47 48

Topic: The Middle Ages Europe EQ: What were the characteristics of the Byzantine

Empire?

Byzantine Empire - 330 A.D. to 1453 A.D.

- Europe divides east/west

- Eastern part = Byzantine Empire

- Emperor Constantine moves capital to the East

- Constantinople = capital city, largest city during Middle

Ages

- New center for Christian authority

- Trading center for spice, silk, jewelry, furs, wheat,

honey

Reasons for the survival of the Byzantine Empire

- Benefited from a rich infusion of Greek, Roman,

Christian, and Middle Eastern cultures,

- Located between Europe and Asia = center of trade

and great wealth

- Powerful emperor with a strong central administration

and a single set of laws

- Taxed merchants and peasants to support a large

standing army

Emperor Justinian

- Had absolute power

- Believed to have been chosen by God

- Creates Justinian’s Code (529 AD)

- A preservation of Roman law in writing

- Byzantine great accomplishment

- Influenced Roman laws

- Greater rights and privileges for women

- Required all to belong to the Eastern Orthodox Christian

faith

Emperor Justinian collected

all of the existing Roman laws

and organized them into a

single code – listing all the

laws and opinions on each

subject

ILLUSTRATION

EXAMPLE

SIGNIFICANCE

Justinian Code

49 50

Topic: The Middle Ages Europe EQ: What were the characteristics of Christianity

during the Byzantine Empire?

Great Schism 1054

- Creates 2 distinct denominations (branch) of

Christianity

- Divides western Catholicism in Rome and Eastern

Orthodoxy in Constantinople

- Each side accusing the other of heresy ( writing or

saying something against the church)

- Creates political division

- Language and customs are different

Roman Catholicism – Western Europe

- Pope has authority over all other bishops, kings, and

emperors

- Services conducted in Latin

- Priest cannot marry

- Divorce is not permitted

Eastern Orthodoxy – Eastern Europe

- Patriarch, bishops lead the church as a collect group

- Services conducted in Greek

- Priest may marry

- Divorce is allowed under certain circumstances

Hagia Sophia – enormous cathedral built under Justinian

- Create close connection between church and state

- Giant dome, included colorful icons and mosaics.

A split between the Eastern

Orthodox Church and the

Roman Catholic Church in

1054. The Byzantines

developed their own form of

Christianity – Eastern

Orthodoxy – and did not

recognize the Pope as the

head of their church.

ILLUSTRATION

EXAMPLE/

CHARACTERISTICS

SIGNIFICANCE

Great Schism

1. Why is Diocletian important to the development of the Byzantine Empire? 2. Why was Constantinople important? 3. What are Emperor Justinian’s achievements? 4.What was the Hagia Sophia? 5.What was the Code of Justinian and what is its impact today?

51 52

Topic: The Middle Ages Europe EQ: What role did Charlemagne play in shaping

modern Europe?

Who were the Franks and who was there leader?

Franks = barbarians who became Christians

- Lead by Pepin

How did Charlemagne expand the borders?

Were non believers accepted?

What happened after the death of Charlemagne?

He united a large part of

Europe during the early

Middle Ages and laid the

foundations for modern

France, Germany and the

Low Countries.

ILLUSTRATION

EXAMPLE

SIGNIFICANCE

Charlemagne

53 54

Topic: The Middle Ages Europe EQ: How did the system of feudalism restore order

to Western Europe?

Feudalism = political and social system,

- Lords (noblemen) = agreed to protect and supply land

- The people agreed to work for the lord

- Fief = land guaranteed

- People turned to noble land owners for protection

Vassal = any man who served a lord militarily

- Knights

Manoralism

- The lords house and surrounding area

- Serfs = peasants living in the area

- Raised and produced everything for that community

- No voice in government

- Worked long hours for protection

- Harsh living conditions

Castles built as fortresses for protection

- Architectural style in Europe

- Reflected the influence of feudal warfare

Germanic tribes converted

- Spread Christianity to northern Europe

Impact

- Politically unified Europe

- Created common culture

- Common usage of Latin

- Catholic church gains large amount of property

ILLUSTRATION

SIGNIFICANCE

Feudalism

Manoralism

ILLUSTRATION

Towns were tied to

the lords and the land

Stone walls

Space was limited

inside, dirty

Houses were close

together

Close proximity = fire

danger

SIGNIFICANCE

Begun by the Franks and

spread to all of Western

Europe, kings offered nobles a

grant of land, known as a feud

or fief, in exchange for loyalty

and service. The nobleman,

known as the vassal, gave

allegiance to the king.

an economic system

structured around a lord’s

manor, or estate. Under the

manorial system, each group

in society had a place; each

also had certain rights and

responsibilities.

EXAMPLE

55 56

Topic: The Middle Ages Europe EQ: What were the reasons that inspired Europeans

to take part in the Crusades?

