Torts and Damages Magic Notes

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    1/44

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    2/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ /

    ! + 2 S R R * T 6 V R$ P=TU 3VK7050,6*5. N(,8$ 8&"$&"9& ,&'&,8 $# S22 +JcJ22JS4J2J6JVRP R&9#"% 8&"$&"9& 0(7($8 [QP

    N0++3>* B W0+860

    D$!(%. S d&-% !! 3VK+3--7: 3V87@>308,- 5*, K@56-J0973 9: 70L ,J0, 6, 6587@>3- 5*,*57: 65]@+63- ,* K3+-*5- 9@, 07-* >01023 ,*K+*K3+,:; 4, 10\3- 5* >6-,658,6*5 93,; /01023 ,*K3+-*5- 05> >01023 ,* K+*K3+,:;

    ! + 2 S R R * T 6 V RG&0&:-"9&= 90-,('(&% $)-$ [Q ("90;%&8 %-7-C& $#1,#1&,$. >8-7& )(C)0(C)$ (" ,&:(&3&,@/,#F0&7= $P=Y=OPQ 20B3 3V01K73 LJ3+3 ?/ 05>>01023 ,* K+*K3+,: f0(-F(0($. #' 1,#1,(&$#,8 #' &O9&88(:&87#M&gA F;$ $)(8 (8 - 6#,$ #" R6GJ+6 2JS4J2J6UK "#$ [Qh

    N0\-J B !$

    D$!(%. 4-M8) 3-8 8;&% '#, %-7-C&8 '#, )(8 F,&-9) #'1,#7(8& $# 7-,,.P +S -''(,7&% 6+L8 -3-,% #' %-7-C&8K,&0.("C #" S,$P B? ++P

    4%%E). HT* %-7-C&8 7-. F& ,&9#:&,&% '#, - F,&-9)#' 1,#7(8& $# 7-,,. F-8&% #" S,$P B? #' $)& ++P UVRP

    F)#/. S,$P B? 7-. F& -110(&% (" - F,&-9) #' 1,#7(8& $#7-,,. 3)&,& $)& 3#7-" (8 - :(9$(7 #' 7#,-0 8&%;9$(#"P

    S,$P B? (8 %&8(C"&% $# &O1-"% $)& 9#"9&1$ #' $#,$8 #, [Q(" $)(8 X;,(8%(9$(#" F. C,-"$("C -%&W;-$& 0&C-0 ,&7&%. '#,$)& ;"$#0% "#P #' 7#,-0 3,#"C8 3)(9) (8 (71#88(F0& '#,);7-" '#,&8(C)$ $# 81&9('(9-00. &";7&,-$& -"% 1;"(8) ("$)& 8$-$;$& F##M8P

    $+,; P=TU LJ68J >3 0 ?/ 6- 7616,3> ,* 53276235,08,- *+ *16--6*5- 05> 3V87@>3- ,J3 5*,6*5 *3+ ,J058@7K0 0X@676050 938; 6, 6587@>3- 5*, *57: 5327623583G9@, 65,35,6*507 8+616507 08,- 0- L377;

    ! + 2 S R R * T 6 V R8# 3)-$L8 9#,,&9$I J"90;%& #, "#$ $# ("90;%& ("$&"$(#"-0-9$8I J" 4-M8)K Q-:(%& 8)#3&% ,#0& #' SB?K 8# )&0(7($&% SB?^a $# "&C0(C&"$ -9$8 #, #7(88(#"8P $P=TU>6-8@--6*5 6- 5*, 5383--0+: 6-K*-6,6*5 *3-65,35,6*507 08,-^

    iiiJ88;&= HT* [Q 9#:&,8 ("$&"$(#"-0 -9$8 #, "#$I J' ($9#:&,8 ("$&"$(#"-0 -9$8PPN, 0($(C-$(#" 1$ #' :(&3= ($ %#&8"L$ 7-$$&,

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    3/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ B@ 1,&8&"9& #' '-;0$ #, "&C0(C&"9& #, 0-9M #' %;& 9-,& ("$)& #1&,-$(#" #' $)& 1-88&"C&, F;8 F. ($8 %,(:&, ,&8;0$("C(" $)& 9#00(8(#"A>D@ 1).8(9-0 ("X;,(&8 -"% #$)&, %-7-C&8 8;8$-("&% F.1&$($(#"&,8 -8 - ,&8;0$ #' $)& 9#00(8(#"A

    >_@ &O(8$&"9& #' %(,&9$ 9-;8-0 9#""&9$(#" F&$3&&" $)&%-7-C& #, 1,&X;%(9& -"% $)& '-;0$ #, "&C0(C&"9& #'1,(:-$& ,&81#"%&"$8A -"%>j@ $)& -F8&"9& #' 1,&&O(8$("C 9#"$,-9$;-0 ,&0-$(#"8F&$3&&" $)& 1-,$(&8P

    6)& -00&C-$(#" $)-$ 1,(:-$& ,&81#"%&"$8 :(#0-$&% $,-''(9

    ,;0&8 %#&8 "#$ %&$,-9$ ',#7 $)& "-$;,& -"% $)& 9)-,-9$&,#' $)& -9$(#"8 -8 #"& F-8&% #" 9;01- -W;(0(-"-PVO9&88(:& 81&&% (" :(#0-$(#" #' $,-''(9 ,;0&8 (8 - 90&-,("%(9-$(#" #' "&C0(C&"9&P

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( )" J71#,$-"$= 6-M& "#$& #' _ &0&7&"$8 #' [Q= >?@

    -9$8 #, #7(88(#" 9#"8$($;$("C "&C0(C&"9&A >B@%-7-C&A >D@ %(,&9$ 9-;8-0 9#""&9$(#" F&$3&&"%-7-C& -"% -9$ #, #7(88(#"A >_@ "# 1,&&O(8$("C9#"$,-9$;-0 ,&0-$(#"P

    " 6)& 9-8& 7&"$(#"8 j &0&7&"$8 F;$ /,#'P +-8(87&"$(#"&% _P

    $5>01* B !$D$!(%. 6)& m(88(#"-,(&8 #' T;, 2-%. #' 2- R-0&$$&9-;8&% $)& 9#"8$,;9$(#" #' 3-$&,1-$)8 -"% 9#"$,(:-"9&8(" ($8 9#71#;"%P 6)(8 -00&C&%0. 9-;8&% '0##%("C -"%%-7-C& $# $)& -%X-9&"$ 0#$K 1,#1&,$. #' $)& S"%-7#81#;8&8P 6)& S"%-7#8 '(0&% - 9,(7("-0 9-8& '#,%&8$,;9$(#" F. 7&-"8 #' (";"%-$(#"K -"% 0-$&, -08# '(0&% -9(:(0 -9$(#" '#, %-7-C&8 -C-("8$ ,&81#"%&"$ 9#,1#,-$(#"P6)& 9(:(0 9-8& 3-8 %(87(88&% '#, 0-9M #' X;,(8%(9$(#"K -8$)& 9,(7 9-8& 3-8 '(&0% -)&-% #' ($P

    4%%E). HT* $)& %(87(88-0 #' $)& 9(:(0 9-8& 3-8 1,#1&,P

    F)#/. *TP 6)& 9(:(0 -9$(#" 3-8 F-8&% #" [Q -"% 7-.1,#9&&% ("%&1&"%&"$0. #' $)& 9,(7("-0 9-8&P S00 $)&&0&7&"$8 #' [Q -,& 1,&8&"$ (" $)& 9#710-("$K $# 3($=>?@ %-7-C&8 8;''&,&% F. $)& 10-("$(''A>B@ '-;0$ #, "&C0(C&"9& #' $)& %&'&"%-"$K #, 8#7& #$)&,1&,8#" '#, 3)#8& -9$8 )& 7;8$ ,&81#"%A -"%>D@ $)& 9#""&9$(#" #' 9-;8& -"% &''&9$ F&$3&&" $)& '-;0$#, "&C0(C&"9& #' $)& %&'&"%-"$ -"% $)& %-7-C&8("9;,,&% F. $)& 10-("$(''P

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( )

    " J71#,$-"$= 6-M& "#$& #' D &0&7&"$8 #' [Q= >?@%-7-C&8 8;''&,&% F. 10-("$(''A >B@ '-;0$ #,"&C0(C&"9& #' %&'&"%-"$A >D@ '-;0$ #' %&'&"%-"$9-;8&% %-7-C&8 8;''&,&% F. 10-("$(''

    (0:7*+ B b)C$#!'

    D$!(%. ?jm-";&0-"% `&88(&@ &O1&,(7&"$&% 3($) %&$#"-$("C 9-18 3&,&$-M&" ',#7 $)& 1,&7(8&8 #' mVGS2+TP Q-:(% -"%m-";&0 (C"($&% $)& 9#"$&"$8 #' $)& 9-1K ,&8;0$("C (" -"&O10#8(#" 3)(9) 0&% $# Q-:(%L8 0#88 #' )(8 ,(C)$ &.&PQ-:(%L8 '-$)&, '(0&% -" -9$(#" '#, %-7-C&8P

    4%%E). HT* $)& 10-("$('' 9-" ,&9#:&, %-7-C&8 (" $)(89-8&P

    F)#/. *TP J" #,%&, $# ,&9#:&, %-7-C&8K $)& '#00#3("C7;8$ F& &8$-F0(8)&%=>?@ %-7-C&8 $# $)& 10-("$(''A>B@ "&C0(C&"9& F. -9$ #, #7(88(#" #' 3)(9) %&'&"%-"$1&,8#"-00.K #, 8#7& 1&,8#" '#, 3)#8& -9$8 ($ 7;8$,&81#"%K 3-8 C;(0$.A -"%>D@ $)& 9#""&9$(#" #' 9-;8& -"% &''&9$ F&$3&&" $)&"&C0(C&"9& -"% $)& %-7-C&P

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( )" J71#,$-"$= [;-0('(9-$(#" #' "&C0(C&"9& p '-;0$ #,

    "&C0(C&"9& (8 - 8#;,9& #' #F0(C-$(#" 3)&"F&$3&&" 8;9) "&C0(C&"9& -"% $)& ("X;,. $)&,&&O(8$8 $)& ,&0-$(#" #' 9-;8& -"% &''&9$

