Tom Oh

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Resilience Against SingleAttacks in Wireless Mesh

Networking for the Smart Grid

Tae (Tom) Oh

Associate Professor

Galisono College of Computing and Information Science

Rochester Institute of Technology

13/24/2012Tom Oh, Rochester Institute ofTechnology

8/2/2019 Tom Oh

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Table of Contents

Driving Force of Change in ElectricalPower

What is Smart Grid?

Smart Grid Benefits Wireless Mesh Networking for Smart

Grid.

Resilience Against Single Attack

A Proposed Solution for the Single Attack

NY State Smart Grid Consortium

Summery


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Driving Forces of Change inElectric Power Rising Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO2) have the potential to seriously

impact the environment and local economies. Power Outages wreak havoc and cost billions of dollars in lost productivity

and revenue.

Security Threatsare constant to the electric infrastructure. The physical andcyber security risks, from terrorists and hackers continue to growexponentially.

Innovative Technology holds significant promise as a game changer.Innovation is pervasive across the electricity value chain (from smartappliances to advanced energy storage technologies).

Evolving Standards hold the key to the pace of development. Technicalinteroperability will be vital to ease of use, adoption rates, cyber security andavoiding stranded costs. The National Institute of Standards and Technology

(NIST) is developing these standards in conjunction with the GridWiseArchitecture Council (GWAC).


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What is Smart grid?A smart grid puts information and communication technology

into electricity generation, delivery, and consumption, makingsystems cleaner, safer, and more reliable and efficient.

U.S. Department of Energy Definition:

A smart grid integrates advanced sensing technologies, controlmethods, and integrated communications into the current electricity

grid.

4


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What does the concept of Smart Gridlook like?

Electrical Infrastructure

Intelligence Infrastructure


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Smart Grid Applications

Distributed Generation and Alternate Energy Sources

Self-Healing Wide-Area Protection and Islanding

Asset Management and On-Line Equipment Monitoring

Demand Response and Dynamic Pricing

Participation in Energy Markets

Shared Information Continuously Optimizing Intelligent Responses!

Real-time Simulation and Contingency Analysis


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Smart Grid Benefits

Economic Development New Jobs: The manufacture, installation,

operation and maintenance of the smart grid andits components will create new jobs within the

state. Innovation: Smart grid innovation will enable the

growth of business while rewarding customerswith valuable new products.

Lower Costs: Costs rise over time and energy is

no exception, but the smart grid should provideless costly energy than otherwise would bepossible. As such, it will save customers moneywhich can be invested or consumed as theychoose.


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Smart Grid Benefits-cont Customer Satisfaction

Higher Customer Satisfaction: The combination of lower costs, improvedreliability and better customer control will raise satisfaction among all types ofcustomers (residential, commercial, industrial, institutional).

Improved Reliability: Smart grid will reduce and shorten outages and improvethe quality of power.

Shorter Outages: The incorporation of advanced sensors and measurement(PMU), communication networks and smart systems will allow anunprecedented degree of system visibility and situational awareness of the

electric power system. Smart grid will result in shorter outages through itsislanding and self-healing features.

Customer Energy/Cost Savings: As pricing becomes more transparent andis aligned with the underlying economics of generation and distribution,customers decisions to save money will benefit society as well

Highest Security:Security will be incorporated into the design of the smartgrid and will require the implementation of practices and procedures byindividual stakeholders. In this way, the physical and cyber security risks can

be managed to the highest standards possible. Timely renewables: Smart grid is the enabler of more renewable energy. Its

development will allow for the timely incorporation of these sustainable sourcesof power in a user-friendly, cost-effective manner.


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Wireless Mesh Networking forthe Smart Grid

www.elstermetering.com 93/24/2012Tom Oh, Rochester Institute ofTechnology

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Wireless Mesh Networking forthe Smart Grid Assumptions Smart meters located at homes and businesses

compose a neighborhood area network (NAN). The NAN architecture is assumed to be a

wireless mesh network Meters communicate bidirectionally with a

neighborhood "collector" via multihop routing. Collectors are connected directly to a utility provider.

Smart meters have a limited range and not allmeters can reach a collector directly.

Label switching concept in applied. A meter may malfunction and interfere with the

proper forwarding of packets, e.g., delaying,altering, misrouting, dropping, or misinsertingpackets.


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Resilience Against SingleAttacks A wireless mesh network depends on

the cooperation of each node toproperly forward packets to their

destinations. If a malicious attacker was located in a

path, it could interfere with packetforwarding

Serious Problem: the traditionalmethod to verify receipt of packets isacknowledgements and

retransmission time-outs. 113/24/2012 Tom Oh, Rochester Institute ofTechnology

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Resilience Against Single AttacksExample

The sender waits for an acknowledgement or timesout and retransmits.

If an attacker within the path is droppingpackets, the destination would have no way to

know that packets have been dropped, and thesender would not know if packets are beingdropped due to malice or normal congestionconditions.

