TOOLBOX OF MIGRATION-RELATED ELEMENTS FOR THE · PDF fileTOOLO OF MIGRATIONRELATED ELEMENTS FOR THE CIT RESILIENCE STRATEG 3 I RATIONALE AND APPROACH Internal and internationalmigrants

YEARS

TOOLBOX OFMIGRATION-RELATED

ELEMENTS FOR THE CITYRESILIENCE STRATEGY

Consultation Document

MiGRATIONGOVERNANCEFRAMEWORK

TOOLBOX OF MIGRATION-RELATED ELEMENTS FOR THE CITY RESILIENCE STRATEGY

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CONTENTS

IRATIONALE AND APPROACH

1. Sources 2. Goals 3.Policyobjectives

IIWORKING DEFINITIONS

IIIESSENTIAL ELEMENTS

Recommendationsatthenationallevel;atthecitylevel;andoperationalguidelines

1. Internationalstandardsandthefulfilmentofmigrants’rights2. Evidenceandwhole-of-governmentapproaches3. Safe,orderlyanddignifiedmigration4. Effectiveresponsestothemobilitydimensionsofcrises5. Socioeconomicwell-beingofmigrantsandsociety6. Partnerships


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I

RATIONALE AND APPROACH

Internalandinternationalmigrantslargelymovetourbandestinations.IOM’sWorld Migration Report(2015)showsthiswillincreasinglybethecase:citiesgrowbecauseofmigration,andurbanplanningwithoutmigrationisirrelevantandlacksthenecessarypracticalapproachesto address the challenges thatmunicipalities face. However,municipalities are largely notinvolvedinmigrationpolicyprocessesandaretoolittleincontactwithinstitutionsthatwouldsupportthemwiththerequiredexpertise.

Thekey strengthof IOM’sexpertise is its capacity to lookatmigration fromaholisticandintegratedway.Thisdocumentprovidesasetofprioritizedrecommendationsandoperationalguidelinestobuildandstrengthencity’soverallresiliencetoacuteshocksandchronicstresses.Itbringstogetherthemigration-relevantelementsforactionatthecitylevelfromthefollowingsources:

1. Sources

• Overallframework,andcomponentsattheurbanlevelfromtheIOM Migration Governance Framework,whichsetsouttheessentialelementstosupportplannedandwell-managedmigration.TheMiGOF recognizes thata State retains the sovereign right todeterminewhoentersandstaysonitsterritoryandunderwhatconditions,withintheframeworkofinternationallaw.Atthesametime,withcitiesbeingthedestinationofmigrantjourneys,localauthoritiesbuildpolicyandurbanplanningthatcanprotectmigrantsandfacilitatetheirintegrationinthecommunity.

• EvidenceandgoodpracticesfromtheIOM“World Migration Report 2015 – Migrants and Cities: New Partnerships to Manage Mobility”onhowmigrationandmigrantsareshapingcitiesandhowthelifeofmigrantsisshapedbycities,theirpeople,organizationsandrules.

• KeypolicypointsofconsensusfromtheIOMConference on Migrants and Cities (CMC),26–27 October 2015, which brought together ministers, mayors, provincial and localadministrations,NGOsandacademia,overallmore than600participants todebate forthefirsttimeinaglobalpolicyforumthecomplexdynamicsofhumanmobilityincitiesandassesshowchallengescanbemanagedanddevelopmentopportunitiesmaximized.

• Considerationsofcross-cuttingnaturefromtheIOMandJointMigrationandDevelopmentInitiative (JMDI) White Paper on “Mainstreaming Migration into Local Development Planning and Beyond”,whichaimstoprovideathoroughanalysisofwhathasbeendonethus far inmainstreamingmigration at the local level, and allows for a stocktaking offunctioningpracticestopaintaglobalpictureofworkingprocesses,lessonslearnedandpolicyrecommendationsforfuturemainstreamingexercises.

• TheAnnualMayoralForumonMobility,MigrationandDevelopment,acity-ledinitiativeaimed at providing a globally relevant space for mayors and municipal leadership tostrategizeonhowtosuccessfullymanagediversity for sustainableurbandevelopment.FollowingitslaunchinBarcelonain2014,theSecondMayoralForumwasheldinQuito,Ecuadoron12–13November2015.ItculminatedinthereleaseoftheQuitoLocalAgenda,

I. RATIONALE AND APPROACH

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whichservestooutlineconcreteareaswherecities,regionsandcivilsocietyorganizations(CSOs)cancontributetotheimplementationofthemigration-relatedtargetsoftheSDGswithintheframeworkof11EstablishedActionAreas.ThethirdMayoralForumtookplaceinQuezonCityinthePhilippineson29–30September2016.

• OperationalguidelinesstemmingfromtheworkoftheIASC Reference Group on Meeting Humanitarian Challenges in Urban Areas,whichgeneratesknowledgeandexpertiseonhumanitarianresponsesinurbansettingsandaddressespotentialnewchallengesinsuchcontexts,includingthroughitsWorkPlan2015–2017.

• TheUrban Track to the World Humanitarian Summit, which reflects on the impact ofurbanizationonhumanitarianresponseandworkstoidentifyanewmodelthatcandeliveramoreeffective,efficient,accountableandinnovativeresponsetotheneedsofthecityanditspopulation.

• Outcomes of the Global Camp Coordination and Camp Management (CCCM) Cluster Retreat 2015 on Localising CCCM Response to reflecton theways inwhich theclustercanworktowardsamore“localized”preparednessandresponse.CCCMiscross-cuttingin nature and applies to all types of communal settlements, namely planned camps,collectivecentres,self-settledcampsandreceptionortransitcentres.Itsroleistoensureeffectivemanagementandcoordinationofhumanitarianresponseincampsaccordingtostandards,supporttheidentificationofgaps,facilitateinformationsharingandultimatelyadvocateforadequateandtimelyinterventionbyrelevantactors.

• Relevant outcomes of the 2030 Agenda of Sustainable Development Goals, includingthe“Goal11”dedicatedtocitiesandhumansettlementscallingfor“mak(ing)citiesandhumansettlementsinclusive,safe,resilientandsustainable”.

• RelevantoutcomesoftheAddis Ababa Action Agenda on Financing for DevelopmentoftheThirdInternationalConferenceonFinancingforDevelopment.

• Relevant outcomes of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030,adoptedattheThirdUNWorldConferenceinSendai,Japan,on18March2015.ConceivedtogivefurtherimpetustotheglobalworkundertheInternationalFrameworkforActionfortheInternationalDecadeforNaturalDisasterReductionof1989,andtheYokohamaStrategy for a Safer World: Guidelines for Natural Disaster Prevention, PreparednessandMitigationanditsPlanofAction,adoptedin1994andtheInternationalStrategyforDisasterReductionof1999.

