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Mini-Simulation
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation
Introduction What are freshwater resources?
Fresh water is naturally occurring water that can be found throughout the world. Some types
of freshwater resources are ponds, lakes, rivers, and streams. There are also freshwater
resources under the ground, such as aquifers. Most freshwater comes from precipitation: rain
and snow. Freshwater does not have salt, so oceans are not an example of freshwater.
Freshwater is a renewable, but limited natural resource. Freshwater is renewed through the
process of the water cycle. During the water cycle, water from seas, lakes, and rivers
evaporates and forms clouds. Then, it returns to water sources through rain or snow. This
works well if humans do not use more water than what nature can replace. Today, there are
more than 6,000,000,000 people in the world. Plus, many people use more water than is
necessary. Together, this huge population and over usage is causing a shortage of freshwater
and leading to a water crisis.
How bad is the problem?
Despite all the water in the world, only a small amount of freshwater is available for direct use.
The salt water found in oceans makes up 97 % of the water on Earth, and only 3% of water in
the world is freshwater. Most of this freshwater is found in glaciers, ice caps, and permafrost or
deep underground. These sources are hard for people to access.
The small amount of freshwater that is readily available for people is called surface freshwater.
It is not found in equal parts throughout the world. The Americas have the largest amount of
freshwater, and Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific islands) has the smallest
amount. Oceania, though, has a small population, so there is a greater per capita supply of
freshwater. This means that each person living there has an adequate supply of water. Asia
has the lowest per capita supply of water, so many people living there do not have enough
water. Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Indonesia, and Russia together have half the world’s
supply of freshwater. Northern Africa and the Middle East have the least.
Page 2
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation Mini-Simulation
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation
Water stress versus water scarcity
An area is experiencing water stress when the amount of water available per person each year
drops below 1,700 m3. When the yearly water supplies drop below 1,000 m3 per person, the
population faces water scarcity. If a place has less than 500 m3 available, it is considered
absolute scarcity.
These numbers are picked because they represent the average amount of water needed for day
to day life. Water scarcity is defined as the point at which the impact of all people in an area
using water negatively affects the supply or quality of water. This means that at this point, not
all needs can be met: needs for drinking water, needs for a healthy environment, needs for
crops to grow, needs to run a factory, etc. Water scarcity is a relative concept and can occur at
http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/jpg/0221-waterstress-EN.jpg
Page 3
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation Mini-Simulation
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation
any level of supply or demand. Scarcity may be a social construct (affected by what people
expect and how they usually behave) or the result of a change in supply. For example, this
change in supply may be a result of climate change.
Water-related illnesses are one of the leading causes of disease and death in the world. At any
given time, half of the world’s hospital beds are filled with patients suffering from a water-
related illness. Almost half of all people in poor countries suffer from a health problem caused
by unmet water and sanitation needs. 2.6 billion people in the world (that is almost half of the
people in the world!) lack access to proper sanitation (toilets/latrines). Every 15 seconds, a
child dies from a water-related disease. For example, 1.8 million children die each year from
diarrhea. That means almost 5,000 deaths each day just from diarrhea. This happens because
the children lose water when they have diarrhea. Then, they do not have access to enough
water to drink to replace this lost water. Basically, almost 5,000 children die every day in the
world because they do not have enough to drink.
What are the needs?
In 2006 the UN estimated that more than a billion people--one-sixth of the world’s population--
lack even the bare minimum per day of safe drinking water. Although a person can manage for
a few days on a gallon or two of water a day, a healthy supply of clean water is about thirteen
gallons per person per day. These thirteen gallons are used for drinking (about 1.5 gallons),
sanitation and hygiene (about 5 gallons), bathing (about 3.5 gallons), and cooking (about 3
gallons). 13 gallons a day is not that much water.
People in the United States and Canada each use, on average, more than 150 gallons a day.
This does not include water used in agriculture (to grow food) and manufacturing (to make
things). We only need 13 gallons, but we use 150 gallons. This means we are wasting water.
We are using much more than we need. People in countries like Canada and the US need to
stop wasting water. In England, people do fine with about 25 gallons a day, or a fifth as much
as we use. The average African family only uses 5 gallons of water each day.
Access to water is one of the reasons for the difference in how much people in the world use.
