Topic6SecuritySystems

Introduc3onandIssues

Securityisafundamentalhumanrequirement.Itisanaturalins3ncttopreserveourselves,ourlovedonesandourpropertyfromanyintrusionoranydanger.

Thislecturelooksatthesecurityfactorsaec3ngthedesignofthebuilding,itsinteriorlayoutsandsurroundings.

Wewilllookatrelatedaspectsoftypesofsecuritybreachesplanning,detec3ondevicesandalarmsystems.

Inreality,allpartsofabuildingcanbepenetrated,eventhosemadeofsteelandreinforcedconcrete.Allbuildings,nomaCerhowsmall,shouldprovidesomelevelofsecurity.

Securitysystemscanbedividedintotwomajortypes,passivesystemsandac3vesystems.

Passivesystemsdonotincludeanydedicatedhardwareforsecurity,butisbasedmainlyonspa3alplanningandorganiza3on,managementandbuildingfabricandconstruc3on.

Ac3vesecuritysystemsemploydedicatedhardwarethatac3velydetectsandcontrolssecuritybreachesandcondi3ons.Ac3vesystemsincludedetec3onandalarmsystems.

SecurityPlanning

Eventhoughthereisnofullproofsecuritysystems,theobjec3veofsecurityplanningistodelay,confuseandcontrolintrudersthroughoutthebuildingslife3me.

Therstaspectofsecurityplanningistodeterminethelevelofriskfromintrusionthatthebuildingissuscep3bletoandtostrategiseaccordingly.

Thereare5levelsofsecurityLevel1 Securityagainstvandalsandopportunists.Forexampletargeted

publicameni3es,conden3alinforma3on.Level2 Securityagainstintrudersandinterlopers,unwantedand

unwelcomevisitorswithdubiousinten3ons.Level3 Securityagainstburglarsandburglariesofhouseholditems,

importantinforma3on.Level4 Securityagainstplannedanddeliberatecrimes.Securityforhigh

valueitemssuchasjewelry,valuablepain3ngs,cashetc.Level5 Securityagainstactsofterrorismandespionagee.g.industrialand

poli3cal

TypesofIntrusionsIntrusionsandsecuritybreachesbecomeincreasinglymorecomplexdaybyday

intermsoftechniquesandtargets.

Thesecanbeclassiedintothefollowing:

Voyeurism,vandalismandunplannedtheUs.Takingadvantageandopportuni3esofinsecureloca3ons.

Spyingandespionageaswellasplannedrobberies.Theintruderdeterminesthetargetandthemethods.Thisincludesdecep3onsandembezzlements.Canoccurfromwithoutorwithinanorganiza3on.Countermeasuresontopofphysicalaspectsinclude3ghteningofmanagementsystems.

Sabotage.Intendeddestruc3onofpropertyorindustrial/businessprocesses.Arson,explosions,etc.

Assault.Usuallytowardsanimportanttarget,coreofanorganiza3on.Eec3veac3veandpassivesystemsarenecessary,includingtheuseofsecuritypersonnel.

VandalismandDesignSolu3ons

Vandalismresultsinthedestruc3onofpublicpropertyinpublicplaces.Signicantsocialstudieshavebeenconductedandtheoriesappliedbuttheproblemisdiculttocontrol.Mi3ga3onprocedurescannonethelessbetaken.

Whydoesvandalismoccur?

Vandalismisusuallyassociatedwithcrimesormisdemeanorscarriedoutbyjuvenilesunder15yearsofage.Betweentheagesof10and15,vandalismisconsideredasagame.Asthechildgrowsolder,interestschangeandthesenseofresponsibilityandpossessionincreases.Actsofvandalismarealsoconductedbyadultsespeciallywherethereissocialdecay.Targetsofvandalismincludepropertythatisseenaspublicandwithoutdirectownership.Insuchcases,itisimportanttoinculcatethesenseofbelongingandcommunityamongthesurroundingpeople.

Examplesoftargets:Playgrounds,walkways,liUs,publicfurnitureandtoilets.

Typesofvandalism:destruc3on,gra3andmisuse.

Whattriggersvandalism?