• Relevantoutcomesofthe21st Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

• ExamplesfromIOM’sworkatthecitylevelfromthe IOM Policy Brief to the Rockefeller foundation’s 100 Resilient Cities,toillustrateprojectswithatrackrecordofhowmigrationisrelevanttoandhelpsbuildurbanresilience,whetheritrelatestochronicstressesandacuteshocks.

Thefollowingoverarchinggoalsandpolicyobjectiveshavebeenidentified:

2. Goals

a. Cities are recognized as both policymakers and managers of the entire population under their jurisdictioninamannerthatbuildsontheirresponsibilitiesandfunctionalcapacity. This includes clarity around cities’ role in the context of the nationalframeworks and coherent linkswith fundingmodels, coordination and delivery ofholisticandlong-termobjectives.


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b. Cities are equipped with comprehensive tools to manage migration well, inbothnormal times and crises, aswell as to put themeasures in place tomaximize thedevelopmentoutcomesofmigrantsforthebenefitofall.Atthecoreofthis liesanimproved understanding of the city and all its inhabitants’ needs and aspirations,throughanalysisandmappingappropriateforurbansettings.

c. IOM and partners pool knowledge and resources to support cities’ efforts of building urban resilience.Investinginpartnershipswithawiderangeofactors,includingurbanplanners,privatesectorandlocalmunicipalities.

3. Policy objectives

a. Provide guiding principles on how to implement sustainable migration policy and management measures which complement and are supported by all governance structures – national, provincial and local governments. Municipalitiesare largelynotinvolvedinmigrationpolicyprocessesandaretoolittleincontactwithinstitutionsthat would support them with the required expertise. This document provides acredible starting point formigration governance at the city level.Whilemigrationpoliciestendtobeimplementedatthenationallevel,localdevelopmentplansshouldarticulatetherealneedsofpeople,particularlythepoorandmarginalized.

b. Target data collection and development of solutions to geographical areas where migrants and communities interact, such as where migrants originate from, live, work, pass through or return to, that can lead to increased vulnerability. Vulnerabilityamongmigrantsstemsnotonlyfromindividualbutalsofromstructuralandenvironmentalfactorsspecifictoalocation,includingtherelationshipbetweenmigrant and local populations. Supporting migration management from an area-basedapproachtoprogrammingandcoordinationincorporatesthedifferentscalesasrelevantfortheurbancontext,adaptstotheinterrelatednessofmultiplesectors.

c. Formulate comprehensive operational guidelines to align and combine humanitarian and development funding and migration management efforts in understanding urban risk, preventing and responding to urban crises.Migrationisrelevanttomanyissuescitiesmustmanage, linked tosocial cohesionandequity;urban frameworksand planning; spatial development; jobs, livelihoods and the urban economy; theenvironment,climatechangeandurbanresilience;andhousingandbasicservices.

d. Support local solutions to migration, where possible, and move from a mindset of supply to one of strengthening existing functional governance systems.Thismeansbetterrecognizingandleveragingthedifferentcapacitiesandcomparativeadvantagesoflocal,nationalandinternationalactors,andallowsrelyingonthecapabilitiesandresources that are already in place in cities rather than recreating or duplicatingsystems. It entails building on copingmechanisms of the different individuals andcommunities that have proven functional value and thus avoid dependency toexternalsupport.Itmeanscreatinggovernancemechanismsthataretrulyinclusiveandhave the capacity to respond to theneedsof all categoriesofpopulationandfosteraparticipatoryenvironment.

II. WORKING DEFINITIONS

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II

WORKING DEFINITIONS

AmigrantisanypersonwhoismovingorhasmovedacrossaninternationalborderorwithinaStateawayfromhis/herhabitualplaceofresidence,andhis/herchildren,regardlessof(1)aperson’slegalstatus;(2)whetherthemovementisvoluntaryorinvoluntary;(3)whatthecausesforthemovementare;or(4)whatthelengthofthestayis.

Urban Resilience is the capacity of individuals, communities, institutions, businesses andsystemswithinacitytosurvive,adaptandgrownomatterwhatkindsofchronicstressesandacuteshockstheyexperience.

• Chronic stressesweakenthefabricofacityonadailyorcyclicalbasis.Examplesinclude:high unemployment, overtaxed or inefficient public transportation system, endemicviolence,chronicfoodandwatershortages.

• Acute shocksaresudden,sharpeventsthatthreatenacity.Examplesinclude:earthquakes,floods,diseaseoutbreaks,terroristattacks.


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III

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS

Recommendations at the national level; at the city level; and operational guidelines

TheIOMCounciladoptedatits106thSessionof24–27November2015aresolutionwhichwelcomes theMigration Governance Framework and encouragesMember States to usetheMigrationGovernance Framework to enhance their own governanceofmigration andmobility,withsupportfromIOM.ThisisaneraofunprecedentedmobilityandIOMMemberStates recognized theneed to support coherent, comprehensiveandbalancedapproachestomigration. At the same time, there is no single convention or framework presenting acoherent, comprehensive and balanced approach to migration governance which is alsopractical,concreteandconcise.

Thispaper isstructuredalongthesixessentialelementsof theMigrationGovernanceFramework,andtherebyaimstosupportcitiesidentify:a)elementsofnationalmigrationgovernance which are complementary to urbanmigrationmanagement; and b) elementsthroughwhichcitiescancontributetowell-governedmigration.

1. Adherence to international standards and the fulfilment of migrants’ rights.

2. Rely on evidence and whole-of-government approaches.

3. Build partnerships.

4. Enable socioeconomic well-being of migrants and society.

5. Prepare for, respond to and recover through effective responses to the mobility dimensions of crises.

6. Safe, orderly and dignified migration.

II. WORKING DEFINITIONS

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1. Adherence to international standards and the fulfilment of migrants’ right.s.

Humane and orderly migration relies on compliance with international law. Theobligation to respect, protect and fulfil the rights of individuals is paramount andappliestoallindividualswithinaState’sterritory,regardlessofnationalityormigrationstatusandwithoutdiscrimination,inordertopreservetheirsafety,physicalintegrity,well-beinganddignity.

Recommended response at the State level:

• Support compliance with international migration law: the nine core humanrights treaties, the International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions andrecommendations, the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (RefugeeConvention), the United Nations Convention against Transnational OrganizedCrime (UNCTOC) and its protocols, aswell as relevant regional instruments, inparticularthosewithspecificreferencestomigrantsanddiscrimination;

• Pursueinternationalcooperationtoprotectandupholdmigrantrightsthroughoutthemigrationcycle;

• Promoteandenforcenon-discriminatorylawsandpolicies,protectingfundamentalfreedoms,andensuringpublicaccesstoinformation;

• Provideaccesstotimelystatusdeterminationprocesses,justiceandlegalredress,regardlessofgender,ageorotherdiversitycharacteristics;

• Abide by humanitarian principleswhen providing assistance and protection toforcedmigrantsonnationalterritory;

• Enableapersontoexercisehisorherrighttoleaveanycountry,includinghisorherowncountry,andtoreturntohisorherowncountry,atanytime.