This access is usual determined by how much money a person has. Poor people have less
access to water than rich people. The majority of people lacking access to clean water live on
less $2 a day. Many of them live in rural areas that do not have running water in their homes.
Millions of women and children spend several hours each day collecting water from distant,
often polluted sources. Even poor people who live in cities often do not have access to water.
Page 4
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation Mini-Simulation
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation
They usually live in slum areas. Water companies often make them pay 5-10 times more than
wealthy people living in the same city.
The lack of freshwater resources is due to other problems besides poverty. Some of these include
pollution, contamination, and waste management. These make water undrinkable for humans and un-
livable for wildlife. Public health and sanitation projects that teach people good waste management can
help protect the freshwater they do have. Governments and the international community can help pay
for these projects. Governments can also make laws that do not allow businesses to pollute or
contaminate fresh water sources.
What is being done?
For a long time, most people did not believe that there is a water crisis, but now things are
changing. The largest-ever meeting of world leaders adopted the Millennium Declaration at the
United Nations Millennium Summit in September 2000. At this time, they set the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs). The MDGs set targets with start and end dates. These targets try
to help the poorest people in the world have access to many of things that we take for granted:
going to school, visiting the doctor when we are sick, and having clean water to drink. One of
these targets (target 10) is to cut in half the number of people in the world who do not have
access to safe drinking water.
At another meeting of world leaders in 2002, this target grew to also include basic sanitation,
such as toilets and latrines. These world leaders also recognized that access to water is
Around 700 million people in 43 countries suffer today from water scarcity. By 2025, 1.8 billion people (almost one out of every 3 people in the world)
will be living in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity. 2 out of 3 people could be living in water stressed places.
Due to climate change, almost half the world’s people will live in areas of high water stress by 2030. Most of them will be in Africa.
It is estimated that $11.3 billion more each year is needed to provide drinking water and sanitation at the most basic levels everyone in the world.
Sub-Saharan Africa has the largest number of water-stressed countries.
Page 5
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation Mini-Simulation
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation
important to help meet all of the other targets in the MDGs. As a result of many of these
meetings, UN-Water was created.
United Nations- Water
Within the United Nations system, UN-Water is the group in charge of linking together all of the
work that deals with water resources that is done by more than 20 different agencies within the
United Nations. They have helped many people have access to clean drinking water and basic
sanitation, but many more people still need help, especially the poor. In order to focus
attention on these people, the United Nations General Assembly declared 2005-2015 Water for
Life: International Decade for Action.
International Decade for Action ‘Water for Life’ 2005-2015
One of the main programs of UN-Water is the Water for Life Decade. It tries to help the world
reach its target of providing clean water and sanitation to half of the people without it by 2015.
The goal of the Decade is to focus attention on activities and policies that provide long-term
sustainable use of water resources. To reach this goal, there must be more commitment,
cooperation and money from governments and international organizations throughout the next
5 years (and for years to come).
The ‘Water for Life’ Decade provides an opportunity for everyone to get involved. The
celebration of the Decade takes place all around the world on March 22nd. You can participate
in Water for Life, as an individual or as a class. One way to do this is on World Water Day.
March 22: World Water Day
World Water Day, is celebrated every year on March 22nd by the United Nations. It began in
1993. It focuses attention on the world's water crisis and how people can try to solve this
problem. Each year, World Water Day focuses on a specific aspect of freshwater. This year the
topic is Clean Water for a Healthy World. In 2007, the focus was on ‘Coping with Water
Scarcity.’ The theme for 2005 was ‘Water for Life.’ This focus was important in 2005 because it
was the start of the international decade for action (2005-2015).
Page 6
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation Mini-Simulation
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation
Water.Org
Water.org is a nonprofit organization that works with communities in Africa, South Asia, and
Central America. They began in 1990, and they help provide people with access to safe water
and sanitation. In 2008, they worked in Honduras, Ethiopia, Kenya, Bangladesh, and India. As a
result, 153,000 people had access to clean drinking water and toilets.
Actions of Rich Countries
Most people who work on the water crisis focus on technological solutions to increase the
supply of water—helping to change the way surface water flows so that more people can
access it, pumping up more water from the ground, and trying to take the salt out of seawater.
