Upload
moses-park
View
214
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Topic 1Introduction to the Study of Life
1.4 Classification
Biology 1001September 16, 2005
The Basic Concept of Grouping
• A natural human tendency is to group diverse items according to similarities
• Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies biological organisms
• Formalizes ordering of organisms into a series of increasingly comprehensive groups
Figure 1.14 Classifying Life
THE Biological Species Concept
• The species is the “unit” of organization of biological diversity– “Species” is Latin for “kind” or “appearance”– Species are usually morphologically distinct entities– The primary definition of species is the biological species
concept attributable to Mayr (1942)
• The biological species concept defines a species as “a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring”
• Species are reproductively isolated from other species
Other Species Concepts
• Morphological species concept– Differentiate species by their form (size, shape etc.)
• Paleontological species concept– Describes morphological species known only from fossil record
• Ecological species concept– Views species in terms of role or niche in community
• Phylogenetic species concept– Defines species as branches on a tree of life
Concepts that emphasize unity; are useful in certain situations
Binomial NomenclatureAttributable to Carolus Linnaeus1 and Systema naturae (1748)
• A two-part, Latinized, scientific1,2 name called the binomial
• The first part is the genus, the second is the specific epithet
• The genus is capitalized, the specific epithet is not
• Both parts are italicized (or underlined)
Fringilla coelebsUrsus americanus
Homo sapiens with Felis catusHomarus americanus
EXAMPLES
Two Important Points About Classification
Classification is hierarchical
Classification reflects phylogeny
Classification of Kingdoms and DomainsThe Two-Kingdom System
Early classification systems had two kingdoms
Dates to Linnaeus who divided the world into plants and animals (and rocks!)
Based on macroscopic features such as motility
Grouped together unrelated organisms – plants, fungi, and bacteria were all placed in the plant kingdom
Classification of Kingdoms and DomainsThe Five-Kingdom System
• Robert Whittaker proposed a system with five kingdoms
– Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
Plantae Fungi Animalia
Protista
Monera
Eukaryo
tes
Prokaryotes
Classification of Kingdoms and DomainsThe Downfall of the 5K System
• The 5K System is not a natural construct
• Problems with the 5K system- Monera contains two distinct evolutionary lineages- Protista is a “dumping ground” containing many unrelated
lineages
• Neither of these kingdoms represents phylogeny (evolutionary history)
• Based on new data, biologists now recognize three major evolutionary lineages of life – the three domains
The Three Domain System
• The three domain system recognizes evolutionary relationships
– Replaces the five kingdom system
– Includes the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
– Superkingdoms, a taxonomic level higher than kingdom
• Each domain is split into one or more kingdoms
– Note that Monera and Protista are now obsolete kingdoms
– The number of kingdoms in the domains is still a matter for scientific inquiry
The Three Domain System of Classification
One Current View of Biological DiversityP
rote
obac
teria
Chl
amyd
ias
Spi
roch
etes
Cya
noba
cter
ia
Gra
m-p
ositi
ve b
acte
ria
Kor
arch
aeot
es
Eur
yarc
haeo
tes,
cre
narc
haeo
tes,
nan
oarc
haeo
tes
Dip
lom
onad
s, p
arab
asal
ids
Eug
leno
zoan
s
Alv
eola
tes
(din
ofla
gella
tes,
api
com
plex
ans,
cili
ates
)
Str
amen
opile
s (w
ater
mol
ds,
diat
oms,
gol
den
alga
e, b
row
n al
gae)
Cer
cozo
ans,
rad
iola
rians
Red
alg
ae
Chl
orop
hyte
s
Cha
roph
ycea
ns
Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya
Universal ancestor
Domain Bacteria
Chapter 27 Chapter 28
Bry
ophy
tes
(mos
ses,
live
rwor
ts,
horn
wor
ts)
Plants
Fungi
Animals
See
dles
s va
scul
ar p
lant
s (f
erns
)
Gym
nosp
erm
s
Ang
iosp
erm
s
Am
oebo
zoan
s (a
moe
bas,
slim
e m
olds
)
Chy
trid
s
Zyg
ote
fung
i
Arb
uscu
lar
myc
orrh
izal
fun
gi
Sac
fun
gi
Clu
b fu
ngi
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Spo
nges
Cni
daria
ns (
jelli
es,
cora
l)
Bila
tera
lly s
ymm
etric
al a
nim
als
(ann
elid
s,ar
thro
pods
, m
ollu
scs,
ech
inod
erm
s, v
erte
brat
es)
Chapter 29 Chapter 30 Chapter 28 Chapter 31 Chapter 32 Chapters 33, 34
One Current View of Biological Diversity
Comparing Systems of Higher Level Classification – A Study Aid
Click for Animation