    (0:02 B $7805,0+0D$!(%. 6-.-C 3)# 3-8 ,(%("C #" - F(9.90& -0#"Cm9S,$);, d(C)3-. 3-8 F;71&% F. - F;8 -"% %(&%P d(8)&(,8 8;&% $)& F;8 #3"&, -"% %,(:&, '#, %-7-C&8P S9,(7 9-8& 3-8 -08# '(0&% -C-("8$ $)& F;8 %,(:&,P 6)& F;8%,(:&, 3-8 -9W;($$&% (" $)& 9,(7 9-8& #" $)& C,#;"% #',&-8#"-F0& %#;F$P +NJ 8;8$-("&% 1,(:-$& ,&81#"%&"$8Lm6R $)& 9(:(0 9-8& #" $)& C,#;"% #' 0-9M #' +TS %;& $#$)& -9W;($$-0 #' $)& F;8 %,(:&, (" $)& 9,(7 9-8&P

    4%%E). HT* $)& %(87(88-0 #' $)& 9(:(0 9-8& 3-8 1,#1&,P

    F)#/. *#P 6)& 1&$($(#"&,L8 +TS F&("C F-8&% #" - [QK$)& -9W;($$-0 #' $)& %,(:&, (" $)& 9,(7 9-8& (8 "#$ - F-, $#$)& 9(:(0 9-8& '#, %-7-C&8 F-8&% #" [QP

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    6/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ C S00 $)& &88&"$(-0 -:&,7&"$8 '#, - [Q -9$(#" -,&

    1,&8&"$K "-7&0.=?@ S9$ #, #7(88(#" 9#"8$($;$("C '-;0$ #, "&C0(C&"9&

    #" $)& 1-,$ #' 1,(:-$& ,&81#"%&"$AB@ Q-7-C& 9-;8&% F. $)& 8-(% -9$ #, #7(88(#"AD@ Q(,&9$ 9-;8-0 ,&0-$(#" F&$3&&" $)& %-7-C& -"%

    $)& -9$ #, #7(88(#"A -"%

    _@ *# 1,&B@ -'-;0$ #' $)(8 1&,8#"K 3)(9) (710(&8 -$ #"9& -" -9$ #'("$&00(C&"$ :#0($(#" $)-$ (8 (00(9($K #, 9#"$,-,. $# 0-3

    ! J$ 7;8$ F& 8)#3" $)-$ $)& %-7-C& $# $)& 10-("$(''K3)# 7;8$ 1,#:& ($K 3-8 $)& "-$;,-0 -"% 1,#F-F0&K #,%(,&9$ -"% (77&%(-$& 9#"8&W;&"9& #' %&'&"%-"$L89;01-F0& -9$ #, #7(88(#"

    ! /,#O(7-$& 9-;8& (8 %&$&,7("&% #" $)& '-9$8 #' &-9)9-8& ;1#" 7(O&% 9#"8(%&,-$(#"8 #' 0#C(9K 9#77#"8&"8&K 1#0(9. -"% 1,&9&%&"$P

    DP '-;0$ #, "&C0(C&"9&

    4 %$&W!' OKcATQ

    ! *&C0(C&"9& (8 $)& Y'-(0;,& $# #F8&,:&K '#, $)&1,#$&9$(#" #' $)& ("$&,&8$ #' -"#$)&, 1&,8#"K $)-$%&C,&& #' 9-,&K 1,&9-;$(#" -"% :(C(0-"9& 3)(9) $)&9(,9;78$-"9&8 ,&-8#"-F0. (71#8&P H)&" $)&%-"C&, (8 C,&-$ - )(C) %&C,&& #' 9-,& (8 "&9&88-,.K-"% $)& '-(0;,& $# #F8&,:& ($ (8 - 3-"$ #' #,%("-,.9-,&PZ

    ! *&C0(C&"9& (8 9#"%;9$K "#$ - 8$-$& #' 7("% #, $)&;8& #' 8#;"% X;%C7&"$P

    ! *&C0(C&"9& (8 - 7-$$&, #' ,(8M p $)-$ (8 $# 8-.K #'9#C"(l-F0& %-"C&, #' ("X;,.P 6)& -9$#, %#&8 "#$%&8(,& $# F,("C -F#;$ $)& 9#"8&W;&"9&8 3)(9)'#00#3K "#, %#&8 )& M"#3 $)-$ $)&. -,& 8;F8$-"$(-00.$# #99;,K #, F&0(&:& $)&. 3(00P 6)&,& (8 7&,&0. - ,(8M#' 8;9) 9#"8&W;&"9&8 8;''(9(&"$0. C,&-$ $# 0&-% -,&-8#"-F0& 7-" (" )(8 1#8($(#" $# -"$(9(1-$& $)&7K-"% $# C;-,% -C-("8$ $)&7P

    ! 6)& 9;01-F(0($. #' $)& -9$#,L8 9#"%;9$ 7;8$ F& X;%C&% (" $)& 0(C)$ #' $)& 1#88(F(0($(&8 -11-,&"$ $#)(7 -$ $)& $(7& -"% "#$ F. 0##M("C F-9M3-,% Y3($)$)& 3(8%#7 F#," #' $)& &:&"$PZ 6)& 8$-"%-,% 7;8$F& #"& #' 9#"%;9$K ,-$)&, $)-" 9#"8&W;&"9&8P S$$)& 8-7& $(7&K $)& 8$-"%-,% (71#8&% 7;8$ F& -"&O$&,"-0 #"&K F-8&% ;1#" 3)-$ 8#9(&$. %&7-"%8 #'$)& ("%(:(%;-0 ,-$)&, $)-" ;1#" )(8 #3" "#$(#" #'3)-$ (8 1,#1&,P

    ! J"$&"$(#"-0 #7(88(#"8 7;8$ "#$ F& $,&-$&% -8 9-8&8#' "&C0(C&"9&P 6)&8& -,& "#$ 9-8&8 #' #7(88(#"8A$)&. -,& 9-8&8 #' 1#8($(:& -9$(#"P

    N; /6-,652@6-J3>$; ?@0-6A>3768, B /3768,

    $+, P=TTG &!!G&81#"8(F(0($. '#, '-;0$ #, "&C0(C&"9& ;"%&, $)&

    1,&9&%("C -,$(90& (8 &"$(,&0. 8&1-,-$& -"% %(8$("9$ ',#7$)& 9(:(0 0(-F(0($. -,(8("C ',#7 "&C0(C&"9& ;"%&, $)& /&"-0+#%&P 4;$ $)& 10-("$('' 9-""#$ ,&9#:&, %-7-C&8 $3(9& '#,$)& 8-7& -9$ #, #7(88(#" #' $)& %&'&"%-"$P

    $+, SUcG CM!; &'#$"()*+) %*( -)./0.)*+)1G&9M0&88 (71,;%&"9& 9#"8(8$8 (" :#0;"$-,(0.K F;$

    3($)#;$ 7-0(9&K %#("C #, '-(0("C $# %# -" -9$ ',#7 3)(9)7-$&,(-0 %-7-C& ,&8;0$8 F. ,&-8#" #' ("&O9;8-F0& 0-9M#' 1,&9-;$(#" #" $)& 1-,$ #' $)& 1&,8#" 1&,'#,7("C #,'-(0("C $# 1&,'#,7 8;9) -9$K $-M("C ("$# 9#"8(%&,-$(#" )(8&710#.7&"$ #, #99;1-$(#"K %&C,&& #' ("$&00(C&"9&K

    1).8(9-0 9#"%($(#" -"% #$)&, 9(,9;78$-"9& ,&C-,%("C1&,8#"8K $(7& -"% 10-9&P

    R(710& (71,;%&"9& 9#"8(8$8 (" $)& 0-9M #'1,&9-;$(#" %(810-.&% (" $)#8& 9-8&8 (" 3)(9) $)&%-7-C& (71&"%("C $# F& 9-;8&% (8 "#$ (77&%(-$& "#$)& %-"C&, 90&-,0. 7-"('&8$P

    N0++3>* B W0+860G -@K+0

    CE#). S [Q #, 9;01- -W;(0(-"- (8 - 8&1-,-$& 0&C-0("8$($;$(#" ;"%&, $)& ++K 3($) - 8;F8$-"$(-00. -00 ($8 #3"K-"% ("%(:(%;-0($. $)-$ (8 &"$(,&0. -1-,$ -"% ("%&1&"%&"$',#7 9,(7&P

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( ) %/3768, ?@0-6A/3768,/;F0(9 ("$&,&8$ /,(:-$& ("$&,&8$/&"-0 +#%& +(:(0 +#%&/;"(8)&% #"0. F. 1&"-00-3

    S". M("% #' '-;0$ #'"&C0(C&"9&

    n;(0$ F&.#"% ,&-8#"-F0&%#;F$

    /,&1#"%&,-"9& #'&:(%&"9&

    M3*K73 B #62*5

    D$!(%. 4-8&% #" $)& $&8$(7#". #' - $-O( %,(:&,K n-F-$3-8 9#":(9$&% #' G#FF&,. 3($) d#7(9(%& 9#77($$&%-C-("8$ - ?^

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    7/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ D

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( ) %" *&&% $# ("%&7"('. )&(,8 &:&" (' "#$ 9,(7("-00.

    0(-F0&P

    M0>6770 B !$D$!(%. /-%(00-K - 7;"(9(1-0 7-.#,K $#C&$)&, 3($)1#0(9&7&" -"% - 9(:(0(-"K %&7#0(8)&% - 8$#,& -"% $##M-3-. ($8 9#"$&"$8K 1;,8;-"$ $# - 7;"(9(1-0 #,%("-"9&P+S -9W;($$&% $)&7 #' $)& 9)-,C& #' C,-:& 9#&,9(#"F-8&% #" ,&-8#"-F0& %#;F$ F;$ #,%&,&% $)&7 $# 1-.%-7-C&8P

    4%%E). HT* +S &,,&% (" ,&W;(,("C 1&$($(#"&,8 $# 1-.%-7-C&8 -'$&, -9W;($$("C $)&7 #' $)& 9,(7("-0 9)-,C&P

    F)#/. *TP 6)& 9(:(0 0(-F(0($. (8 "#$ &O$("C;(8)&% F.-9W;($$-0 3)&,& $)& -9W;($$-0 (8 F-8&% #" ,&-8#"-F0&9#;"$ -8 #"0. - 1,&1#"%&,-"9& #' &:(%&"9& (8 ,&W;(,&%(" 9(:(0 9-8&8P

    6)&,& (8 "#$)("C 9#"$,-,. $# S,$ BeK++ (" $)&,&"%($(#" #' - X;%C7&"$ #' -9W;($$-0 -"% - X;%C7&"$-3-,%("C %-7-C&8 (" $)& 8-7& 9,(7("-0 -9$(#"P 6)& $3#9-" 8$-"% 8(%& F. 8(%&P S X;%C7&"$ #' -9W;($$-0 #1&,-$&8$# &O$("C;(8) $)& 9,(7("-0 0(-F(0($.P J$ %#&8 "#$K )#3&:&,K&O$("C;(8) $)& 9(:(0 0(-F(0($. ;"0&88 $)&,& (8 - 90&-,8)#3("C $)-$ $)& -9$ ',#7 3)(9) 9(:(0 0(-F(0($. 7(C)$ -,(8&%(% "#$ &O(8$P