Moreover, an attacker could generate falseacknowledgements to the sender to make itbelieve that packets had been delivered.


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A Proposed Solution

A new method taking advantage ofroute diversity in the mesh network.

Least two disjoint routes

Primary route: Used for send data

Secondary route: Used for sendverification meta-data periodically.

Sender Data

Verification

LSP X

LSP Y

DestinationS

D


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A Proposed Solution-cont

Sender

Data

Verification

LSP X

LSP Y

DestinationSD

Interference in the primary route by a malicious or malfunctioningmeter or collector can be detected by the verification meta-datain secondary route.Verification meta-data describes the packets sent along the primary rout

Meta-data fields:LSP = X;Time interval = 10 sec;Current time = 0900;Number of packets sent = 9;Number of bytes sent = 1068;

Hash of packets sent = xxxxx.143/24/2012

Tom Oh, Rochester Institute ofTechnology

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Other Research Activities inSmart Grid A Method for Anonymous Packet

Forwarding for Smart Grid. Research Activity with Tenrehte

www.tenrehte.com

Enabling real-time communication between the consumer and utility soconsumers can tailor their energy consumption based on individualpreferences, like price and/or environmental concerns.

Member of NY State Smart GridConsortium. Golisano College of Sustainability

Golisano College of Computing and Information Science Smart grid networking and security

College of Engineering

3/24/2012Tom Oh, Rochester Institute ofTechnology 15
http://www.tenrehte.com/http://www.tenrehte.com/

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New York State Strategic SmartGrid Vision


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NY State Smart Grid ConsortiumMembers

Markets

New York Independent System Operator (NYISO)New York Power Authority (NYPA)New York State Reliability Council

Universities

Brookhaven National LaboratoryClarkson UniversityCornell University

Rochester Institute of TechnologyState University of New York at BuffaloState University of New York at Stony BrookSyracuse University

UtilitiesCentral Hudson G&EConsolidated Edison (Con Ed)Long Island Power Authority (LIPA)National GridNew York Power Authority (NYPA)New York State Electric & Gas (NYSEG)Rochester Gas & Electric (RG&E)

End UsersNational GridNew York Power Authority (NYPA)

Government

City of New YorkNew York State Governors OfficeNew York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA)New York Department of Public Service (NYDPS)

New York State Foundation for Science, Technology and Innovation (NYSTAR)Office of Cyber Security and Critical Infrastructure Coordination (CSCIC)

Industry

General ElectricIBM

http://www.nyiso.com/public/index.jsphttp://www.nypa.gov/http://www.nysrc.org/http://www.bnl.gov/world/http://www.clarkson.edu/http://www.cornell.edu/http://www.buffalo.edu/http://www.sunysb.edu/http://www.syr.edu/http://www.centralhudson.com/http://www.coned.com/publicissues/smartgrid.asphttp://www.lipower.org/http://www.nationalgridus.com/energy/index.asp?WT.mc_id=smartgridHPhttp://www.nypa.gov/http://www.nyseg.com/http://www.rge.com/http://www.nationalgridus.com/energy/index.asp?WT.mc_id=smartgridHPhttp://www.nypa.gov/http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/?front_door=truehttp://www.ny.gov/governor/http://www.nyserda.org/http://www.dps.state.ny.us/http://www.nystar.state.ny.us/http://www.cscic.state.ny.us/http://ge.ecomagination.com/smartgrid/http://www.ibm.com/ibm/ideasfromibm/us/smartplanet/topics/utilities/20081124/index.shtmlhttp://www.ibm.com/ibm/ideasfromibm/us/smartplanet/topics/utilities/20081124/index.shtmlhttp://ge.ecomagination.com/smartgrid/http://www.cscic.state.ny.us/http://www.nystar.state.ny.us/http://www.dps.state.ny.us/http://www.nyserda.org/http://www.ny.gov/governor/http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/?front_door=truehttp://www.nypa.gov/http://www.nationalgridus.com/energy/index.asp?WT.mc_id=smartgridHPhttp://www.rge.com/http://www.nyseg.com/http://www.nypa.gov/http://www.nationalgridus.com/energy/index.asp?WT.mc_id=smartgridHPhttp://www.lipower.org/http://www.coned.com/publicissues/smartgrid.asphttp://www.centralhudson.com/http://www.syr.edu/http://www.sunysb.edu/http://www.buffalo.edu/http://www.cornell.edu/http://www.clarkson.edu/http://www.bnl.gov/world/http://www.bnl.gov/world/http://www.nysrc.org/http://www.nypa.gov/http://www.nyiso.com/public/index.jsp

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Summary

Smart Grid is an emerging technology toprovide next generation power grid andis promoted by many governments as away of addressing energy independence,

global warming and emergencyresilience issues.

We proposed a solution to address a

security issue in wireless mesh networksfor smart grid.

Plan to publish a study on theperformance and resilience of solution.