Christian monks = scribe

- Biblical and classical works were preserved

- Cathedrals were center on of town life

Monks and nuns formed religious communities

- Created hospitals, libraries, hotels

- Church = religious and social center

- Services, social gatherings, and festivals

Unifying Christianity

- Shared beliefs bond the people

- Church = stability and security

- Church creates canon law

- Systems of justice to regulate people’s conduct

Thomas Aquinas

- Philosopher

- Believed truth was known through reason and faith

Aquinas showed how

Christianity was compatible

with works by Aristotle and

said that God had given man

the power to reason to help

him explain and interpret the

world. There fore, we should

trust reason as well as faith.

.

ILLUSTRATION

EXAMPLE

SIGNIFICANCE

Thomas Aquinas

58

Topic: Middle Ages Europe EQ: What events contributed to the end of the

Middle Ages in Europe?

Crusades

- Wars fought to regain Holy Lands from the Muslims

- Christians felt threatened by Muslims expansion and

power

- Took place in present day Palestine and Israel

Pope Urban II (1095 AD) began the Crusades

- Wanted Jerusalem to be in Christian lands

- Hoped to reunite Roman Catholicism and Eastern

Orthodox Church

- More than 10,000 troops sent

- Massacred thousands of people

4 Crusades over 200 years

- Church promised salvation to those who participates

- Pilgrims, knights, wives, children participate

Impact of Crusades

- Europeans learned zero in math

- Trade increased between middle east and Europe

- Silk, rice, spices, coffee, perfume, cotton traded

- Hostility among Muslims, Christian, Jews

- Power of the pope weakened

Bubonic Plague (1347 AD)

- fever, black tumor on the neck, armpits, groin

- Size increase from egg to apple

- Live about a week

- Horrified people

- Punishment from God?

- Fleas on rats spread the disease

- Arrived through trade on ships

- 33% of Europe’s population died

-

100 Years War

ILLUSTRATION

SIGNIFICANCE

Created the

boundaries for

todays England and

France.

CHARACTERISTICS

- Fought 116 years

- England wanted

control of France

A war between France and England that lasted from the middle of the fourteenth century to the middle of the fifteenth. The kings of England invaded France, trying to claim the throne..

57

59 60

Topic: Middle Ages South west Asia EQ: What were the main believes in Islam?

The Rise of Islam

- Muhammad founded Islam in Mecca

- Vision from Angel Gabriel

- Told to convert the Arab tribes to believe in one

God (Allah)

- Same God as the Jews and Christians

Medina = city that Muhammad fled to in 622 AD

- Became a popular religious leader

Jihad = holy war (630 AD)

- Gathered army, retook Mecca

- Arabian peninsula united, converted to Islam

Quran = sacred text of Islam

- Records the words from God

- References Jews and Christians

- Forms of worship proper conduct, treatment of

women

5 Pillars of Islam

- Faith in 1 God

- Prayer

- Charity

- Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca

- Fasting during the month of Ramadan

61 62

Topic: Middle Ages Southwest Asia EQ: What lead to the rise of Islam?

Arabic = common language under Islam

Arab Muslims set out to convert non-believers

- Created a large empire

- Spans from Arabian Peninsula to Indus River

Valley

Caliph = successors to Muhammad

Umayyad Caliphate

- Capital or Arab world moved to Damascus, Syria

- Sunni Muslims = followed new Caliph

- Shiite Muslims = believed only descendants of

Mohammad could be caliph (male)

- Still divided today!

Abbasids Caliphate

- Focused on trade not war

- Baghdad = new capital

- Government with absolute rule

- Converted or enslaved polytheistic people

Golden Age of Muslim Culture

- Algebra, geometry

- Geometric art designs = flowers, stars, mosaics

- Discovered blood moves to and from the heart

- Diagnosed measles, small pox

- Built palaces, mosques

-

Roman Empire Islamic Empire

What was

the main

religion?

Who ruled

the empire?

Name 3

cultural

achievemen

ts

Who did

they borrow

ideas from?

63 64 Stapled Scantron

2Q3W Golden Age of Islam Achievements

65 66

Topic: Post Classical EQ: How did the African Gold-Salt trade facilitate

the spread of ideas?

Gold and other riches in West Africa exchanged with Asia and Europe Merchants(Berbers) on camels moved across the deserts - Picked up old and gave salt - Successful trade developed - Ideas were exchanged – Islam spread

Kingdom of Ghana and Mali control trade - Creates wealth - Timbuktu becomes Islamic center - Made iron swords and spears

67 68 Topic: Post Classical

EQ: What was the major impact of the Ottoman Empire?