    !+@[ B !$

    D$!(%. *("&:&$9) +,;lK - 8;,C"K 3-8 9#":(9$&% #',&9M0&88 (71,;%&"9& ,&8;0$("C (" )#7(9(%&P

    4%%E). HT* +,;lL8 9#":(9$(#" (8 8;11#,$&% F. $)&&:(%&"9&P

    F)#/. d&, C;(0$ 3-8 "#$ 1,#:&% 4GQP d#3&:&,K $)&+#;,$ '("%8 )&, 9(:(00. 0(-F0& '#, $)& %&-$) #' 2.%(- 57-0(K'#, 3)(0& - 9#":(9$(#" ,&W;(,&8 1,##' 4GQK #"0. -1,&1#"%&,-"9& #' &:(%&"9& (8 ,&W;(,&% $# &8$-F0(8) 9(:(00(-F(0($.P

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( )" J71#,$-"$= &0&7&"$8 #' ,&9M0&88 (71,;%&"9&=

    >?@ $)& #''&"%&, %#&8 #, '-(08 $# %# -" -9$A >B@%#("C #, '-(0;,& $# %# $)& -9$ (8 :#0;"$-,.A >D@3($)#;$ 7-0(9&A >_@ 7-$&,(-0 %-7-C& ,&8;0$8',#7 $)& ,&9M0&88 (71,;%&"9&A >j@ $)&,& (8("&O9;8-F0& 0-9M #' 1,&9-;$(#" #" $)& 1-,$ #'$)& #''&"%&,K $-M("C ("$# 9#"8(%&,-$(#" )(8&710#.7&"$ #, #99;1-$(#"K %&C,&& #'("$&00(C&"9&K 1).8(9-0 9#"%($(#"K -"% #$)&,9(,9;78$-"9&8 ,&C-,%("C 1&,8#"8K $(7& -"%10-9&

    MJ676KK653 C0996, B M3*K73

    D$!(%. /)(0(11("& G-FF($L8 &710#.&& 3-8 9#":(9$&% #',&9M0&88 (71,;%&"9& ,&8;0$("C (" $,(10& )#7(9(%&K 7;0$(10&1).8(9-0 ("X;,(&8 -"% %-7-C& $# 1,#1&,$.K -"% 3-8

    8&"$&"9&% $# 8;''&, (71,(8#"7&"$ -"% $# 1-. %-7-C&8P6)& %,(:&, X;71&% F-(0P /)(0 G-FF($L8 "#$(9& #' -11&-03-8 %(87(88&%P

    4%%E). HT* -" &710#.&, 3)# %;$(';00. 1-,$(9(1-$&% ("$)& %&'&"8& #' ($8 -99;8&% &710#.&& 7-. -11&-0 $)&

    X;%C7&"$ #' 9#":(9$(#" ("%&1&"%&"$0. #' $)& -99;8&%P*TP

    F)#/. 6)& 8;F8(%(-,. 0(-F(0($. #' /)(0P G-FF($ (8("9(%&"$-0 $# -"% %&1&"%&"$ #" $)& 1&9;"(-,. 9(:(00(-F(0($. #' $)& -99;8&%

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    8/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ E

    !0528* B b05670 C067+*0>

    D$!(%. +-"C9#L8 -,7 3-8 -71;$-$&% F&9-;8& )& 3-8%,-3" ',#7 ;"%&, - ,-(0,#-% 9-,P d(8 ' ##$ -0(C)$&% ;1#" -

    7&0#" -$ $)& 7#7&"$ )& 8$&11&% ;1#" $)& 10-$'#,7P d&8;&8 '#, "&C0(C&"9& (" $)& 1&,'#,7-"9& #' - 9#"$,-9$PmG -,C;&8 $)-$ f?g $)& F,&-9) 3-8 %;& $# "&C0(C&"9& #'8&,:-"$ -"% fBg ($ &O&,9(8&% %;& %(0(C&"9& (" 8&0&9$(#"-"% 8;1&,:(8(#"P F37>. m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

    F)#/. R7($) (8 0(-F0& '#, %-7-C&8 F&9-;8& -110.("C$)& 8$-"%-,% #' - 1,;%&"$ 7-"K )& 3-8 "&C0(C&"$P S1,;%&"$ 7-" Y3#;0% )-:& ,&9#C"(l&% $)-$ $)& 9#;,8&3)(9) )& 3-8 1;,8;("C 3-8 ',-;C)$ 3($) ,(8MK -"% 3#;0%)-:& '#,&8&&" )-,7 $# $)& )#,8& -"% ,(%&, -8 -,&-8#"-F0& 9#"8&W;&"9& #' $)-$ 9#;,8&PZ R7($) 8)#;0%)-:&= ?P R$#11&% BP R0#3&% %#3" #, DP c&&,&% $# $)&,(C)$P/*8,+653-. ?P 6)& +#"8$($;$(:& '-9$ #' "&C0(C&"9& (8 $)&,&-8#"-F0& '#,&8(C)$ #' )-,7K '#00#3&% F. $)& (C"#,("C #'$)& -%7#"($(#" F#," #' $)(8 1,&

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    12/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ 1/"&C0(C&"$P >VO-710&8= $)& 0(C)$ ,-("'-00K :(8(F(0($. #' $)&8$,&&$ ?bb 7&$&,8 -3-.K &$9P@

    D0+ )0-,3+5 B !$

    D$!(%. H)(0& #" 9#71;08#,. 1(0#$-C& '#, %#9M("CK $)&:&88&0 ,-78 ("$# 1(&, F&9-;8& -"9)#, %(% "#$ $-M& )#0%

    dV2Q= 4#$) $)& 8)(17-8$&, -"% 9#71;08#,. 1(0#$ -,&0(-F0&P 6)& 8)(17-8$&, (8 0(-F0& F&9-;8& #' )(8 F0("%,&0(-"9& #" $)& 9#71;08#,. 1(0#$ -"% F&9-;8& )&Y8;1("&0. 8$##% F.Z 3($) "# 3-$9)';0 :(C(0-"9& #" )(81-,$P 6)& 9#71;08#,. 1(0#$ (8 0(-F0& F&9-;8& )& '-(0&% $#,&-9$ >#, ,&-9$&% $## 0-$&@ -"% F&9-;8& )& 7(89-09;0-$&%$)& F;0M -"% 8(l& #' $ )& :&88&0P

    /*8,+653-. f?g 5"7("%';0 %(8,&C-,% #, "&C0&9$';0,&0("W;(8)7&"$ #' %;$. (8 $-"$-7#;"$ $# "&C0(C&"9& fBgVO$,-#,%("-,. ,(8M %&7-"%8 &O$,-#,%("-,. %(0(C&"9&P fDg6)& 1,&8;71$(#" #' '-;0$ -C-("8$ - 7#:("C :&88&0 $)-$8$,(M&8 - 8$-$(#"-,. #FX&9$ (8 ,&F;$$-F0& F. 1,##' $)-$ $)&%,(:&, 3-8 3($)#;$ '-;0$K $)& 9#00(8(#" 3-8 $)& '-;0$ #' $)&8$-$(#"-,. #FX&9$K #, $)-$ ($ 3-8 $)& ,&8;0$ #' -" ("&:($-F0&-99(%&"$P

    &*,3-. 6)& %&'&"8& #' 0(-F(0($. #' -"#$)&, 1&,8#" (8 "#$-:-(0-F0& $# X#(" $#,$'&-8#,8P

    !6B67 $3+*50@,68- B !$

    D$!(%. 6)& 10-("$('' F,#M& )(8 $)(C) F#"& F&9-;8& )&80(11&% #:&, - _+35 2$30+/) 45 678 : -#+)& 0#0*''+ 9'/&( )0 /;' #( A&'("-'. *) 3' 1/A/3,')0 1)--#**#+; / 1-' /+. #( *) 3' F',. 1-#+/,,9 ,#/3,'*F'&'0)&'5 G*F#( H/( #+ I/9,)&5 IF#( /,() -#;F* -'/+ :&*JK LM6NOOO

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( ) %" 6)& "&3 0-3 #" "&C0(C&"9& #' 9)(0%,&" 3#;0%

    8$(00 "#$ -''&9$ $)& 0-38 #" "&C0(C&"9& #;$0("&%F. R-"C9# F&9-;8& ($ %#&8 "#$ &O1,&880.,&1&-0 $)& 1,#:(8(#"8 #' $)& G/+P

    " GS eD__ %#&8 "#$ -''&9$ 1,&8;71$(#"8 #'"&C0(C&"9&P d#3&:&,K ($ -''&9$8 S,$P B?kbK ++P

    (0:7*+ B b05670 C067+*0>

    D$!(%. Q-:(% 6-.0#,K ?jK -"% mS*5V2K ?BK 3&,&&O1&,(7&"$("C 3($) ';07("-$("C 9-18 $)&. '#;"% 0.("C-,#;"% $)& 9#71-".L8 1,&7(8&8P S'$&, -110.("C - 0(C)$&%7-$9) $# -" #1&"&% 9-1K ($ &O10#%&% 9-;8("C ("X;,(&8PQ-:(%L8 '-$)&, '(0&% - 9#710-("$ '#, %-7-C&8P

    F)#/. J" $)& 6;,"$-F0& -"% 6#,1&%# 9-8&8K $)& #3"&,#' $)& 1,&7(8&8 3-8 )&0% 0(-F0& F&9-;8& #' $)& %#9$,("&

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

    "&C0(C&"9& #" )(8 1-,$ $# '-(0 $# &O&,9(8& %;& 9-,& -"%1,&9-;$(#" (" $)& 9#77(88(#" #' 8;9) -9$8P /0-("$('' 3-88;( X;,(8 (" $)& 8&"8& $)-$ )(8 -C& -"% )(8 &O1&,(&"9&W;-0('(&% )(7 $# ;"%&,8$-"% -"% -11,&9(-$& $)& "&9&88($.'#, $)& &O&,9(8& #' $)-$ %&C,&& #' 9-;$(#" 3)(9) 3#;0%)-:& -:#(%&% $)& ("X;,. 3)(9) ,&8;0$&% '#, )(8 #3"%&0(F&,-$& -9$P S0$)#;C) $)& #3"&, #' $)& 1,&7(8&8 3-8