Factorswhichtriggervandalisminclude: Untendedproperty Propertythatisalreadydamaged,e.g.Dirtywallsandbrokenwindows

Con3nuousdeteriora3onoftheaboveleadingtosocialdistressandlowqualitysurroundingsanddiscomfortresul3nginslumareas.

Howtoavoidvandalism?

DefensibleSpace Applytheconceptsofdefensiblespacewherethespiritof

ownershipandbelongingisinculcated,andwherepublicandpublicaccessspacesareobservablebysegmentsofthecommunity.

Reducethenumberofpublicspacesandencouragesocialsurveillance.Surveillancebyindividualsand/orgroupsofindividualsthathaveastakeorcommitmenttowardsapar3cularspace.

PlacesthatappearwithoutownersareoUentargeted.

DefensiveConcepts Ensurethatpublicameni3esaremadeofsternermaterialsthatarediculttodamage.

ManagementConcept. Ensuredamagedpropertyoritemsarerepairedquicklybeforethesitua3ondeteriorates.

PublicAwarenessCampaigns.

SecurityPlanning

Securityplanningconsistsof

PhysicalPlanningmadeupofpassivesecuritysystemscombinedwithac3vesecuritysystem.

includeshardwareaswellaswhatisalreadyphysicallyinplace.

ManagementPlanning includesthepoliciesinplacewithintheorganiza3onsandtheworkculture.

PhysicalPlanning

Useofphysicalbarriersasalineofdefensearoundanarea,spaceorbuilding.

TherearethreestagesofphysicalPlanningforsecurity:

3 Lines of Defense

Fig 6.1 Three Lines of Defense

PhysicalPlanningFirstLineofdefense

Normallyoccurringaroundtheperimeteralongthesiteboundary.

Itcanbeeithermanmade(gates,fencesetc.)ornatural(rivers,lakes,clisetc)

Servestodelayortemporarilyobstructintendedintruders.Servesasadeterrentanddiscouragesrandomactsofsecuritybreach.

Elementsthatneedconsidera3onareingressandegress,emergenciesandcontrol.

Canbecombinedwithac3vesecuritysystemsWhenthebarriersarelocatedoverawidearea,aclearzonecanbecreatedoverwhichvisualsurveillancecanoccur,betweenthe1stand2ndlineofdefense. Ifthereisconsiderablelandscaping,itisadvisabletoincludeac3vesystems.Thornyplantsaddtothesecurityaspect.Asecuritytowersystemcanbeu3lized.Itseec3venessdependsonitsloca3onandheight.Itsisolatedloca3onmayresultinareduc3oninalertnessofthesecuritypersonnel.

2ndLineofDefense

Thisisa3dimensionalmechanismwhichismoreimportantthanthe1stlineofdefenseasthereareseveralpoten3alweakpoints.Elementsthatneedpar3cularaCen3onare:

Doorshingesandlocksneedpar3cularconsidera3ondependingonthebuildingsriskfactors.

WindowstheweakestpointconsideringglassisoUenused.Forhighriskbuildingsthatdonothavesecuritygrilles,sensoralarmsystemsshouldbeused.

EmergencydoorsIfnotplannedproperly,thisisthemostvulnerablepointofintruderentry.Directonewayexitthatisunlockedshouldbeconnectedtosecuritysensors.Theseexitsshouldbelocatedinexposedareasthatarenothiddenfromgeneralviews.

Roofs

3rdlineofDefense

A3dimensionalsystemthatifdesignedproperlycanpreventtransgressorsfromacquiringvaluables.

Examplesaresafes,strongrooms,panicrooms.

Risklevelswilldeterminethetypeofsecurityrequired.

Valuablesshouldonlybehandledandguardedbyspecicpersonnelonly.

Aneec3vebarrierisaroomwithinabuildingthatisisolatedfromotherareas.

Itsloca3onisoUeninthecentralpartsofabuildingwithoutwindowsordirectexitpoints.

Entrypointsareminimizedandcontrolled.Avoidcommonwallswithotherbuildings.

InternalCircula3onandSecurityManagement

Properlyplannedbuildingslimitareasthatneedtobeprotected,reduceentrancesandprovidenounobservedlinesofapproach.