The Ottomans – Turkish group from central Asia

- 13th century = rulers of the Islamic world

- Captured Constantinople (1453) - Byzantine Empire fell

- Renamed the Constantinople to Istanbul

- Controlled Mediterranean Sea

- United all of the Muslims under their rule

Controlled Silk Road

- Stopped trade along the Silk Road for a time

- Forced China and Europe to find different routes

- Lead to the exploration by sea

- Travel by sea = Americas

Ottoman Rulers

- Rulers = Sultan

- Land ruled by Sultan = Sultanate

- Suleiman the Magnificent (1500) unites Muslim world

- Janissaries = soldiers recruited in childhood used to protect

Empire

Religious Tolerance

Allowed Christians and Jews

– to have their own communities,

– represented by their own leaders,

– make their own laws,

– collect their own taxes

Islamic state founded by

Osman in northwestern

Anatolia. After the fall of the

Byzantine Empire, the

Ottoman Empire was based

at Istanbul (formerly

Constantinople) from 1453-

1922. It encompassed lands

in the Middle East, North

Africa, the Caucasus, and

eastern Europe.

ILLUSTRATION

EXAMPLE

SIGNIFICANCE

Ottoman Empire

69 70

Topic: Post Classical EQ: What were the major influences of the Mughal

Empire? Muslim Invasion of India

- Enter through the Khyber Pass during 11th and 12th

century

- Establish Sultanates in India

- Spread Islam into predominantly Hindu area

Mughal Empire 1526 -1837

- Defeated the Turkish Muslims in N India

- Remained Muslims

- Used guns to control their people and fight enemies

- “Gunpowder Empire”

Akbar the Great

- Most famous Mughal ruler

- Conquered other Muslim and Hindu regions

- United N. India

- Allowed religious freedom

- Divided his land into 12 regions

- Officials supervised local government, enforced laws,

collected taxes

- Encouraged learning, painting, music literature

Taj Mahal

- Built by emperor Shan Johan (not tolerant of Hinduism)

- Tomb for his wife

- Example of architectural achievement

- Merged Persian, Islamic, and Indian style

Sikhism – N India (Punjab)

- Combines Hinduism and Islam

- Founded by Guru Nanak

- Believe in 1 God

Hinduism

Islam

Sikhism

Sikhism - 1 God - Mix of Hinduism and Muslim belief - Reincarnation - Equality - Reject Caste System - Mediation - Moderation - 5 K’s – Uncut hair

71 72

Topic: Post Classical EQ: What were the major achievements of the Tang

and Song Dynasty?

Fall of the Han Dynasty 220 AD

- Science, Art, and Culture declined

- Many turn to Buddhism

Tang Dynasty 607 – 907 AD

- Reunited China = Golden Age accomplishments in art

- Art = architecture, sculpture, paintings, and porcelain.

- Peace and prosperity

- Expanded empire = 50 million people

- Feudalism - relationship of giving land in exchange for

service and loyalty

Empress Wu Zetian

- Expanded Chinese influence to Korean Peninsula

- Block printing = mass production of Confucius text so

people can prepare for civil service exam

- Civil service exam = most qualified government

employees

Song Dynasty 960 -1279 AD

- Tang Dynasty falls apart (fragmented)

- Song Dynasty rises - Eliminate forced labor

- Cities grow large and busy

- Worldwide trade

Women in China

- Confucius taught woman must obey her father, husband,

& sons.

- Left home only when married

- Having boy = respect

- Can divorce if both agreed

- Foot binding (limit mobility) practiced in Song Dynasty

fff Accomplishments

Paper Money

Porcelain Printing

Mechanical Clock

Gun Powder

Magnetic Compass

Grand Canal

Caravan Junks

73 74

Topic: Post Classical EQ: How did the Mongols conquer and rule Asia

and Europe?

Mongol Empire

- Northwest China – steppe, treeless

- Nomads= yurts

- Excellent horsemen, archers, and fierce warriors

Chinggis (Genghis ) Khan

- Leader of Mongolia

- United Mongol tribes (1206) to create empire

- Began attacking neighboring people

- Fear tactics = success

- Kill all defenders of the city

- No one could stop his 200,00o skilled horsemen

Life in Mongol Empire

- Conquered Beijing and Muslim areas in Central

Asia

- Practiced religious tolerance

- Allowed locals to continue to rule

- Promoted trade across Europe and Asia

- Made sure traders and travelers were safe

Spread and Divide

- 1227 Genghis Khan died

- 1260 Mongol Empire Divided into four Khantes

- Each Khan adapted to the culture

Pax Mongolica

- Period of peace

- Trade thrived

- Exchange ideas between Europe and Asia

- Possibly also responsible for spread of bubonic

plague

75 76

Topic: Post Classical EQ: What was the result of the Mongol invasion of

China?