Recommended response at the city level:

• Policyplanningandimplementationofrelevantactionplansandstrategies,suchasplansontheprovisionofpublichousingorlocalstrategiestocombatracismandxenophobia,accesstohealthcareandeducation,anddisasterandemergencyplans;

• Legislativeandadvocacyroletodecriminalizeirregularmigrants,andturnmigrantdetentioncentresintomigrantreceptionandprocessingcentres;

• Implementationroleofanti-traffickinglawstoprotectmigrants;

• Implementation role of integration policies and initiatives that help migrantsintegratesmoothlyintosociety;

• Advocacyroletodecriminalizeirregularmigrants,andcriminalizeforcedlabour,traffickinginhumanbeingsandsmugglingofmigrants;


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• Cross-cutting:

□ Incorporate child-oriented and gender perspectives into policies andprogrammes;

□ Enactment of policies and programmes that bring no harm and alleviatemigrantvulnerability.

Operational guidelines:

• Ensureaccesstopersonalidentification,includingbirthregistration;

• Supportadherencewiththeprinciplesofequalityandnon-discrimination:

□ Ensureaccesstojusticeandlegalredress; □ Supportaccesstoprotectionmechanisms.

• Combatxenophobia,racismanddiscrimination;

• Combatunfairandunethicalinternationalrecruitmentpractices;

• Supportaccesstoschoolofmigrants’children;

• Supportmigrants’accesstohealthcare;

• Considerextendingmigrantstherighttosettleinthecity;

• Considerextendingmigrantstherighttobuyproperty;

• Considerextendingmigrantstherighttoexercisepoliticalinfluence.

Examples:

Greece. IOM provides for voluntary return and reintegration to irregularmigrantswhowanttoreturntotheircountriesoforigin.Fromtheimplementationofthefirstprojectin2010to2014,over24,000migrantshavebenefitedfromtheproject.Manyoftheassistedmigrantsarevulnerable,includingmigrantswithmedicalneeds,single-parentfamilies,elderlymigrantsandvictimsofhumantrafficking.

III. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS

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2. Rely on evidence and whole-of-government approaches..

Migrationpolicyisoftenthesubjectofintensepoliticaldebateandcanbebasedonpopulist sentiments.Migration policymust be based on facts and a well-foundedanalysisofthebenefitsandrisksthemovementofpeopleposestotheState.


• Investinconductingandcoordinatingresearchanddata;

• Createcooperationmechanismsandothercommunicationplatformstoincludeall ministries with responsibilities linked to the movement of people, such aslabour, education, agriculture, commerce, industry, security, social services,health, gender,women, youth,defence, lawenforcement, foreignpolicy, tradepolicy,economicdevelopmentandgrowth.


• Create mechanisms, both formal and informal, to promote and support thedialoguebetweenthenationalandthelocal/regionallevel,aswellasamonglocal/regionalactorsacrosstheterritoriestoensurethesustainabilityofpolicymakingbyensuringitsintegrationintonational/regional/locallegislation:

□ cleardecision-makingroles; □ creatingdedicatedinstitutionalizedbudgetstructures.

• CooperatewithNationalStatisticsInstitutesandothercity-hosteddatabasestoidentifymigrants,includingfortriangulationofdata.

• Enhancedatacollection,particularly:

□ Area-based, to allow formore tailoredapproaches that take in theuniquelocalcontexts;

□ Qualitative,leveragingtheproximityofthepopulation; □ Beyondtraditionalmethods,byintegratingmigrantvoices,bigdata.

• Integrateassessmentsandscenariosofincomingandoutgoingpopulationflows(quantitiesbutalsocharacteristics)intoplanningofurbandevelopment,includinghousingandinfrastructure,essentialservicesandopportunities,andgovernanceandrepresentationstructures.

• Use data formonitoring and evaluation to facilitatemore rapid adjustment ofpublic policies.

• Promotingtheuseoftoolsthatreflectexistingandfuturediversityincityplanninganddecision-making,aswellasinthemanagementofthecity’sfunctions.

• Consideringthemobilityimpactsofurbanland-usechangesandinvestments,andhowthataffectsdistributionofpeople,andfurtherdriveslanduse,demandforservices,etc.

• Sharethedatawiththewiderpublic.


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• Identifyunregisteredmigrantstounderstandandrespondtotheirspecificneedsowingto:

□ personalcharacteristics(e.g.age,gender,sexualorientation); □ circumstances (e.g.victimof traffickingorotherviolence,extremepoverty,

refugee,separatedfromfamily,stranded); □ legalstatus(e.g.regular,undocumented,irregular,dependent).

• Collect,analyseandusedataandinformationthatisdisaggregatedupdatedandsufficient.

Examples:

Greece.IOMprovidestrainingtofront-lineprofessionalsincludinglawenforcement,labourinspectorsandhealthprovidersonidentificationofvictimsofhumantrafficking,withspecialemphasistowomenandchildren.IOMGreecehasimplementedseveralawareness raising campaigns to warn potential victims of the risk of exploitationand campaigns to educate potential consumers. IOMGreece has organizedmulti-disciplinarycross-bordermeetingsforjudges,prosecutors,lawenforcementandcivilsocietiestoencourageopencommunicationandcommonsolutions.


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3. Build partnerships..

Bytheirverynature,migrationandmobilityimplicatemultipleactors:Statesandtheirneighbours,subnationalauthorities, localcommunities,migrantsandtheirfamilies,diasporas,employersandunions.Inaddition,therearedozensofintergovernmentaland non-governmental organizations whose mandates touch on migration andhumanitarianaction.Governingmigrationwellrequirespartnershipstobroadentheunderstandingofmigration,andtodevelopcomprehensiveandeffectiveapproaches.


• Maintain close international partnerships with other countries, including:immediateneighbours;significantcountriesoforigin,transitanddestinationfornationalsorforarrivingmigrants;countrieswhicharehometothediaspora;othercountriesinregionaltradingblocs;

• Maintain close partnerships with international and regional organizationswhosemandates touch onmigration andmigration-related issues and providehumanitarian and development assistance, including members of the GlobalMigrationGroup;

• Engageinglobalandregionalconsultativeprocesses,suchastheGlobalForumonMigrationandDevelopmentandIOM’sInternationalDialogueonMigrationwithothercountriesandinternationalorganizations;

• Adaptmigrationpoliciestoaccommodateto,notcontrolorrestrictmigration.


• Maintainclosepartnershipswithgovernmentsandauthoritiesatthesubnationallevel,includingcityauthorities;

• Engage all partners at the subnational level (government agencies, CSOs, non-governmentalorganizations,employers,unions,diasporas,migrantassociations,academia),ensuringthatthoseentitiesconsultedarerepresentativeoftheentirepopulationconcerned.