    ! #$ %&' ()*' +, -+.$/ (&0123'$4 )$2 +%&'3 5'3*+$* $+%,.11- *.0 6.30*4 )$ 07510'2 10('$*' 70/&% *+7'%07'* )30*'8&'$ 0% $+% +$ 9'&)1, +, +%&'3*: ;&.* 1')'1- %+ /)%&'3 ,+3 %&)% 5.35+*'4 7)- 9''?.0' .*' +, 0%@)$2 5'3&)5*4 0, +$' 8'3' %+ %&3+8 .5+$ &0* 53'70*'*4$')3 %&' (+77+$ 8)-4 %&0$/* %'75%0$/ %+ (&0123'$4 %&'*)7' 07510()%0+$ *&+.12 )30*':

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    13/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ 1Q` 8$;''@ 9-8&8= $)& W;&8$(#"(":#0:&% )-8 F&&" 3)&$)&, - ,-(0,#-% 9#71-".(8 0(-F0& '#, -" ("X;,. ,&9&(:&% F. -" ("'-"$ #'$&"%&, .&-,8K 3)# ',#7 7&,& (%0& 9;,(#8($.K #,'#, 1;,1#8&8 #' -7;8&7&"$K &"$&,8 ;1#" $)&,-(0,#-% 9#71-".r8 1,&7(8&8K -$ - 10-9& 3)&,&$)& ,-(0,#-% 9#71-".r8 1,&7(8&8K -$ - 10-9&3)&,& $)& ,-(0,#-% 9#71-". M"&3K #, )-% -C##% ,&-8#" $# 8;11#8&K 9)(0%,&" 3)# 3#;0%0(M&0. $# 9#7&K -"% $)&,& '#;"% &O10#8(:& 8(C"-0$#,1&%#&8 0&'$ &O1#8&% F. $)& ,-(0,#-%9#71-".r8 &710#.&&8K #"& #' 3)(9) 3)&"9-,,(&% -3-. F. $)& :(8($#,K &O10#%&% -"%("X;,&% )(7A #, 3)&,& 8;9) ("'-"$ '#;"% ;1#"$)& 1,&7(8&8 - %-"C&,#;8 7-9)("&K 8;9) -8 -$;,"$-F0& 0&'$ (" 8;9) 9#"%($(#" -8 $# 7-M& ($1,#F-F0& $)-$ 9)(0%,&" (" 10-.("C 3($) ($ 3#;0%F& &O1#8&% $# -99(%&"$ #, ("X;,. $)&,&',#7 -"%3)&,& $)& ("'-"$ %(% (" '-9$ 8;''&, ("X;,. ("10-.("C 3($) 8;9) 7-9)("&P J" $)&8&K -"% (" -C,&-$ :-,(&$. #' 8(7(0-, 9-8&8K $)& C,&-$ 3&(C)$#' -;$)#,($. )#0%8 $)& #3"&, #' $)& 1,&7(8&80(-F0&P

    " VO-710&8= H)-$ (' ($L8 - Bj

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    14/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ 1=/37 C*-0+6* B b05670 )738,+68

    D$!(%. S0F&,$# Q&0 G#8-,(#K eK %&81($& $)& 3-,"("C #'#"& #' )(8 9#71-"(#"8K -'$&, 8-.("C $)-$ )& )-% F&&" ("$)& )-F($ #' $#;9)("C 3(,&8K 1;$ #;$ )(8 ("%&O '("C&, -"%$#;9)&% - '-00&" &0&9$,(9-0 3(,&P d& (77&%(-$&0. '&00 '-9&%#3"3-,%8K &O90-(7("C YS.h m-%,&ZP 6)& &"% #' $)& 3(,&

    ,&7-("&% (" 9#"$-9$ 3($) )(8 F#%. 3)(9) '&00 "&-, $)&1#8$P 51#" F&("C $-M&" $# $)& )#81($-0K )& 3-81,#"#;"9&% %&-%P

    F)#/. J$ (8 %#;F$';0 3)&$)&, 9#"$,(F;$#,. "&C0(C&"9&9-" F& 1,#1&,0. (71;$&% $# $)& %&9&-8&%K #3("C $# )(8(77-$;,& .&-,8 -"% "-$;,-0 9;,(#8($. 3)(9) - 9)(0% 3#;0%'&&0 $# %# 8#7&$)("C #;$ #' $)& #,%("-,.K -"% $)& 7&,&'-9$ $)-$ $)& %&9&-8&% (C"#,&% $)& 9-;$(#" #' -9#71-"(#" #' $)& -C& #' k .&-,8 %#&8 "#$ -0$&, $)& 9-8&P4;$ &:&" 8;11#8("C $)-$ $)& 9#"$,(F;$#,. "&C0(C&"9&9#;0% (" 8#7& 7&-8;,& F& 1,#1&,0. (71;$&% $# $)&%&9&-8&%K .&$ 8;9) "&C0(C&"9& 3#;0% "#$ F& 3)#00. '-$-0$# $)& ,(C)$ #' -9$(#" (" $)(8 9-8&K"#$ )-:("C F&&" $)&%&$&,7("("C 9-;8& #' $)& -99(%&"$P

    CE#). J$ (8 %#;F$';0 3)&$)&, 9#"$,(F;$#,. "&C0(C&"9&9-" F& 1,#1&,0. (71;$&% $# $)& %&9&-8&%K #3("C $# )(8(77-$;,& .&-,8 -"% "-$;,-0 9;,(#8($.P

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( ) %" Q(''&,&"$ ',#7 6-.0#,=

    ! 6-.0#, p 9#"$,(F;$#,. "&C0(C&"9&K 9)(0%

    -8 $#,$'&-8#, ! Q&0 G#8-,(# p :(9$(7 #"0.

    " J77-$;,($. -"% "-$;,-0 9;,(#8($. $-M&" ("$#-99#;"$

    f70+>3 B $X@65*

    D$!(%. V%C-,%# SW;("# #,%&,&% )(8 8$;%&"$8 $# %(CF&8(%& - ? $#" 9#"9,&$& F0#9M (" #,%&, $# 7-M& - 3)#0&$# F;,. );C& 8$#"&8P d& 0&'$ '#;, #' $)&7 $# 0&:&0 $)&0##8& 8#(0 -,#;"% $)& #1&" )#0& F;$ -00&C&%0. $&00("C$)&7 Y"#$ $# $#;9) $)& 8$#"&ZP 6)&.K )#3&:&,K 10-.';00.

    X;71&% ("$# $)& 1($ -"% 9-;8&% $)& $#1 #' $)& 9#"9,&$&

    F0#9M $# '-00 $#3-,%8 $)& #1&"("CP U0-,%& 3-8"L$ -F0& $#90(7F #;$ -"% )& %(&% F&9-;8& #' $)& ("X;,(&8 8;8$-("&%P

    F)#/. 6)& 9)(0% U0-,%& 9-""#$ F& 9)-,C&% 3($),&9M0&88 (71,;%&"9&P >9($("C R-"C9#@ 6)& %&C,&& #'9-,& ,&W;(,&% $# F& &O&,9(8&% 7;8$ :-,. 3($) $)&9-1-9($. #' $)& 1&,8#" &"C&"%&,&% $# 9-,& '#, )(78&0'P S7("#, 8)#;0% "#$ F& )&0% $# $)& 8-7& %&C,&& #' 9-,& -8-" -%;0$K F;$ )(8 9#"%;9$ 8)#;0% F& X;%C&% -99#,%("C $#

    $)& -:&,-C& 9#"%;9$ #' 1&,8#"8 #' )(8 #3" -C& -"%&O1&,(&"9&P(J3 -,05>0+> *< 8*5>@8, ,* LJ68J 0 8J67>1@-, 8*5650+67: 3V3+86-3> 9: 8J67>+35 *< ,J3 -013023G 80K086,:G >6-8+3,6*5G \5*L73>23 05> 3VK3+63583@5>3+ ,J3 -013 *+ -61670+ 86+8@1-,0583-; OCE#)Q

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( ) %" t(% 3-8 ?bE?? .#= i%(81;$-F0& 1,&8;71$(#"

    ;"%&, R-"C9#i" i(" - 9-8& F&$3&&" 9)(0%,&" -"% -%;0$8K $)&

    $,&"% (8 $)-$ -%;0$8 8)#;0% M"#3 F&$$&,i

    %$&W!' OKK; TZAT`Q

    5*QVG e UVSGR # 9#"90;8(:&0. 1,&8;7&% $# )-:&-9$&% 3($)#;$ %(89&,"7&"$ -"% (8 &O&71$ ',#7 9,(7("-00(-F(0($.TcVG e 456 5*QVG ?j # 7-. #, 7-. "#$ F& C;(0$.#' 9#"$,(F;$#,. "&C0(C&"9&K %&1&"%("C ;1#" )(8 7&"$-0%&:&0#17&"$ -"% #$)&, 9(,9;78$-"9&8 >,&F;$$-F0&1,&8;71$(#"@TcVG ?j UVSGR # 1,&8;7&% $# )-:& 8;''(9(&"$

    9-1-9($. -"% ;"%&,8$-"%("C $# F& 8&"8(F0& #' %-"C&,3($) $)& 1#3&, $# -:#(% ($>R6S*QSGQ (8 8$(00 $)-$ #' - 9)(0% )(8 -C& -"% 9-1-9($.K-"% "#$ $)-$ #' -" -%;0$P@R6S*QSGQ= TGQJ*SGJ2U /G5QV*6 +dJ2Q

    $ 6)& 8$-"%-,% #' 9#"%;9$ 3)(9) - 9)(0% 7;8$9#"'#,7 '#, )(8 #3" 1,#$&9$(#" (8 $)-$ #' -,&-8#"-F0& 1&,8#" #' 0(M& -C&K ("$&00(C&"9& -"%&O1&,(&"9& ;"%&, 0(M& #, 8(7(0-, 9(,9;78$-"9&8#, $)-$ %&C,&& #' 9-,& #,%("-,(0. &O&,9(8&% F.9)(0%,&" #' $)& 8-7& -C&K 9-1-9($.K %(89,&$(#"KM"#30&%C& -"% &O1&,(&"9& ;"%&, $)& 8-7& #,8(7(0-, 9(,9;78$-"9&8P

    6VR6 -8 $# 3)&$)&, -" ("'-"$ 9-" F& 8;FX&9$&% $# $)&8-7& 8$-"%-,% #' 9-,& -8 -" -%;0$=

    ?P $.1& #' -9$(:($. (":#0:&% (8 #"& $)-$ (8 ;8;-00.&"C-C&% (" F. 9)(0%,&"BP #"& (":#0:("C $)& ;8& #' Y1#$&"$(-00.%-"C&,#;8K -%;0$