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Resources

New York State Smart Grid Consortiumhttp://nyssmartgrid.com/

U.S. Department of Energy-Smart Gridwww.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htmThe Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliabilitys (OE) Website on smart grid education, activities and other related topics.

The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL)www.netl.doe.gov/moderngrid/NETLs (part of DOEs national laboratory system)Web site on the modernization of our nations electricity grid.

Metering.comwww.metering.comOnline resource of utility news and information for

metering and customer management professionals Smart Grid News.com

www.smartgridnews.comOnline resource for smart grid news, research and analysisand a guide to smart grid stimulus spending.

http://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htmhttp://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htmhttp://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htmhttp://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htmhttp://www.netl.doe.gov/moderngrid/http://www.netl.doe.gov/moderngrid/http://www.metering.com/http://www.metering.com/http://www.smartgridnews.com/http://www.smartgridnews.com/http://www.smartgridnews.com/http://www.smartgridnews.com/http://www.smartgridnews.com/http://www.metering.com/http://www.metering.com/http://www.metering.com/http://www.netl.doe.gov/moderngrid/http://www.netl.doe.gov/moderngrid/http://www.netl.doe.gov/moderngrid/http://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htmhttp://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htmhttp://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htmhttp://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htmhttp://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htmhttp://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htmhttp://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htmhttp://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htmhttp://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htmhttp://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htm

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Any Questions?


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Operating Principles

Customer-focused

Developing the most effective, efficient and accessible smart grid to benefit all customers and communities.

Strategically Aligned Building a robust, dynamic and secure electricity

infrastructure by being collectively focused on the sustainable execution

and progression of the NYS smart grid strategy.

Collaborative Integrating and leveraging the resources of the consortium

membership - across industry, utility, market, academic and governmentinstitutions -

to assure the open and effective development of shared institutional knowledge.

Innovative Managing a well-defined nexus of R&D smart gridtechnologies and

systems to accelerate the advancement of technical and institutionalinteroperability

Performance-driven Creating a transparent validation process to ensure

the progression and long-term achievement of the NYS smart grid to foster

economic development


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Smart Grid Benefits-2 Customer Satisfaction

Higher Customer Satisfaction: The combination of lower costs, improved

reliability and better customer control will raise satisfaction among all types

of customers (residential, commercial, industrial, institutional).

Improved Reliability: The Advanced Transmission Operations (ATO) and

Advanced Distribution Operations (ADO) inherent in the smart grid will

reduce and shorten outages and improve the quality of power.

Shorter Outages: The incorporation of advanced sensors and

measurement (PMU), communication networks and smart systems will

allow an unprecedented degree of system visibility and situational

awareness of the electric power system. Smart grid will result in shorter

outages through its islanding and self-healing features.

Increased Efficiency: The integrated advanced components of the smart

grid will improve efficiency and lower costs for customers.

Customer Energy/Cost Savings: As pricing becomes more transparent and

is aligned with the underlying economics of generation and distribution,

customers decisions to save money will benefit society as well.

Highest Security: Security will be incorporated into the design of the smart

grid and will require the implementation of practices and procedures by

individual stakeholders. In this way, the physical and cyber security risks

can be managed to the highest standards possible.

Timely renewables: Smart grid is the enabler of more renewable energy.

Its development will allow for the timely incorporation of these sustainable

sources of power in a user-friendly, cost effective manner.


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Wireless Mesh Networks forSmart Grid Assumption Smart meters located at homes and businesses

compose a neighborhood area network (NAN).

The NAN architecture is assumed to be a wirelessmesh network where meters communicate

bidirectionally with a neighborhood "collector" viamultihop routing.

Collectors are connected directly to a utilityprovider.

Smart meters may be occasionally added, removedor relocated.

A meter may malfunction and interfere with theproper forwarding of packets, e.g., delaying,

altering, misrouting, dropping, or misinsertingackets.


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Technical Smart Grid Plan

Consumer Visibility to Energy Usage and Cost: Consumers of allcategories

must have the ability to see the real-time costs of their energychoices.

Consumers Empowered to Save Energy Costs and Participate inMarkets:

Consumers must be able to act directly or indirectly, on that usageand

pricing information to make choices to save energy and money.

Utilities have Enhanced Visibility and Control of DistributionSystems for

Reliability and Economics: Utilities have the devices andcommunication

systems in place to enable them to determine actual operational and

economic conditions at any point, at any time.

Energy storage is used to improve economics and reliability:Storage

devices are integrated into the grid, to enable the most cost-effective

management of generation and usage. Transmission system reliability and economics are enhanced with 243/24/2012

Tom Oh, Rochester Institute ofTechnology

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Resilience Against Malicious orMalfunctioning Meters. Clustering Algorithm:

Self organize the meters into clustersassociated with each collector.

Routing Protocol: Calculate a set of label switched paths

(LSPs) to allow every meter to reach atleast two collectors for resiliency.

Label switching is necessitated forprivacy.


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