• Set-up multi-stakeholder consultation mechanisms and/or institutionalcoordinatingbodies;

• Ensure the participation of migrants in local decision-making processes andthroughoutmainstreamingprocesses;

• Supportthestructuringandstrengtheningofmigrantassociationsaswellasthemechanismsthatenhancetheircapacities.


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Examples:

The Philippines.Theproject“MainstreamingMigrationinLocalDevelopmentPlans:APilotProjectforthePhilippines”wasinitiatedbyIOMPhilippines,inpartnershipwiththeDepartmentofInteriorandLocalGovernment(DILG)andtheCityGovernmentofNagainearly2011.Themultisectoralconsultationsincludinglocalgovernment,theprivatesector,civilsocietyorganizations,Filipinomigrantworkers fromNaga–oneoutoftenhouseholds inthecityhasafamilymemberworkingabroad– identifiedkey migration-related issues and concerns to be addressed in the City’s ten-yeardevelopment plan. Recommendations have informed the City’s ComprehensiveDevelopmentPlan(CDP).

Federated States of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands.InthesmallislanddevelopingStates(SIDS)oftheFederatedStatesofMicronesiaandtheMarshallIslands,effortstoreducedisasterriskhavetotakeintoaccountawideseriesofnaturalhazards,aswellastheeffectsofenvironmentalchange.IOMworkswithcivilsocietyorganizationsat the municipal and local levels in the six main population centres (i.e. Majuro,Ebeye,Kosrae,Pohnpei,ChuukandYap)toincreasetheirdisasterresponsecapacityand coordinationmechanisms. The Organization also assists local organizations inconducting hazard, vulnerability and capacity assessments and in compilingmulti-hazardDRMplans that are linked to State-level plans. In order to further supportgovernment efforts in the implementation of the climate change agreement andDRRnationalpoliciesandstrategies, IOMistargetingapproximately10,000school-agestudentsin50schoolswiththeClimateAdaptationandDisasterRiskReductionand Education (CADRE) Programme. CADRE aims to support the adaptation andpreparednessstrategiesof schoolsandcommunities thatarevulnerable toclimatechangeandnaturalhazards,andatempowering themto independentlycopewithandrespondtonaturaldisasters.

Greece. IOM is committed to a multidisciplinary approach to combating humantrafficking and works closely with government authorities, including municipalauthorities,NGOs,IOMmissionsandcivilsocietiesintheorigincountriestoprovidedirect assistance to victimsof trafficking. IOMGreeceundertakes risk assessmentsandtogetherwiththevictimdraftsreintegrationplansincludingongoingprovisionofhealth,psychosocialcareandlegalcounselling.


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4. Enable socioeconomic well-being of migrants and society.

Poverty, instability, lack of access to education or other basic services are onlysomeofthefactorsthatcanpushindividualstomigrate.Thosewhoarepushedtomigrate–unlikethosewhochoosetomigrate–maybemorelikelytodosounderundesirableordangerousconditions,includingbyaccessingtheservicesofunethicalrecruiters,smugglersortraffickers.Thishasnegativeconsequencesformigrantsandforcommunitiesoforigin, transitanddestination,andunderminesothereffortstogovernmigrationwell.Governingmigrationwellwould thereforemeanpromotingstability,educationandemploymentopportunitiesandreducingthedriversofforcedmigration,includingbypromotingresilience,therebyenablingindividualstomakethechoicebetweenstayingormigrating.


Evenifthedriversofforcedmigrationwereeliminated,individualswouldstillchoosetomove, forexample, toseekdifferentorgreateropportunitiesor to reunitewiththeir families.AStatewouldstillnormallywanttomanagemigration inawaythatadvancesitsdomesticinterests,includingrespondingtolabourmarketneeds,buildingcommunities and supporting social and cultural development. To achieve theseobjectives,migrationandrelatedlawandpolicyneedtobedesignednotonlytoenablemigrants toparticipate in localeconomies,butalsoto fosterstrongsocioeconomicoutcomesformigrantsandcommunitiesoforigin,transitanddestination.Thiswouldinclude:

• Adopting a variety of labour migration approaches, including permanent,temporaryandcircularmigration,forworkersofvariousskilllevels;

• Facilitatinginternationalstudentmigrationandfamilyreunification;

• Makingsocialbenefits–includingpensions–portable,andensuringregulationsdonothinder,butrathersupport,employersinensuringthatpension,healthandotherbenefitsareportable;

• Ensuringmigrantsanddisplacedpersonshaveaccesstolegalrecourse,includingforlandandpropertyclaims;

• Regulatingemployers and inspecting labour conditions so that employers fulfiltheirobligationstoemployees;

• Recognitionofdiplomasandqualifications.


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• Integration. Cultural orientation, often language training and other facilitativemeasurescanhelpensurethatamigrantisabletointegrateharmoniouslyintolocalsociety;

• Employment and Skills Recognition.Adiversepopulationprovidesacompetitiveadvantageforalleconomies,inparticularsmalltomediumeconomies,andthoseseekingtocompeteinternationally.Migrantshelpdriveeconomicgrowththroughtheculture,skills,languages,motivationandexperiencetheybring.Citiescansupportmigrantsthroughpre-employmentfacilitiessuchasplacementprogrammes,skillsretoolingandrecognitionoftheirdiplomasandothercertifications;

• Ensure thatmigrantshave the sameaccessas those registered tohealth care,socialservices,educationandhousing,regardlessofgender,ageorotherdiversitycharacteristics;thisshouldbeavailabletoallresidents,not justformalworkersor through formal employment, including throughmechanisms of “alternativeregistration”;

• Promotecross-borderlabourmarketmatchingandtradeinservices;

• Adopt a variety of gender-sensitive labour migration approaches, includingpermanent,temporaryandcircularmigration,atvariousskilllevels;

• Promotestabilityandreducedriversofforcedmigration,includingbypromotingresilienceandreducingrisk;

• Implementregularlower-costchannelsforremittancetransfers,promotefinancialliteracyamongremittance-receivinghouseholds,and increaseopportunitiesfordiasporainvestmentinhomecommunities;

• Accesstoqualityeducationthatisnonviolentandculturallysensitive,andeffectivelearningenvironmentsformigrants.Publicandprivateestablishmentsofhighereducation.This includesbasicage-appropriate languageclasses formigrantsaswellasdiversitycampaigns inschoolsandforyouthforbothmigrantandnon-migrantpopulations.


