TOEFL's Aripan (Fix)

8/11/2019 TOEFL's Aripan (Fix)

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TOEFLS GRAMMER, By :Ir. Aripan Saipulloh.MSR

Problem 1# Verbs that Re2%ire an n.nitive in the *omplement

Re!e!"er that the follo%in( &er"s re4uire an in*niti&e for a &er" in the

o!ple!ent.

A!ree *onsent &ail

Appear decide &or!etArran!

e

demand hesitate

As/ 3eserve4la'a

/

hope

*laim e5pect ntend4berma/s%dlearn plan seem

mana!

e

prepare tend

mean pretend Threaten4men!anca

mneed promise waito6er re&%se want

$ V * ( in.nitive ) M

7ehad

plannedto leave

da' be&ore 'esterda'

A&oi$ usin( an 5in( for! after the &er"s liste$. A&oi$ usin( a &er" %or$ after %ant.

EAMPE$#

I+ORRET : 6e %ante$ spea# %ith Mr. Bro%n.

ORRET : 6e %ante$ to sp#a$%ith Mr. Bro%n

I+ORRET : 7e $e!an$ #no%in( our status.

ORRET : 7e $e!an$ to $nowour status

I+ORRET : I inten$ the infor! you that %e annot appro&e your appliation.

ORRET : I inten$ to infor%you that %e annot appro&e your appliation.

I+ORRET : They $i$nt plan "uyin( a ar

ORRET : They $i$nt plan to &uya ar

I+ORRET : The %eather ten$s i!pro&in( in May

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ORRET : The %eather ten$s to i%pro'# in May

EER*$E$

Part A #hoose the orret ans%er.

One of the least e8eti&e %ays of storin( infor!ation is learnin( 0000000000 it.a. ho% repeat

". repeatin(

c. to repeat ( , )

$. repeat

Part B #hoose the inorret %or$ or phrase an$ orret it.

Representati&e $e!oray see!e$ #'ol'#si%ultan#ously!urinthe

2 A 3 2 B 3 2 3ei(hteenth an$ nineteenth enturies in Britain, Europe an$ Th# Unit#! Stat#s.

2 3

Answer#Representati&e $e!oray see!e$ to #'ol'# simultaneously duringthe

( A ) 2 B 3 2 3

ei(hteenth an$ nineteenth enturies in Britain, Europe an$ The United States.

2 3

Problem 8# Verbs that re2%ire an in! 9orm in the *omplement

Re!e!"er that the follo%in( &er"s re4uire an 5in( for! for a &er" in the

o!ple!ent:

Admit4men!a/

%i3ela' :eep

Appreciate 3en' Mention

Avoid 3isc%ss Miss

*omplete En0o' Postpone*onsider 9inish Practice

;%it Recommend Ris/

Recall Re!ret $top

$%!!estTolerate4mema


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$ V * ( in! ) Me en0o's travelin! b' plane

A&oi$ usin( an in*niti&e after the &er"s liste$.For"i$ !ay "e use$ %ith either an in*niti&e or an 5in( o!ple!ent, "ut for"i$ fro!

is not i$io!ati.

EAMPE$#

I+ORRET : She is onsi$erin( not to (o

ORRET : She is "onsi!#rinnot (oin(

I+ORRET :.7e en-oye$ tal# %ith your frien$

ORRET : 7e #n*oy#! tal$in%ith your frien$

I+ORRET :.6an# o!plete$ the %ritin( his thesis this su!!er9!usi! panas

ORRET : 6an# "o%pl#t#!writinhis thesis this su!!er

I+ORRET : I !iss to %ath the ne%s %hen I! tra&elin(

ORRET : I !iss wat"hinthe ne%s %hen I! tra&elin(

I+ORRET : She !entions stop at El aso in her letter.

ORRET : She !entions stoppinat El aso in her letter.

EER*$E$

Part A#hoose the orret ans%er.

Strauss *nishe$ 00000000000 t%o of his pu"lishe$ o!positions "efore his tenth

"irth$ay.

a. %ritten

". %rite

. to %rite

$. %ritin( ( , )

Part B#hoose the inorret %or$ or phrase an$ orret it.Manypeople ha&e stoppe$ to s%o$#"aus#they are afrai$ that it %ay

2 A 3 2 B 3 2 3 2 3

6ar!ful2"er"ahaya3 to their health.

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Answer #Manypeople ha&e stoppe$ s%o$in"aus#they are afrai$ that it %ay

2 A 3 ( B ) 2 3 2 3har!ful to their health.

Problem >

Verb Phrases that Re2%ire an in! 9orm in the *omplement

Re!e!"er that the follo%in( &er" phrases re4uire an 5in( for! for a &er" in the

o!ple!ent :

approve o&4ber/enan insist on4bersi/%/%hbe better o6 /eep on

can


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I+ORRET : I ha&e "een loo#in( for%ar$ to !eet you

ORRET : I ha&e "een loo#in( forwar! to %##tinyou

I+ORRET : 7e %oul$nt !in$ to %ait.

ORRET : 7e woul!n+t %in! waitin

EER*$E$

Part A#hoose the orret ans%er.

Many !o$ern arhitets insist on 00000000000 !aterials nati&e to the re(ion that %ill

"len$2!ena!pur3 into the surroun$in( lan$sape.

a. use

". to use

. the use$. usin( ( , )

Part B#hoose the inorret %or$ or phrase an$ orret it.

urin( =a#sons a$!inistration, those who$i$ not appro&e ofp#r%ito!!on

2 A 3 2 B 3

people in the 7hite 6ouse w#r# sho"$#! "y the presi$ents insistene2$esa#an3

that

23

they in'it#! into the !ansion 2ru!ah "esar3 2 3

Answer #

urin( =a#sons a$!inistration, those who$i$ not appro&e ofp#r%itino!!on

2 A 3 ( B )people in the 7hite 6ouse w#r# sho"$#!"y the presi$ents insistene that they

2 3

in'it#!into the !ansion

2 3

Problem ? rre!%lar Past 9orm

Re!e!"er that past for!s of the follo%in( irre(ular &er"s are not the sa!e as the

partiiples:

Verb 7ord Past 9orm Participle Base Meanin!

Be %as9%ere "een

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Beat "eat "eaten Me!u#ul

Beo!e "ea!e "eo!e

Be(in "e(an "e(un

Bite "it "itten Men((i(it

Blo% "le% "lo%n !eniupBrea# "ro#e "ro#en

hoose hose hosen

o!e a!e o!e

o $i$ $one

ra% $re% $ra%n

rin# $ran# $run#

ri&e $ro&e $ri&enEat ate eaten

Fall fell fallen

Fly >e% >o%n

For(et for(ot for(otten

For(i&e for(a&e for(i&en

Free'e fro'e fro'en !e!"e#u

Get (ot (otten or (otGi&e (a&e (i&en

Go %ent (one

Gro% (re% (ro%n

6i$e hi$ hi$$en

?no% #ne% #no%n

Ri$e ro$e ri$$en

Run ran runSee sa% seen

Sha#e shoo# sha#en !en((unan(

Sho% sho%e$ sho%n

Shrin# shran# shrun# !enyusut

Sin( san( sun(

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Spea# spo#e spo#en

Steal stole stolen

S%ear s%ore s%orn

S%i! s%a! s%u!

Ta#e too# ta#enTear tore torn !ero"e#

Thro% thre% thro%n

7ear %ore %orn

7ea&e %o&e %o&en !enenun9!intal

7ith$ra% %ith$re% %ith$ra%n

7rite %rote %ritten

$ V(past) M

The onert "e(an at ei(ht olo#

A&oi$ usin( a partiiple instea$ of a past for si!ple past state!ents.

EAMPE

I+ORRET: They $one it &ery %ell after they ha$ pratie$. ORRET: They $i$ it &ery %ell after they ha$ pratie$.

I+ORRET: Before she run the o!puter pro(ra!, she ha$ he#e$ it out %ith her

super&isor.

ORRET: Before she ran the o!puter pro(ra!, she ha$ he#e$ it out %ith

her super&isor.

I+ORRET: 7e eat $inner in Al"u4uer4ue on our &aation last year.

ORRET: 7e ate $inner in Al"u4uer4ue on our &aation last year.I+ORRET: My nephe% "e(un %or#in( for !e a"out ten years a(o.

ORRET: My nephe% "e(an %or#in( for !e a"out ten years a(o.

I+ORRET: I #no% that you "een forty on your last "irth$ay.

ORRET: I #no% that you %ere forty on your last "irth$ay.

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EER*$E$

Part A# *hoose the correct answer@

Before the An(les an$ the Sa)ons to En(lan$, the I"erians ha$

li&e$ there.

2A3 o!in(

2B3 o!e

23 a!e

23 $i$ o!e

Part B# *hoose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it@

7hen olu!"us seen the +e% 7orl$, he thou(ht that he ha$ reahe$

2A3 2B3 23the East In$ies "y %ay of a 7estern route.

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PRBEM 7T M3A$ AN3 M3A REATE3 PART*PE$

Modalsare au)iliary &er"s. They are use$ %ith !ain &er"s to (i&e a$$itional

!eanin( to !ain &er"s.

The !ost o!!on !o$als are liste$ "elo%, alon( %ith so!e of the

a$$itional !eanin(s that they a$$ to !ain &er"s.

an possi"ility, a"ility, an$ per!ission

oul$ possi"ility, a"ility in the past

May pro"a"ility, per!ission

Mi(ht pro"a"ility

Must neessity9 #eharusan, lo(ial onlusion

Shall future %ith e!phasis

Shoul$ a$&ie, o"li(ation, pre$ition

7ill future

7oul$ on$ition

Problem C Modal + Verb 7ords

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Re!e!"er that a modal is use$ %ith a verb word. A &er" %or$ is the

$itionary for! of the &er". In so!e (ra!!ar "oo#s, the verb word is alle$ the

"are in*niti&e "eause it appears %ithout the %or$ to. 1er" %or$s are &ery

i!portant in !any patterns, "ut they are use$ !ost often %ith !o$als.

$ Modal verb word

They Mi(ht &isit us

A&oi$ usin( in*niti&e or an ingfor! instea$ of a &er" %or$ after a !o$al.

E@AMLE

I+ORRET: After you sho% !e the %ay, I an to (o "y !yself.

ORRET: After you sho% !e the %ay, I an (o "y !yself.

I+ORRET: Our frien$s !i(ht stoppin( to see us on their %ay to alifornia.

ORRET: Our frien$s !i(ht stop to see us on their %ay to alifornia.

I+ORRET: I %oul$, if there is ti!e, li#in( to !a#e a phone all.

ORRET: I %oul$, if there is ti!e, li#e to !a#e a phone all.

I+ORRET: Beth !ay, %ith e8ort, to pass this ourse.

ORRET: Beth !ay, %ith e8ort, pass this ourse.

I+ORRET: The >i(ht shoul$ to "e on ti!e.

ORRET: The >i(ht shoul$ "e on ti!e.

EER*$E$

Part A# *hoose the correct answer@By the ti!e a "a"y has reahe$ his *rst "irth$ay, he shoul$, %ithout the

help of an a$ult, sit up or e&en stan$ up.2A3 to "e a"le to

2B3 a"le to

23 to "e a"le 23 "e a"le to

Part B# *hoose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it@Many "ir$s %ill, in the nor!al ourse of their !i(rations, >yin(

2A3 2B311


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!ore than three thousan$ !iles to reah their %inter2!usi! $in(in3 ho!es.

