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Topic 2: Women and Globalized Labour: Comparing Canada and DW (India and Mexico). Why & how Canadian women workers are disadvantaged ? Canadian neoliberal policies/practices legitimize the extraction of surplus from temps & low waged women workers Canada: Feminization of labour - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Topic 2: Women and Globalized Labour: Comparing Canada and DW (India and Mexico)
Why & how Canadian women workers are disadvantaged?
Canadian neoliberal policies/practices legitimize the extraction of surplus from temps & low waged women workers
Canada: Feminization of labour
DW: Feminization of Poverty
Canada• Neoliberal State• Affluent society• Relative poverty (Adult
women below poverty line (1.22 mil.) 10.2% (2007) http://www.womensdirectorate.gov.yk.ca/pdf/womens_poverty_2009_townson.pdf
• Capital extracts surplus from temp/low wage working women
• Issue: gender inequality in hiring, pay & job status
• Feminization of labourPoverty line: spend 55% on basicshttp://www.canadianwomen.org/sites/canadianwomen.org/files
/PDF-FactSheet-EndPoverty-Jan2013.pdf
Periphery: DW• Commodity chain• Majority in DW are poor• Absolute (human) poverty
(% Women: India: > 50% *; Mexico (27 mil.) 28%
• Surplus extraction from most women (low or no wages) unpaid work at home, in agriculture and in unofficial sector
• Issue: chronic poverty – want basic needs
• Feminization of poverty*http://www.infochangeindia.org/analysis150.jsp
Canada What is ‘Feminization of labour’?• Women’s high labour force participation and
employment ratesThere are now twice as many working women in Canada as there were thirty years ago. In 2006, almost 60% of all females over the age of 15 were in the paid work force, compared to the 68% of all male over age 15.
• Women holding greater % of insecure or temp jobs
70% of part-time workers and 66% of minimum wage earners are female (2009).
http://www.canadianwomen.org/sites/canadianwomen.org/files/PDF-FactSheet-EndPoverty-Jan2013.pdf
Periphery: Feminization of Poverty: Compared to men, women in DW experience:
• Higher incidence of poverty • Greater depth/severity of poverty (i.e.,
extreme)• More persistent/longer-term poverty • Rising burden of poverty • . Face more barriers to lifting themselves out
of poverty• Women-headed households are the ‘poorest of
the poor’.• Female household headship transmits
poverty to children
Feminization of labour:
Annual growth rate in labour force:• OECD countries (1983 to 1992): 2.1% for econ.
active women (men 0.8%).Table 1368. Female Labor Force Participation Rates by Country: 1980 to 2010[In percent. Female labor force of all ages divided by female population 15–64 years old]
Country 1980 1990 2000 2009 2010 yearsCanada 57.3 67.5 69.8 74.3 74.4 percentage In the US, Canada and the Scandinavian
countries, women now make up nearly half the active population (women’s activity rates > 70% in the core age groups). https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s1368.pdf
Canada: Certain sectors are feminized• Clothing and textile industries
Women are vulnerable workers:• Hiring: discrimination • Work conditions: poor • Migrant women
- Dependent on a male breadwinner- Derived rights of settlement
Source: http://www.cdnwomen.org/eng/pdfs/poverty_facts.pdf. accessed Feb 24, 07
Canadian Women in Poverty (Canadian Women's Foundation, 2004) :• Of the world's 29 most developed countries,
Canada has the 5th largest wage gap between women and men full-time workers
• wage gap is due to the presence of children. Childcare ahead of career advancement diminish a woman’s financial status throughout her entire life.
• Women are paid less only in 3 other rich countries: Korea, Japan and Germany than in Canada source: http://www.torontosun.com/money/2010/03/08/13155136.html accessed feb 2014
Canada: Poor women means poor children: 2007http://thetyee.ca/Views/2007/01/02/ChildPoverty http://www.povnet.org/
• 37% of lone mothers on paid employment raise a family on <$10/hour.• Children make up 33% of people dependent on social assistance for survival.• Low income children are more than twice as likely to have problems with vision, hearing, speech, mobility, dexterity, cognition and emotion.• The infant mortality rate for the lowest income group in Canada is double that of the highest income group.
Statistics Canada's low-income cut-offs i.e, poverty:Poor spend most income on basic needs:
Single mother & one child in Ontario: per month Income assistance before deductions: $957 Expenditure:
Rent $675 Groceries $200
Remainder $82 (to pay for electricity, telephone, heat, laundry, transportation, school needs for her child, emergencies, aspirin, medicine)Statistics Canada, September 14, 2000
Statistics Canada’s Calculation of an after-tax low income cut-offLow income lines ,2010-2011
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75f0002m/2012002/figure/fig1-eng.htm accessed feb 2014
Household Work: Gender Differences for Home-Based Workers (Caragata: 2003)
Work outside Home-based Canada of home work
Type of Work Men Women Men Women
Child care >15 hrs/wk 16% 25% 14% 40%Housework >15 hrs/wk 5% 16% 9% 41%Elder care 5–9 hrs/wk 3% 5% 13% 16%
Source: Caragata (2003) based on data from Menzies (1998).