Supportproductivework,bycitiesensuringtheeradicationofunscrupulousemployersandstimulatingcompetitionandaccesstobetterjobsformigrants:

• Ensuremigrantshave fair andnon-discriminatoryaccess to the labourmarket,whichdepends inpartontheextenttowhichmigrantscanintegrate intotheirnew communities – this requires strong, results-focused integration and socialcohesionprogrammes,includingforreturningmigrantsordisplacedpersons,whooftenneedreintegrationassistance;

• Ensuremigrantshaveadequateaccesstohealthcare,psychosocialsupport,socialservices,education,basicpublicservicesandhousing,regardlessofgender,ageorotherdiversitycharacteristics;

• Facilitate low-cost channels for remittances and support opportunities forinvestmentinhomecommunities;


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• Maintain strong, results-focused integration, reintegration and social cohesionprogrammes,includingpost-arrivalreintegrationassistanceandassistedvoluntaryreturns;

• Communicatetothepublicandstakeholdersthedomesticvalueofmigrationandmobility;

• Provideinformationonregularmigrationchannelsandencourageregularizationofirregularmigrantsthroughdecriminalizationofirregularmigrants;

• Encourageformallabourmarketssector,discourageexitandreduceexploitation;

• Facilitateinternationalstudentmigration;

• Facilitatefamilyreunification;

• Ensure that social benefits – including pensions – are portable and that theapproachtointernationaltaxesisfairanddoesnotdiscriminateonthebasisofmigrationorresidencestatus;

• Provideaccesstolegalrecourse,includingforlandandpropertyclaims;

• Support socioeconomic development via strengthened diaspora engagement,throughskillandfinancialtransferprogramming,migrantentrepreneurshipandinnovation;

• Housing and public spaces: Mixed-use of urban spaces will often need to bepromotedtoovercomesomeofthesocialbarriersandfacilitateinclusive;

• Perception surveys, to both migrants and society as a whole, to identify theexclusionarymechanismsthatneedtobecountered;

• Provideaccesstomedicalservicesthatareeasilyaccessibleandculturallysensitiveand prevention and treatment. This includes psychosocial services. Also, safe,effective, quality, and affordable essentialmedicines and vaccines for all, withspecialattentiontomaternalandfamilyhealth,andelderlypopulationsincities;

• Informationandservicesavailableinlanguagesofmigrants;

• Takingactionagainstprivateactorsthatchargeunreasonablefeesandregulatingrecruitersandrecruitmentagenciesintheirjurisdictions.

Examples:

Italy. IOM is the technical advisor of the project “V.I.S.I. Vulnerability, Integration,SupportandInclusionforvulnerablemigrants”assessingthepsychosocialwell-beingofrefugeesinRome.Theprojectiscontributingtothedevelopmentofanintegratedmodelofrehabilitationandsocialinclusionforvulnerableasylum-seekersandotherservices. It is also supporting the development of beneficiaries’ skills profiles andCVswhilepromotingvocationaltrainingandjobplacement.Inparallel,theprojectiscreatingandstrengtheningtheRegionalHealthPublicServicesGrouponvulnerableasylum-seekerswithrelevantstakeholders,promotingaccesstohousingandhealth-services,includingthroughsynergieswithotherregionalactorsandinstruments.


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Italy.IOM’sproject“SocialHealthIntegrationforTCNs”projectaimstopromotehealthaccess formigrants, inparticularaccess tovaccinationsservicesavailable inRome.In collaborationwith the ItalianMinistryofHealth, theproject is identifying tools,goodpractices,recommendationstosharewithalltherelevantstakeholdersinvolvedincludinghealthauthorities’andlocalmunicipalities’services.Thisdialogueamongsthealth service,municipalities andmigrants’ associationswill create awareness andwillimprovethecapacitiesofkeystakeholdersinreadingandassessinghealthneedsofvulnerablegroupsinabetterway.

Japan.The“Bridgingschools”programmedirectlytacklestheissuesofintegrationofmigrantchildrenandoftheireducation–oneofthecorechallengesfacedbymigrantfamilies.Duetothe2008–2009economiccrisis,alargenumberofmigrantchildreninJapanwereforcedoutofschoolastheirparentslosttheirjobsandcouldnolongeraffordtopayprivateschooltuition.Throughthisprojectbridgingschoolsformigrantchildrenwill enable them to study the Japanese languageandother subjects. TheobjectiveistoencouragetheirsmoothtransfertotheJapanesepublicschoolssystem,whichistuitionfree.

Multi-country - France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Spain, Hungary, Czech Republic, Poland.ThegoaloftheEuropeanproject“LocalCooperationforIntegration(ELCI)”was to facilitate relations between migrant organizations and local and nationalauthorities in EUMember States and to encourage relevant authorities to involvethoseorganizationsintheirintegrationstrategies.Theprogrammeassessedtherolethat migrant associations already play in local-level integration policymaking andcarried out a comparative study of migrant organization activity in France, Spain,Belgium,Italy,Germany,theNetherlands,Hungary,Poland,andCzechRepublic.IOMimplemented training sessions for local and regional integration authorities aimedatenhancingtheirunderstandingofEuropean integrationprinciples,andorganizedtransnationalvideoconferencemeetingsthatencouragedthesharingofbestpractices.

Haiti. The lack of clear land tenure information is one of the most significantchallengestopost-earthquakereconstructionandrehabilitationefforts.Landtenureinformationwasincomplete,unclearandoutdatedevenpriortothe2010earthquakeduetoinsufficientinstitutionalarrangementsandtheprevalenceofinformalhousingsolutions.Thedevastationcausedbytheearthquakefurthercomplicatedthepicturebydestroyingexistingarchivesanddocuments.Reconstructinghousingisprovingverydifficultintheabsenceofadequateinformationaboutwhoownswhichparcelofland,whichisslowingdowntheeffortstonormalizethelivesofmorethan350,000peoplewhoremaindisplaced.

Toovercometheobstaclesposedbythelandtenuresituation,IOMandtheGovernmentofHaitihaveadoptedacommunity-basedapproachtoidentifylandownershipandtenancy. Following a public information campaign tomake communities aware ofthe aims and themethodologies of the project, IOM has been gathering data on10,695 plots, buildings and households within the neighbourhoods of Delmas 32and Carrefour Feuilles. The Organization consolidated the information on buildingdamage, landtenureandoccupancystatus.Landtenurewasthenverifiedthroughcommunityvalidation,aswellasthroughintensiveresearchwithnationalauthoritiesandpublicnotaries.Thecollectedinformationwasthensharedwithpartnersandotherauthoritiesandhasbeenusedtoplanandreconstruct threeareas inmetropolitanPort-au-Prince.Themethodologyofthisinitiativehasalsobeenusedforthecensusofearthquake-affectedareas.


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Indonesia.ManyofIOMIndonesia’sactivitieshavebeenfocusingonimprovingthelivingconditionsoflocalcommunitiesbysupportingsustainablelivelihoods,inordertotacklethedriversofforcedmigrationandincreaseresilience:

1. IncollaborationwithBankMandiri’sCorporateSocialResponsibilityDivision,IOMsupportedmicroandsmallbatikproducersintheearthquake-affectedprovinceofCentralJava.UndertheMandiriBersamaMandiri(“Self-ReliantwithMandiri”)Programme,thepilotprojectsupportedKebonVillage,astrongnaturaldyebatik-producing community in KlatenDistrict. The intervention assistedmembers oftheKebonBatikCooperativethroughbusinessdevelopment,businessresilience,productioncapacity-building,directmarketaccessandnetworkingsupport.