23 23

Problem D loi"al Con"lusions , E'#nts in th# -ast@

Re!e!"er that must is a !o$al. Must follo%e$ "y the &er" %or$ have a

partiiple e)presses lo(ial onlusion "ase$ on e&i$ene9"u#ti9#e-a$ian. The

onlusion is a"out an e&ent that happene$ in the past.

Re!e!"er that an o"ser&ation in the present !ay ser&e as the "asis for a

onlusion a"out so!e thin( that happene$ in the past. For e)a!ple, here is a

!essa(e on !y $es#. It !ay "e onlu$e$ the !y frien$ !ust ha&e alle$ last

ni(ht.

$ m%st have Participle past tense

My frien$ !ust ha&e alle$ last ni(ht

A&oi$ usin( shouldor an instea$ of must. A&oi$ usin( a &er" %or$ instea$ of have

an$ a partiiple %hen referrin( to e&ents in the past.

EAMPE

I+ORRET: The streets are %etC it shoul$ ha&e raine$ last ni(ht.

ORRET: The streets are %etC it !ust ha&e raine$ last ni(ht.

I+ORRET: This pen %ont %riteC it an ha&e run out of in# 2in the past3.

ORRET: This pen %ont %riteC it !ust ha&e run out of in# 2in the past3.

I+ORRET: The rin( that I %as loo#in( at is (oneC so!eone else !ust "uy it.

ORRET: The rin( that I %as loo#in( at is (oneC so!eone else !ust ha&e

"ou(ht it.

I+ORRET: 6e $oesnt ha&e this #eyC he !ust lo#e$ the! in his ar. ORRET: 6e $oesnt ha&e this #eyC he !ust ha&e lo#e$ the! in his ar.

I+ORRET: I $ont see Martha any%hereC she !ust "e left early.

ORRET: I $ont see Martha any%hereC she !ust ha&e left early.

EER*$E$

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The theory of ontinental rift assu!es that there lon(5

ter! li!ati han(es in !any areas $urin( the past.

2A3 !ust ha&e "een

2B3 !ust "e 23 !ust ha&e

23 !ust

ontinental !ri"t #continental agung

Part B# *hoose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it@7hen the %eather "eo!es ol$er %e #no% that the air !ass

2A3 2B3

!ust ori(inate$ in the Arti rather than o&er the Gulf of Me)io.

23 23Air mass #$umpulan udara%riginated #dimulaiArctic #$utup utara&ul" # telu$

Problem F o!ical *oncl%sions Events in the Present@

Re!e!"er that mustis a !o$al. Mustfollo%e$ "y bean$ an ingfor! or an

a$-eti&e e)presses a lo(ial onlusion "ase$ on e&i$ene. The onlusion is a"out

an e&ent that is happenin( no%.

$ m%st be

My frien$ !ust "e allin( no%

$ m%st be

6e !ust "e upset no%

A&oi$ usin( a &er" %or$ Instea$ of an ing for! after must be.

EAMPE

I+ORRET: The line is "usyC so!eone shoul$ "e usin( the telephone no%.

ORRET: The line is "usyC so!eone !ust "e usin( the telephone no%.

I+ORRET: Bo" is a"sentC he !ust ha&e "een si# a(ain 2no%3.

ORRET: Bo" is a"sentC he !ust "e si# a(ain 2no%3.

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I+ORRET: 6e is ta#in( a %al#C he !ust ha&e felt "etter no%.

ORRET: 6e is ta#in( a %al#C he !ust "e feelin( "etter no%.

I+ORRET: She !ust "e stu$y at the li"rary no% "eause all of her "oo#s are

(one.

ORRET: She !ust "e stu$yin( at the li"rary no% "eause all of her "oo#s are(one.

I+ORRET: Sarah !ust (et a $i&ore 2no%3 "eause her hus"an$ is li&in( in an

apart!ent.

ORRET: Sarah !ust "e (ettin( a $i&ore 2no%3 "eause her hus"an$ is li&in(

in an apart!ent.

EER*$E$

Part A# *hoose the correct answer@The (eneral pu"li a lar(e nu!"er of o!puters no%,

"eause pries are "e(innin( $erease.

2A3 !ust "uy

2B3 !ust ha&e "ou(ht

23 !ust "e "uyin(

23 !ust "uyin(


The A!erian "u8alo !ust "e repro$ue it self a(ain "eause it has "een

2A3 2B3 23 23

re!o&e$ fro! the en$an(ere$ speies list.

PATTERN$ G

A&oi$ usin( a for! of "e after use$ to. A&oi$ usin( a &er" %or$ instea$ of an

ing for!. A&oi$ usin( the inorret for! use to.

EAMPE

I+ORRET: I use$ to %as stu$yin( at the Dni&ersity of Southern alifornia "efore I

transferre$ here.

14

$Be -sed toe 7as -sed to ivin! n the co%ntr'


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ORRET: I use$ to stu$y at the Dni&ersity of Southern alifornia "efore I

transferre$ here.

or

I %as use$ to stu$yin( at the Dni&ersity of Southern alifornia "efore I

transferre$ here.

I+ORRET: 7e use to (o to the !o&ies 4uite fre4uently. ORRET: 7e use$ to (o to the !o&ies 4uite fre4uently.

or

7e %ere use$ to (oin( to the !o&ies 4uite fre4uently.

I+ORRET: She %as use$ to (et up early.

ORRET: She use$ to (et up early.

or

She %as use$ to (ettin( up early.

I+ORRET: 6e %as use$ to $rin# too !uh.

ORRET: 6e use$ to $rin# too !uh.

or

6e %as use$ to $rin#in( too !uh.

I+ORRET: She use$ to spea#in( in pu"li.

ORRET: She use$ to spea# in pu"li.

%r

She %as use$ to spea#in( in pu"li.

EER*$E


6ar&ar$ a shool for !en, "ut no% it is oe$uational, ser&in( as !any%o!en as !en.

2A37as use$ to2B3Dse$ to "e237as use$ to23 7as use$ to "e


As tele&ision i!a(es of the astronauts sho%e$, e&en for traine$ professionals %ho

are

2A3 2B3use$ to !o&e a"out in a lessene$ (ra&itational *el$, there are still pro"le!s.

2 3 23a lessened gravitational 'eld # medan gravitasi yang di$urangi

Problem "H Advisabilit' ad Better

Re!e!"er that ha$ "etter is si!ilar to a !o$al. Althou(h ha$ appears to "e

a past, ha$ "etter e)presses a$&ie for the future.15


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A&oi$ usin( an in*niti&e or a past fro! of a &er" instea$ of a &er" %or$. A&oi$ usin(

don(tinstea$ of not.

EAMPE

I+ORRET: ou ha$ "etter to hurry if you $ont %ant to !iss the "us.

ORRET: ou ha$ "etter hurry if you $ont %ant to !iss the "us.

I+ORRET: 7e ha$ "etter !a$e reser&ations so that %e %ill "e sure of

(ettin( a (oo$ ta"le.

ORRET: 7e ha$ "etter !a#e reser&ations so that %e %ill "e sure of

(ettin( a (oo$ ta"le.

I+ORRET: 7e ha$ "etter to he# the she$ule.

ORRET: 7e ha$ "etter he# the she$ule.

I+ORRET: ou ha$ "etter $ont 4uit your -o" until you *n$ another one.

ORRET: ou ha$ "etter not 4uit your -o" until you *n$ another one.

I+ORRET: ou ha$ "etter $ont (o alone.

ORRET: ou ha$ "etter not (o alone.

EER*$EPart A# *hoose the correct answer@

To he# for ai$ity, one ha$ "etter lit!us paper.

2A3Dse2B3Dsin(23To use23 Dseful

Part B# *hoose the incorrect word or phrase and corret it@In to$ays o!petiti&e !ar#ets, e&en s!all "usinesses ha$ "etter to a$&ertise on

T12A 3 2B3

16

$ ad better Verb wordIo% ad better ta/e *hemistr' CHH this semester

$ ad better not Verb wordIo% ad better not ta/e *hemistr' CHH

this semester


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an$ ra$io in or$er to (ain a share of the !ar#et.23 23

Problem "" -r#f#r#n"# pilihan , /oul! Rath#r

Re!e!"er that the phrase wouldratheris si!ilar to a !o$al. Althou(h would

ratherappears to "e a past, it e)presses preferene in present future ti!e.

$ wo%ld rather verb word

I %oul$ rather $ri&e

$ wo%ld rather Not verb word

I %oul$ rather +ot $ri&e

A&oi$ usin( an in*niti&e or an ing forminstea$ of a &er" %or$.

EAMPE

I+ORRET: She tol$ !e that she$ rather not to ser&e on the o!!ittee9panitia.

ORRET: She tol$ !e that she$ rather not ser&e on the o!!ittee.

I+ORRET: If you $ont !in$, I$ rather not (oin(.

ORRET: If you $ont !in$, I$ rather not (o.

I+ORRET: 6e sai$ that he$ rather %ent to a s!all olle(e instea$ of to a lar(e

uni&ersity.

ORRET: 6e sai$ that he$ rather (o to a s!all olle(e instea$ of to a lar(e

uni&ersity.

a ber/ata bahwa ia lebih memilih per!i /e per!%r%an tin!!i /ecil sa0a dari pada %niversitas besar@

I+ORRET: I$ rather %ritin( this than print it "eause I $ont print %ell. ORRET: I$ rather %rite this than print it "eause I $ont print %ell.

I+ORRET: Gre( %oul$ rather has a epsi than a "eer.

ORRET: Gre( %oul$ rather ha&e a epsi than a "eer.

EER*$E$

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Rho$o$en$rons 2se-enis tu!"uhan3 %oul$ rather in sha$y plaes, an$ so

%oul$ a'aleas2"un(a a'alea3.

2A3 to (ro%

2B3 (ro%in(23 (ro%n

23 (ro%


The A!ish people, $esen$e$ fro! the Ger!ans an$ S%iss, %oul$ rather

usin( horses than !ahines for transportation an$ far! %or# "eause they2A3 2B3 23"elie&e that a si!ple life #eeps the! loser to Go$.

23

Problem "1 -r#f#r#n"# for Anoth#r , /oul! Rath#r That

Re!e!"er that %hen the preferenes is for another person or thin(, %oul$ rather

that intro$ues a lause. The other person or thin( is the su"-et of the lause.

Althou(h the &er" is past tense, the preferene is for present or future ti!e.

$wo%ld

rather

that $ V (past)

wo%ld

ratherthat 'o% drove

A&oi$ usin( a present &er" or a &er" %or$ instea$ of a past &er". A&oi$ usin(

shouldan$ a &er" %or$ instea$ of past &er".

$wo%ld

ratherthat $ didn


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ORRET: I$ rather that you $i$nt $o that.

I+ORRET: iane %oul$ rather that her hus"an$ $oesnt %or#in( so har$.

ORRET: iane %oul$ rather that her hus"an$ $i$nt %or# so har$.

I+ORRET: The $ean %oul$ rather that stu$ents !a#e appoint!ents instea$ of

$roppin( "y. ORRET: The $ean %oul$ rather that stu$ents !a$e appoint!ents instea$ of

$roppin( "y.