These ideas usually cost lots of money and are not good for the environment. Today, many
people realize that some countries in the world waste water. Another way to try to stop the
water crisis is to reduce the over use of water. People in rich countries that waste water
prevent people in poor countries from having access to it.
Also, there are no mandatory environmental rules that force countries to protect their fresh
water resources from pollution. However, there are rules that countries are encouraged to
follow. For example, Agenda 21 adopted by the UN in 1992 talks about the need for
governments to protect the quality and the amount of freshwater resources found in their
country and throughout the world.
Page 7
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation Mini-Simulation
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation
Sources:
Coping with water scarcity. Challenge of the twenty-first century. UN-Water, FAO. 2007:
http://www.fao.org/nr/water/docs/escarcity.pdf
Fresh Water http://www.freshwater.org/
A New World Agenda: http://www.crossroad.to/text/articles/carl_teichrib-6-99.html
Relief Web: http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/SNAA-7V973S?OpenDocument
United Nations Environmental Programme: http://www.unep.org/themes/Freshwater/index.asp
Vital Water Graphics. UNEP:
http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/ecosystems/water/vitalwater/
Water Organization: www.water.org; http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/facts
Water for Life Decade: http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/html
Water Rights and Wrongs: http://hdr.undp.org/external/hdr2006/water/2.htm
Water Year: http://www.wateryear2003.org/en/ev.php-
URL_ID=1456&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
WaterWired: http://aquadoc.typepad.com/waterwired/2008/09/water-shortage-in-russia.html
World Water Day: http://www.worldwaterday2010.info/
Page 8
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation Mini-Simulation
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation
Stakeholders
Government of Bangladesh
Government of Canada
Government of the Central African Republic
Government of Germany
Government of India
Government of Kenya
Government of Russia
Government of Saudi Arabia
Government of Thailand
Government of the United States
PRIORITIES TO BE DISCUSSSED DURING MINI‐SIMULATION
Efforts made to improve access to clean water and sanitation
Responsibilities of individuals, governments and the international community
Effects of poverty on access to freshwater
Equal access to and usage of freshwater resources for all people, rich and poor
Why ending the water crisis is important to the future of a country and the rest of the
world
Tasks:
1. Review the list of priorities for the simulation
2. After you are assigned a stakeholder, read through the information provided about this group.
3. Analyze the situation and determine a course of action for your stakeholder that can be
summarized in a 30 second to 1 minute speech to other stakeholders
Page 9
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation Mini-Simulation
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation
4. Following the speeches, spend 15 minutes with the group to develop a plan of action to end the
water crisis.
5. If there are several action plans, vote on which one you think will have the greatest success.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FORMULATING A RESOLUTION
Delegates should discuss the difficulties countries face when providing safe water and sanitation
services to their people. Delegates should also consider how well countries protect their freshwater
resources, as well as the various economic, social and environmental effects of not protecting them.
Finally, consider the role of international organizations and the support that rich countries can provide
for poor countries. There is a global water crisis, and important needs must be addressed. They include
access to water for most of the world’s poor people, efforts to protect freshwater resources, and a
greater need to address poverty as the main issue that prevents access to freshwater resources.
Sample Recommendations for Actions: Access to Water and Sanitation
1. Governments must set the legal protections for water resources. 2. Governments must ensure equal access to water resources. 3. Governments must address sanitation issues through education.
Think it through:
1. Are there shortages of freshwater resources in your country? If so, what effects do these have
on your nation’s health, economy, and development? 2. What does your country believe the international community can do to address the issue of
declining freshwater resources? 3. How does your country suggest the international community pay for global water resources
management programs? 4. Are there any steps being taken in your country to reduce freshwater pollution?
5. What strategies are most effective at changing behaviors that are already illegal? 6. What sort of aid programs does your country think the UN should provide to ensure access to
water?
Page 10
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation Mini-Simulation
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation
Write your formal speech:
Thank you, honorable chair and fellow delegates. On the issue of access to water and
sanitation, we, the delegates representing ____________________ (name of country), would like to
recommend that the committee focus on
____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (describe the
position you chose in your own words).
We have come to this decision because _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________.
Thank you.