Costsofprovidingalarms,securityguardsandprotec3onarereducedandmoresecurebuildingsresult.

Internalcircula3onofabuildingcanpresentmanysecurityproblemsespeciallyatentrances.

Eachunsupervisedentranceisariskdayandnightand24hoursupervisionwithholidaysandreliefcanbearsignicantcost.

3typesofintrudersforbuildingsinuseare: Unauthorisedpersons Authorisedpersonswhocommittransgressions

Visitorswithocialbusinesswhotakeadvantage

Onlypropersecuritymanagementsystemscanprevent2and3above.

Architectsmustallowforsecurityplanningtoenabletheorganiza3ontoplanitsmanagementofsecurityespeciallyforhighriskbuildings.

TargetRisks

Everybuildinghashighrisktargets,example:cashregisters,safes,strongroomsetc.

Concentriczonesaccordingtothelevelofsecurityriskscanbeu3lizedtoraisetheawarenessofthelevelsofsecurityforstaandvisitors.

Ac3veIntrusionDetec3onSystems

Tounderstandthedesignofintrusiondetec3onsystems,itisnecessaryrsttounderstandthecharacteris3csofthecommonlyavailableintrusiondetectors(sensors)onwhichthesesystemsarebased.

Onceanintrusionalarmhasbeengivenbyasensor,thesignalmustbeprocessedandappropriateac3ontaken.Thismayincludesoundingloudalarms,turningonlights,sendingsignalstoproprietaryorprivatesurveillanceservicesorpoliceetc.

Elementsinanac3veIntrusionDetec3onSysteminclude: Detec3ondevicesorSensors ControlEquipmentswitches,relays,resetbuCons Signalinglinkwiredconnec3ontoalarmbellsorsurveillance

serviceprovidersorpolice. Wiredconnec3ontopowersourcemainsorbaCery. Powersource

MechanicalMo=onDetectors Thiscanbeusedwherewindowfoilorxedcontactsare

imprac3cal. Thisdeviceisaspringmountedcontactsuspendedinsidea

secondcontactsurface. Anyappreciablemo3onofthesurfaceonwhichthedeviceis

placedcausesthecontactstoconnecttemporarily,turninginanalarm.

Thesedevicesareverysensi3veandcanbeac3vatedbysonicbooms,wind,andevenaheavytruckpassingby.Forthisreasonsuchunitsareprovidedwithsensi3veadjustment.

PhotoElectricDevices Thesedevicesoperateonthesimpleprincipleofbeaminterrup3on.

Whenthebeamisreceived,acontactinthereceiverisclosed. Interrup3oninthebeamcausesthecontacttoopensefngofthe

alarm. Olderdevicesusevisiblelightbeamwhichiseec3veindoors,but

outdoordust,insects,birdsetc.showtheloca3onofthebeam.Birdsandsmallanimalssetito.Dispersionoflightalsolimitsthethrowofthedevicesoutside.

Modernunitsuselasersandinfrared(IR)beams,whicharelesseasilydetectedandcanbearrangedtodieren3atebetweenintrudersandotherdisturbances.

Whenalaserbeamisused,thesignalcanbepickedup,ampliedandtransmiCedadierentdirec3on,thusestablishingaperimetersecurityfencefromasinglesource.

Theabilitytofocusonapar3cularareaisu3lizedtocoverareasbothhorizontallyandver3cally.

AsthePIRdetectorsarenotsensi3vetomo3onbutaretoheatitisusablewheremo3onisunavoidable.

TheprincipledisadvantageofPIRdetectorsisthatrapidtemperaturechangescausedbydirectinsola3on,acoldbreeze,aheaterturningonetccancausethealarmtotrigger.

PIRdetectorscanbeusedasmo3ondetectorsbyusingamul3beam(zone)unit.

Mo3onisdetectedaschangesinIRradia3onofadjacentzonesorintheradia3onofazoneorintheradia3onofazonewithrespecttothebackground,bothofwhichcharacterizemo3on.

HoweverbecauseDopplereectdependsonrela3vemo3onbetweenthesourceandthemovingbody,anintrudermovinglaterallymaygoundetectedifsensi3vityhasbeenreducedtoavoidfalsealarms.

