Topic 1 Information Technology

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Topic 1

1.1 Development ofInformation Technology

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Define Information Technology.

Briefly describe the development of

Information Technology.



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Information Technology (IT) is defined as the use of computer

hardware and software to store, retrieve, and manipulate

information. http://www.mariosalexandrou.com/definition.asp

http://ccs.mit.edu/21c/iokey.html

computer hardware

and software

informationstore, retrieve &

manipulate



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Information Technology (IT), as defined by the Information

Technology Association of America (ITAA), is the study,

design, development, implementation, support or

management of computer-based information systems.



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The development of IT from stand-alone computer,

mainframe, client-server network, distributed

computing and the latest trend which is the cloud

computing.



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A personal computer that can perform all of its input,

processing, output, and storage activities by itself.

or

A personal computer that is not connected to any other

computer or network, except possibly through a modem.



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Contains a processor, memory, one or more input, output,and storage devices. Also often contain a communicationdevice.

Two types of personal computers are desktop computers andnotebook computers.



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A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful computer thatcan handle hundreds or thousands of connected users

simultaneously (multi-user).



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Mainframe computers are typically:

Powerful:

They can process vast amounts of data, very quickly, or in other

words

They are capable of great processing speed & data storage.

Example: Insurance company uses mainframes to process

information about millions of policyholders.

Large: Able to store tremendous amounts of data, instructions &

information.

Physically, they are often kept in special, air-conditioned rooms;

used by large businesses, government offices, or universities.



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Mainframe computers are typically:

Multi-user:

They allow several users (sometimes hundreds) to use the

computer at the same time, connected via remoteterminals (screens and keyboards), therefore a high-

performance computer used for large-scale computing

purposes.



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Example:

If you used an automated teller machine (ATM) to interact

with your bank account, you used a mainframe.



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Computers connected together to create a network which fallinto two categories: clients (workstations) and servers.

The Client The Server

Computer on a network that requests

resources from the server. Also called

a workstation.

Computer that controls access to the

hardware, software, and other

resources on a network, and provides

a centralized storage area for

programs, data, and information.

Note: Server can be a mainframe

computer used in a network

environment.



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Servers are special, powerful computers that provide servicesto the client computers on the network.

These services might include:

Providing a central, common file storage area Sharing hardware such as printers

Controlling who can or cant have access the network

Sharing Internet connections



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Client-server network:Network in which one or more

computers act as a server, and

the other computers (clients)

on the network requestservices from the server.



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An architecture in which the user's PC (the client) is therequesting machine, and the server is the supplying machine,

both of which are connected via a local area network (LAN) or

a wide area network (WAN) such as the Internet.



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Client:Your computer witha Web browser suchas Google Chrome

Server:With address

http://www.yahoo.com

1. Request sent for:

http://www.yahoo.com

2. Web document sent back toclient by server

3. This is what displayed through your Web browser16

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Distributed computing is a distributed system consists ofmultiple autonomous (independent) computers that

communicate through a computer network.

The purpose of the distributed system is to coordinate the useof shared resources or provide communication services to all

users.

It is used to solve complicated tasks by dividing them into sub

tasks that can run by the collection of computers having

network. Therefore, it is a type of system that divides a

workload to computers connected to a network to achieve a

common target.



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The computers that are in a distributed system can beconnected by local network (LAN) or wide area network

(WAN). And can consist of any number of possible

configurations, such as mainframes, personal computers,

workstations & minicomputers to make such network as asingle system.

A common architecture of distributed computing is the client-

server network that involved large scale computing.



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Example of Distributed Computing: Logistic System

For example, a client can provide

a form onto which a user can

enter orders for a product. Theclient sends this order

information to the server, which

checks the product database &

perform tasks that are needed

for billing & shipping. Dozens orhundreds of clients can interact

with a few servers that control

database access.

Internet



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Logistic System:



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Logistic System: A client can provide a

form onto which a user

can enter orders for a

product. The client

sends this orderinformation to the

server, which checks

the product database

& perform tasks that

are needed for billing& shipping.



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Cloud computing is an Internet service that provides computingneeds to computer users, whereby data is stored at a server on theInternet & available anywhere the Internet can be accessed.

or Cloud computing is Internet-based computing whereby shared

resources, software & information are provided to computers &

other devices on-demand (i.e. mobile devices).



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Acts as a new model for computing that frees users from owning,maintaining & storing software & data.

Example of Cloud Application:

Dropbox is a Web-based file hosting service operated by

Dropbox, Inc. that uses cloud computing to enable users to store

& share files & folders with others across the Internet using file

synchronization.



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The basic components of cloud computing are clients, the Internet, &service providers.

The Client:

Includes corporations & end

users who want access todata, programs, & storage

anytime, anywhere through

an Internet connection.



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The Internet:

Provides the connections

between the clients & the

providers. Two critical

factors determining theefficiency of cloud

computing are:

1. The speed of the

Internet

2. The Internetscapability to provide

safe & reliable

transmission of data &

programs.



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Service providers:

Organizations that are connected

to the Internet willing to provide

access to software, data, &

storage for a fee or perhaps evenfor free.

An example is Google Apps,

which provides free access to

programs with capabilitiessimilar to Microsofts Word,

Excel & PowerPoint.



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Service providers: Top companies such as IBM, Intel, Google, Yahoo are pursuing &

beginning to offer cloud computing.

Using cloud computing, a computer with less storage, memory, orprocessing can run the same applications as a more powerful

computer.



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Definition of Information Technology

Information Technology (IT) is defined as the use of computer

hardware and software to store, retrieve, and manipulate

information.



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Categories of Computers

Category Physical Size Users General Characteristics

Stand-alone computer Fits on a desk Usually one (can

be more if

networked)

Able to perform all of its input,

processing, output, and storage

activities by itself.