I+ORRET: My roo!!ate %oul$ rather that I $ont #eep the li(ht on after ten

olo#.

ORRET: My roo!!ate %oul$ rather that I $i$nt #eep the li(ht on after ten

olo#.

I+ORRET: 7e$ rather that you shoul$ o!e to!orro%. ORRET: 7e$ rather that you a!e to!orro%.

EER*$E$


A (oo$ ounselor9penasihat %oul$ rather that the patient his or her o%n

$eisions after "ein( helpe$ to arri&e at a (eneral un$erstan$in( of the

alternati&es.2A3 !a#es

2B3 !a#in(

23 %ill !a#e

23 !a$e

Part B# *hoose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it@It is sai$ that the A!erian >a( has *&e5pointe$ stars "eause Betsy Ross tol$

General

2A3 2B37ashin(ton she %oul$ rather that he han(in( the si)5pointe$ ones.

23 23

Problem "8 Ne!ative mperatives

Re!e!"er that an i!perati&e is e)presse$ "y a &er" %or$.

19


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Please don


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23 not !a#e

23 not to !a#e

Part B# *hoose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it@lease $ont par#in( in those spaes that ha&e si(ns reser&in(2!e!esan3 the! for

2A3 2B3 23

the han$iappe$2oran( aat3. 23

E1ALDATIO+ 9 ost test

7rite the ans%er on the "lan# paper, an$ (i&e the reason


H. After her fa!ous hus"an$s $eath, Eleanor Roose&elt ontinue$ for

peae.

2A3 %or#in(

2B3 %or#

23 the %or#in(

23 to %or#in(

. The alo 1er$e tree in sprin(.

2A3 has "eautiful yello% "losso!s 2"un(a3

2B3 "eautiful yello% "losso!s

23 ha&in( "eautiful yello% "losso!s

23 %ith "eautiful yello% "losso!s

. The (reat apes, a (enerally peaeful speies, in (roups.

2A3 %oul$ rather li&in(

2B3 %oul$ rather li&e

23 %oul$ rather they li&e

23 %oul$ rather li&e$

&reat apes # $era ta$ bere$or

Part B# *hoose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it@J. Insurane rates are not the sa!e for $i8erent people "eause they are not

2A3 2B3

li#ely ha&e the sa!e ris#.

23 23

21


22/185


K. Many people %ith spinal or$ in-uries an, %ith the help of o!puter i!plants,

2A3 2B3

reo&erin( so!e of their !o"ility.

23 23

. Althou(h thousan$s of (ri''ly "ears use$ to roa!in( the 7estern lains of the2A3 2B3

Dnite$ States, to$ay only a fe% thousan$ e)ist.

23 23

;. Althou(h fraternal t%ins are "orn at the sa!e ti!e, they $o not ten$

2A3

rese!"lin( eah other any !ore than $o other si"lin(s.

2B3 23 23

. So!e astrono!ers onten$ that in anient ti!es, the Bi( 6orn Me$iine 7heel,

2A3

an arran(e!ent of stones in 7yo!in(, !ust ha&e ser&e as si(htin( points for

2B3 23 23

o"ser&ations of the sun.


23/185


Ma$#

G#t

0a'#

L#t

0#lp

*a%sative MA:E

Re!e!"er that MA?E an "e use$ as a ausati&e. In a ausati&e, a person $oes not

perfor! an$ ation $iretly. The person auses it to happen "y forin( another

person to $o it.

MA:E someone

6is Mother !a$e hi! ta#ehis

!e$iine

MA:E somethin!

I !a$e the !ahine %or#

A&oi$ usin( an in*niti&e or an in( for! instea$ of a &er" %or$ after a person or

thin( in a ausati&e %ith MA?E.

EAMPE

I+ORRET: She !a$e the "a"y to ta#e a nap 2"o"o se"entar3.

ORRET: She !a$e the "a"y ta#e a nap.

I+ORRET: rofessor Ro(ers $i$nt !a#e us type$ up our la" report.

ORRET: rofessor Ro(ers $i$nt !a#e us type up our la" report.

I+ORRET: Are you (oin( to !a#e your $au(hter to %or# part ti!e in the store

this su!!er/

ORRET: Are you (oin( to !a#e your $au(hter %or# part ti!e in the store this

su!!er/

I+ORRET: I ant see! to !a#e this $ish%asher runnin(.

ORRET: I ant see! to !a#e this $ish%asher run.

I+ORRET: atsy !a#es e&eryone $oin( his share aroun$ the house.

ORRET: atsy !a#es e&eryone $o his share aroun$ the house.

23


24/185


EER*$E$


syholo(ists "elie&e that inenti&es to inrease our pro$uti&ity.

2A3 !a#e us %ant2B3 !a#e us to %ant

23 !a#in( us %ant

23 !a#e us %antin(


EER*$E$

Part A # *hoose the correct answer@Li#e hu!ans, 'oo ani!al ha&e a $entist their teeth.

2A3*ll

2B3*lle$

23*llin(

23to "e *lle$

Part B # *hoose the incorrect or phrase and correct it@

Most presi$ential an$i$ates ha&e their na!es print on the "allot in the

2A3

+e% 6a!pshire pri!ary eletion "eause it is usto!arily the *rst one in the

2B3 23 23

nation, an$ %innin( it an (i&e the! a (oo$ hane to "e no!inate$ "y their

parties.

*a%sative et

Re!e!"er that Let an "e use$ as a ausati&e. In a ausati&e, a person $oes not

perfor! an ation $iretly. 7ith Let, a person (i&es per!ission for another person

to $o it.

$ ET someone Verb

word6is !other let hi! (o to shool

24


25/185


$ ET somethin

!

Verb word

I a! lettin( this

!ahine

ool

A&oi$ usin( an in*niti&e or an ingfor! instea$ of a &er" %or$ after a person or

thin( in a ausati&e %ith LET.

E@AMLES

I+ORRET: rofessor Ba#er let us to %rite a paper instea$ of ta#in( a *nal e)a!.

ORRET: rofessor Ba#er let us %rite a paper instea$ of ta#in( a *nal e)a!.

I+ORRET: 7hen I %as learnin( to $ri&e, !y a$ let !e usin( his ar.

ORRET: 7hen I %as learnin( to $ri&e, !y a$ let !e use his ar.

I+ORRET: 7oul$ you let us the "orro% your notes/

ORRET: 7oul$ you let "orro% your notes/

I+ORRET: Larry is so (oo$5hearte$, he lets people too# a$&anta(e of hi!.

ORRET: Larry is so (oo$5hearte$. 6e lets people ta#e a$&anta(e of hi!.

I+ORRET: ont let that "rothers you.

ORRET: ont let that "rother you.

EER*$E$

Part A # *hoose the correct answer@

The I!!i(ration an$ +aturali'ation Ser&ie often their &isas if they *ll out

the appropriate papers.

2A3 lets stu$ent e)ten$

2B3 lets stu$ent for e)ten$

23 lettin( stu$ent to e)ten$

23let stu$ent e)ten$in(

elayanan I!i(rasi $an +aturalisasi serin( !e!inta sis%a !e!perpan-an( &isanya -i#a !ere#a !en(isi $o#u!en yan(

sesuai.

Part B # *hoose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it@

The +ational Bas#et"all Assoiation %ill not let any athlete to ontinue

2A3

playin( in the lea(ue unless he su"!its &oluntary to treat!ent for $ru(

2B3 23 23

25


26/185


a$$ition.

*A-$ATVE elp

Re!e!"er that 6EL an "e use$ as a ausati&e. In a ausati&e, a person $oes

not perfor! an ation $iretly. 7ith 6EL, a person assists another person to $o it.$ EP someone verb word

in.nitive

e

e

is helpin!

s helpin!

me

me

t'pe

To t'pe

m' paper

m' paper

A&oi$ usin( an ingfor! instea$ of a &er" %or$ or an in*niti&e after a person in

a ausati&e %ith 6EL.

EAMPE

I+ORRET: 6er hus"an$ al%ays helps her that she $oes the laun$ry.

ORRET: 6er hus"an$ al%ays helps her $o the laun$ry.

or

6er hus"an$ al%ays helps her to $o the laun$ry.

I+ORRET: ont you help eah other the stu$y for tests/

ORRET:ont you help eah other stu$y for tests/

or

ont you help eah other to stu$y for tests/I+ORRET: My teaher helpe$ !e (ettin( this -o".

ORRET: My teaher helpe$ !e (et this -o".

or

My teaher helpe$ !e to (et this -o".

I+ORRET:Bo" sai$ that he %oul$ help our *n$in( the plae.

ORRET:Bo" sai$ that he %oul$ us *n$ the plae.

or

Bo" sai$ that he %oul$ help us to *n$ the plae.

I+ORRET:This "oo# shoul$ help you un$erstan$in( the leture.ORRET: This "oo# shoul$ help you un$erstan$ the leture.

or

This "oo# shoul$ help you to un$erstan$ the leture.

EER*$E$


26


27/185


In partnership %ith =ohn . Ro#efeller, 6enry Fla(er PPPPPPthe Stan$ar$ Oil

o!pany.

2A3 helpe$ for!in(

2B3 helpe$ for!

23 he helpe$ for!

23 helpin( to for!

Part B # *hoose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it@otors a(ree that the >ui$ aroun$ the spinal or$ helps the nourish the

2A3 2B3 23 23

"rain.ara $o#tor setu-u "ah%a airan $i se#itar tali yan( !en(enai tulan( "ela#an( !e!"antu !e!elihara ota#.

ROBLEM HK , O+ITIO++ALS

on$itionals are state!ents %ith i" or unless. They are opinions a"out the

on$itions 2iru!stanes9#ea$aan3 that in>uene results, an$ opinions a"out the

results.

There are t%o #in$s of on$itionals. In !ost (ra!!ar "oo#s, they are alle$ realor

"actualon$itionals an$ unreal or contrary-to-"acton$itionals. )actual conditionals

e)press a"solute, sienti* fats, pro"a"le results, or possi"le results.

9act%al *onditionals Absol%te $cienti.c Res%ltRe!e!"er that a"solute on$itionals e)press sienti* fats. 7ill an$ a &er" %or$

e)press the opinion that result is a"solutely ertain.

*N3TN RE$-TI

f

$ V

(present)

$ V

presentI

f

a

atalyst

is use$ , the

reation

ours !ore rapi$ly

or

27

*N3TN RE$-T

&

$ V

(present

)

$ 7i

ll

Verb

word

I

f

a

atalyst

is use$ , the

reation

%il

l

our !ore

rapi$ly


28/185


A&oi$ usin( willan$ a &er" %or$ instea$ of the present &er" in the lause "e(innin(

%ith i". A&oi$ usin( the au)iliary &er"s ha&e, has, $o, an$ $oes %ith !ain &er"s in

the lause of result.

EAMPE$I+ORRET: If %ater free'es, it has "eo!e a soli$.

ORRET:If %ater free'es, it "eo!es a soli$.

or

If %ater free'es, it %ill "eo!e a soli$.

I+ORRET: If hil$ren "e healthy, they learn to %al# at a"out ei(hteen !onths ol$.

ORRET:If hil$ren are healthy, they learn to %al# at a"out ei(hteen !onths ol$.

or

If hil$ren are healthy, they %ill learn to %al# at a"out ei(hteen !onths

ol$.I+ORRET: If oran(e "losso!s are e)pose$ to &ery ol$ te!peratures, they

%ithere$ an$ $ie$.