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    15/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ 1>)& 3(00 F& )&0% 0(-F0& '#, "&C0(C&"9& (' )& '-(08 $#&O)(F($ $)& 9-,& -"% 8M(00 #' #"& #,%("-,(0. 8M(00&% ("$)& 1-,$(9;0-, 3#,M 3)(9) )& -$$&71$8 $# %#P

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( ) %" `#)"". [;&8$" 3)&" - 1&,8#" 3)# )#0%8 )(78&0' #;$ -8 F&("C

    9#71&$&"$ $# %# $)("C8K )& 3(00 F& )&0% 0(-F0&'#, "&C0(C&"9& (' )& '-(08 $# &O)(F($ $)& 9-,& o8M(00 #' -" &O1&,$

    " )(C) %&C,&& #' 9-,&

    E% B M653>0

    D$!(%. /("&%-K - 1)-,7-9(8$K 8#0% F-,(;79)0#,-$&>1#(8#"#;8@ ("8$&-% #' 1#$-88(;7 9)0#,-$&3)(9) M(00&% B )#,8&8P

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

    %-"C&, (":#0:&%K -"% $)& 8M(00 &710#.&% 7;8$9#,,&81#"% 3($) $)& 8;1&,(#, M"#30&%C& #' $)&F;8("&88 3)(9) $)& 0-3 %&7-"%8P 6)& W;&8$(#" #'"&C0(C&"9& #, (C"#,-"9& (8 (,,&0&:-"$P 6)& %,;CC(8$ (8,&81#"8(F0& -8 -" -F8#0;$& C;-,-"$#, #' 3)-$ )&8&008P

    CE#). 6)& 1,#'&88(#" #' 1)-,7-9. (8 #"& %&7-"%("C9-,& -"% 8M(00P 6)& ,&81#"8(F(0($. $# ;8& 9-,& )-8F&&" :-,(#;80. W;-0('(&% -8 Y#,%("-,. 9-,&ZK Y9-,& #'- 81&9(-00. )(C) %&C,&&ZK Y,J3 J62J3-, >32+33 *?@ )#3 %# .#; M"#3 (' -

    1&,8#" (8 ("$#O(9-$&% #, "#$I >B@ 3)&" (8 ($ -'-9$#, &"#;C) $)-$ ($ (71-(,8 .#;, X;%C7&"$Ii

    g+62J, B b05670 )738,+68

    D$!(%. /0-("$('' %,#:& )#7& (" - 9-0&8- -"% (" 9,#88("C$)& $,-9M8 $# &"$&, )(8 1,&7(8&8 $)& )#,8& 8$;7F0&%K0&-1&% '#,3-,%K -"% '&00K 9-;8("C $)& :&)(90& $# 8$,(M& #;$#' $)& ,-(08 3($) C,&-$ '#,9&K $),#3("C $)& 10-("$('' ',#7$)& :&)(90& -"% 9-;8("C ("X;,(&8P 6)& $#18 #' $)& ,-(08

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    16/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ 1C-11&-, $# F& j #, a ("9)&8 7#,& -F#:& $)& 0&:&0 #' $)&8$,&&$P /0-("$('' 3-8 ("$#O(9-$&% -$ $)& $(7&P

    F)#/. m&,& ("$#O(9-$(#" (8 "#$ "&C0(C&"9& "#, %#&8 $)&7&,& '-9$ #' ("$#O(9-$(#" &8$-F0(8) - 3-"$ #' #,%("-,.9-,&P n&"&,-0 ,;0&= ($ (8 (77-$&,(-0 3)&$)&, - 7-" (8%,;"M #, 8#F&, (' "# 3-"$ #' #,%("-,. 9-,& #, 1,;%&"9&

    9-" F& (71;$&% $# )(7K -"% "# C,&-$&, %&C,&& #' 9-,& (8,&W;(,&% $# F& &O&,9(8&% F. -" ("$#O(9-$&% 7-" '#, )(8#3" 1,#$&9$(#" $)-" F. - 8#F&, #"&P J' #"&L8 9#"%;9$ (89)-,-9$&,(l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

    CE#). m&,& ("$#O(9-$(#" (8 "#$ "&C0(C&"9& "#, %#&8 $)&7&,& '-9$ #' ("$#O(9-$(#" &8$-F0(8) - 3-"$ #' #,%("-,.9-,&P

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( ) %" m&,& ("$#O(9-$(#" (8 "#$ (" ($8&0' "&C0(C&"9&

    " J"9#"90;8(:& '-9$#,

    c; 45-056,:

    $+,; P=_ZG &!!6)& #F0(C-$(#" (71#8&% F. S,$(90& B?^a (8 %&7-"%-F0&

    "#$ #"0. '#, #"&r8 -9$8 #, #7(88(#"8K F;$ -08# '#, $)#8& #'1&,8#"8 '#, 3)#7 #"& (8 ,&81#"8(F0&P

    6)& '-$)&, -"%K (" 9-8& #' )(8 %&-$) #, ("9-1-9($.K $)&7#$)&,K -,& ,&81#"8(F0& '#, $)& %-7-C&8 9-;8&% F. $)&7("#, 9)(0%,&" 3)# 0(:& (" $)&(, 9#71-".P

    n;-,%(-"8 -,& 0(-F0& '#, %-7-C&8 9-;8&% F. $)&7("#,8 #, ("9-1-9($-$&% 1&,8#"8 3)# -,& ;"%&, $)&(,

    -;$)#,($. -"% 0(:& (" $)&(, 9#71-".P

    6)& #3"&,8 -"% 7-"-C&,8 #' -" &8$-F0(8)7&"$ #,&"$&,1,(8& -,& 0(M&3(8& ,&81#"8(F0& '#, %-7-C&8 9-;8&%F. $)&(, &710#.&&8 (" $)& 8&,:(9& #' $)& F,-"9)&8 ("3)(9) $)& 0-$$&, -,& &710#.&% #, #" $)& #99-8(#" #' $)&(,';"9$(#"8P

    V710#.&,8 8)-00 F& 0(-F0& '#, $)& %-7-C&8 9-;8&% F.$)&(, &710#.&&8 -"% )#;8&)#0% )&01&,8 -9$("C 3($)(" $)&

    89#1& #' $)&(, -88(C"&% $-8M8P V:&" $)#;C) $)& '#,7&,-,& "#, &"C-C&% (" -". F;8("&88 #, ("%;8$,.P

    6)& 8$-$& (8 ,&81#"8(F0& (" 0(M& 7-""&, 3)&" ($ -9$8$),#;C) - 81&9(-0 -C&"$A F;$ "#$ 3)&" $)& %-7-C& )-8F&&" 9-;8&% F. $)& #''(9(-0 $# 3)#7 $)& $-8M %#"&1,#1&,0. 1&,$-("8K (" 3)(9) 9-8& 3)-$ (8 1,#:(%&% ("

    S,$(90& B?^a 8)-00 F& -110(9-F0&P2-8$0.K $&-9)&,8 #, )&-%8 #' &8$-F0(8)7&"$8 #' -,$8

    -"% $,-%&8 8)-00 F& 0(-F0& '#, %-7-C&8 9-;8&% F. $)&(,1;1(08 -"% 8$;%&"$8 #, -11,&"$(9&8K 8# 0#"C -8 $)&.,&7-(" (" $)&(, 9;8$#%.P

    6)& ,&81#"8(F(0($. $,&-$&% #' (" $)(8 -,$(90& 8)-00 9&-8&3)&" $)& 1&,8#"8 )&,&(" 7&"$(#"&% 1,#:& $)-$ $)&.#F8&,:&% -00 $)& %(0(C&"9& #' - C##% '-$)&, #' - '-7(0. $#1,&:&"$ %-7-C&P >?ebD-@

    $+,; P=_PJ' $)& 7("#, #, ("8-"& 1&,8#" 9-;8("C %-7-C& )-8 "#1-,&"$8 #, C;-,%(-"K $)& 7("#, #, ("8-"& 1&,8#" 8)-00 F&-"83&,-F0& 3($) )(8 #3" 1,#1&,$. (" -" -9$(#" -C-("8$)(7 3)&,& - C;-,%(-" -% 0($&7 8)-00 F& -11#("$&%P

    E% B N0220:

    D$!(%. J" - 8#"C 8&,:(9&K 4-CC-. 8;%%&"0.K 3($)#;$1,#:#9-$(#" -$$-9M&% - 3#7-" 3($) - F#0# #" )&, )&-% K',#7 3)(9) 8)& %(&%P d& 0(M&3(8& ("'0(9$&% :-,(#;83#;"%8 #" #$)&, 3#7&" 3($) $)& 8-7& F#0#K ("90;%("C)(8 #3" 7#$)&,P R("9& %&'&"%-"$ 3-8 8;''&,("C ',#77&"$-0 -F&,,-$(#"K $,(-0 9#;,$ ,&"%&,&% )(7 &O&71$ ',#79,(7("-0 0(-F(0($. F;$ 3-8 #F0(C-$&% $# ("%&7"('. $)& )&(,8#' $)& 7;,%&,&% 3#7-"P

    F)#/. J" $)& 9-8& #' - 0;"-$(9 #, ("8-"& 1&,8#" 3)#K ("81($& #' )(8 (,,&81#"8(F(0($. #" -99#;"$ #' $)& %&10#,-F0&9#"%($(#" #' )(8 %&,-"C&% 7("%K (8 8$(00 ,&-8#"-F0. -"%

    X;8$0. 0(-F0& 3($) )(8 1,#1&,$. '#, $)& 9#"8&W;&"9&8 #' )(8-9$8K &:&" $)#;C) 1&,'#,7&% ;"3($$("C0.K '#, $)& ,&-8#"$)-$ )(8 '&00#38 #;C)$ "#$ $# 8;''&, ',#7 $)& %(8-8$,#;8,&8;0$8 #' )(8 )-,7';0 -9$8 7#,& $)-" (8 "&9&88-,.K ("81($& #' )(8 ;"'#,$;"-$& 9#"%($(#"P S99#,%("C $# 0-3K $)&1&,8#" (" $)& '(,8$ 10-9& 0(-F0& -,& $)#8& 3)# )-:& $)&

    ("8-"& 1-,$. ;"%&, $)&(, 9-,& #, C;-,%(-"8)(1K ;"0&88$)&. 1,#:& $)-$ $)&,& 3-8 "# F0-7& #, "&C0(C&"9& #"$)&(, 1-,$A F;$ (' $)& %&7&"$&% 1&,8#" #, (7F&9(0& 0-9M -C;-,%(-" #, 8#7& 1&,8#" 9)-,C&% 3($) )(8 9-,&K #, (' $)&0-$$&, F& ("8#0:&"$K $)&" )(8 #3" 1,#1&,$. 7;8$ 7&&$ $)&9(:(0 0(-F(0($.P