Mainframes Partial room to a

full room of

equipment

Hundreds to

thousands

A large, expensive, powerful

computer that can handle hundreds

or thousands of connected users

simultaneously (multi-user).

Clients /

Servers

Fits on a desk One to hundreds Computer on a network that requests

resources from the server. Also called

a workstation.

Small cabinet Two to

thousands

Computer that controls access to the

hardware, software, and other

resources on a network, and provides

a centralized storage area for

programs, data, and information.

This table summarizes some of the differences among the categories of computers. This is a generalguideline because of rapid changes in technology.



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Categories of Computing

Category Components Users General Characteristics

Distributed

Computing

Mainframes,

personalcomputers,

workstations &

minicomputers

Hundreds to

thousands

A type of system that divides a

workload to computers connectedto a network to achieve a common

target.

Cloud Computing Clients, the

Internet, &

service

providers.

Hundreds to

thousands

Is an Internet service that provides

computing needs to computer

users, whereby data is stored at a

server on the Internet & available

anywhere the Internet can be

accessed.

This table summarizes some of the differences among the categories ofcomputing. This is a generalguideline because of rapid changes in technology.



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Define Information Technology (IT).

Describe:

Stand-alone computer

Mainframes

Client-Server

Distributed Computing

Cloud Computing



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Chapter 1

Introduction To Information

Technology

1.2 The application of Information

Technology



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Learning Outcomes :

At the end of the lesson, students shouldbe able to:

Discuss the applications ofInformation Technology



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EDUCATION

IT ineveryday

life

FINANCEGOVERNMENT

HEALTH CARE

TRAVEL

PUBLISHINGMANUFACTURING

IT Applications

SCIENCE



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Today, educators are turning

to computers to assist witheducation.

Applications :

Self access learning

Distance learning

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IT APPLICATION- 1. Education



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a) Self Access Learning

Learning process by using Compact Disc

(CD), Digital Video Disc (DVD) or via Internet

e.g: Online Tuition, e-test

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Score A



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www.tutor.com.my



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JPJ e-test



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b) Distance Learning

The instructor and student

in physically separatelocations but cancommunicate via videoconferencing, e-mailsand bulletin boards.

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International Islamic University

Malaysia Portal



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Applications :

Telemedicine

Medline

Teaching physical

education by using

software application.

The medical staffs around us will be usingcomputers for various purposes.

IT APPLICATION- 2. Health Care



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Telemedicine

Health care

professionals inseparate locations

conduct live

conferences on the

computer.

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Medline

Many Web sites provide up-to-date medical,fitness, nutrition or exercise information.

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www.maycare.com



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www.malaysiahealthcare.com



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- Teaching Physical Education by using softwareapplication, CDROM and ICT tools.

to analyze the physical activity action.

to enhance athletes performances.




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Many people and companies use

computer to help manage their finance.

Applications :

Online banking

Online investing

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IT APPLICATION- 3. Finance



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Online banking

Users can pay their bills via the Internet

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Advantages:

Users can access financial records from

anywhere from the world.




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Online Investing

Investors use online investing to buy and

sell stocks and bonds without using a broker.

With online investing, the transaction fee for

each trade is much less than when trading

through a broker.




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Application :

Car Navigation System by Global Positioning

System (GPS) Airport air traffic

Automatic toll payment system

Ticket reservation system

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IT APPLICATION- 4. Travel



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1. Car Navigation System by Global

Positioning System (GPS)

Combined technology of locating, mappingand route guidance of cars

The location of the car is estimated by aGPS receiver.

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2. Airport

air traffic The workers in airport tower rely on computers to

help monitor air traffic



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3. Automatic Toll Payment System

By using a Smart card that contains microchip

technology embedded in it



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5858


Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad



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Airline Companies



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MARA Liner



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IT APPLICATION- 5. Government

A government provides society with direction by

making and administering policies. To provide

citizens with up-to-date information, most

government offices have Web sites. It can provide a better service to citizens.

This service makes it easier for citizens to

conduct their affairs with government.

It can increase efficiency of government.



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Example:



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Examples:



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65

JobsMalaysia

Electronic Guarantee Letter (e-GL)

e - Syariah

e - PBT (e Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan)

e Filing (e.g: e.hasil.gov.my)

e - Khidmat (e.g: jpj.myeg.com.my)

e - Perolehan

Management Information System (MIS)

(e.g: mis.kmm.matrik.edu.my)




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1) Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) The use of computers to assist with

manufacturing processes.

CAM is used by a variety of industries,food production, automobile

manufacturing, etc

IT APPLICATION- 6. Manufacturing


C O 6 f


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IT APPLICATION 6 M f t i


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2) Products are bar coded and can be read bythe computer scanner to help in determining

prices and managing inventory.



IT APPLICATION 7 P bli hi


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Publishing is the process of making worksavailable to the public. These works include

books, magazines, newspaper, video, etc.

Many publishers make their works available

online.

IT APPLICATION- 7. Publishing




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Digital newspaper





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Digital Magazine



IT APPLICATION 8 S i


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- All branches of science use IT to assist them

with collecting, analyzing and modelling data. Examples:

Cochlear implant(allow a deaf person to

listen)

IT APPLICATION- 8. Science


IT APPLICATION 8 S i


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Examples:

Electrodes implant in the brain for Parkinson'spatients.

'Bionic' eye implant that could help restore

the sight of millions of blind people.

IT APPLICATION- 8. Science



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Summary


IT Applications


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EDUCATION

IT ineveryday

life

FINANCEGOVERNMENT

HEALTH CARE

TRAVEL

PUBLISHINGMANUFACTURING

IT Applications

SCIENCE



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Topic 1 Information Technology