ORRET :If oran(e "losso!s are e)pose$ to &ery ol$ te!peratures, they %ither

an$ $ie$.

or

If oran(e "losso!s are e)pose$ to &ery ol$ te!peratures, they %ill

%ither an$ $ie.

I+ORRET: If the tra-etory of a satellite %ill "e sli(htly o8 at launh, it %ill

(et %orse as the >i(ht pro(resses.ORRET : If the tra-etory 2lintasan3of a satellite is sli(htly o8 at launh, it (ets

%orse as the >i(ht pro(resses.

or

If the tra-etory of a satellite is sli(htly o8 at launh, it %ill (et %orse as

the >i(ht pro(resses.

I+ORRET: If li(ht stri#es a rou(h surfae, it $i8use$.

ORRET:If li(ht stri#es a rou(h surfae, it $i8uses.

or

If li(ht stri#es a rou(h surfae, it %ill $i8use.

EER*$E$

Part A # *hoose correct answer@

If %ater is heate$ to H $e(rees F. as stea!.

2A3 it %ill "oil an$ esape

2B3 it is "oilin( an$ esapin(

28


29/185


23 it "oil an$ esape

23 it %oul$ "oil an$ esape

Part B # *hoose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it@

If a li&e spon(e is "ro#en into piees, eah piee %oul$ turn into a ne% 2A3 2B3

spon(e li#e the ori(inal one.

23 23

9act%al *onditionals Probable Res%lts &or the 9%t%re@

Re!e!"er that %ill an$ a %or$ e)presses the opinion that the results are

a"solutely ertain. In or$er of !ore to less pro"a"le, use the follo%in( !o$als : %ill,

an, !ay.

& $ V(present)

$7ill*anma'

Verbword

& we .nd eraddress

we

will write her

$7il

l*anma'

Verb word & $ V(present)

%

e

%ill %rite her if %

e

*n$ 6er

a$$ress

A&oi$ usin( the present tense &er" instea$ of a !o$al an$ a &er" %or$ in the

lause of result.

EAMPE$

I+ORRET#If you put too !uh %ater in rie %hen you oo# it, it (ot sti#y.ORRET: If you put too !uh %ater in rie %hen you oo# it, it %ill (et sti#y.

or

If %ill (et sti#y if you put too !uh %ater in rie %hen you oo# it.

I+ORRET: If they ha&e a (oo$ sale, I %oul$ ha&e stoppe$ "y on !y %ay

ho!e.

ORRET: If they ha&e a (oo$ sale, I %ill stop "y on !y %ay ho!e.

or

29


30/185


I %ill stop "y on !y %ay ho!e if they ha&e a (oo$ sale.

I+ORRET: 7e %ill %ait if you %ante$ to (o.

ORRET: 7e %ill %ait if you %ant to (o.

or

If you %ant to (o, %e %ill %ait.

I+ORRET:If you listen to the 4uestions arefully, you ans%er the! easily.ORRET:If you listen to the 4uestions arefully, you %ill ans%er the! easily.

or

If you listen to the 4uestions arefully, you %ill ans%er the! easily.

I+ORRET: If %e *nishe$ our %or# a little early to$ay, %ell atten$ the leture at

the art !useu!.

ORRET: If %e *nish our %or# a little early to$ay, %ell atten$ the leture at the

art !useu!.

or

7ell atten$ the leture at the art !useu! if %e *nish our %or# a little

early to$ay.

EER*$E$Part A# *hoose the correct answer@

If ser&ie are inrease$, ta)esPPPPPP

2A3%ill pro"a"ly (o up

2B3pro"a"ly (o up

23pro"a"ly up

23 (oin( up pro"a"lyPart B# *hoose the incorrect word o& phrase and correct it@If you $ont re(ister "efore the last $ay of re(ular re(istration, you

2A3 2B3

payin( a late fee.

23 23

9act%al *onditionals Possible Res%lts

Re!e!"er that althou(h a past &er" is use$, the opinion is for future ti!e. In or$er

of !ost possi"le to least possi"le, use the follo%in( !o$als : %oul$, oul$, !i(ht.

& $ V(past)

$7o%l

d*o%ldmi!h

Verbword

30


31/185


t

If %e foun$ her

a$$ress,

%e %oul$ %rite her

If %e foun$ hera$$ress,

%e oul$ %rite her

If %e foun$ her

a$$ress,

%e !i(ht %rite her

or

$wo%ldco%ldmi!ht

Verbword

i& $ V(past)

%

e

%oul$ %rite her if %e foun$ her

a$$ress%

e

oul$ %rite her if %e foun$ her

a$$ress%

e

!i(ht %rite her if %e foun$ her

a$$ressA&oi$ usin( wouldan$ a &er" %or$ instea$ of a past tense &er" in an if

lause.

EAMPE$

I+ORRET: If =i!s fa!ily !eet ?aren, I a! sure that they %oul$ li#e her. ORRET: If =i!s fa!ily !et ?aren, I a! sure that they %oul$ li#e her.

or

I a! sure that they %oul$ li#e her if =i!s fa!ily !et ?aren.

I+ORRET: If you !a$e your "e$ in the !ornin(, your roo! loo#s "etter

%hen you (ot "a# in the afternoon.

ORRET: If you !a$e your "e$ in the !ornin(, your roo! %oul$ loo#

"etter %hen you (ot "a# in the afternoon.

orour roo! %oul$ loo# "etter %hen you (ot "a# in the afternoon if you

!a$e your "e$ in the !ornin(.

I+ORRET: If =u$y $i$nt $rin# so !uh o8ee, she %oul$nt ha&e "een so ner&ous.

ORRET: If =u$y $i$nt $rin# so !uh o8ee, she %oul$nt "e so ner&ous.

or

=u$y %oul$nt "e so ner&ous if she $i$nt $rin# so !uh o8ee.

31


32/185


I+ORRET: If you %oul$ (o to "e$ earlier, you %oul$nt "e so sleepy in the

!ornin(.

ORRET: If you %ent to "e$ earlier, you %oul$nt "e so sleepy in the !ornin(.

or

ou %oul$nt "e so sleepy in the !ornin( if you %ent to "e$

earlier.

I+ORRET: If she %oul$ eat fe%er s%eets, she %oul$ lose %ei(ht.

or

She %oul$ lose %ei(ht if she ate fe%er s%eets.

H. If A!erians are fe%er foo$s %ith su(ar an$ salt, their (eneral healthPPPP

"etter.

2A3"e

2B3%ill "e

23is

23 %oul$ "e

. If $ri&ers o"eye$ the spee$ li!it, fe%er ai$ents our.

2A3 2B3 23 23

9act%al *onditionals Probable *han!es in Part Res%lts@

Re!e!"er that the spea#er or %rite is e)pressin( an opinion a"out the results of

the past un$er $i8erent on$itions or iru!stanes. In or$er of the !ost least

pro"a"le, use the follo%in( !o$als: would* could* might.

& $ had

participle

$wo%ldhaveco%ldhavemi!hthave

Participle

If %

e

ha

$

foun$ her

a$$ress

%

e

%oul$

ha&e

7ritten he

r

If %

e

ha

$

foun$ her

a$$res

s

%

e

oul$

ha&e

7ritten he

r

If %

e

ha

$

foun$ her

a$$res

s

%

e

!i(ht

ha&e

7ritten he

r

32


33/185


A&oi$ usin( %oul$ ha&e an$ a partiiple instea$ of had an$ a partiiple in the lause

"e(innin( %ith i". A&oi$ usin( ha&e an a partiiple.

EAMPE$I+ORRET: If %e ha$ the !oney, %e %oul$ ha&e "ou(ht a ne% stereo syste!.

ORRET: If %e ha$ ha$ the !oney, %e %oul$ ha&e "ou(ht a ne% stereo syste!.

or7e %oul$ ha&e "ou(ht a ne% stereo syste! if %e ha$ ha$ the

!oney.

I+ORRET: If the nei(h"ors ha$nt 4uiete$ $o%n, I %oul$ ha&e ha&e to all

the polie

ORRET: If the nei(h"ors ha$nt 4uiete$ $o%n, I %oul$ ha&e ha$ to all

the polie.

or

I %oul$ ha&e ha$ to all the polie if the nei(h"ors ha$nt 4uiete$

$o%n.I+ORRET: If her !other let her, Anne %oul$ ha&e staye$ lon(er.

ORRET: Anne %oul$ ha&e staye$ lon(er if her !other ha$ let her.

or

If her !other ha$ let her, Anne %oul$ ha&e staye$ lon(er.

I+ORRET: If %e %oul$ ha&e #no%n that she ha$ planne$ to arri&e to$ay,%e oul$

ha&e !et her at the "us station.

ORRET: If %e ha$ #no%n that she ha$ planne$ to arri&e to$ay, %e oul$ ha&e

!et her at the "us station.

or7e oul$ ha&e !et her at the "us station if %e ha$ #no%n that she ha$

planne$ to arri&e to$ay.

I+ORRET: If I ha$ !ore ti!e, I %oul$ ha&e he#e$ !y paper a(ain.

ORRET: If I ha$ ha$ !ore ti!e, I %oul$ ha&e he#e$ !y paper a(ain.

or

I %oul$ ha&e he#e$ !y paper a(ain if I ha$ ha$ !ore ti!e.

EER*$E$

Aor$in( to so!e historians if +apoleon ha$ not in&a$e$ Russia, he

the rest of Europe.2A3ha$ on4uere$

2B3%oul$ on4uer

23%oul$ ha&e on4uere$

23 on4uere$

33


34/185


*hoose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it@

If $inosaurs %oul$ ha&e ontinue$ roa!in( the earth, !an %oul$ ha&e

2A3 2B3 23

e&ol&e$ 4uite $i8erently.

23

*ontrar'to9act *onditionalsmpossible Res%lt 7ere

Re!e!"er that the &er" +,is al%ays %ere in ontrary5to5fat on$itionals.

& $ were

If the party %ere on Fri$ay, %e oul$ (o

A&oi$ han(in( %ere to a(ree %ith the su"-et in ontrary5to5fat state!ents.

EAMPE$I+ORRET: If Bar"ara %as really !y frien$, she %oul$ all !e one in a %hile.

ORRET: If Bar"ara %ere really !y frien$, she %oul$ all !e one in a %hile.

2Bar"ara is not !y frien$3

or

She %oul$ all !e one in a %hile if Bar"ara %ere really !y frien$.

2Bar"ara is not !y frien$3

I+ORRET: If Mr. 6arris is sin(le, I oul$ intro$ue hi! to !y sister.

ORRET: If Mr. 6arris %ere sin(le, I oul$ intro$ue hi! to !y sister.

2 Mr. 6arris is not sin(le.3or

I oul$ intro$ue hi! to !y sister if Mr. 6arris %ere sin(le.

2 Mr. 6arris is not sin(le.3

I+ORRET: If the !eat %as a little !ore $one, this %oul$ "e an e)ellent

!eal.

ORRET: If the !eat %ere a little !ore $one, this %oul$ "e an e)ellent

!eal.

2 The !eat is not $one.3

orThis %oul$ "e an e)ellent !eal If the !eat %ere a little !ore

$one. 2 The !eat is not $one.3

I+ORRET: If !y $au(hter is here, I %oul$ "e &ery happy.