2. Withanever-growingglobaldemand,thereisawindowofopportunitytoinvestinthedevelopmentofasustainablecoffeeindustry.Inparticular,consumersareincreasingly interested in distinctive varieties grown in specific conditions (so-called“specialtycoffees”).IOMmobilizedkeystakeholdersinthesupplychaininordertohelpIndonesiansmallandmediumenterprisesproduceanddistributesustainableAcehGayoArabicaSpecialtyCoffee.Thenegativeimpactofthecoffeeproductionprocessonthelocalecosystemwasreducedthroughshadegrowing,biodiversification and the use of organic fertilizer, while the environmentalfootprintof thesupplychainbenefittedfromimprovedresourceefficiencyandthereductionoftoxicmaterialusageandwastegeneration.Theinvestmentshaveincreased local incomes,contributedtoprosperity inthetargetareaandmadelocal livelihoods more resilient, thereby tackling some of the most importantdriversofout-migration.

The MICIC Initiative. The State-led initiative on “Migrants in Countries in Crisis”respondstothechallengesposedbyagrowingnumberofcrisesinwhichmigrantsareamongthosemostseriouslyaffected,andintendstofillinagapduetotheabsenceofaclear internationalframeworkdedicatedtotheprotectionofandassistancetomigrantsintimesofcrisis.IOMformsthesecretariatforthis.Theaimoftheinitiativeistoimprovetheability,primarilyofStatesand,whererelevant,otherstakeholdersto effectively protect the dignity and rights of migrants caught in countriesexperiencinganacutecrisis.Throughaprocessofbroadandinclusiveconsultations,theinitiativeseekstocompilearangeofgoodpracticesinpreparingfor,respondingto,andaddressinglonger-termconsequencesofsuchcrisissituations,withaviewtoproducing a set of non-binding, voluntary guidelines,whichwill set out principles,rolesandresponsibilitiesofdifferentrelevantentities.

Italy.Within theMigration for Development strategy and activities of IOM Rome,several projects were implemented aiming at supporting co-development projectsproposedbymigrantsandtheirassociationsinsynergywithItalianlocalauthorities.These initiatives promotedmigrants’ access to banking services (through financialliteracy) and channeling of remittances towards productive investments or socialprojects, credit/microcredit system that have the medium-to-long term objectivetogeneratelocaldevelopmentandreducepoverty.Theprojectscontributedtothesocioeconomicdevelopmentmigrant’scountriesoforigin,throughtheidentificationandtransferofskills,financial,socialandprofessionalresourcesoftheexpatriateslivinginItalyandthepromotionofpartnershipsbetweenhostingandorigincommunities.


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5. Prepare for, respond to and recover through effective responses to the mobility dimensions of crises.

In2014,almost60millionindividualsweredisplacedasaresultofnaturalandman-madedisasters;alargenumberofforcedmigrantsremaininprotracteddisplacementsituations, including in urban areas. Crises have significant long-term effects onmigrants and society. Therefore, concerted action by the international communityis required to: prevent and prepare for crisis; supportmigrants, displaced personsand communities affected by crises in accordance with humanitarian principles;and promote durable solutions to end displacement. Addressing the root causesof crises and associated population movements needs to be part of longer-termapproaches towards recovery, transitionand sustainabledevelopment. Inaddition,the international community should respond to criseswith theunderstanding thatmigration is an inevitable consequence, and that recovery and transition effortsrequireconsiderationoftheneedsofmigrantsandtheircommunities.


A State affected by a crisis would bear responsibility to protect and assist crisis-affectedpersonsresidingonitsterritory,andwhereappropriateitsnationalsabroad,inaccordancewith internationalhumanitarian, refugeeandhumanrights law.Thiscouldincludeallowingunhinderedaccessforhumanitarianaidandworkers.AStatewould need to facilitate access to consular services and evacuation assistance formigrantscaughtincrisesonitsterritory.

• Work in concertwith international partners to provide support and assistanceto people affected by crises on the basis of humanitarian principles, includingthroughvoluntarycontributionstointernationalorganizations(intergovernmentalandnon-governmental);

• Providenationalscaughtinacrisiswithappropriate,timelyandefficientemergencyconsular services, including the issuance of emergency travel documents orlaissez-passer,aswellasotherserviceswhichcancontributetotheirprotectionbefore,duringandafteracrisissituation;

• Build robust immigration and border management programmes supported byappropriatepolicies,laws,proceduresandinformationsystems;

• Allowunhinderedaccessforhumanitarianaidandworkers;

• Provideaccesstoadequateandregularchannelsformigration,mobility,residenceand citizenship, for all individuals regardless of gender, age, or other diversitycharacteristics;

• Facilitateregulartravelandmigration,detectirregularmigration,prohibitillegalcross-borderactivity,identifyandreferthoseinneedofassistanceandprotection,andimplementtimelyasylumdeterminationprocesses;

• Implementefficientandwell-operatingvisa,entry,stayandresidencyschemes,withlimitedwaittimesandreasonablefees;

• Respond in a timelymanner to requests for documentation/re-documentationandacceptreturningnationals;


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• Maintaineffectiveidentitymanagement,includingthroughreliablepassportsandresponsibleuseofbiometrics;

• Workwith national and international border, immigration, justice and securityagenciestocollect,analyseanduseintelligence,includingtoaddresstrans-bordercriminalactivity(e.g.traffickinginhumanbeingsandsmugglingofmigrants)andterrorism;

• Facilitateaccess tosafetyandprotection fordisplacedpopulations,andacceptrefugeesandasylum-seekers,includingthroughresettlementandotherformsofhumanitarianadmission;

• Contributions to the humanitarian organizations providing relief, support andprotectioninsupportofStateactionsareessentialinordertoaddresseffectivelythemobilitydimensionsofcrises.Thisincludesfinancialorin-kindsupportforlife-savingassistancesuchasshelter,food,healthcareandotherassistance.


