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Tornado
BEWARE OF TORNADOES
- Nee Yen- Adam- Kheng Aik
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The speed of the tornadoes Tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in
contact with both the surface of the earth and acumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumuluscloud. They are often referred to as twisters or cyclones,although the word cyclone is used in meteorology, in a widersense, to name any closed low pressure circulation. Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, but they aretypically in the form of a visible condensation funnel, whosenarrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by acloud of debris and dust. Most tornadoes have wind speedsless than 110 miles per hour (180 m!h", are about #$0 feet(80 m" across, and travel a few miles (several ilometers"
before dissipating. The most e%treme tornadoes can attainwind speeds of more than &00 miles per hour ('80 m!h",stretch more than two miles (& m" across, and stay on theground for dozens of miles (more than 100 m".
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Tornadoes have been observed on every continent e%cept ntarctica.)owever, the vast ma*ority of tornadoes occur in the Tornado lleyregion of the +nited tates, although they can occur nearly anywhere in-orth merica.They also occasionally occur in southcentral and eastern
sia, northern and eastcentral outh merica, outhern frica,northwestern and southeast /urope, western and southeasternustralia, and -ew ealand.Tornadoes can be detected before or as theyoccur through the use of ulse2oppler radar by recognizing patterns invelocity and re3ectivity data, such as hoo echoes or debris balls, aswell as through the e4orts of storm spotters.
There are several scales for rating the strength of tornadoes. The 5u*itascale rates tornadoes by damage caused and has been replaced in somecountries by the updated /nhanced 5u*ita cale. n 50 or /50 tornado,the weaest category, damages trees, but not substantial structures. n5$ or /5$ tornado, the strongest category, rips buildings o4 their
foundations and can deform large syscrapers. The similar T6776 scaleranges from a T0 for e%tremely wea tornadoes to T11 for the mostpowerful nown tornadoes. 2oppler radar data, photogrammetry, andground swirl patterns (cycloidal mars" may also be analyzed todetermine intensity and assign a rating.