ORRET: If !y $au(hter %ere here, I %oul$ "e &ery happy.

2 My $au(hter is not here.3

or

I %oul$ "e &ery happy if !y $au(hter %ere here.34


35/185


2 My $au(hter is not here.3

I+ORRET: This apart!ent "e perfet if it %ere a little lar(er.

ORRET: This apart!ent %oul$ "e perfet if it %ere a little lar(er.

2The apart!ent is not here.3

or

If it %ere a little lar(er, this apart!ent %oul$ "e perfet.2 The apart!ent is not here.3


If hu!ans %ere totally $epri&e$ of sleep, they halluinations, an)iety,

o!a, an$ e&entually, $eath.

2A3%oul$ e)periene

2B3e)periene

23%oul$ ha&e e)periene$

23 ha$ e)periene$=i#a !anusia seara total ta# $apat ti$ur, !ere#a a#an !en(ala!i halusinasi, #etertari#an, pin(san, $an seepatnya,

#e!atian

*hoose the incorrect word o& phrase and correct it@

If %e %ere to onsi$er all of the $i8erent #in$s of !otion in $isussin( the

2A3

!o&e!ent of an o"-et, it is &ery onfusin(, "eause e&en an o"-et at rest is

2B3 23

!o&in( as the earth turns.

23

PRBEM "? ontraryto9act *onditional *han!e n

*onditional Unl#ss

Re!e!"er that there is a su"-et an$ &er" that $eter!ines the han(e in

on$itions after the onnetor unless.

S 1 Luisa %ont

return

unless she (ets a

sholarshi

pA&oi$ $eletin( unlessfro! the senteneC a&oi$ $eletin( either the su"-et or the

&er" fro! the lause after unless.

E5amples#

35


36/185


Inorret: I ant (o I $ont (et !y *nishe$.

orret: I ant (o unless I (et !y %or# *nishe$.

Inorret: They are (oin( to (et a $i&ore unless he stoppin( $ru(s.

orret: They are (oin( to (et a $i&ore unless he stops ta#in( $ru(s.

Inorret: ou %ont to (et %ell unless you are ta#in( your !e$iine. orret: ou %ont to (et %ell unless you ta#e your !e$iine.

Inorret: ean ne&er alls his father unless nee$s !oney.

orret: ean ne&er alls his father unless he nee$s !oney.

Inorret: 7e ant pay the rent unless the sholarship he#s.

orret: 7e ant pay the rent unless the sholarship he# o!es.

-OST TEST (writ# th# answ#r on th# &lan$ pap#r1)Part A# *hoose the correct answer@

Foot"all tea!s $ont play in the Super Bo%l ha!pionship PPPPP either

the +ational or the A!erian onferene.

2A3Dnless they %in2B3But they %in23Dnless they %ill %in23 But to ha&e %on

Part B # *hoose the incorrect word or phrase and the correct it@

Dsually "oys annot "eo!e Boy Souts unless o!plete$ the *fth (ra$e.

2A3 2B3 23 23

Part A# *hoose the correct answer@H. If the +or!ans ha$ in&a$e$ En(lan$ in the tenth entury, the En(lish

lan(ua(ePPP.. in a &ery $i8erent %ay.2A3e&elop2B3e&elope$

237oul$ $e&elop23 7oul$ ha&e $e&elope$. In the iard o" %, the %i'ar$ oul$ not help orothyPPPP.

2A3That she return to ?ansas2B3Return to ?ansas23Returnin( to ?ansas23 Returne$ ?ansas

. If teahin( PPPP. More, fe%er teahers %oul$ lea&e the profession.2A3ays

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2B3Is payin(23ai$23 6a$ pai$


J. The Foo$ an$ ru( A$!inistration, #no%n as the FA, !a#es (roers an$2A3 2B3

restaurant o%ners pasteuri'e$ all !il# "efore sellin( it.

23 23

K. Besi$es his ontri"utions to the *el$ of siene, Fran#lin helpe$ the people of2A3 2B3

hila$elphia foun$e$ an insurane o!pany, a hospital, a pu"li li"rary, an$

the23

ni(ht %ath, as %ell as ity !ilitia.

23

. If "a"y (eese are hathe$ in the a"sene of their !other, they follo%in( the

*rst2A3 2B3

!o&in( o"-et they see. 23 23

;. The Rural Free eli&ery At %as passe$ so that people on far!s oul$ ha&e

their2A3 2B3 23

!ail $eli&er heaper an$ faster. 23

. A te!porary $ri&ers per!it lets the learner $ri&es %ith another liense$

$ri&er in2A3 2B3 23 23

the ar.

y.

37


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2A3 2B3 23 23

Problem "C $-BJ-N*TVE$

So!e &er"s, nouns, an$ e)pressions re4uire a su"-unti&e. A su"-unti&e is a

han(e in the usual fro! of the &er". A su"-unti&e is often a &er" %or$ in En(lish.

mportance$%b0%nctive Verbs

Re!e!"er that the follo%in( &er"s are use$ "efore that&er" %or$ lause to

e)press i!portane.

As$ propose

!emand recommend

!esire re/uest 0nsist re/uire

Pre"er suggest

Urge

S 1 That S 1er"

%or$

Mr.

=ohnson

refers

that she Spea# 7ith hi!

personallyA&oi$ usin( a present or past tense &er" instea$ of a &er" %or$. A&oi$ usin( a

!o$al "efore the &er" %or$.

+ote: The &er" insist !ay "e use$ in non5su"-unti&e patterns in the past tense.

For e)a!ple: 1einsiste$ that 0 was wrong.

E5amples#

Inorret: The $otor su((este$ that she %ill not s!o#e.

orret: The $otor su((este$ that she not s!o#e.

Inorret: I propose that the &ote is seret "allot 2#ota# suara3.

orret: I propose that the &ote "e seret "allot.

Inorret: The forei(n stu$ent a$&isor reo!!en$e$ that she stu$ie$ !ore En(lish

"efore enrollin( at the uni&ersity.

orret: The forei(n stu$ent a$&isor reo!!en$e$ that she stu$y !ore En(lish

38


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"efore enrollin( at the uni&ersity.

Inorret: The la% re4uires that e&eryone has his ar he#e$ at least one a year.

orret: The la% re4uires that e&eryone ha&e his ar he#e$ at least one a year.

Inorret: She insiste$ that they %oul$ (i&e her a reeipt.

orret: She insiste$ that they (i&e her a reeipt.


Less !o$erate !e!"ers of on(ress are insistin( that han(es in the Soial

Seurity Syste! PPPP !a$e.

2A37ill2B3Are23Bein(

23 Be

Part B# *hoose the incorrect word ot phrase and correct it@

Many arhitets prefer that a $o!e is use$ to roof "uil$in(s that nee$

2A3 2B3

to onser&e >oor spae.

23 23

PRBEM "D

mportanceNo%ns 3erived &rom $%b0%nctive Verbs

Re!e!"er that the follo%in( nouns are use$ in this pattern:

!emand recommendation

0nsistence2desa$an re/uest

Pre"erence re/uirement

Proposal suggestion

+oun That S 1er"

%or$The

reo!!en$ation

that 7e Be E&aluate$ %as

appro&e$

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A&oi$ usin( a present or past tense &er" %or$. A&oi$ usin( a !o$al "efore the &er"

%or$.

E5amplesInorret: 6e o!plie$ %ith the e4uip!ent that all (ra$uate$ stu$ents in e$uation

shoul$ %rite a thesis.

orret: 6e o!plie$ %ith the e4uip!ent that all (ra$uate$ stu$ents in e$uation

%rite a thesis.

Inorret: The o!!ittee refuse$ the re4uest that the prere4uisite 2persyaratan3

shall "e %ai&e$.

orret: The o!!ittee refuse$ the re4uest that the prere4uisite "e %ai&e$

2$ia"ai#an3.

Inorret: She i(nore$ the su((estion that she (ets !ore e)erise.

orret: She i(nore$ the su((estion that she (et !ore e)erise.

Inorret: The terrorists $e!an$ that the airline pro&i$es a plane %ill not "e !et "y

the $ea$line. orret: The terrorists $e!an$ that the airline pro&i$e a plane %ill not "e !et "y

the $ea$line.

Inorret: 6e re(rette$ not ha&in( follo%e$ his a$&isors reo!!en$ation that he

$roppin( the lass.

orret: 6e re(rette$ not ha&in( follo%e$ his a$&isors reo!!en$ation that he

$rop the lass.


It is the reo!!en$ation of !any psyholo(istsPPPP.. to assoiate %or$s an$

re!e!"er na!es.

a) that a learner uses !ental i!a(es

"3 A learner to use !ental i!a(es3 Mental i!a(es are use$$3 That a learner use !ental i!a(es


espite 2$isa!pin(3 their insistene that he %ill appear %hen there is an i!portant2A3 2B3 23

e&ent, the presi$ent she$ules press onferenes %ith the ne%s !e$ia at this

$isretion.

232isretion Q perti!"an(an3

40


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PRBEM "F

mportancempersonal E5pressions

Re!e!"er that the follo%in( a$-eti&es are use$ in i!personal e)pressions.

,ssential

0mperative 2mendesa$

0mportant

3ecessary

It is i!portant to &erify the $ata %r

It is i!portant that the

$ata

"e &eri*e$

A&oi$ usin( a present tense &er" instea$ of a &er" %or$. A&oi$ usin( a !o$al "efore the &er" %or$.

E5amples

Inorret: It is not neessary that you !ust ta#e an entrane e)a!ination to "e

a$!itte$ to an A!erian uni&ersity.

orret: It is not neessary to ta#e an entrane e)a!ination to "e a$!itte$ to an

A!erian Dni&ersity.

%r

It is not neessary that you ta#e an entrane e)a!ination to "e a$!itte$ to

an A!erian uni&ersity.Inorret: It is i!perati&e that you are on ti!e.

orret: It is i!perati&e to "e on ti!e.

%r

It is i!perati&e that you "e on ti!e.

Inorret: It is i!portant that I %ill spea# %ith Mr. 7illia!s i!!e$iately.

orret: It is i!portant to spea# %ith Mr. 7illia!s i!!e$iately.

%r

It is i!portant that I spea# %ith Mr. 7illia!s i!!e$iately.

Inorret: It is i!perati&e that your si(nature appears on your i$enti*ation ar$. orret: It is i!perati&e to si(n your i$enti*ation ar$.

%r

It is i!perati&e that your si(nature appear on your i$enti*ation ar$.

Inorret: It is essential that all appliations an$ transripts are *le$ no later than

=uly H

orret: It is essential to *le all appliations an$ transripts no later than =uly H.

41


42/185


It is essential that all appliations an$ transripts "e *le$ no later than =uly

H.


It is neessaryPPPP.the approahes to a "ri$(e, the roa$ $esi(n, an$ the

ali(n!ent in suh a %ay as to "est ao!!o$ate the e)pete$ tra >o% o&er an$

un$er it.

2A3lan2B3To plan23lannin(23 The plan


It is essential that &ita!ins are supplie$ either "y foo$s or "y supple!entary

2A3 2B3 23ta"lets for nor!al (ro%th to our.

23

PRBEM "G N9NTVE$

An in.nitive is to + the verb word@

P%rposen.nitives

Re!e!"er that an in*niti&e an e)press purpose. It is a short fro! of in orderto. $ V * n.nitive

(p%rpose) Laura

She

-o(s

ta#es

&ita!ins

to stay

to feel

*t

"etterA&oi$ e)pressin( purpose %ithout the %or$ in tothe in*niti&e. A&oi$ usin( "or

instea$ of to.