What will you say when delegations from other countries disagree with you?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Page 11
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation Mini-Simulation
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation
Access to Water and Sanitation: Take notes about what other countries think so you can debate!
Bangladesh
Position: 1 2 3
Why:
Kenya
Position: 1 2 3
Why:
Canada
Position: 1 2 3
Why:
Russia
Position: 1 2 3
Why:
Central African Republic
Position: 1 2 3
Why:
Saudi Arabia
Position: 1 2 3
Why:
Germany
Position: 1 2 3
Why:
Thailand
Position: 1 2 3
Why:
India
Position: 1 2 3
Why:
The United States
Position: 1 2 3
Why:
Page 12
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation Mini-Simulation
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation
Ban
glad
esh
, lo
cate
d in
So
uth
Asi
a, is
exp
erie
nci
ng
a w
ater
cri
sis.
Th
ey h
ave
mad
e so
me
pro
gres
s in
giv
ing
mo
re p
eop
le a
cces
s to
safe
wat
er, b
ut
ther
e is
a lo
t o
f in
equ
alit
y ac
ross
th
e co
un
try.
Lat
rin
e u
sage
is v
ery
low
acr
oss
th
e co
un
try,
ave
ragi
ng
on
ly 1
6%
in
the
rura
l are
as.
Dia
rrh
ea is
a m
ajo
r h
ealt
h p
rob
lem
, kill
ing
ove
r 10
0,0
00
ch
ildre
n e
ach
yea
r.
In t
he
late
19
70s,
ab
ou
t 4
mill
ion
wel
ls w
ere
du
g to
rep
lace
th
e tr
adit
ion
al w
ater
so
urc
es
that
wer
e co
nta
min
ated
, an
d t
her
e w
ere
few
er d
eath
s fr
om
un
hea
lth
y w
ater
. W
hen
th
ese
wel
ls b
ecam
e co
nta
min
ated
wit
h a
rsen
ic (
a ty
pe
of
po
iso
n)
in 1
99
3, t
he
peo
ple
had
no
new
so
urc
e o
f w
ater
to
rep
lace
th
e w
ells
. T
hey
wen
t b
ack
to t
he
trad
itio
nal
co
nta
min
ated
so
urc
es o
r st
arte
d g
etti
ng
wat
er
fro
m p
on
ds
or
dit
ches
fill
ed w
ith
dir
ty w
ater
.
The
size
of
the
urb
an p
op
ula
tio
n is
gro
win
g at
ver
y fa
st r
ates
. Th
e p
oo
r p
eop
le f
rom
th
e ru
ral a
reas
co
nti
nu
e to
mo
ve t
o t
he
citi
es
to t
ry t
o e
arn
mo
re m
on
ey t
o s
up
po
rt t
hei
r fa
mili
es.
Man
y o
f th
ese
peo
ple
fin
d s
hel
ter
in t
he
slu
ms.
Th
e h
uge
am
ou
nt
of
peo
ple
livin
g in
su
ch c
lose
qu
arte
rs c
ause
s th
ese
peo
ple
to
hav
e so
me
of
the
wo
rst
hea
lth
in t
he
cou
ntr
y. M
ost
peo
ple
in t
hes
e sl
um
s liv
e
on
less
th
an U
S $
2 a
day
, an
d m
any
live
on
less
th
an U
S $
1 a
day
. Th
is p
ove
rty,
ove
rcro
wd
ing,
po
or
ho
usi
ng,
an
d u
nh
ealt
hy
dis
po
sal o
f w
aste
all
pla
y m
ajo
r ro
les
in t
he
wat
er a
nd
san
itat
ion
cri
sis
in t
he
urb
an a
reas
of
Ban
glad
esh
.
GO
VER
NM
ENT O
F B
AN
GLA
DESH
Page 13
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation Mini-Simulation
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation
Can
ada
has
man
y so
urc
es o
f fr
esh
wat
er, a
nd
Can
ada
do
es
no
t h
ave
a ve
ry b
ig p
op
ula
tio
n.
This
mea
ns
that
th
ey h
ave
mo
re t
han
eno
ugh
fre
shw
ater
fo
r ev
eryo
ne
in t
hei
r co
un
try.
