould not be
able to pay their
bills
Many otherswith same or
less income dopay their bills
And yet, I see lots of peoplewith the same or less incomepaying their bills just fine.
We buy toomany things
we really dont
need
Discovery Happens!
We have toomany bills
CLR to use (youhave to think).
73 Washin ton State Universit -2010
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
74/88
CLRTautology Most Frequent
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
75/88
The Cause is the Excuse
The Circular Logicof the Cause isaccepted becauseof the Effect.
How do you know the Beavers are a lousy Team?Because, they lost the game didnt they!
The Beaverslost the game
The Beavers area lousy team.
Whenever you hear, a BECAUSE,that is the same as the Effect you havea Tautology (bad logic).
The Cause
The Effect
qLogical Error!
75 Washin ton State Universit -2010
CLRTautology
Most Frequent
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
76/88
The Cause is Hard to Define
To resolve the Tautology, the Cause needs to be somethingthat can be determined and challenged;
Not an Abstract Concept.In this case, the abstract word is lousy. What does that
mean? We need another substantial meaning.
The Beaverslost the game
The Beavers area lousy team.
When the BECAUSE is ABSTRACT,
we need to dig further.
The Circular Logic of the Tautologycomes from a Cause which is abstract;difficult to determine, define or quantify.So, too often the Cause is notchallenged.And, it seems the undefined Cause isaccepted because of the Effect.
Logical Error!
76 Washin ton State Universit -2010
CLRTautology: SearchingF A Alt t C ti
Most Frequent
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
77/88
For An Alternate Connection
The Beaverslost the game
The Beavers area lousy team.
The Beavers playa lousy game
The Beaversdont prepare
well for games
The Beaversdont execute
well
The Beavers aredepressed by their
mistakes
People feelbad whenthey make
dumbmistakes
The Beavers areperceived as a
lousy team.
The Beavers maynot be so bad.
The Beaversface an easy
team
The Beavers arein a slump
They are not
thinking clearly
Logical Error!
77 Washin ton State Universit -2010
How Do TautologiesH ?
Most Frequent
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
78/88
Happen?
I tell themwhat to do
They dont
do it
I push them
They stilldont do it
I push themharder
They areobstinate
I push them
hard
They areobstinate
Cause for Tautology isunanswered questions.
Do we every stop tothink why they are notanswered?Why dont people do
what they are told?
Hum?
Logical Error!
78 Washin ton State Universit -2010
Cause for the TautologyPre Conceived Notion
Most Frequent
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
79/88
Pre-Conceived Notion
In General, the most common error in Jumping toConclusions is the Tautology!
He is ajerk
He wont
help us
They are Part ofManagement!
Hes Indian
They are Muslims
He is Black
They are Poor
Shes a Woman
Men!
Hum?What is the underlying reason for these crude remarks?
Sometimes aTautology is asingle statement.
Logical Error!
79 Washin ton State Universit -2010
T t l i ft K J k
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
80/88
Tautology is often a Knee Jerk
When we hear, BECAUSE (same as Effect) When the BECAUSE is ABSTRACT When the ABSTRACT is DEROGITORY
It is probably a Tautology Logic Problem Basic Assumptions of the Theory of Constraints:
All PeopleThink
All People areGood
Every action is logical
(within the environment and inaccordance with the individualsunderstanding of their ability to
change the environment)Emotion is evidence ofpassionate, logical thinking!
80 Washin ton State Universit -2010
P ti C ti K J k
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
81/88
Practice Correcting a Knee Jerk
They are Part ofManagement!
Why Should they?
Im important
I do a good job
Managements Role is to
oversee systemicperformance
Management isIncompetent=>
I dont get
what I need
ManagementIgnores me
ManagementDoesnt
Respond
ManagementDoesnt
Listen
Im glad its not me!
I am not thesystems
problemManagement must
be dealing withsome very seriousneeds
81 Washin ton State Universit -2010
An Additional TOC Insight
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
82/88
An Additional TOC Insight
Systems are Inherently Simple
E=MC2
In free markets, economic stability iscontrolled by the Interest Rate.
System A System B
82 Washin ton State Universit -2010
Look for a Simple Solution!
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
83/88
Look for a Simple Solution!
Thehomework is
too hard
I cant domy
homework
I dont know what the words mean
I dont understand the problems
I dont understand the book
Lecture doesnt make sense
I cant see the connections
There are too many concepts
Its too complicated
Did you ask
anyone forclarity?
No.
83 Washin ton State Universit -2010
Thinking Processes
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
84/88
Thinking Processes
The Goal: Improve Systems (Remove UDEs)The Measure: Number, Scope and Severity of ProblemsThe Constraint: Core Conflict
There once was an old SystemThat lived in a shoe.That had so many UDEsIt didnt know what to do
UDE
UDE
UDE
UDEUDE UDE
UDE
UDE
UDE
UDE
UDE
UDE
UDE
UDE UDEUDEUDE
UDEUDE
84 Washin ton State Universit -2010
Thinking Processes
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
85/88
Thinking Processes
The Analysis:The Paradigm Shift: Cause theErroneous Assumption to Go Away(Fix Rules, Measures)
Let the System Behave Correctly!
85 Washin ton State Universit -2010
Thinking Process Results
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
86/88
Thinking Process Results
What do we learnhere to apply to
Daily Lives?
Conflicts can be Resolved.
Negative Branches should be Trimmed.
Be James Bond -- A Few, RightlyPlaced Injections can Make DramaticImprovement!
We can achieve Ambitious Targets
Communication is Greatly Improved!
Buy-In Happens!
Problems Go Away-Are Replaced By Desirable Entities!
86 Washin ton State Universit -2010
Thinking ProcessesLessons Learned
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
87/88
Lessons Learned
There are Answers -- Dont Despair Look for Cause-->Effect Relationships Think Clearly Clarity, Causality, Insufficiency, Additional Cause,
Predicted Effect, Cause Reversal Dont Accept Compromise (No Win-Lose orLose-Lose) Learn to find Breakthrough Injections
A Cloud-A-Day keeps the Conflict Away Become Justifiably Self-Confident Enter a Complex World, Find the One Spot that
Needs Fixing, Fix it.
Then, Look for the Next Spot to Fix 87 Washin ton State Universit -2010
Next Topics
8/13/2019 TOC Thinking Processes
88/88
Next Topics
TOC Thinking Processes TOC Applications Operations
Project Management
Replenishment
TOC Finances and Measures
Some TOC Philosophy will be blended into theseadditional topics.