    CE#). S0$)#;C) )& 7-. "#$ F& )&0% 9,(7("-00. 0(-F0&K -0;"-$(9 #, (7F&9(0& (8 8$(00 )&0% 9(:(00. 0(-F0&P 6)&K3+-*565 ,J3

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    17/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ 1D

    F)#/. d& '-(0&% $# &O&,9(8& Y&:&" $)& 80(C)$&8$ 9-,& -"%%(0(C&"9&ZK $)-$ )& %(810-.&% - Y,&9M0&88 %(8,&C-,% #' $)&8-'&$. #' )(8 1&,8#"K $)-$ )& 9#;0% "#$ )-:& F&&" F;$9#"89(#;8 #' $)& 1,#F-F0& 9#"8&W;&"9&8Z #' )(89-,&0&88"&88 -"% $)-$ )& 3-8 Y("%(''&,&"$K #, 3#,8&K $#$)& %-"C&, #' )(8 ("X;,.ZP 6)&,& (8 7#,& ,&-8#" $# )#0%

    $)-$ )(8 %&-$) 3-8 9-;8&% F. )(8 "#$#,(#;8 "&C0(C&"9&PJ' 3)(0& )& 3-8 3#,M("CK )(8 F(00 7&,&0. '&00 ',#7 )(81#9M&$K -"% -8 )& 1(9M&% ($ ;1 ',#7 $)& '0##, 8#7&$)("C-99(%&"$-00. '&00 ;1#" )(7 -"% ("X;,&% )(7K )& 3#;0%8;,&0. F& &"$($0&% $# 9#71&"8-$(#"K )(8 -9$ F&("C#F:(#;80. (""#9&"$P `;71("C ("$# $)& 8&-K )#3&:&,K (8&"$(,&0. %(''&,&"$K $)& %-"C&, 3)(9) ($ &"$-(08 F&("C 90&-,K1#$&"$ -"% #F:(#;8P

    CE#). Y*#$#,(#;8 "&C0(C&"9&Z )-8 F&&" )&0% $# F&$-"$-7#;"$ $# Y 2+*-- 5327623583 ZK 3)(9) (8 L05, * >67623583 P

    < 3)-$ %&$&,7("&8 (' -" -9$ (' "&C0(C&"$ (8 $)&%-"C&, #' -" -9$

    < $)& "-$;,& #' $)& -9$ #' X;71("C ("$# $)& 8&-(":#0:&8 %-"C&,

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( ) %" H)-$ %&$&,7("&8 (' -" -9$ (' "&C0(C&"$ (8 $)&

    %-"C&, #' -" -9$P" 6)& "-$;,& #' $)& -9$ #' X;71("C ("$# $)& 8&-

    (":#0:&8 %-"C&, 1&, 8&P" H). "#$#,(#;8 "&C0(C&"9&I 4&9-;8&

    9#71-,&% 3($) #$)&, 9-8&8K $)& %-"C&, (8-11-,&"$ -"% (77("&"$ F&9-;8& $)& 8)#,& (8?u 7(0&8 -3-. ',#7 $)& 0#9-$(#" #' $)& 8)(1P J$3-8 "#$ - 9-8& #' $)& 7#"&. '-00("C #''8#7"&L8 1#9M&$ $# $)& '0##,P d& (8 "#$ 8-(%$# F& - C##% 83(77&, F;$ )& X;71&% ("$# $)&3-$&, -8 #11#8&% $# 6"'&7) 7(5 P/&&'**)3)&,&(" $)& &7#0#.&, #,%&,&% )(7 $# X;71 ("$#$)& 3-$&, $# 1,#$&9$ $)& 1,#1&,$. #' $)&9#71-".P

    " H)-$ %&$&,7("&8 $)& C,#88"&88 #' "&C0(C&"9&I6)& %&C,&& #' %-"C&, -"% #$)&, '-9$#,8 3)(9)3#;0% X;8$('. $)& %-"C&,#;8 -9$P

    b0+65>@X@3 4+*5 b653- B g*+\135l-!*1K35-0,6*5

    D$!(%. m-7-%#, )($9)&% - ,(%& $#C&$)&, 3($) #$)&,0-F#,&,8 #" - 9#71-".35 *< M+**< CE#) =S=. NEC/)& 'D MC''D $&/MC)%EbM(4'&%NEC/)& 'D MC''D $&/ MC)%Eb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

    R&9P BP 4;,%&" #' 1,##' (" 9,(7("-0 9-8&8P

    R&9P DP +#"90;8(:& 1,&8;71$(#"8P

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    18/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ 1ER&9P _P [;-8(F@ 6)-$ -" ;"0-3';0 -9$ 3-8 %#"& 3($) -" ;"0-3';0("$&"$A

    >9@ 6)-$ - 1&,8#" ("$&"%8 $)& #,%("-,. 9#"8&W;&"9&8 #')(8 :#0;"$-,. -9$A

    >%@ 6)-$ - 1&,8#" $-M&8 #,%("-,. 9-,& #' )(8 9#"9&,"8A

    >7@ 6)-$ #''(9(-0 %;$. )-8 F&&" ,&C;0-,0. 1&,'#,7&%A

    >"@ 6)-$ - 9#;,$K #, X;%C& -9$("C -8 8;9) K 3)&$)&, (" $)&/)(0(11("&8 #, &08&3)&,&K 3-8 -9$("C (" $)& 0-3';0&O&,9(8& #' )(8 X;,(8%(9$(#"A

    >1@ 6)-$ 1,(:-$& $,-"8-9$(#"8 )-:& F&&" '-(, -"% ,&C;0-,A

    >W@ 6)-$ $)& #,%("-,. 9#;,8& #' F;8("&88 )-8 F&&"'#00#3&%A

    &&@ 6)-$ - $)("C #"9& 1,#:&% $# &O(8$ 9#"$(";&8 -8 0#"C-8 (8 ;8;-0 3($) $)("C8 #' $ )-$ "-$;,&A

    >''@ 6)-$ $)& 0-3 )-8 F&&" #F&.&%A

    R&9P aP *# 1,&8;71$(#" #' 0&C($(7-9. #, (00&C($(7-9.P ?@ N0##%K 8$#,7K &-,$)W;-M&K 0(C)$"("CK #, #$)&, "-$;,-0%(8-8$&, #, 9-0-7($.A>B@ S9$ #' $)& 1;F0(9 &"&7. (" 3-,K 3)&$)&, ("$&,"-$(#"-0#, 9(:(0A>D@ S9$ #' #7(88(#" #' $)& 8)(11&, #, #3"&, #' $)& C##%8A>_@ 6)& 9)-,-9$&, #' $)& C##%8 #, %&'&9$8 (" $)& 1-9M("C#, (" $)& 9#"$-("&,8A>j@ T,%&, #, -9$ #' 9#71&$&"$ 1;F0(9 -;$)#,($.P

    $+,; =TSc

    J" -00 9-8&8 #$)&, $)-" $)#8& 7&"$(#"&% (" *#8P ?K BK DK_K -"% j #' $)& 1,&9&%("C -,$(90&K (' $)& C##%8 -,& 0#8$K%&8$,#.&% #, %&$&,(#,-$&%K 9#77#" 9-,,(&,8 -,&1,&8;7&% $# )-:& F&&" -$ '-;0$ #, $# )-:& -9$&%"&C0(C&"$0.K ;"0&88 $)&. 1,#:& $)-$ $)&. #F8&,:&%&O$,-#,%("-,. %(0(C&"9& -8 ,&W;(,&% (" S,$(90& ?^DDP

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( ) % S,$ B?k_ ++

    " %(81;$-F0& 1,&8;71$(#"=

    ! BO 3E(" $)& "&O$ 1,&9&&%("C B 7#8=C;(0$. #' ,&9M0&88 %,(:("C E :(#0-$(#" #'$,-''(9 ,;0&8

    " (' $)& #3"&, (8 "#$ (" $)& 9-,K %#&8 $)&%(81;$-F0& 1,&8;71$(#" -110.I

    ! "E- 3)&" $)& #3"&, (8 "#$ (" $)& 9-, E

    9#77#" 9-,,(&, " ,&W;(,&8 9#":(9$(#"

    S,$ B?kj ++" %(81;$-F0& 1,&8;71$(#"= :(#0-$& $,-''(9

    ,&C;0-$(#"! "# 9#":(9$(#" ,&W;(,&%! )#3&:&,K R-"C9# 8-.8 $)(8 -08#

    ,&W;(,&8 9#":(9$(#"" ii F;$ 3)&" (8 #"& Y'#;"% C;(0$.Z #' $,-''(9

    :(#0-$(#"I

    S,$ B?kk"

    1,(7- '-9(& 1,&8;71$(#"! ("X;,. ,&8;0$8 ',#7 1#88&88(#" #'%-"C&,#;8 3&-1#"8E 8;F8$-"9&8K&O9&1$ 3)&" $)& 1#88&88(#" #, ;8&$)&,' (8 ("%(81&"8-F0& (" )(8#99;1-$(#"EF;8("&88

    S,$8 ?^D_ o ?^Dj" 9#77#" 9-,,(&,8" 0#88K %&8$,#.&%K %&$&,(#,-$&" 1,&8;7& "&C0(C&"9& 9#77#" 9-,,(&,

    ! 5*2VRR 1,#:& &O$,-#,%("-,.%(0(C&"9&

    %$&W!' O=_APTQ

    J$ (8 *Vn2JnV*+V /VG RV 3)&"=?P - 1,#'&88(#"-0 %,(:&, 1&,7($8 -".

    ;"0(9&"8&% 1&,8#" $# %,(:& $)& 9-, 10-9&%;"%&, )(8 ,&81#"8(F(0($.