EAMPE$

Inorret: 7ear se&eral layers of lothin( for #eep %ar!. orret: 7ear se&eral layers of lothin( to #eep %ar!.

Inorret: a&i$ has stu$ie$ har$ the suee$.

orret: a&i$ has stu$ie$ har$ to suee$.

Inorret: ont !o&e your feet %hen you s%in( for play (olf %ell.

orret: ont !o&e your feet %hen you s%in( to play (olf %ell.

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43/185


Inorret: 1ir(inia al%ays "oils the %ater t%ie !a#e tea.

orret: 1ir(inia al%ays "oils the %ater t%ie to !a#e tea.

Inorret: 7ait until =une plant those "ul"s.

orret: 7ait until =une to plant those "ul"s.


In the Morrill At, on(ress (rante$ fe$eral lan$s to the statesPPPP.a(riultural

an$ !ehanial arts olle(es.

2A3For asta"lish2B3To esta"lish23Esta"lish23 Esta"lish!ent

Part B# *hose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it@apyrus %as use$ for to !a#e not only paper "ut also sails, "as#ets, an$

lothin(.

2A3 2B3 23 23

PRBEM 1H PA$$VE V*E

A passi&e han(es the e!phasis of a sentene. Dsually in a passi&e, the

e&ent or result is !ore i!portant than the person %ho auses it to happen.

For e)a!ple,born* $nown as

, an$le"t

are partiiples. They are o!!onlyuse$ %ith BE in passi&e sentenes. 7hy/ Beause the person "orn, the person

#no%n, an$ the person or thin( left are the i!portant parts of the sentenes.

Passives7ord rder

Re!e!"er that in a passi&e sentene the ator is un#no%n or not i!portant.

The su"-et is not the ator.

assi&e sentenes are also o!!on in ertain styles of sienti* %ritin(.

$ BEParticiple

State

Dni&ersity

is Loate$ at the orner of olle(e an$

thir$A&oi$ usin( a partiiple %ithout a for! of the &er" BE.

EAMPE$

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44/185


Inorret: My %e$$in( rin( !a$e of yello% an$ %hite (ol$.

orret: My %e$$in( rin( is !a$e of yello% an$ %hite (ol$.

2It is the ring, not the person %ho !a$e the rin( that is i!portant.3

Inorret: If your "rother in&ite$, he %oul$ o!e.

orret: If your "rother %ere in&ite$, he %oul$ o!e. 2It is your brother, not the person %ho in&ite$ hi!, that is i!portant.3

Inorret: Mr. 7ilson #no%n as 7illie to his frien$s.

orret: Mr. 7ilson is #no%n as 7illie to his frien$s.

2It is Mr. illson, not his frien$s, that is i!portant.3

Inorret: Referenes not use$ in the e)a!ination roo!.

orret: Referenes are not use$ in the e)a!ination roo!.

2It is re"erences, not the persons usin( the!, that are i!portant.3Inorret: Laura "orn in Io%a.

orret: Laura %as "orn in Io%a.

2It is 4aura*not her !other %ho "are her, that is i!portant.3


In the strin(e$ instru!ents, the tonesPPPP.."y playin( a "o% aross a set of

strin(s that !ay "e !a$e of %ire or (ut.

2A3They pro$ue2B3ro$uin(23Are pro$ue$, 23 That are pro$uin(


7or# is often !easure in units alle$ foot poun$s.

2A3 2B3 23 23

PassivesA!entRe!e!"er that in a passi&e sentene, the ator is un#no%n or not i!portant.

The su"-et is not the ator.

The ator in a passi&e sentene is alle$ the a(ent.

This report was

written

b'

b'

Phil

comp%ter

44


45/185


t was printedA&oi$ usin( "oror "rominstea$ of "y.

EAMPE$

Inorret: The $eisions on ases li#e this are !a$e fro! ean 7hite.

orret: The $eisions on ases li#e this are !a$e "y ean 7hite.Inorret: Most of us are sponsore$ fro! our parents.

orret: Most of us are sponsore$ "y our parents.

Inorret: The ar %as inspete$ for usto!s.

orret: The ar %as inspete$ "y usto!s.

Inorret: The "ill has alrea$y "een pai$ Mr. A$a!s.

orret: The "ill has alrea$y "een pai$ "y Mr. A$a!s.

Inorret: State Dni&ersity is (o&erne$ fro! the Boar$ of Re(ents.

orret: State Dni&ersity is (o&erne$ "y the Boar$ of Re(ents.


The fa!ous arhitet, Fran# Lloy$ 7ri(ht, %as (reatlyPPPPP. , %ho %ante$ hi!

to stu$y arhiteture.

2A3In>uene$ "y his !other2B3Fro! his !others in>uene236is !other in>uene$ hi!23 In>uenin( for his !other


In the ionosphere, (ases ha&e "een partly ioni'e$ for hi(h fre4ueny ra$iation

2A3 2B3 23

fro! the sun an$ other soures.

23

Passivesn.nitives

Re!e!"er that a passi&e in*niti&e an "e use$ %ith a present fro! of the BE

&er" to e)press a future intention, an$ %ith the past fro! of the BE &er" to e)press

an intention that %as not reali'e$ in the past.

$ BE

(pres)

to be

participle

&%t%re

time The is to "e "y NNK

45


46/185


pro-et o!plete$

$ BE

(past)

to be

participle

past

time The

pro-et

%as to "e

o!plete$

"y H


47/185


PRBEM 1" Necessit' &or Repair or mprovement

NEE3

Re!e!"er that +EE !ay e)press neessity for repair or i!pro&e!ent.

$ NEE3 in! &orm This para(raph nee$s re&isin(

A&oi$ usin( an in*niti&e or a partiiple instea$ of an ingfor!.

This

para(raph

nee$s to "e re&ise$

A&oi$ usin( an ingfor! instea$ of a partiiple.

EAMPE$

Inorret: 6is ar nee$s to *).

orret: 6is ar nee$s to *)in(.

Or 6is ar nee$s to "e *)e$.

Inorret: The ru( nee$s leane$ "efore %e !o&e in.

orret: The ru( nee$s leanin( "efore %e !o&e in.

or

The ru( nee$s to "e leane$ "efore %e !o&e in.

Inorret: The house nee$s to paint, "ut %e plan to %ait ne)t su!!er to $o it.

orret: The house nee$s to paintin(, "ut %e plan to %ait ne)t su!!er to $o it.

or

The house nee$s to "e painte$, "ut %e plan to %ait ne)t su!!er to $o it.Inorret: 6er %ath nee$e$ repaire$.

orret: 6er %ath nee$e$ repairin(.

or

6er %ath nee$e$ to "e repaire$.

Inorret: The he! of this $ress nee$s !en$e$ "efore I %ear it a(ain.

orret: The he! of this $ress nee$s !en$in( "efore I %ear it a(ain.

or

The he! of this $ress nee$s to "e !en$e$ "efore I %ear it a(ain.


If !ore than *&e thousan$ $ollars in !onetary instru!ents is transporte$ into

the Dnite$ States, a report nee$sPPPP.%ith the usto!s Oe.

2A3File2B3Filin(23To *le

47


48/185


23 To "e *le$


Beause the interstate hi(h%ay syste! lin#in( roa$s aross the ountry %as

"uilt

2A3 2B3

a"out forty5*&e years a(o, !ost of the roa$s in the syste! no% nee$

repaire$.

23 23

I+ORRET: My "rother use$ to help !e a lot, "ut no% he (i&es !e fe% a$&ie.

ORRET: My "rother use$ to help !e a lot, "ut no% he (i&es !e little a$&ie.

I+ORRET: 6e ha$ to "alane his aount &ery arefully "eause he ha$ fe%

!oney.

ORRET: 6e ha$ to "alane his aount &ery arefully "eause he ha$ little

!oney.


Althou(h southern alifornia is $ensely populate$, li&e in the

northern part of the state.

2A3 a little people

2B3 a fe% the people

23 fe% people

23 little of people


Dnless one su"sri"es to a lar(e !etropolitan ne%spaper suh as the all

Street

2A3 2B35ournal, or the ashington post, one %ill *n$ &ery fe% ne%s fro! a"roa$.

233

PRBEM 11 Mu"handMany

48


49/185


Re!e!"er thatmany an$ much ha&e the sa!e !eanin(, "ut many is use$ "efore

plural ount nouns an$ much is use$ "efore non ount nouns.

man' No%n (co%nt

pl%ral)

Thereare

!any Tele&isionpro(ra!s

For hil$ren onSatur$ay

A&oi$ usin( a non ount noun instea$ of a plural ount noun a&ter %any.

M%ch 7e $ont ha&e !uh Infor!ation

A&oi$ usin( a ount noun instea$ of a non ont noun a&ter %u"h.

EAMPE$

I+ORRET: The letter %as short "eause there %asnt !any ne%s.

ORRET: The letter %as short "eause there %asnt !uh ne%s.

I+ORRET: eter an$ arol $ont ha&e !uh hil$ren.

ORRET: eter an$ arol $ont ha&e !any hil$ren.

REVE7 9 $E*TN 1# $TR-*T-RE

I+ORRET: 6o% !uh years ha&e you "een li&in( in Te)as/

ORRET: 6o% !any years ha&e you "een li&in( in Te)as/

I+ORRET: 6e al%ays has !uh pro"le!s %ith his teeth.

ORRET: 6e al%ays has !any pro"le!s %ith his teeth.

I+ORRET: I thin# that there is too !any &iolene to T1.

ORRET: I thin# that there is too !uh &iolene to T1.


Althou(h the O-i"%a In$ians fou(ht fre4uently %ith the Siou), they $i$nt ha&e

%ith early %hite settlers.

2A3 !uh ontat

2B3 lots ontat

23 !any ontat

23lar(e ontat


49


50/185


Many hea&y %or# that %as one $one "y han$ an no% "e $one !ore easily

%ith

2A3 2B3 2*3 233 the help of o!presse$ air.

PRBEM 18 A ittle and ittle

Re!e!"er this story in En(lish :There %ere t%o !en. Eah !an ha$ half a up of happiness. One !an sai$,

6o% sa$ I ha&e littlehappiness. The other !an sai$, 6o% %on$erful I ha&e a

littlehappiness. The $i8erene "et%een littlean$ a littleis the point of &ie%. 4ittle

or "ew!eans not a lot.A 4ittleor a "ew !eans so!e.

A littlelittle

No%n( nonco%nt )

7e ha&e

7e ha&e

A little

little

Ti!e

ti!e

A &ew&ew

No%n (co%ntpl%ral)

7e !a$e

7e !a$e

A fe%

fe%

Mista#es

Mista#es

EAMPE$I+ORRET: Gi&e !e little "utter, please.

ORRET: Gi&e !e a little "utter, please.

2so!e3

I+ORRET: 7e ha&e a little ne%s a"out the plane rash.

ORRET: 7e ha&e little ne%s a"out the plane rash.

2not !uh3

I+ORRET: There are fe% ti#ets left for the onert.

ORRET: There are a fe% ti#ets left for the onert.

2so!e3I+ORRET: A fe% people in !y apart!ent "uil$in( are frien$ly.