Can
ada
has
en
ou
gh w
ater
to
sh
are
wit
h m
any
oth
er c
ou
ntr
ies,
bu
t m
any
peo
ple
in C
anad
a w
aste
wat
er.
Like
th
e U
nit
ed S
tate
s, t
he
aver
age
per
son
use
s ab
ou
t 1
50
gal
lon
s o
f w
ater
a d
ay e
ven
th
ou
gh
on
ly a
bo
ut
13 a
re n
eed
ed.
Alt
ho
ugh
th
ey w
aste
wat
er, C
anad
a al
so s
up
po
rts
the
effo
rts
of
po
ore
r co
un
trie
s in
man
y w
ays,
incl
ud
ing
thro
ugh
th
e U
N.
They
hav
e si
gned
Age
nd
a 21
, an
d t
hey
are
on
e o
f th
e co
un
trie
s in
th
e w
orl
d t
hat
wo
rks
the
har
des
t to
pro
tect
an
d p
rovi
de
fres
hw
ater
reso
urc
es.
For
exam
ple
, th
ey h
elp
ed s
tart
th
e Ea
rth
Co
un
cil w
hic
h t
ries
to
pro
tect
nat
ura
l res
ou
rces
th
rou
gho
ut
the
wo
rld
. Th
ey
con
trib
ute
a lo
t o
f m
on
ey t
o in
tern
atio
nal
org
aniz
atio
ns
and
go
vern
men
ts in
po
or
cou
ntr
ies
to h
elp
th
em f
ollo
w A
gen
da
21.
GO
VER
NM
ENT O
F CA
NA
DA
Page 14
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation Mini-Simulation
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation
The
Cen
tral
Afr
ican
Rep
ub
lic is
on
e o
f m
any
cou
ntr
ies
in A
fric
a th
at h
as a
wat
er c
risi
s. T
hey
hav
e su
ffer
ed f
rom
dec
ades
of
vio
len
ce,
and
th
ey d
o n
ot
hav
e a
stro
ng
gove
rnm
ent.
Th
e go
vern
men
t p
rovi
des
litt
le s
up
po
rt t
o h
elp
peo
ple
acc
ess
clea
n w
ater
an
d s
anit
atio
n.
The
hel
p t
hey
hav
e p
rovi
ded
usu
ally
is d
estr
oye
d b
y th
e co
nfl
ict.
On
ly 1
ou
t o
f ev
ery
4 p
eop
le h
as a
cces
s to
saf
e d
rin
kin
g w
ater
. Th
e
po
pu
lati
on
of
CA
R is
ab
ou
t 4
mill
ion
peo
ple
. Th
is m
ean
s 3
mill
ion
of
them
do
no
t h
ave
clea
n w
ater
to
dri
nk.
Ab
ou
t th
e sa
me
nu
mb
er o
f
peo
ple
are
livi
ng
wit
ho
ut
pro
per
san
itat
ion
fac
iliti
es (
toile
ts o
r la
trin
es).
The
inte
rnat
ion
al c
om
mu
nit
y is
try
ing
to h
elp
th
e p
eop
le o
f th
e C
entr
al A
fric
an R
epu
blic
wit
h t
he
ir w
ater
cri
sis.
Man
y U
N a
nd
oth
er
inte
rnat
ion
al g
rou
ps
pro
vid
e su
pp
ort
to
th
em, b
ut
it is
no
t e
no
ugh
. P
ove
rty
is a
hu
ge p
rob
lem
an
d is
on
e o
f th
e m
ain
rea
son
s th
at s
o
man
y p
eop
le d
o n
ot
hav
e ac
cess
to
cle
an w
ater
an
d s
anit
atio
n.
GO
VER
NM
ENT O
F CEN
TRA
L
AFR
ICA
N R
EPU
BLIC
(CA
R)
Page 15
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation Mini-Simulation
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation
GO
VER
NM
ENT O
F GER
MA
NY
The
Go
vern
men
t o
f G
erm
any
pla
ys a
key
ro
le i
n t
he
dis
cuss
ion
s an
d d
ecis
ion
s m
ade
in r
egar
ds
to w
ater
an
d s
anit
atio
n i
n t
he
Euro
pea
n U
nio
n. W
hile
Ger
man
y h
as s
om
e o
f th
e h
igh
est
stan
dar
ds
of
san
itat
ion
wit
h t
he
Un
ion
an
d %
97
-10
0 o
f th
e p
op
ula
tio
n
has
acc
ess
to s
afe
dri
nki
ng
wat
er t
hey
fac
e a
dif
fere
nt
pro
ble
m. I
n 1
99
0 G
erm
any
was
usi
ng
14
5 li
ters
/day
of
wat
er a
nd
th
is w
as
pro
ject
ed t
o in
crea
se.