    BP :(#0-$(#" #' -" #,%("-"9& 1,#)(F($("C1&%&8$,(-"8 ',#7 9,#88("C - 8$,&&$ ("10-9&8 #$)&, $)-" ,&C;0-, 9,#88

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    19/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ 1FHdV6dVG 6dVGV 4V RJQVHS2tR TG *T6K -0$)#;C))& 8)#;0% )-:& %;& ,&C-,% '#, $)& ,(C)$8 #' 7#$#,:&)(90&8 -"% 8)#;0% &O&,9(8& %;& 9-,& '#, )(8 #3"8-'&$.P

    H)&,& 1,##' #' :(#0-$(#" 7-M&8=?P - 1,(7- '-9(& 9-8& #' "&C0(C&"9&

    BP C(:&8 ,(8& $# - 1,&8;71$(#" #' 0-9M #'#,%("-,. 9-,&/GVR5m/6JT* JR GV4566S42V

    NT5G nV*VGS2 nGT5*QR TG Vv+5RVR NTGcJT2S6JT* TN S R6S656V=

    ?P -".$)("C $)-$ 3#;0% 7-M& ($ (71#88(F0& $#9#710. 3($) $)& 8$-$;$& #, #,%("-"9&

    BP -".$)("C #:&, 3)(9) $)& %&'&"%-"$ )-8 "#9#"$,#0 -"% 3)(9) 10-9&8 )(7 #, -"("8$,;7&"$-0($. $)-$ )& (8 #1&,-$("C (" -1#8($(#" 9#"$,-,. $# $)-$ ,&W;(,&% F. $)&8$-$;$& #, #,%("-"9&

    DP -" &7&,C&"9. "#$ #' $)& -9$#,L8 #3"7-M("C 3)(9) 9-;8&8 )(7 $# '-(0 $# #F&.$)& &"-9$7&"$

    _P 9#"%;9$ 3)(9) 9#7&8 3($)(" -" &O9;8& #,&O9&1$(#" 1,#:(%&% (" $)& 8$-$;$&

    T"& 3)# )-8 (" )(8 1#88&88(#" #, ;"%&, )(8 9#"$,#0 -"("8$,;7&"$-0($. Vv6GVmV2U QS*nVGT5R (" 9)-,-9$&,(8 F#;"% $# $-M& Vv+V/6JT*S2 1,&9-;$(#"8 $# 1,&:&"$("X;,. F&("C %#"& $)&,&F.P

    ! 6)& 9-,& ,&W;(,&% (8 - C,&-$ #, )(C)%&C,&&K #, $)& dJndVR6 %&C,&& #'1,&9-;$(#"P

    ! 6)& 1,&8;71$(#" QTVR *T6 S//2U $#

    $)#8& 3)#8& #99;1-$(#" #, F;8("&88GV[5JGVR $)& 1#88&88(#" #, ;8& #' -'(,&-,7K 8;9) -8 1&-9& #''(9&,8 #, -,7&%'#,9&8K #, (" $)& 9-8& #' 1#(8#"K $)& %,;C9#71-"(&8 #, 8$#,&8P

    HG6 $# +TmmT* +SGGJVGR+#77#" 9-,,(&,8 ',#7 $)& "-$;,& #' $)&(, F;8("&88 -"%'#, ,&-8#"8 #' 1;F0(9 1#0(9. -,& F#;"% $# #F8&,:&Vv6GSTGQJ*SGU QJ2JnV*+V (" $)& :(C(0-"9& #:&,$)& C##%8 -"% 8-'&$. #' 1-88&"C&,8 $,-"81#,$&% F. $)&7-99#,%("C $# -00 9(,9;78$-"9&8 #' &-9) 9-8&P

    ! 6)& 0-3 #" -:&,-C&8 ;"%&, $)& +#%& #'+#77&,&9& 9-""#$ F& -110(&% ("

    %&$&,7("("C 0(-F(0($. 3)&,& $)&,& (8"&C0(C&"9&P

    J* S22 +SRVRK :(#0-$(#" 7;8$ F& $)& /GTvJmS6V+S5RVP

    S; C3- 4K-0 #*X@6,*+

    #0:@205 B 4$!

    D$!(%. S $,;9M F;71&% ("$# $)& 10-("$('' 3)(0& )& -"% -9#71-"(#" 3&,& ,&1-(,("C $)& $(,& #' $)&(, 1-,M&% $,;9M-0#"C $)& ,(C)$ 8(%& #' $)& )(C)3-.P d& 8;8$-("&%("X;,(&8P Q&'&"%-"$ 9#"$&"%8 $)-$ $)& 1,#O(7-$& 9-;8&3-8 $)& '-(0;,& #' $)& %,(:&, #' $)& 1-,M&% $,;9M $# ("8$-00-" &-,0. 3-,"("C %&:(9&P JS+ 9#"90;%&% $)-$ ;"%&, $)&%#9$,("&K $)& 10-("$('' 3-8 "&C0(C&"$P 6)& W;&8$(#" (83)&$)&, $)& %#9$,("& 3-8 -110(9-F0&P

    F)#/. G&8 (18- 0#W;($#, >$)& $)("C 81&-M8 '#, ($8&0'@ p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

    CE#). G&8 (18- 9-" F& (":#0&% LJ35 05> *57: LJ35G;"%&, $)& 9(,9;78$-"9&8 (":#0:&%K >6+38, 3B6>3583 6-09-35, 05> 5*, +30>67: 0B0670973;

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( ) %

    " GJ2 7-%& - 81&9(-0 %&'&"8& F. J8(%,# $# -00&C&"&C0(C&"9& #' $)& $,;9M %,(:&, -"% 2-.;C-"P

    " JS+ ,;0&% GJ2 -8 $)& F-8(8 '#, )#0%("C 2-.;C-""&C0(C&"$P

    " GJ2 *ES F&9-;8& $)&,&L8 %(,&9$ >90&-, o9#":("9("C@ &:(%&"9&

    " H).I 4&9-;8& $)& 7#%& #' 1,##' #"0.K 8#3)&" $)&,&L8 &:(%&"9&K ;8& &:(%&"9& E '-9$8 8#

    $)-$ X;%C7&"$ 3(00 F& F-8&% #" '-9$8 -"% "#$1,&8;71$(#"8

    C01*- B !$

    NS+6R= G-7#8K ;"%&,C#("C - C-00 F0-%%&, #1&,-$(#"K3&"$ 9#7-$#8& F&9-;8& 8)& 3-8 ("9#,,&9$0. ("$;F-$&%P

    dV2Q= G&8 (18- >6)& $)("C #, $,-"8-9$(#" 81&-M8 '#,($8&0'@ p $)& '-9$ #' $)& #99;,,&"9& #' $)& ("X;,.K $-M&"3($) $)& 8;,,#;"%("C 9(,9;78$-"9&8K 7-. 1&,7($ -"("'&,&"9& #, ,-(8& - 1,&8;71$(#" #' "&C0(C&"9&K #, 7-M$ - 10-("$(''L8 1,(7- '-9(& 9-8&K -"% 1,&8&"$ - W;&8$(#"#' '-9$ '#, %&'&"%-"$ $# 7&&$ 3($) -" &O10-"-$(#"PG&W;(8($&8 -,&=

    ?P $)& -99(%&"$ (8 #' - M("% $)-$ #,%("-,(0.%#&8 "#$ #99;, (" $)& -F8&"9& #'8#7"&L8 "&C0(C&"9&

    BP ($ (8 9-;8&% F. -" ("8$,;7&"$-0($. 3($)(" $)&&O90;8(:& 9#"$,#0 #' $)& %&'&"%-"$ #,%&'&"%-"$8

    DP $)& 1#88(F(0($. #' 9#"$,(F;$("C 9#"%;9$3)(9) 3#;0% 7-M& 10-("$('' ,&81#"8(F0& (8&0(7("-$&%P

    6)& ';"%-7&"$-0 &0&7&"$ (8 Y9#"$,#0 #' ("8$,;7&"$-0($.Z3)(9) 9-;8&% $)& %-7-C&P n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

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    20/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ /0$# 8-.K -8 - 7-$$&, #' 9#77#" M"#30&%C& -"%#F8&,:-$(#"K $)-$ $)& 9#"8&W;&"9&8 #' 1,#'&88(#"-0 9-,&3&,& "#$ -8 8;9) -8 3#;0% #,%("-,(0. )-:& '#00#3&% ('%;& 9-,& )-% F&&" &O&,9(8&%P

    CE#). J" 9-8&8 3)&,& $)& %#9$,("& (8 -110(9-F0&K $)&9#;,$ (8 1&,7($$&% $# '("% - 1).8(9(-" "&C0(C&"$ ;1#"

    1,#1&, 1,##' #' ("X;,. $# $)& 1-$(&"$K 3($)#;$ -(% #' &O1&,$$&8$(7#".K 3)&,& $)& 9#;,$ ',#7 ($8 ';"% #' 9#77#"M"#30&%C& 9-" %&$&,7("& $)& 1,#1&, 8$-"%-,% #' 9-,&P

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( ) %" GJ2 -110(9-F0&=" *# &O1&,$ $&8$(7#"." +#;,$ -%X;%(9-$&% F-8&% #" 9#77#"

    M"#30&%C& ';"%" 6)& '#;"%-$(#" #' GJ2 (8 9#77#" M"#30&%C&" &:(%&"$(-,. ,;0&= %#&8"L$ %# -3-. 3($)

    1,&8&"$("C &:(%&"9&" 7;8$ 1,#:& $)&8& &0&7&"$8=" -99(%&"$ %#&8"L$ #99;, 3E# 1&,8#"L8 "&C0(C&"9&" %&'&"%-"$ )-8 &O90;8(:& 9#"$,#0 #:&, $)&

    ("8$,;7&"$-0($." "# 9#"$,(F;$#,. "&C0(C&"9& #" 10-("$(''L8 1-,$" GJ2 o 7-01,-9$(9& 8;($8=

    ! n&" ,;0&= &O1&,$ $&8$(7#". "&&%&%>+,;l : +S@

    ! VO9&1$(#"= J' 9-8& 9-" F& C0&-"&%',#7 9#77#" M"#30&%C& >G-7#8 :+S@

    " (" +,;lK $)&. %(%"L$ 1,#:(%& &O1&,$ $&8$(7#".$)&,&'#,& $)&. 0#8$

    " (" G-7#8K 9-" ;8& 9#77#" M"#30&%C&" 7&%(9-0 7-01,-9$(9&" %#7-(" #' 7&%(9-0 89(&"9&= &O1&,$ "&&%&%" GJ2" 9#77#" M"#30&%C&= "# "&&% '#, &O1&,$" 1,&1-,-$(#" '#, 1,#9&%;,&" (' $)&,&L8 '-(0;,& E %(%"L$ C&$ $)& ,&8;0$8

    &O1&9$&%K GJ2 "E-" iW;&8$(#"= 3)&" (8 - 7&%(9-0 7-01,-9$(9& 9-8&

    9#77#" M"#30&%C& #, (" $)& %#7-(" #'7&%(9-0 89(&"9&Ii

    " GJ2 (8 *S (" 7-01,-9$(9& 8;($8 (' $)& #"0.8)#3("C (8 $)-$ $)& %&8(,&% ,&8;0$ 3-8 "#$

    -99#710(8)&% (' $)& 1,#F0&7 (8 F-8&% #"7&%(9-0 89(&"9& >+,;l :8P +S@P 4;$ (' 9#77#"M"#30&%C& 9-" F& -110(&%K GJ2 -110(&8P

