4 Types of ResearchIntroduction to Various Research Designs

4 Types of ResearchBasic researchApplied researchAction researchEvaluation research

Basic researchMenekankan penemuan pengetahuan semata-mata untuk pengetahuan.

Lebih menumpukan kajian teori-teori yang wujud dalam bidang pendidikan secara lebih mendalam.

Memperoleh data empirikal yang boleh digunakan untuk mengembangkan dan menilai teori.

Kurang berorientasikan cara-cara ke arah penyelesaian masalah praktis.

Applied research

Bertujuan untuk menyelesaikan masalah praktis yang dihadapi atau untuk menguji sesuatu teori untuk menilai kegunaannya dalam arena pendidikan.

Dapat memberikan data sama ada menyokong sesuatu teori, mengubah suai, atau mengembangkan sesuatu teori baru.

Action research

Berkaitan dengan penyelesaian masalah tertentu dalam keadaan setempat (local situation) dan dijalankan oleh seseorang (guru) yang akan menggunakan dapatan penyelidikan.

Situational (masalah yang membawa kepada sesuatu keadaan ); participatory (penglibatan)

Menyelesaikan masalah dalam bilik darjah

Evaluation researchResearcher attempts to make judgements about merit, value, or worth of educational programs, projects, materials and techniques

Research DesignsQUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVEExperimental

studyQuasi-

experimental study

Survey studyCorrelational

study

EthnographyCase studyHistorical study

Experimental DesignTest whether an educational practice or

idea makes a difference for individualsAssess the impact by giving one group

one set of activities (intervention) and withholding the set from another group

Intervention studyGroup comparison study

Quasi-experimental DesignThere are variables that we cannot control

subjects’ exposure to, such as their age, race, background, experience or personal characteristics (quasi-independent variables)

Cannot randomly assign subjects to be exposed to a particular condition

Instead, subjects are assigned to a condition because they already qualify for that condition based upon some inherent characteristics use intact groups or non-randomised sample (natural setting)

Quasi-experiment: Example It is hypothesized that 18-year-old females

like males of a certain characteristic more than 22-year-old females

We cannot select females for the study and make some of them 18 and others 22

We create the conditions of 18- and 22-year-olds by randomly selecting one sample of 18-year-old females and another sample of 22-year-old females

Correlational StudyFocus more on examining the association

or relation of one or more variables within a single group of individuals

Researcher measures the degree of association or relation between two or more variables using the statistical procedure of correlational analysis

Degree of association indicates whether the two variables are related or whether one can predict another

Survey DesignsDescribe trends in a large

population of individualsAdminister a survey or

questionnaire to a small group of people (sample) to identify trends in attitudes, opinions, behaviors or characteristics of a larger group of people (population)

Ethnographic DesignExamining a group of individuals in the

setting where they live and work, and in developing a portrait of how they interact

Describing, analyzing and interpreting a group’s shared patterns of behavior, beliefs and language that develop over time

Provides a detailed picture of the group, drawing on various sources of information

Describes the group within its settings, explores themes or issues that develop over time as the group interacts

Case StudyExplores in depth a program, event,

activity, process, or one or more individuals

Bounded (separated out for research) by time, place and activity

Researcher collects detailed information using a variety of data collection procedures over a sustained period of time (Stake, 1995; Creswell, 2007)

Historical StudyFocuses primarily on the pastPerusing documents of the periodExamining relicsInterviewing individuals who lived during

that timeReconstruct what happened during that

time as completely as possibleSystematic collection and evaluation of data

to describe, explain, and thereby understand actions or events that occurred in the past

No manipulation or control of variables

Tutorial 2Compare the purpose of the various research

designs discussedDiscuss the advantages and disadvantages of

the various research designs discussedISLExplore other types of educational research

designs other than those discussed (Causal-comparative, narrative research, grounded theory design, phenomenology, mixed methods, etc.)