Iro
nic
ally
Wat
er u
se h
as d
ecre
ased
in G
erm
any
lead
ing
to t
he
pro
ble
m o
f to
o m
uch
wat
er.
Po
tab
le w
ater
has
to
be
use
d i
n o
rder
to
flu
sh o
ut
the
sew
er s
yste
m a
nd
in
cit
ies
such
as
Ber
lin t
he
wat
er l
evel
is
incr
easi
ng
cau
sin
g
fou
nd
atio
nal
issu
es in
man
y p
arts
of
the
city
.
Page 16
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation Mini-Simulation
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation
Ind
ia h
as t
he
wo
rld
’s s
eco
nd
larg
est
po
pu
lati
on
wit
h m
ore
th
an 1
bill
ion
peo
ple
. Its
po
pu
lati
on
is m
ore
th
an 3
.5 t
imes
th
e
size
of
that
of
the
Un
ited
Sta
tes.
Bu
t, In
dia
is o
nly
on
e-t
hir
d o
f th
e p
hys
ical
siz
e o
f th
e U
S. P
ove
rty
is a
big
pro
ble
m in
Ind
ia.
1 o
ut
of
eve
ry 4
peo
ple
live
s o
n le
ss t
han
$2
a d
ay. T
he
gap
bet
we
en p
oo
r an
d r
ich
peo
ple
kee
ps
gro
win
g.
Ind
ia d
oes
no
t h
ave
eno
ugh
fre
shw
ater
fo
r al
l of
its
peo
ple
. In
dia
’s h
uge
an
d g
row
ing
po
pu
lati
on
pu
ts a
big
str
ain
on
all
of
the
cou
ntr
y’s
nat
ura
l res
ou
rces
, in
clu
din
g w
ater
. M
ost
wat
er s
ou
rces
are
co
nta
min
ated
by
sew
age
and
agr
icu
ltu
ral
run
off
. In
dia
has
mad
e so
me
pro
gres
s in
th
e su
pp
ly o
f sa
fe w
ater
to
its
peo
ple
, bu
t a
lot
of
ineq
ual
ity
exis
ts a
cro
ss t
he
cou
ntr
y. In
ord
er t
o d
ecre
ase
the
amo
un
t o
f d
isea
se s
pre
ad t
hro
ugh
dri
nki
ng
-wat
er, t
oile
t u
sage
an
d h
ygie
ne
mu
st b
oth
be
imp
rove
d.
GO
VER
NM
ENT O
F IND
IA
Page 17
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation Mini-Simulation
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation
GO
VER
NM
ENT O
F KEN
YA
Ove
r 5
0 p
erce
nt
of
Ke
nya
ns
are
livin
g o
n le
ss t
han
$2
a d
ay.
Po
vert
y is
eve
ryw
her
e, a
nd
it a
ffec
ts t
he
amo
un
t o
f
wat
er p
eop
le c
an a
cces
s. T
he
wat
er c
risi
s in
Ken
ya s
low
s d
ow
n d
aily
life
, bec
ause
so
mu
ch t
ime
is s
pen
t lo
oki
ng
for
it. T
he
cu
rren
t la
ck o
f ra
in a
nd
wat
er s
ho
rtag
es a
re e
xpec
ted
to
co
nti
nu
e, m
akin
g th
e si
tuat
ion
wo
rse.
Th
ere
are
oth
er r
easo
ns
for
the
wat
er c
risi
s in
Ken
ya: p
oo
r m
anag
emen
t o
f th
e w
ater
su
pp
ly, l
ack
of
mo
ney
inve
sted
by
the
gove
rnm
ent,
un
fair
dis
trib
uti
on
of
wat
er (
ine
qu
alit
y), p
ollu
tio
n o
f w
ater
su
pp
lies
by
un
trea
ted
sew
age,
an
d h
uge
po
pu
lati
on
gro
wth
.