ORRET: Fe% people in !y apart!ent "uil$in( are frien$ly.

2not !any3

I+ORRET: She spea#s a little Frenh.

ORRET: She spea#s little Frenh.

2not !uh3

50


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52/185


ORRET : To! too# only a fe% pitures.

I+ORRET: 7e %ill nee$ only a fe% foo$ for the pini.

ORRET : 7e %ill nee$ only a little foo$ for the pini.

I+ORRET: Only fe% people %ere at the reeption.

ORRET : Only a fe% people %ere at the reeption.I+ORRET: The a$&isor !a#es only fe% e)eptions to the rules re(ar$in(

rere4uisites.

ORRET : The a$&isor !a#es only a fe% e)eptions to the rules re(ar$in(

prere4uisites.


an "e (ro%n on ari$ lan$.

2A3 Only a fe% rops2B3 Only fe% rop

23 Only a little rops

23Only little rop


Only a little early sientists, a!on( the! Baon, opernius, an$ Bruno,

2A3 2B3 23

Belie&e$ that the priniples un$erlyin( the physial %orl$ oul$ "e $iso&ere$ 23

an$ un$erstoo$ throu(h areful o"ser&ation an$ analysis.

PRBEM 1? $-BJE*T PRN-N

If the %eather is

(oo$,

Ellen and 7ill (o To the "eah

Re!e!"er that the follo%in( pronouns are su"-et pronouns:

0 we

6ou you

1e2she they

0t

Avoid %sin! an ob0ect prono%n as a s%b0ect@

52


53/185


EAMPE$

I+ORRET: 7hen he o!es "a# fro! &aation, Bo" an$ !e plan to loo# for

another apart!ent.

ORRET: 7hen he o!es "a# fro! &aation, Bo" an$ I plan to loo# for

another apart!ent.

I+ORRET: Betty stu$ie$ "usiness, an$ after she (ra$uate$, her an$ her "estfrien$ opene$ a "oo# store.

ORRET: Betty stu$ie$ "usiness, an$ after she (ra$uate$, she an$ her "est

frien$ opene$ a "oo# store.

I+ORRET: After stu$y tal#e$ the! into "uyin( "i#es, she an$ the! ne&er

$ro&e to shool.

ORRET: After stu$y tal#e$ the! into "uyin( "i#es, she an$ they ne&er

$ro&e to shool.

I+ORRET: Fran# an$ us are (oin( to -oin the sa!e fraternity

ORRET: Fran# an$ %e are (oin( to -oin the sa!e fraternityI+ORRET: %hen they ha&e enou(h !oney, pat an$ her %ill pro"a"ly (o "a#

to shool.

ORRET: %hen they ha&e enou(h !oney, pat an$ she %ill pro"a"ly (o "a#

to shool.

EER*$E

Part A # choose the correct answer@

7hen Fran#lin Roose&elt "ea!e &ery ill, his %ife "e(an to ta#e a !ore ati&e rolein politis, an$ !any people "elie&e$ that 00000000000000 an$ the presi$ent share$

his responsi"ilities.

2A3 she

2B3 her

23 herself

23 hers

Part B # choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it@7e #no% that in HNNN A.. Leif Eri#sson lan$e$ on the +orth A!erian oast, an$

that

2A3

he an$ his +or%e(ian o!panions %ere the *rst %hite !en to see the +e%

7orl$.

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2B3 23 23

$%b0ect Prono%nsin *omplement PositionRe!e!"er that in o!ple!ent position after the &er" BE, a su"-et pronoun !ust"e use$.

t BE

t s he 7hom the committee hasnamed

A&oi$ usin( an o"-et pronoun instea$ of a su"-et pronoun after the &er" +,.

EAMPE$

I+ORRET : It %as her %ho! e&eryone %ante$ to %in

ORRET: It %as she %ho! e&eryone %ante$ to %in

I+ORRET : Is it the! at the $oor a(ain/

ORRET: Is it they at the $oor a(ain/I+ORRET : This is hi! spea#in(.

ORRET: This is he spea#in(.

I+ORRET : i$nt you #no% that it %as us %ho playe$ the -o#e/

ORRET: i$nt you #no% that it %as %e %ho playe$ the -o#e/

I+ORRET: I ha&e to a$!it that it %as !e %ho %ante$ to (o.

ORRET: I ha&e to a$!it that it %as I %ho %ante$ to (o.

EER*$EPart A # *hoose the correct answer@

Aor$in( to the hristian Bi"le, %hen the $isiples sa% =esus after he ha$

risen fro! the $ea$, they sai$,

2A3 It is hi!.

2B3 It is he.

23 It is his.

23 It is hi!self.Part B# *hoose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it

It %as her, Eli'a"eth I, not her father, ?in( 6enry, %ho le$ En(lan$ into the A(e2A3 2B3 23 23

of E!pire.

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PRBEM 1C b0ect Prono%ns

Re!e!"er that personal pronouns use$ as the o!ple!ent of sentene of lause

shoul$ "e o"-et ase pronouns.

b0ect

Prono%nsThey As#e$ Ds, =an an$ Me, 7hether %e %ere satis*e$

Re!e!"er that the follo%in( pronouns are o"-et pronouns:

Me Us

6ou you

1er them1im

0t

Avoid using a subect !ronoun as an obect.

b0ect Prono%nsLet Ds2you an$ !e3 Try To reah an a(ree!ent

A&oi$ usin( a su"-et pronoun after let.

EAMPE$

I+ORRET : 6e al%ays helps !y %ife an$ I %ith our ta) returns.

ORRET: 6e al%ays helps !y %ife an$ !e %ith our ta) returns.

I+ORRET : o you really "elie&e that she has "la!e$ us for the ai$ent,

espeially you an$ I /

ORRET: o you really "elie&e that she has "la!e$ us for the ai$ent,

espeially you an$ !e/

I+ORRET : Let you an$ I pro!ise not to 4uarrel9"erten(#ar a"out suh

uni!portant !atters any!ore.

ORRET: 2you3 Let you an$ !e pro!ise not to 4uarrel a"out suh

uni!portant !atters any!ore.

I+ORRET : The "us lea&es Te$ an$ she at the orner.

ORRET: The "us lea&es Te$ an$ her at the orner.

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I+ORRET : The results of the test surprise$ they "eause e&eryone !uh

"etter than e)pete$.

ORRET: The results of the test surprise$ the! "eause e&eryone !uh

"etter than e)pete$.

EER*$E


Moby !ic$ is !ythial9$on(en(anof e&il an$ re&en(e as sho% "y aptain Aha"s

pursuit9 pen(e-aran of the %hale9i#an pausthat ha$ %oun$e$9lu#a earlier

in life.

2A3 he

2B3 his

23 hi!

23 to hi!

Part B# *hoose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it

Aor$in( to le(en$, "eause the +ati&e A!erian priness oahontas sai$ that

she

2A3 2B3

lo&e$ he, aptain =ohn S!ith %as set free.

23 23

b0ect Prono%ns a&ter Prepositions

"emember that !ersona# !ronouns used as the obect of !re!osition shou#d be obect case

!ronouns.

Preposition Prono%n (ob0ect)I %oul$ "e (la$ to ta#e a

!essa(e

For her

Re!e!"er that the follo%in( prepositions are o!!only use$ %ith o"-etpronounsC

Among o"

+etween to

)or with

)rom

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A&oi$ usin( a su"-et pronoun instea$ of an o"-et pronoun after a proposition.

EAMPE$

I+ORRET : The e)peri!ent pro&e$ to !y la" partner an$ I that pre-u$ies

a"out the results of an in&esti(ation are often unfoun$e$.ORRET: The e)peri!ent pro&e$ to !y la" partner an$ !e that pre-u$ies

a"out the results of an in&esti(ation are often unfoun$e$.

I+ORRET : OF those %ho (ra$uate$ %ith Betty an$ he, Ellen is the only one

%ho has foun$ a (oo$ -o".

ORRET: OF those %ho (ra$uate$ %ith Betty an$ hi!, Ellen is the only one

%ho has foun$ a (oo$ -o".

I+ORRET : A!on( %e !en, it %as he %ho al%ays ate$ as the interpreter.ORRET: A!on( as !en, it %as he %ho al%ays ate$ as the interpreter.

I+ORRET : The a#e is fro! =an, an$ the >o%ers are fro! Larry an$ %e.

ORRET: The a#e is fro! =an, an$ the >o%ers are fro! Larry an$ us.

I+ORRET : =ust "et%een you an$ I, this isnt a &ery (oo$ prie.

ORRET: =ust "et%een you an$ !e, this isnt a &ery (oo$ prie.

EER*$E

Part A # *hoose the correct answer@Sine the Earths rust is !uh thi#er un$er the ontinents, e4uip!ent %oul$

ha&e to "e apa"le of $rillin( throu(h HNN,NNN feet ro# to in&esti(ate the

!antle

.

2A3 "eneath the!

2B3 "eneath their

23 "eneath its23 "eneath they


Aor$in( to A!a'on le(en$s, !en %ere fore$ to $o all the househol$ tas# for

the

2A3 2B3

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%o!en %arrior %ho (o&erne$ an$ protete$ the ities for they.

23 23

PRBEM 1C Possessive Prono%ns Be&ore , in9orm

Re!e!"er that possessi&e pronouns are use$ "efore ingnouns.

The follo%in( are possessi&e pronouns:

My* our* 6our* 1er* Their* 1is* and 0ts.

$ Verb Prono%n

(possessive)

in! &orm (no%n)

7e

6e

an ount on

Re(rette$

6er

their

6elpin(

!isun$erstan$in(

Ds

hi!

A&oi$ usin( su"-et or o"-et pronouns "et%een the &er" an$ the in( for!.EAMPE$

I+ORRET: 7e $ont un$erstan$ %hy you o"-et to hi! o!in( %ith us.

ORRET: 7e $ont un$erstan$ %hy you o"-et to his o!in( %ith us.

I+ORRET: I %oul$ appreiate you lettin( !e #no% as soon as possi"le.

ORRET: I %oul$ appreiate your lettin( !e #no% as soon as possi"le.

I+ORRET: The $otor insiste$ on she ta#in( a lea&e of a"sene.

ORRET: The $otor insiste$ on her ta#in( a lea&e of a"sene.I+ORRET: 6e is surprise$ "y you ha&in( to pay for the ai$ent.

ORRET: 6e is surprise$ "y your ha&in( to pay for the ai$ent.

I+ORRET: My father appro&es of !e stu$yin( in the Dnite$ States.

ORRET: My father appro&es of !y stu$yin( in the Dnite$ States.

EER*$E


One property of ra$ioisotopes9ra$io5isotopis that $eayin( ours inhalf5li&es o&er a lon( perio$ of ti!e.

2A3 they

2B3 the!

23 they re

23 their

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Althou(h Barney lar# li&e$ only a fe% !onth %ith the arti*ial heart, $otors

2A3

%ere a"le to learn a (reat $eal fro! hi! ha&in( use$ it.

2B3 23 23

Possessive Prono%ns be&ore Parts o& the Bod'

Re!e!"er that possessi&e pronouns are use$ "efore nouns that i$entify a part of

the "o$y.

Prono%n

(possessive)

No%n (part o&

bod')6e 6urt 6is Ar!

A&oi$ usin( theinstea$ of a possessi&e pronoun.