• Facilitate access to consular services and evacuation assistance for nationalsabroadaffectedbycrises;

• Registerdisplacedpersonsandensuretheycanaccessservices,andthatspecialneeds and vulnerabilities are adequately addressed, in an equal and non-discriminatorymanner;

• Support sensitization and participatory campaigns to provide information toaffectedpopulationsandothers,andtoreceivefeedback;

• Supportearlytransitionandpost-crisisrecoveryefforts,includingtheprovisionofdurablesolutionstodisplacement;

• Addresstheneedsforsheltersandnon-fooditems(NFIs)ofpersonsaffectedbyacrisis,includingthosewhoaredisplacedandvulnerable;

• Provide protection through the provision of humane and orderly transportassistance to individuals or groups who are going, either temporarily orpermanently, to a place of origin, transit or destinationwithin one country oracross an international border (e.g. programmes involving transport assistanceinclude, inter alia, evacuations, resettlement, repatriation, return of internallydisplacedpersons(IDPs),assistedvoluntaryreturnandreintegration(AVRR),andrelocationoremergencytransportation);

• Providecomprehensivemigranthealth-careandpreventionservicesduring thecrisisandthroughoutthemovementprocess–atthepre-departurestage,duringtravelandtransitanduponreturnbasedonexistinghealthsystemsandevidence-basedneedsassessments;

• Promote,protectandsupportthewell-beingofcrisisaffectedpopulations;

• Combatdisplacementthroughtheprovisionofimmediate,medium-andlonger-termsupportthatincludesaddressinghousing,protection,stability,livelihoodandeconomicconcerns,aswellas(re)integrationsupportinlinewiththeframeworkfordurablesolutions;


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• Establishstabilityandsecurityinvulnerablecommunities,preventfurtherforcedmigration, restoring trust among communitymembers, vulnerable populationsandlocalauthoritiesandlaythefoundationsfordurablesolutions,lastingpeaceandsustainabledevelopment;

• Reduce and mitigate the risk of displacement and increase the resilience ofcommunitiestocopewithdisastersinviewofachievingsustainabledevelopment,by providing the necessary framework,methodology and tools to analyse thecausalfactorsofdisasters,reduceexposuretohazardsandlessenthevulnerabilityofpeopleandlivelihoods;

• Assistgovernmentsandsocietiestoaddresslandandpropertyissuestopreventfuture forcedmigration and to allow for durable solutions to address ongoingdisplacement;

• Provide protection and assistance to vulnerable migrants, including victims oftrafficking,exploitationorabuseandunaccompaniedmigrantchildren,duringacrisissituation;

• Mobilize the skills and financial resources of the diaspora and other networksof qualified professionals to support the national development, rehabilitationand reconstruction processes in countries recovering from crisis, in transitionor conflict situations, through the temporary/virtual return or socioeconomicreintegrationofskilledandqualifiednationalsfromabroad,andthefacilitationoftherecruitmentoftemporaryforeignworkersinsectorsvitaltothecountry’srecoverybutlackingthenecessaryhumanresources;

• Maintain a two-way exchange of information between the responders(includinghumanitarianactors)andcrisis-affectedpopulationswhichaddressesthe information needs of affected populations and generates feedback thatcontributes to an appropriate humanitarian response and facilitates recoveryplanning,whileincludinginterculturalconsiderationsandcommunitymessagingaimedatreducinganti-migrantsentiments;

• Recognizecommunities’abilitytoself-prioritize,includingthroughdeliveringcashtrasfers;

• Adjust existing humanitarian tools to include specific urban area-basedassessments,programming,coordinationprotocolsandmonitoringtools,tailoredtothecomplexityofcities,focusingmoreon“solutions”ratherthan“deliveryofgoods”,includingcross-sectorarea-basedcoordinationmechanisms,empoweringlocal stakeholders (local government, businesses, community leaders) to helpprioritizeresponseandalignhumanitariananddevelopmentapproaches.


• Effective responses to crises combine traditional humanitarian activities withtransitionandrecoveryprogrammes,aswellasmigrationmanagementactivities,asdescribedintheIOMMigrationCrisisOperationalFramework;

• Effectiveresponseswouldalso includetheacceptanceof refugeesandasylum-seekers, including extending resettlement options to alleviate the burdenon countries of first refuge, and offering other forms of admission such ashumanitarianvisas;


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• Activitiesaimedat reducingpsychosocial vulnerabilities,promotingcommunityresilienceandownership,andsupportingaidthattakesintoaccountpsychosocialandculturaldiversityissues;

• ReintegrationassistanceincludingAVRRprogrammesincountriesoforigin;

• Livelihoodsupportandaccesstobasicservices;

• Identifyandeliminateland-relatedbarrierstosustainablereturnandreintegration,andclarifyinglandownershipandtenure;

• Identificationandprotectionofvulnerablemigrants;

• Liaisewithconsularservicestofacilitatethe identificationofpeople inneedofdocumentation,andthestepsrequiredtoreceivethatdocumentation;

• Facilitate access to safety and protection for displaced populations (includingrefugees,inaccordancewithrelevantinternationalinstruments).Thisincludes:

□ systemsofregistration; □ adequateaccesstoservices; □ particularattentiontoanyspecialneedsandvulnerabilities.

Examples:

Ecuador.IOMdevelopedaprojectproposaltogetherwiththeMunicipalityofQuitotoincreaseresilienceandreducedisasterrisksinmigrantcommunitieslivinginhighriskareasatthemarginsofthecitythroughaninnovativeconceptofinsiturelocation.TheproposalaimstoprovidetheMunicipalityofQuitowithmodelproposalsforeitherrelocation or improvement of livelihoods close to the original areas of settlementinordertoreducecostsandtominimizethepsychologicalandsocialimpactoftherelocationonthebeneficiaries,allowingfamiliestomaintaintheirstructureandsocialrelations. TheMunicipality has identified the neighbourhoods at the greatest riskoffloodsand landslidesand families requiring relocation. Ithasalso identified theareaswhereinterventionsandimprovementsofinfrastructurecanreduceormitigatethe risks and thus the families’ exposure to them.Anexistingplanof interventiontomitigate the risks revealed the amplitudeof required interventions exceeds thecapacityofthemunicipalitytoactonitsown.Theprojectisyettobeimplemented.

Sri Lanka.PartsofSriLankaarefrequentlyhitbyheavylandslidesasaconsequenceofstrongprecipitationevents.Recently,in2007and2008,landslidesaffected4,000families and displaced 219 households. In addition to supporting the Sri LankanGovernment in the aftermath of disasters by providing humanitarian assistanceto the affected populations and ensuring access to basic goods and services inIDP settlements, IOMalso intervenes to create safer settlementoptions for at-riskcommunities.Inordertoreducetheconcentrationofpopulationsandassetsinareasexposed to hydrogeological hazards, theGovernment considered the relocation ofsomesettlementstoanewarea.Aformerteaplantationwasidentifiedandacquired,and the relocationof communitieswasdulyarranged. IOMsupported institutionalefforts by constructing access roads, stormwater canals, culverts, water supplysystems, community halls and sanitation facilities. In addition, the Organizationprovidedvocationaltrainingandresourcestopromoteadequatelivelihoodoptions,andtrainedrelocatedfamiliesandpeopleonsoilandwaterconservationpractices,inordertoreducefuturelandsliderisk.


