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10/9/2013
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Topic 03Overview of Plant Taxa
Lecture Reading:1 Plate 1 Reproductive Terminology (pp 978-979) in Rhoads & Block1. Plate 1. Reproductive Terminology (pp 978-979) in Rhoads & Block
(2007).2. Plate 2. Leaf Terminology (pp 980-981) in Rhoads & Block (2007).3. Rhoads & Block (2007) descriptions of all PA-native plant families
mentioned. 4. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2009. An update of the Angiosperm
Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III.
•Vascular•Rhizomatous / Stoloniferous•Free-sporing (lack seeds) with free-living gametophytes•Water needed for fertilization
I. Ferns & fern allies (pteridophytes)
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A. Club-mosses, lycophytes, or lycopods
Lycopodiaceae• Microphylls• Dichotomous branching• Sporangia (sing sporangium) in
I. Ferns & fern allies (pteridophytes)
Lycopodium
• Sporangia (sing. sporangium) in strobilus (pl. strobili) typical
I. Ferns & fern allies (pteridophytes)A. Club-mosses, lycophytes, or lycopods
Lycopodiaceae• Microphylls• Dichotomous branching• Sporangia (sing sporangium) in
Diphasiastrum
• Sporangia (sing. sporangium) in strobilus (pl. strobili) typical
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I. Ferns & fern allies (pteridophytes)A. Club-mosses, lycophytes, or lycopods
Lycopodiaceae• Microphylls• Dichotomous branching• Sporangia (sing sporangium) in
Huperzia
• Sporangia (sing. sporangium) in strobilus (pl. strobili) typical
B. Horsetails & Scouring-Rushes
Equisetaceae• Minute microphylls in whorls• Nodal, whorlar branching• Hollow ribbed stems
I. Ferns & fern allies (pteridophytes)
• Hollow, ribbed stems• Silicaceous stems• Sporangia in strobilus
Equisetum
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C. Leptosporangiate Ferns
Polypodiaceae sensu lato• Macrophylls (typically pinnate)• Circinate vernation• Branching variable
Equisetum
I. Ferns & fern allies (pteridophytes)
• Branching variable• Sporangia in sorus (pl. sori)• Leptosporangia
D. Whisk-Ferns
Psilotaceae• Rootless• Microphylls or enations• Branching dichotomous
I. Ferns & fern allies (pteridophytes)
Psilotum
• Branching dichotomous• Sporangia in synangium
Tmesipteris
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E. Phylogeny of Vascular plants
Club-mosses, lycophytes
1. Xylem & 2. Phloem; 3. Sporophyte dominant;4. Branched sporophytes
Rhyniophytes †
Ferns, horetails, & whisk-ferns
spermatophytes, seed plants1. Macrophylls (lost in modern horsetails and whisk-ferns)
1. Leaves; 2. Roots; 3. Clustered sporangia
p p y , p
1. Ovules/Seeds; 2. Pollen; 3. Eustele; 4. Vascular Cambium (wood)
Angiosperms
LycopodsSeed Plants
Angiosperms(vesseled seeds)
Gymnosperms(naked seeds)
Native Ferns & Horsetails
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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)
• Eustele & vascular cambium (except in monocots)• Macrophylls• Branching axillary (except in cycads)• Spores retained gametophytes develop on parent sporophyte• Spores retained, gametophytes develop on parent sporophyte• Pollen (external water not required for fertilization) • Ovules and Seeds
II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)A. Gymnosperms
• Ovules exposed at pollination, seeds naked
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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)A. Gymnosperms
1. Cycads• Mostly unbranched, evergreen trees or shrubs with terminal rosette of
pinnate lvs.• Circinate vernation• Cataphylls• Cataphylls• Branching, when present, dichotomous or adventitious• Dioecious• Male sporangia in strobilus
II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)A. Gymnosperms
1. CycadsCycadaceae (Cycas)
Zamiaceae (e.g., Zamia)
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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)A. Gymnosperms
2. GinkgosGinkgoaceae (Ginkgo)
• Branched, deciduous trees w/ fan-shaped lvs on short shoots
• Leaf venation dichotomous• Leaf venation dichotomous• Dioecious• Male sporangia in pendulous strobilus• Ovules on forked, pendulous peduncle
II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)A. Gymnosperms
3. Conifers
• Trees or shrubs with needle-like or scale-like lvs• Mostly evergreen• Resin canals• Resin canals• Dioecious or monoecious• Male sporangia in strobilus• Ovules on branched strobilus called a “cone”
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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)A. Gymnosperms
3. Conifers
Female coneMale strobili
II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)A. Gymnosperms
3. Conifers
Female coneMale strobili
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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)A. Gymnosperms
3. Conifers
Cupressaceae (Cypress family)•Lvs needle- or scale-like •Peltate, opposite cone scales•Seeds small, equilateral wing, >2 per scale
Pinaceae (pine family)•Lvs needle-like•Flat, spiraled cone scales•Seeds large, unilateral wing, 2 per scale
II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)A. Gymnosperms
3. Conifers
Taxaceae (yew family)•Lvs needle-like•Small cone with 1-fertile scale w/ 1 seed
Taxus
•Fleshy aril from funiculus
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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants
•Ovules concealed by female sporophylls (carpels) comprising pistil(s) at pollination •seeds in fruits•“Flowers”•Plants variable in habit