Thereforeunitsshouldbelocatedsothatthepathofanintruderisasnearlyaspossibledirectlytowardorawayfromthedetector.

Ultrasonicunitsarecheaperthanmicrowaveunitsbutcanbedisturbedbystrongairturbulenceandveryloudnoises.

Microwaveunitsareundisturbedbyairornoisebutbecausetheypenetratesolidstheycanbeaectedbymo3onoutsidetheprotectedarea.

Acous=cDetectors Theseunitsalarmwhenthenoiselevelexceedsapresetmaximum.

Alterna3velytheycanbearrangedtorespondtoapar3cularrangeoffrequenciescorrespondingtothenoiseofbreakingglass,forcedentryorwhateverisdesired.

Althoughappliedprincipallyinsecuritysystems,theycanalsobeusedasoccupancysensorsforswitchingofligh3ng.

Mul3pleDetectors Aswithredetectors,abalancemustbestruckbetweenthesensi3vityof

detectorsandthenuisanceoffalsealarmsasincreasingtheformerincreasesthelaCeraswell.

Oneveryeec3vemethodistousemul3pledetectorswithdierenttechnologiesthatverifyeachother.UnitsareavailablethatcombinePIRandultrasonicdetectorsinasinglehousing.

Itdoesnottransmitanalarmun3lbothdetectorsindicateintrusion.Thisdualtechniqueisapplicableforareaandperimeterprotec3onaswellasportalsurveillance.

Residen3alIntrusionAlarmSystems

Residencesusuallyu3lizedoorandwindowmagne3cswitchesaswellasPIRand/ormo3ondetectors.

Amanualswitchattheendofalongcordisalsoprovidedsothataresidentmaysetothealarmatwillifanintruderisheard.

Ifthesystememploysthesameaudiblesignaldevicesastheresystem,thesoundshouldbedis3nc3vesothatthenatureofthealarmcouldbediscernedaurally.

Intrusionalarmsystemscanbecon3nuallysupervisedbyconnec3onswithcentralsta3onsofcompanieswhosebusinessissuchsupervisionandthatresponddirectlytoanalarmcallorno3fylocalpoliceofanyillegalentry.

Mul3pleDwellingEntryandSecuritySystems

Apartmenthousesandotherlargeresidencescombinethefunc3onsofthefamiliarlobbytoapartmentcommunica3onsystem.

ThemostbasicsystemisaseriesofpushbuConsinthelobbyandanintercomspeakerortelephonewithwhichtocommunicatewithresidents.

AttheotherendthetenanthasaspeakermicrophoneplusalobbydooropenerbuCon.

Thissystemcanalsobearrangedtou3lizethetenantsregulartelephone.

Whenthenumberoftenantsisverylarge,analphabe3calrosterisaddedtotheapartmentbuConpaneltoavoidthenuisanceofscanningalltheapartmentnameswhenthesoughtpartysapartmentnumberisnotknown.

Forevenlargernumbers,analphabe3caltenantregisterplusabuConphoneisused.Closedcircuitt.v.systemisfrequentlyaddedtothelobbysystemenablingthetenanttoalsoseethecaller.

Suchasystemincreasestheelectricalcontractcostforanaverageapartmenthouse5%to7%.

CallbuConswithinapartmentscanbeusedtoperformanyalarmfunc3onsrequiredtodealwithanintruderwhomanagestobypassthelobbysecuritycheck.

Ingeriatrichousingdesigns,thesebuConsalsoservetounlocktheapartmentdoortoallowhelperstoenterifsummonedbylightsandalarms.

Inluxuryapartmentbuildings,apartmentdoorscanbemonitoredfromacentralsecuritydeskandanyunscheduleddoormovementsubjectedtoimmediateinves3ga3on.

Thesesystemsarecustomdesignedtomeettherequirementsoftheowner.

HotelsandMotelsSecuritySystems

Asecurityproblemapplicabletoallfacili3es,includingresiden3al,involveslimi3ngentryinunsupervisedareastoauthorizedpersons(i.e.unsupervisedaccesscontrol)

Theproblemsofkeysandlocksiswellknown,despiteadvancesinthateld.