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Nepal. Theevacuationand contingencyplanof thedenselypopulatedKathmanduValleyclarifiedprotocolsforupto900,000peopleestimatedtobedisplacedintheeventofamajorearthquake.IOMhashelpeddraftingemergencyandresponseplansfor the municipalities of Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Kirtipur and Madhyapur. The plansidentified83openspacesintheKathmanduValleythatcanbeusedforhumanitarianpurposes following a disaster. These sites have been endorsedby theMinistry ofHomeAffairs(MoHA)andnowenjoyspecificprotectionfromfurtherencroachment.IncoordinationwithStateandnon-Statehumanitarianactors,IOMdefinedfunctionsandpurposesofeachofthesesites.ForlargeandmediumIDPsites,IOMprepareddetailedplanstoensurethatspaceiseffectivelyused.

Greece.IOM’sproject“OpenCentreforMigrantsRegisteredforAVRR”addressestheimmediateneedofirregularmigrantswhohavenolegalbasistostayinGreeceandwhohavenoresourcestoreturnhome.Manyofthesemigrantshadfoundundeclaredworkbutbecauseofthecurrenteconomicrecessionarenowunemployedanddestitute.TheCentrewillprovideshelterandotherservicesto110migrants.Emphasiswillbeplacedonprovidingassistancetovulnerablegroupsand60percentofthecentrewillberenovatedtoaccommodateunaccompaniedminors,migrantswithmedicalneeds,familieswithchildrenandelderlymigrants.TheprojectisbeingimplementedinclosecooperationwiththemunicipalityofAthens,inpartnershipwiththeFirstReceptionServiceandtheEuropeanandDevelopmentProgramsDivision.

Italy. The IOM project “Family tracing and assessment activities: supporting theidentificationofthebestpossibleanddurablesolutionforthefutureofunaccompaniedmigrantchildrenincludingassistedvoluntaryreturn”aimsatsupportingMunicipalitieshostingunaccompaniedmigrantchildrentocopewiththeirneedsandtohelpthemin identifying the most suitable durable solution for their personal development,particularlyinprovidingfortheirreceptionandwell-being.Throughfamilyassessments,IOMalsostrengthensmunicipalities’socialservicessupport,withinformationonthebackgroundofeachindividualchildinordertobetterbuildtheirlifeproject.


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6. Safe, orderly and dignified migration.


• Anticipatingmigrationdynamicsandproactivelyaddressingmigrationinpoliciesandplanningatthemunicipallevelwillsupportthereductionoftheirexposureandvulnerability toclimate-relatedextremeeventsandothereconomic, socialandenvironmentalshocksanddisasters.Thisalsosupportsavoidingthecreationofcamps,byprovidingdirectsupporttourbangovernmentstohelpabsorburbandisplacement;

• Legalandadministrativebarriers:Lawsandregulationscanexcludeallorsomespecificgroupsofmigrantsfromformalaccesstohousing,employment,healthcare,education,and responseand recoveryassistance in thecaseofdisasters.Whilesuchsituationsareoftentheresultofpoliciesregulatingimmigrationfromabroad, they can also stem from registration requirements for internal urbanmigrants.


• Contingency planning and preparedness in urban areas is essential, includingassessment of the capacity of communities, the economy, infrastructure,administrative structures, service delivery systems, housing, land and otherresourcesandtheidentificationofkeyinterventionsneededtoabsorbanticipatedmigrants;

• Ensure access to social networks:Moving away from the place of origin oftendisruptsfamilyandcommunitytiesthathelpprovideincome,healthandchildcareandeducation,emotionalsupportoradditionalresourcestocopewithhardship.Availabilityof these formsofsocialcapital isusually reduced inurbanareasofdestination.However, socialtiesandconnectionsbothwithpeople fromareasoforiginandwithkin,originorethnicity-basednetworksinareasofdestinationsareasignificantsourceofresilienceforurbanmigrants,andoftenoneofthekeyfactorsinfluencingtheirdecisiontomove.

• Facilitateknowledgeofthelocalenvironmentalandsocialcontext:Movingoutofaparticularlocalcontextalsomeansthatsite-specificknowledgeislost,andthatitmightnotbereplaced,atleastintheshortterm,byanequallevelofunderstandingof the context of destination. Thismay include insufficient awareness of localresourcesandopportunities(suchashousing,healthcare,socialsupportsystems)andhowtoaccessthem,aswellaslocalhazards(forexample,violence,illness,landslides,floods).Bothcan result in specificpatternsofexclusionand risk forincomingpopulations.


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Examples:

Sri Lanka.TheJaffnaPeninsulahasanecologicallyrichandenvironmentallysensitivecoastal area where salinization threatens arable land and freshwater sources. Tomitigatethenegativeimpactofsaltwateronthesoil inthearea,localcommunitiesdeveloped systems that use stormwater to flush out the salt accumulated in thelandduringthedryseason.Suchsystemsoptimizethequantityandretentiontimeof stormwater, increase the ground water recharge rate and minimize floods. Inthe Chavakachcheri area, when the population was displaced by conflict in 2008and 2009, the saltwater extrusion system could not bemaintained and the floodcontrolembankmentwasdamaged, resulting in theabandonmentof252hectaresofpreviouslyproductivelandduetosalinizationandthescarcityofirrigationwater.Rehabilitation of the 7-kilometre-long saltwater extrusion bund was identifiedas paramount to the restoration of the affected land. The project benefited 1,170families,including175women-headedhouseholdsinfourdivisions(Thanankilappu,Chavakachcheri Town,Maravanpulavu and Nunavil East). The rehabilitation of thesaltwaterextrusionbundisnowallowingthegradualrestorationofthesalinization-affected land. Aquifers alongside the coast increasewater table recharge and soilmoistureandreduceflooding,therebyprotecting1,500hectaresofproductiveland,increasinglocalfoodsecurityandreducingdisasterrisk.

Nepal. Disaster risk in the country is driven by poverty, illiteracy, rapid populationgrowth andunplanned urbanization. Being prepared for populationmovements intheaftermathofnaturaldisastersisthereforeanabsolutepriorityfortheGovernmentandotheremergencyactors.IOMhasbeensupportinglocalinstitutionsinprovidingassistancetothevictimsofnaturaldisasterseversincethe2008Koshifloods.Awareof the challenges posed by seismic risk, the Organization has been committed toenhancinglocalpreparednessforearthquakesandhashelpeddraftingemergencyandresponseplansforthemunicipalitiesofKathmandu,Lalitpur,KirtipurandMadhyapur.

17routedesMorillons,P.O.Box17,1211Geneva19,SwitzerlandTel.:+41227179111•Fax:+41227986150 E-mail:[email protected]•Website:www.iom.int

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TOOLBOX OF MIGRATION-RELATED ELEMENTS FOR THE · PDF fileTOOLO OF MIGRATIONRELATED ELEMENTS FOR THE CIT RESILIENCE STRATEG 3 I RATIONALE AND APPROACH Internal and internationalmigrants