EAMPE$

I+ORRET: 6o% $i$ you t%ist the an#le/

ORRET: 6o% $i$ you t%ist your an#le/

I+ORRET: ?e&in -a!!e$ the *n(er %hile he %as *)in( his ar.

ORRET: ?e&in -a!!e$ his *n(er %hile he %as *)in( his ar.

I+ORRET: oes Alie olor the hair/

ORRET: oes Alie olor her hair/

I+ORRET: The ar!s are so lon( that ne ant *n$ shirts to *t hi!.

ORRET: 6is ar!s are so lon( that ne ant *n$ shirts to *t hi!.

I+ORRET: She "ro#e the %rist in the ai$ent.

ORRET: She "ro#e her %rist in the ai$ent.

EER*$E


Sports !e$iine e)perts a(ree that ie shoul$ "e applie$ i!!e$iately %hen

an athlete su8ers an in-ury to le(.

2A3 its

2B3 an

23 the

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23 his


Aor$in( to the theory of natural seletion, the !an %ho %as a"le to use the

han$s

2A3

an$ feet !ost freely to %al# an$ (rasp %as the one %ho sur&i&e$ an$e&ol&e$9$itin(#at#an.

2B3 23 23

PRBEM 1D Relative Prono%ns that re&er to

Persons and Thin!s

Re!e!"er that whois use$ to refer to persons, an$ whichis use$ to refer to

thin(s.

$omeone 7hoShe is The seretary 7ho 7or#s in the international oe

A&oi$ usin( whichinstea$ of %ho in referene to a person.

$omethin! 7hichThis is The ne% type%riter 7hih ou or$ere$

A&oi$ usin( whoinstea$ of whichin referene to a thin(.

I+ORRET: The people %hih heate$ on the e)a!ination ha$ to lea&e the

roo!.

ORRET: The people %ho heate$ on the e)a!ination ha$ to lea&e the

roo!.

I+ORRET: There is so!eone on line t%o %hih %oul$ li#e to spea# %ith you.

ORRET: There is so!eone on line t%o %ho li#es to spea# %ith you.

I+ORRET: 7ho is the !an %hih as#e$ the 4uestion/

ORRET: 7ho is the !an %ho as#e$ the 4uestion/

I+ORRET: The person %hih reo!!en$e$ for the position $i$ not ful*ll the

!ini!u! re4uire!ent.

ORRET: The person %ho reo!!en$e$ for the position $i$ not ful*ll the

!ini!u! re4uire!ent.

I+ORRET: The stu$ent %hih reei&es the hi(hest sore %ill "e a%ar$e$ a

sholarship.

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ORRET: The stu$ent %ho reei&es the hi(hest sore %ill "e a%ar$e$ a

sholarship.


harlie haplin %as a o!e$ian %as "est #no%n for his %or# insilent !o&ies.

2A3 %ho

2B3 %hih

23 %hose

23 %hat


A"solute 'ero, the te!perature at %ho! all su"stane9unsurha&e 'ero ther!alener(y 2A3 2B3

an$ thus9"e(itu, the lo%est possi"le te!peratures, is unattaina"le9ta# $pt $iapai in

pratie.

23 23

Relative Prono%ns that Re&er to Persons

Re!e!"er that "oth whoan$ whomare use$ to refer to persons. hois use$ as the

su"-et of a sentene or a lause. homis use$ as the o!ple!ent of a sentene or a

lause. homis often use$ after a preposition as the o"-et of the preposition.

7ho Ve&eryone %ho Too# The tour %as i!presse$ "y the

paintin(sA&oi$ usin( whomas the su"-et of a &er".

7hom $ V6e %as the only

A!erian

7ho! I Sa% At the

onfereneA&oi$ usin( whoinstea$ of whom"efore a su"-et an$ a &er".

EAMPE$

I+ORRET: I as#e$ hi! %ho he %as allin(.

ORRET: I as#e$ hi! %ho! he %as allin(.

I+ORRET: i$ you !eet the (irl %ho! %as hosen 6o!eo!in(9reuniueen/

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ORRET: i$ you !eet the (irl %ho %as hosen 6o!eo!in( ueen/

I+ORRET: 6e $i$nt #no% %ho he %oul$ ta#e to the party.

ORRET: 6e $i$nt #no% %ho! he %oul$ ta#e to the party.

I+ORRET: I #no% the an$i$ate %ho! %as elete$

ORRET: I #no% the an$i$ate %ho %as elete$I+ORRET: There is often $isa(ree!ent as to %ho! is the "etter stu$ent,

Bo" or Ellen

ORRET: There is often $isa(ree!ent as to %ho is the "etter stu$ent, Bo"

or Ellen

EER*$E$

art A : hoose the orret ans%er.

In parlia!entary syste!, it is not the !onarh "ut the pri!e !inister .2A37ho! the real po%er2B3 7ho has the real po%er23 7ho! has the real po%er237ho the real po%er

art B : hoose the inorret %or$ or phrase an$ orret it

The il(ri!s %ere HN En(lish e!i(rants %ho!, after arri&in( on the

May>o%er,

2A3 2B3

"ea!e the *rst European settlers9penetapin +e% En(lan$ 23 23

PRBEM 1F ReKe5ive Prono%ns

Re!e!"er that re>e)i&e pronouns !ay "e use$ %hen "oth the su"-et an$ the

o!ple!ent refer to the sa!e person or thin(. Re>e)i&e pronouns are use$ as the

o!ple!ent of a sentene or a lause or as the o"-et of the preposition. The

follo%in( are re>e)i&e pronouns:

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M'sel& o%rselvesIo%rsel& o%rselvesimsel& themselvesersel& tsel&

$ V Prono%n (reKe5ive)

So!e lan(ua(e

learners

an orret the!sel&es

A&oi$ usin( o"-et pronouns or possessi&e pronouns instea$ of re>e)i&e pronouns.

EAMPE$

I+ORRET: Be areful or you %ill hurt to you.

ORRET: Be areful or you %ill hurt yourself.

I+ORRET: A hil$ an usually fee$ self "y the a(e of si) !onths

ORRET: A hil$ an usually fee$ hi!self "y the a(e of si) !onths

I+ORRET: I ha$ to teah !e to s%i!

ORRET: I ha$ to teah !yself to s%i!

I+ORRET: 6elp you to %hate&er you li#e

ORRET: 6elp yourself to %hate&er you li#e

I+ORRET: An o&en that leans its is &ery han$y

ORRET: An o&en that leans itself is &ery han$yEER*$E$


The -a% struture of a sna#e per!its it to eat an$ $i(est ani!als !uh lar(er than

.

2A3 it

2B3 itself

23 its23 it has

Part B # *hoose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it

Aor$in( to the Fifth A!en$!ent to the D.S. onstitution, no person shoul$

"e

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2A3 2B3 23

o!pelle$9$ipa#sato "e a %itness a(ainst hi! o%n.

23

PRBEM 1G Reciprocal Prono%ns

Re!e!"er that the reiproal pronoun phrase each other !ay "e use$

%hen the plural su"-et an$ o!ple!ent refer to the sa!e persons or thin(s,

an$ they are perfor!in( a reiproal 2!utual3 at.

$ V Prono%n

(reciprocal)My sister an$ I &isit Eah other A"out one a

%ee#

Re!e!"er that each other is use$ to e)press !utual ats for all persons.%ne another is also orret.

EAMPE$

I+ORRET:Fa!ily !e!"ers lo&e to eah other

ORRET:Fa!ily !e!"ers lo&e eah other

I+ORRET:Lets !eet eah to the other after lass

ORRET:Lets !eet eah other after lass

I+ORRET:It is onsi$ere$ heatin( %hen stu$ents help eah the other one on

tests or 4ui''es.

ORRET:It is onsi$ere$ heatin( %hen stu$ents help eah other on tests or

4ui''es.

I+ORRET:=a# an$ San$ra arenUt $atin( one to the other any !ore.

ORRET:=a# an$ San$ra arenUt $atin( eah other any !ore.

I+ORRET:They %ill ne&er *n$ eah another at this ro%$e$ airport.

ORRET:They %ill ne&er *n$ eah other at this ro%$e$ airport.

E*ER*$E$


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Business partners an usually sell their !utually o%ne$ property %ithout

onsultin(0000000 unless they ha&e a(ree$ to a separate ontrat.

2A3other

2B3other one

23one the other23 eah other

Part B# *hose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it@

The t%in#lin( li(hts of the *re>y are si(nals so that the !ale an$ fe!ale of thespeies

2A3 2B3an *n$ eah to the other.

2B3 23

PRBEM 1G N-N$

ou ha&e pro"a"ly learne$ that a noun is the na!e of a person, plae, or

thin(. +ouns perfor! se&eral funtions in En(lish, "ut na!in( is learly the !ost

i!portant.

There are t%o "asi lassi*ations of nouns in En(lish. In so!e (ra!!ar

"oo#s, they are alle$ ount nouns an$ !ass nouns. In still other (ra!!ar "oo#s,

they alle$ ounta"le an$ unounta"le nouns.All of these na!es are &ery onfusin( "eause, of ourse, e&erythin( an "e

ounte$. The pro"le! is ho% to ount it. An$, in that respet, the t%o lassi*ations

of nouns are &ery $i8erent.

ount or ounta"le nouns ha&e "oth sin(ular an$ plural for!s. They are use$

in a(ree!ent %ith sin(ular or plural &er"s. In ontrast, !ass or non5ount,

unounta"le nouns ha&e only one for!. They are use$ in a(ree!ent %ith sin(ular

&er"s.Often ount or ounta"le nouns are in$i&i$ual persons, plaes or thins that

an "e seen an$ ounte$ in$i&i$ually. Often !ass, non5ount, or unounta"le nouns

are su"stanes an$ i$eas that are shapeless "y nature an$ annot "e seen an$

ounte$ in$i&i$ually.

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But it is not al%ays lo(i that $eter!ines %hether a noun is ount or non5

ount. So!eti!es it is si!ply a (ra!!atial on&ention5that is, a ate(ory that

people a(ree to use in their lan(ua(e. Both "eans an$ rie ha&e s!all parts that

%oul$ "e $iult "ut not i!possi"le to ount. But "ean is onsi$ere$ a ount noun

an$ rie is onsi$ere$ a non5ount noun. 7hy/ "eause it is a (ra!!atialon&ention.

*o%nt No%ns

Re!e!"er that count nouns ha&e "oth sin(ular an$ plural for!s. lural

nu!"ers an pree$e count noun "ut not non-count nouns.

There are se&eral ate(ories of count nouns that an help you or(ani'e your

stu$y. So!e of the! are liste$ here.

H. +a!es of persons, their relationships, an$ their oupations:

one boy two boys

one "riend two "riends

one student two students

. +a!es of ani!als, plants, insets:

one dog two dogs

one 7ower two 7owers

one bee two bees

. +a!es of thin(s %ith a $e*nite, in$i&i$ual shape:

one car two cars

one house two houses

one room two rooms

J. Dnits of !easure!ent:

one inch two inches

one pound two pounds

one degree two degrees

K. Dnits of lassi*ation in soiety:

one "amily two "amilies

one country two "amilies

one language two languages

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6. ontainers of non5ount soli$s, li4ui$s, pastes, an$ (ases:

one bottle two bottles

one 8ar two 8ars

one tube two tubes

;. A li!ite$ nu!"er of a

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