• The economic crisis 2008 affected men and women differently in terms of unemployment rates in developed economies
• The difference between male and female unemployment rates in the same countries is calculated by subtracting the female unemployment rate from the male unemployment rate.
• From 2008-2009: the economic crisis resulted in increasing unemployment rates in all six countries, and the average increase was 1.9 %. In four out of the six countries gender gap in unemployment rate increase Sept 2008. In particular in Canada and the United States, two countries where men’s unemployment rate rose faster than for women’s.
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_elm/---trends/documents/publication/wcms_120471.pdf
ILO (2010) Global Unemployment Trends http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_elm/---trends/documents/publication/wcms_120471.pdf
Women in povhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CK4G1WzE0I 2.26min
Ending Poverty Starts With Women 2012
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhBZkWCtwZI 10min
Women in pov in Canada 2011http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VaYqNOYHmZ4 9.47 min
Periphery: DW
A Report (2005):
Women And The World Economy: Hope For The Future?
• < $2 a day: 50% of World Population.• < $1 a day: 1.8 bil.of the above population.• 70% of them are women.
• Women live (age) < 40yrs: 340 mil. in the world
• 35,000 children die/day of preventable causes. http://www.tiaw.org/microenterprise.asp accessed 2006
Notes: 1. Microcredit: A Commercial Model for Poverty Reduction. 2. UNICEF. 3. Ibid 4. The World Bank. 5. IDB and CGAP.
Report (cont’d)
•Poor in DW in the informal sector: 50-60% of the workforce • Women comprise the majority of this workforce• 96% of India’s working women are in the informal sector.
• Women’s micro businesses rely on predatory moneylenders because of limited access to formal financial services http://www.tiaw.org/microenterprise.aspNotes: 1. Microcredit: A Commercial Model for Poverty Reduction. 2. UNICEF. 3. Ibid 4. The World Bank. 5. IDB and CGAP.
Global women's unpaid work at home, in agriculture and in unofficial sector:
• unnoticed by statistics,• estimated as a third of global GDP
Source: ILO. (2009). Global Employment Trends for Women March 2009http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_103456.pdf
Global: Sectors Where Women Work: Change in 10 years
Periphery (DW):
Women hired & fired - ‘flexible labour’ • temporary and part-time• women more ‘suitable’ • ‘natural’ talent - dexterity and nimble
fingers’• cheaper and manipulable• endure monotonous tasks
Women Dominate Employment in Most Export Processing Zones2007
Table 1. Increase of Female Headed households and Single mothers, and Poverty Rate in Mexico City
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 % Total Female-Headed Households 13.96 14.69 16.17 17.54 18.33 20.01 with Children and No Partner 11.34 12.28 14.28 15.06 15.61 17.11 Percent below Poverty Female-Headed Households 13.48 16.34 28.37 26.07 13.24 13.96
Male-Headed Households 17.70 17.29 30.81 27.31 17.59 14.25
Heeju Shin (2006). Working and Living Arrangement of Single Mother Households and Social Support in Mexico. Center for Latin American Social Policy, Lozano Long Institute of Latin American Studies , University of Texas at Austin City, accessed Mar 1, 2010 http://www1.lanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/claspo/fieldreports/shin06.pdf
% Poor Single Woman-headed households:
Mexico: 20 % (2002)
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/ (UN)http://www.zonalatina.com/Zldata161.htm (LAm)http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/inf/pkits/women3.htm
Ref: SYLVIA CHANT The ‘Feminisation of Poverty’ and the ‘Feminisation’ of Anti-Poverty Programmes: Room for Revision?Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 44, No. 2, 165–197, February 2008
See also: Chant, Sylvia (1997) Women-headed households: poorest of the poor? Perspectives from Mexico, Costa Rica and the Philippines. IDS Bulletin, 28 (3). pp. 26-48. ISSN 0265-5012
Wmn –mexico : http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/17907/shind94494.pdf?sequence=2
Latin American countries: female-male wage gap: 2008
Overall gender pay gap The average pay gap in a few countriesBrazil 38.5%Mexico 36.1%Argentina 29%Paraguay 11%
http://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/GAP-09_EN.pdf
http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/LAC/LACInfoClient.nsf/d29684951174975c85256735007fef12/e4bf3b5369a28e6285256cde0074c903/$FILE/challenges.pdf
2003
Periphery Women: World workforce 49.1% (2007)World's poor 70 %Women’s share of world household income 40-60 %
Work 60 to 90 hr/wk
Provide 75% of healthcare
Produce 75% of food(of the food consumed throughout Africa)(Source: WID, 2000; http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_091102/lang--en/index.htm)
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_103456.pdf
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_103456.pdf
http://kilm.ilo.org/GET2004/DOWNLOAD/trendsw.pdf
South Asia (India), East Asia and Africa: Poor people in millions (living on $1.25/day) ( WB 2009 data)
http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/stats-on-human-rights/statistics-on-poverty/statistics-on-poverty-in-india/