Moresophis3catedmeansincludemagne3ccardsandelectroniccombina3onlockswhich,becauseoftheeaseofcodechange,arepar3cularlyusefulforresiden3alfacili3esthatcaterfortransients.

Theemergencycallsystemisalsoappropriateforallhousinginstalla3onsespeciallyfortheelderlyandhandicapped.

Thepurposeofthesystemistoalertoutsiderstoanemergencysitua3oninsideaclosedapartment.Thealarmsystemisawaytocallforhelpin3mesofillnessorotherdistress.

MostoUenthesesystemsprescribeacallini3a3onbuConineachbedroomandbathroomthatregistersanaudible(alarm)andvisible(annunciated)signalataloca3onthatismonitoredlocallyorremotely24hoursaday.

Addi3onalsignalsarerequiredintheoorcorridorandattheapartment,toalerttheimmediateneighbours.

HotelsandMotelsSecuritySystems

Becauseofthetransientpopula3onofthesefacili3esandtheneedtoprovidemaximumserviceandsecurityforguestsduringtheirstay,theprincipalprobleminaddi3ontoroomaccesssecurityishotelequipmentsecurity(i.e.preven3onofshrinkage).

RoomAccessSecurity. Theineec3venessofkeylocksinpreven3ngundesiredentryeveninprivate

homesiswellknowninhotels.ThekeyisliClemorethanapsychologicalbarrier.

Asaresultmostmodernhotelshaveinstalledelectronicroomlockswhoseopeningdevicecodeischangedwitheverynewguest.

TheselocksmaybeofthecodedpushbuContypewhosecodingischangeablefromacentrallocksecurityconsole;amagne3callyorpunchholecodedcardtype(gure6.9);oraprogrammablecodedlockandcodedkeytype(gure6.10).

Allofthesesystemshaverela3veadvantagesanddisadvantages,dependingonthenumberofrooms,whethertheinstalla3onisnewconstruc3onorretrot,andtheaveragelengthofthegueststay.

EquipmentSecurity. Theneedtoprovideexpectedservicesrequiresthatguestrooms

beequippedwithatelevisionandpossiblyotherelectronica.v.devices,mee3ngroomswitht.v.s,computersandLCDprojectors;andthattheseandotherdevicesbemadeavailableforguestsuseaspartoftheroomfeeoronarentalbasis.

Onesystemthatsalsoapplicableinschools,ocesandindustrialbuildingssensesthedisconnec3onoftheequipmentfromitspowerconnec3on(wallplugs)andtransmitsanalarmoverthepowerlinestoanannunciatorataselectedcontrolloca3on.

Thishastheadvantageofalarmingimmediatelyofequipmentremovalpermifngappropriateretrievalac3ontobetakenin3me.

SchoolSecuritySystems Althoughintrusionalarmandsecuritysystemsarenothistorically

normalschoolrequirements,thesitua3onhasunfortunatelychanged.

Sensingdevicesonwindowsanddoorscanbearrangedbothtotriplocalalarmsandviaauxiliarycircuits,tono3fypoliceheadquarters.

OUenvandalscanbefrightenedobyhavingthealarmsystemactuateaprotec3veligh3ngsystemthatilluminatesabuildingexteriorandanybuildinginteriorrequired,suchasrecordrooms.

Aperimeteralarmdetec3onsystemofthetypesdescribedearliercanbeinstalledinpar3cularlyvandalproneareastoassistinpreven3ngentrytoschoolpremisesaUerhours.

Onemodelofdooropeneralarmsrequiresacon3nuouspressureonthedooropeningbarof10to20secondsbeforethedooropens,withthedoorbeingimmediatelyac3vatedupontheapplica3onofpressure.

Thisarrangement(usedonlywhererecodespermit)allowssucient3meforthefacilitysstatoinves3gatetheaCemptedexitbeforethedooropensandisapplicableonlywhereexitcontrolistheoverridingconsidera3on.

Stairandexitdoorlockscanbearrangedtobecentrallyreleasedfromtherecontrolcentre.

Alterna3velytheclockiswallmountedandtheguardcarrieswithhimakey.