Kublai Khan

- 1279 conquered all of China

- Becomes 1st foreigner ruler

- Unites China

- Opened China to more foreign trade

Yuan Dynasty

- Kublai Khan creates Yuan dynasty

- Khan claimed Mandate of Heaven

- Moved capital to Beijing

- Attempt to conquer Japan, Koreas

Mongol rule in China

- Appointed foreigners to run government

- Encouraged Mongols to adopt Chinese culture

Marco Polo

- 1275 from Venice, Italy

- Learned Asian languages

- Served under Khan

- Wrote book on travels in China

End of Mongol Rule

- Attacks from Southeast Asia

- Raised taxes to pay for military

- Khan dies in 1294

- No strong leaders after

- Falls to rebels

Ogedei Khan

- Russia

- Golden Horde

- End 1480

Chagatai Khan

- Central Asia

- End 1370

Mongke Khan

- Persia

- End 1335

Kublai Khan

- China

- Yuan Dynasty

- End 1368

77 78

Topic: Post Classical EQ: What lead to the rise of the Renaissance?

Renaissance – “rebirth” or “revival”

- New interest in learning about Greece & Rome

- Italy (1400s)

- Strategic location on Mediterranean Sea

Why Italy?

- Ottomans stopped overland trade = water

route now passes Italy

- Trade between Europe and Asia creates wealth

- Centers of trade, banking, and making

goods.

- City-states charges fees as products passed

through their shipping ports, making them

wealthier.

New Ideas

- Wealthy Italian merchants and patrons

(supporters) began sponsoring (paying) artists,

writers, and scholars to create great works.

- Secularism (non-religious beliefs) grew as

people showed an interest in this world, not

in the afterlife.

- People used observation and experience to

explain the world, not just the Church’s

teachings

- Encouraged people to question tradition

Before After Renaissance Renaissance

79 80

Topic: Post Classical EQ: In what ways did art, architecture and literature

of the Renaissance reflect new ideas?

Humanism = an intellectual and philosophical

emphasis on the importance of individuals as

creative and critical thinkers

- Great emphasis on the pride, worth , and

uniqueness of each person

- Believe in the power of human reason to

explain the world

Painting and Sculpture

- Realism & emotion

- Classicism: inspiration from Greece & Rome

- Emphasis on individuals & interaction between people

- Geometric arrangements

- Perspective

- Using light & shadows

Architecture

- Return to columns and circular arches

- Domes

Scholarship and Literature

- Described dignity of man

- Celebrated the pleasures of the senses

- Instructed nobles how to behave

Closure Activity: Directions: The image to the right is a visual metaphor that shows the factors that led to the Renaissance in Europe. Use the word bank to label each of the 7 parts on the visual. Be prepared to discuss your answers

Visual Metaphor Word Bank Classical ideas of Greece and Rome The growth of city-states Travel and trade Learning Medieval ideas Art Humanism

81 82 Stapled Scantron

2Q6W Connecting through Trade

Timeline

83 84 What caused the

Protestant Reformation? The Protestant Reformation - New thought from the Renaissance - Widespread corruption of the church - Many entered clergy just for power, wealth - Indulgences – selling pardons for committing a sin - Pope’s authority was challenged - Directly led to the increased power of monarchs

Martin Luther – 1517 German Monk - 95 these (statements) – posted on a church door in

Germany - Challenged the selling of indulgences - Believed no one had special powers to provide

salvation to people - Only God had these powers - Must read and understand the Bible to achieve faith - Print bible in vernacular (native language) - Luther was excommunicated – expelled from

church

Lutheranism - Don’t need priests - Read bible on your own - Printing press helped spread the word to others Anglicanism - King henry VIII of England creates church - Wanted divorce and denied by Pope - Broke from Catholic Church turned to Protestantism Calvinism -John Calvin teaches course of life is predestined

85 86 How did the leaders of the

Catholic Church respond to the Protestant Reformation?

Church fights Reformation Redefined Catholic beliefs - Ended indulgences - Banned protestant books Inquisition - Reinstate the power of the Catholic Church - A court made to punish heretics (non believers) - Punished those who denied church teachings - Church power weakened due to a loss of prestige.

87 88

Topic: Post Classical EQ: What were the accomplishments of Ming

Dynasty?

Ming Dynasty 1388 - 1644

- expanded the size of the Empire

- Replaced the Mongols

- 300 years of peace and prosperity - Ended paper Money

- Required payments in silver

- Demand for silver increased

Forbidden City

- built in Beijing

- forbidden to all unless you we royalty

- Home of all Emperors

Accomplishment

- a model for world trade and cultural diffusion

- Continue block printing, porcelain, silk

products, and other luxury items

Zheng He Explores

- Expeditions to Southeast Asia, India, Arabia,

and East Africa

- Goals – impress world with the power and

splendor of Ming China and expand China’s

tribute system

- Travels from different countries travel to

China with tribute

- Voyages end after Chinese scholar-officials

complain of financial waste

- China withdraws into isolation