Ken
ya is
cla
ssif
ied
as
a w
ater
sca
rce
cou
ntr
y. O
nly
ab
ou
t h
alf
of
the
rura
l po
pu
lati
on
has
acc
ess
to a
go
od
dri
nki
ng
wat
er s
ou
rce,
an
d t
he
tim
e sp
ent
colle
ctin
g w
ater
eve
ry d
ay o
ften
pre
ven
ts w
om
en f
rom
tak
ing
up
inco
me
gen
erat
ing
acti
viti
es (
emp
loym
ent)
, or
in t
he
case
of
girl
s, p
reve
nts
th
em f
rom
att
end
ing
sch
oo
l.
Page 18
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation Mini-Simulation
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation
GO
VER
NM
ENT O
F RU
SSIA
Ru
ssia
has
on
e o
f th
e la
rges
t am
ou
nts
of
fre
shw
ater
in t
he
wo
rld
. In
fac
t, t
her
e ar
e m
ore
fre
shw
ater
res
ou
rces
in R
uss
ia
than
all
of
Euro
pe
com
bin
ed.
They
hav
e 3
0,0
00
m3
per
cap
ita,
on
e o
f th
e h
igh
est
leve
ls in
th
e w
orl
d.
Yet,
a w
ater
cri
sis
is b
egin
nin
g th
ere.
Th
is is
bec
ause
mu
ch o
f th
eir
wat
er is
po
llute
d.
Mo
re t
han
hal
f o
f al
l th
e w
ater
use
d in
Ru
ssia
is f
or
ind
ust
ries
(o
ften
fac
tori
es).
Th
is n
um
ber
is r
eally
hig
h a
nd
pre
ven
ts s
om
e p
eop
le f
rom
hav
ing
acce
ss t
o d
rin
kin
g w
ater
.
Acc
ess
to w
ater
res
ou
rces
is n
ot
very
eq
ual
in R
uss
ia.
Mo
st p
eop
le li
ve in
th
e w
este
rn p
art
of
the
cou
ntr
y w
hic
h h
as v
ery
littl
e w
ater
, wh
ile f
ew p
eop
le li
ve in
th
e ea
st w
her
e m
ost
of
the
wat
er is
. T
he
gove
rnm
ent
of
Ru
ssia
wan
ts t
o s
top
th
e
beg
inn
ing
of
thei
r w
ater
cri
sis.
Th
ey a
re t
akin
g an
act
ive
role
in t
ryin
g to
low
er t
he
po
lluti
on
cau
sed
by
ind
ust
ries
,
fin
din
g w
ays
to p
uri
fy w
ater
, an
d s
pen
din
g m
ore
mo
ney
to
pro
tect
th
eir
fres
hw
ater
res
ou
rces
. Th
ey a
lso
are
rat
ion
ing
the
wat
er u
se o
f th
eir
citi
zen
s, w
hic
h m
ean
s th
ey li
mit
ho
w m
uch
on
e p
erso
n c
an u
se.
Page 19
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation Mini-Simulation
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation
GO
VER
NM
ENT O
F SAU
DI
AR
AB
IA
The
kin
gdo
m o
f Sa
ud
i Ara
bia
is a
des
sert
kin
gdo
m lo
cate
d o
n t
he
Ara
bia
n P
enin
sula
, th
us
fres
h w
ater
res
ou
rces
are
bas
ical
ly
no
nex
iste
nt.
Sau
di A
rab
ia h
as b
een
wo
rkin
g fo
r m
any
year
s to
fin
d a
mea
ns
of
bei
ng
self
su
ffic
ien
t w
hen
it c
om
es t
o w
ater
.