Acomputerizedversionofthissystemisavailablethatsimpliessta3oncheckin,automa3callychecksinguardvisitdata,andprovidesahardcopydata.

Guardtoursystemsarealsoavailablethatpermitsconstantsupervisionandarepar3cularlyac3vewhentherearemorethanoneguardonduty.

Suchsystemsshowonapaneltheloca3onandprogressofthewatchmanbymeansoflightsthatglowwhenthedeviceateachloca3onisoperated.

Becausepartoftheeec3venessofthesesystemsliesinthe3mingofthetour,asystemcanbearrangedtosoundanalarmifapar3cularsta3onisnotoperatedwithinaspecic3meperiod.

Telephonejacksalongtherouteallowtheguardtocommunicatewiththesupervisingoceorotherpointwithoutinterrup3ngthescheduledtour.

Forprotec3onofareascontaininghighlyvaluableitems,anintrusionalarmsystemcanbeemployed.

IndustrialBuildingsSecuritySystems

Thedesignandengineeringofpersonnelaccesscontrolsystemsisaspecialtythathasburgeonedsincethe1980sandisnowanindependentprofession.

Thelargevarietyofiden3ca3ontechnologiesplusthecontrolandsupervisoryfunc3onsofcomputers,hasgreatlyenhancedtheaccesscontrolcapabili3esofevenarela3velysmallsystem.

Thetradi3onalaccesscontrolques3onwasalwayswhoispermiCedtopassthroughaspecicportal?

Themeansbywhichtheiden3ca3onismadethatanswersthisques3onvarieswiththeimportanceofaccesscontrolatthatportal.

Thusentrancetoalarge,mul3purposespaceusedbymanypeoplemustberapidandmustavoidthedelaycausedbyaphysicalbarrier.

Themeanscommonlyusedisoneormoreguardswhovisuallyandinarela3velycursoryfashioninspectabadgewithanIDphoto.

Whenaphysicalaccessbarrierisinvolved,passageisslow,dependingonlypartlyontheiden3ca3onprocess.

Evenwiththemostrapidelectroniciden3ca3on,adoororportalclosuremustbephysicallyreleasedandoperated,whichcanbevery3meconsuming.Inthepar3cularinstanceshowningure30.23,theiden3ca3onprocessisvery3meconsumingaswellasitinvolveshumaninterven3on.

UnaCendedphysicalbarrierscanbereleasedbyamul3tudeofiden3ca3ontechnologiesdependingontheirlevelofimportance.Atthelowerendofthesecurityscalearebarriersthatrequiresomeknowledgeand/orinspectanobjectpresentedbytheusersuchasamagne3c,barcodedorproximityreadercard(gure30.24).Becauselockscanbecontrolledelectronicallyandprogrammedremotely,theycanbeprogrammedtogiveaccessatcertain3mesonly,tospecicgroupsofcardsorindividualcardsonly,ortopreventaccesstospeciccards(e.g.cardsreportedlost)orforanyotherreason.Theelementof3mecontrolledaccessisrela3velynew;itintegratesrela3velywellwithintrusionsecuritysystemsbecauseportalscanbeeasilycoordinatedwithchangingworkschedules.Thusapersoncanbebarredformenteringanareainwhichheisnotconcernedwithatthat3meofday(gure30.25)

Becauselockscanbecontrolledelectronicallyandprogrammedremotely,theycanbeprogrammedtogiveaccessatcertain3mesonly,tospecicgroupsofcardsorindividualcardsonly,ortopreventaccesstospeciccards(e.g.cardsreportedlost)orforanyotherreason.

Theelementof3mecontrolledaccessisrela3velynew;itintegratesrela3velywellwithintrusionsecuritysystemsbecauseportalscanbeeasilycoordinatedwithchangingworkschedules.

Thusapersoncanbebarredformenteringanareainwhichheisnotconcernedwithatthat3meofday(gure6.16)

Inviewofthemanymethodsofavailableaccesscontroltechnologies,accesscontrolisusedtolimitaccesstootheraspectssuchastocopymachines,faxmachines,phonelinesandotherocefacili3esfrequentlyusedbyemployeesforotherthanpurelybusinesspurposes.