Two
mai
n v
enu
es f
or
reso
urc
es h
ave
app
eare
d. O
ne,
Sau
di A
rab
ia h
as d
rille
d in
to v
ery
dee
p a
qu
ifer
s in
ord
er t
o p
rovi
de
its
peo
ple
wit
h a
cces
s to
wat
er. T
hes
e re
sou
rces
are
no
n-r
enew
able
fo
rcin
g Sa
ud
i Ara
bia
to
loo
k el
sew
her
e as
th
ose
res
ou
rces
hav
e
dim
inis
hed
. Des
alin
atio
n, a
pro
cess
by
wh
ich
sal
t is
rem
ove
d f
rom
Sea
wat
er
has
bec
om
e th
e m
ain
ave
nu
e fo
r w
ate
r. T
his
co
mes
wit
h t
wo
gre
at p
rob
lem
s, o
ne
is t
he
fact
th
at t
his
pro
cess
req
uir
es im
men
se a
mo
un
ts o
f en
ergy
plu
s is
ver
y ex
pen
sive
. Th
e o
ther
is t
hat
th
e P
ersi
an G
ulf
, th
e m
ain
so
urc
e fo
r w
ate
r, h
as b
een
po
llute
d d
ue
to t
he
Gu
lf w
ars.
Page 20
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation Mini-Simulation
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation
GO
VER
NM
ENT O
F THE
UN
ITED STA
TES
The
Un
ited
Sta
tes
is n
ot
exp
erie
nci
ng
wat
er s
carc
ity
or
even
wat
er s
tres
s. M
any
peo
ple
wo
uld
say
th
at t
her
e is
no
wat
er c
risi
s
in t
he
Un
ited
Sta
tes.
Oth
ers
wo
uld
dis
agre
e.
Som
e p
eop
le t
hin
k th
e ab
use
(o
ver
use
) o
f w
ater
in t
he
Un
ited
Sta
tes
is a
wat
er
cris
is.
For
exam
ple
, lik
e C
anad
a, t
he
aver
age
per
son
use
s ab
ou
t 15
0 g
allo
ns
of
wat
er p
er p
erso
n e
very
day
eve
n t
ho
ugh
on
ly 1
3
gallo
ns
are
nee
ded
.
The
Un
ited
Sta
tes
sup
po
rts
the
effo
rts
of
po
ore
r co
un
trie
s in
man
y w
ays,
incl
ud
ing
thro
ugh
th
e U
N.
They
hav
e si
gned
Age
nd
a
21
, bu
t th
ey d
o n
ot
alw
ays
follo
w it
. Th
e U
S w
ork
s h
ard
to
pro
tect
th
e fr
esh
wat
er r
eso
urc
es in
th
e U
nit
ed S
tate
s, b
ut
they
som
etim
es d
o n
ot
try
as h
ard
in o
ther
co
un
trie
s. F
or
exam
ple
, so
me
US
com
pan
ies
in o
ther
co
un
trie
s co
nta
min
ate
or
po
llute
man
y o
f th
e fr
esh
wat
er r
eso
urc
es b
ecau
se it
sav
es t
he
com
pan
y m
on
ey.
Page 21
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation Mini-Simulation
Topic: Access to Water and Sanitation
GO
VER
NM
ENT O
F THA
ILAN
D
In a
n in
dep
end
ent
stu
dy
by
a U
nit
ed N
atio
ns
exp
ert
it w
as r
epo
rted
th
at a
lth
ou
gh s
ign
ific
ant
step
s h
ad b
een
take
n in
Th
aila
nd
to
del
iver
cle
an w
ater
in m
any
par
ts o
f Th
aila
nd
peo
ple
wer
e st
ill b
ein
g m
argi
nal
ized
. Th
e
stu
dy
stat
es t
hat
wh
ile s
anit
ary
con
dit
ion
s ar
e m
et in
man
y ci
ties
acr
oss
Th
aila
nd
it is
th
e ru
ral s
ecto
r o
f th
e
cou
ntr
y th
at h
as b
een
ign
ore
d. T
his
pro
ble
m is
esc
alat
ed b
y th
e in
crea
sin
g la
ck o
f sa
nit
atio
n m
eth
od
s b
ein
g
use
d t
o t
reat
hu
man
was
te. C
on
seq
uen
tly
man
y o
f th
e ri
vers
in T
hai
lan
d h
ave
beg
un
to
be
po
llute
d a
nd
hav
e
dep
lete
d a
so
urc
e o
f d
rin
kin
g an
d b
ath
ing
wat
er f
or
man
y ru
ral c
itiz
ens
of
Thai
lan
d.