    N0,62@65 B !$

    D$!(%. Q,P 4-$(W;(" 1&,'#,7&% - 9-&8-,(-" #1&,-$(#"

    #" - 1-$(&"$P S'$&,3-,%8K 8)& 3-8 '#;"% $# F& '&:&,(8)PH)&" $)& 1-$(&"$ 8;F7($$&% )&,8&0' $# -"#$)&, 8;,C&,.K8)& 3-8 '#;"% $# )-:& -" #:-,(-" 9.8$ #" $)& 0&'$ -"%,(C)$ 8(%& #' $)& #:-,(&8 -"% - 1(&9& #' ,;FF&, 7-$&,(-03-8 &7F&%%&% #" $)& ,(C)$ 8(%& #' $)& ;$&,;8P

    F)#/. G&8 (18- p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

    ,&1#,$K $&8$(7#". o -''(%-:($@P J$ (8 0(M& 8-.("C$)-$ &:&" (' $)&,& (8 &:(%&"9&K #"& 9#;0% 8$(00-,C;& GJ2 $# 3(" $)& 9-8&P

    " /,#'P +-8(8 $)("M8 $)-$ ($ (8 $)& :(9$(7L8 '-;0$ '#,'-00("C #'' $)& 10-$'#,7P

    %$&!' OPTASPQ

    GVR J/RS 2T[5J6TG p $)& '-9$8 #, 9(,9;78$-"9&8-$$&"%("C -" ("X;,. 7-. F& 8;9) -8 $# ,-(8& -

    1,&8;71$(#"K #, 1&,7($ -" ("'&,&"9&K #' "&C0(C&"9& #"

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    21/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ /1$)& 1-,$ #' $)& %&'&"%-"$K #, 8#7& #$)&, 1&,8#" 3)# (89)-,C&% 3($) "&C0(C&"9&P

    J$ ,&0-$&8 $# $)& mTQV ,-$)&, $)-" $)& 45GQV* #'&8$-F0(8)("C "&C0(C&"9&P

    J$ (8 *T6 -" &O9&1$(#" $# $)& ,;0& #' ("($(-0 1,&8;71$(#"

    #' "&C0(C&"9&K F;$ (8 QVR+GJ/6JcV #' - 90-88 #' 9-8&83)&,&(" $)& ("($(-0 1,&8;71$(#" (8 #:&,9#7& F. &:(%&"9&(")&,&"$0. 9-,,.("C 3($) ($ (710(9-$(#"8 #' "&C0(C&"9&3($)#;$ $)& "&9&88($. #' 1,##' #' 81&9('(9 '-9$8 #,9#"%;9$P

    HdV* QTVR J6 S//2UI 51#" $)& 8-$(8'-9$(#" #' D9#"%($(#"8=

    ?P 6)& -99(%&"$ 3-8 #' - M("% 3)(9) #,%("-,(0.%#&8 "#$ #99;, ;"0&88 8#7"& (8 "&C0(C&"$

    BP 6)& ("8$,;7&"$-0($. #, -C&"9. 3)(9) 9-;8&%$)& ("X;,. 3-8 ;"%&, $)& &O90;8(:& 9#"$,#0 #'$)& 1&,8#" 9)-,C&% 3($) "&C0(C&"9&

    DP 6)& ("X;,. 8;''&,&% 7;8$ "#$ )-:& F&&" %;& $#-". :#0;"$-,. -9$(#" #, 9#"$,(F;$(#" #" $)& 1-,$#' $)& 1&,8#" ("X;,&%

    +T5G6R SQQ S N5G6dVG +T*QJ6JT*= _P /0-("$('' )-% "# M"#30&%C& #, 7&-"8 #'M"#30&%C& -8 $# $)& 9-;8& #' $)& -99(%&"$

    D; /)D)&%)%?P /0-("$(''L8 "&C0(C&"9&BP +#"$,(F;$#,. "&C0(C&"9&DP N#,$;($#;8 &:&"$_P S88;71$(#" #' ,(8MjP Q;& %(0(C&"9&aP Q-7";7 -F8W;& ("X;,(-

    ^P /,&89,(1$(#"kP Q#;F0& ,&9#:&,.

    =; M7065,6

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    22/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ //F)#/. 6)& -99(%&"$ 3-8 %;& $# $)& 0-9M #' %(0(C&"9& #'

    S"$#"(#P d(8 X&&1 3-8 ,;""("C -0#"C $)& ("8(%& 0-"& #'$)& 8$,&&$ F;$ ($ 83&,:&% -F,;1$0.K 9-;8("C $)& X&&1 $# )($$)& 7#;"%P /,#O(7-$& 9-;8& 3-8 $)& ;"&O10-("&% -"%-F,;1$ 83&,:("C #' $)& X&&1P +#;,$ -08# '#;"% $)-$ $)&

    X&&1 3-8 ,;""("C $## '-8$P 6)& "&C0(C&"9& #' S"$#"(#3-8 "#$ #"0. 9#"$,(F;$#,. $# )(8 ("X;,(&8 -"% $)#8& #' )(8

    3('&K F;$ C#&8 $# $)& :&,. 9-;8& #' $)& #99;,,&"9& #' $)&-99(%&"$ -"% $)&,&F. 1,&90;%&8 $)&(, ,(C)$ $# ,&9#:&,%-7-C&8P

    &'()%. "&C0(C&"9& (71;$&% ("90;%&% M"#30&%C& #' $)&10-9&P 6)& V8$&F-"8 1-88&% $)-$ 7#;"% 8&:&,-0 $(7&8P

    P; !*5,+69@,*+: &327623583

    $+,; P=TYG &!!H)&" $)& 10-("$(''L8 #3" "&C0(C&"9& 3-8 $)& (77&%(-$&-"% 1,#O(7-$& 9-;8& #' )(8 ("X;,.K )& 9-""#$ ,&9#:&,%-7-C&8P 4;$ (' )(8 "&C0(C&"9& 3-8 #"0. 9#"$,(F;$#,.K$)& (77&%(-$& -"% 1,#O(7-$& 9-;8& #' $)& ("X;,. F&("C$)& %&'&"%-"$L8 0-9M #' %;& 9-,&K $)& 10-("$('' 7-.,&9#:&, %-7-C&8K F;$ $)& 9#;,$8 8)-00 7($(C-$& $)&%-7-C&8 $# F& -3-,%&%P >"@

    $+,; PP=`G &!!J" W;-8(?@ )& 9#"$(";&% )(8 3#,M %&81($& )-:("C"#$(9&% $)& %&1,&88(#" (" $)& $,-9MK -"% >B@ )& 3-0M&%#" $)& &"%8 #' $)& $(&8 -$ $)& 8(%& #' $)& 9-, ("8$&-% #'-0#"C $)& F#-,%8P

    F)#/. S8 $# $)& '(,8$K +#;,$ )&0% $)-$ G-M&8 )-% F&&"3#,M("C '#, 0&88 $)-" B %-.8P d& 9#;0% "#$ )-:& M"#3"$)-$ #"& ,-(0 3-8 0#3&, $)-" $)& #$)&, #, $)-$ $)&8$,("C&,8 -"% ,-(08 X#("&% (" $)& 8-7& 10-9&P S8 $# $)&8&9#"%K +#;,$ '#;"% $)-$ $)&,& 3-8 - C&"&,-0 1,#)(F($(#"-C-("8$ 3-0M("C F. $)& 8(%& #' $)& 9-,P 6)& %(8#F&%(&"9' $)& 10-("$('' (" 10-9("C )(78&0' (" %-"C&, 9#"$,(F;$&% ("8#7& %&C,&& $# $)& ("X;,. -8 - 1,#O(7-$&K -0$)#;C) "#$($8 1,(7-,. 9-;8&P 6)& +#;,$ 7-%& - %(8$("9$(#" F&$3&&"$)& -99(%&"$ -"% $)& ("X;,.P J' $)& 10-("$(''L8 "&C0(C&"9&9#"$,(F;$&% $# $)& -99(%&"$K )& 9-""#$ ,&9#:&,P 4;$ (' )(8"&C0(C&"9& #"0. 9#"$,(F;$&% $# )(8 ("X;,.K )& 7-. ,&9#:&,$)& -7#;"$ $)-$ $)& %&'&"%-"$ ,&81#"8(F0& '#, $)&-99(%&"$ 8)#;0% 1-. '1, $)& ("X;,.K 0&88 - 8;7 %&&7&%-" &W;($-F0& &W;(:-0&"$ '#, )(8 #3" (71,;%&"9&P

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( ) %" -99(%&"$ :P ("X;,.

    ! -99(%&"$= 9-"L$ ,&9#:&, " 9#"$,(FP $# 1,(7-,. &:&"$

    ! ("X;,.= 7-. ,&9#:&, " Q&'&"%-"$L8 9#"$,(FP p

    /0-("$(''L8 9#"$,(FP w G&9#:&,." B M("%8 #' 9#"$,(F;$(#"= >?@ 9#"$,(F;$(#" $# $)&

    1,("9(1-0 &:&"$A >B@ 9#"$,(F;$(#" $# )(8 #3"("X;,.

    MJ67; N05\ *< !*113+83 B !$

    D$!(%. N#, #:&, - .&-,K Gm+L8 8&9,&$-,. )-% F&&"%&1#8($("C $)& 9#71-".L8 7#"&. $# )&, );8F-"%L8 F-"M-99#;"$K 3($)#;$ $)& 9#71-". "#$(9("C ($P Gm+ 8;&%/4+ $# 9#00&9$ $)& 7#"&.P

    F)#/. +#;,$ )&0% $)-$ $)& 1,#O(7-$& 9-;8& 3-8 $)&"&C0(C&"9& #' $)& F-"MP 6)& F-"M $&00&, 3-8 "&C0(C&"$ ("

    :-0(%-$("C $)& %;10(9-$& 9#1. #' $)& %&1#8($ 80(1 &:&" ('99#;"$ "-7& 3-8 0&'$ F0-"MK 9#"$,-,. $# $)& F-"ML8 8&0'* B MJ676KK653 %,301

    D$!(%. /0-("$(''8 0#-%&% $)&(, 9-,C# #" F#-,%-11&00-"$L8 :&88&0P +-,C#&8 3&,& %(89)-,C&% ;"$# $)&3-,&)#;8& #' 4;,&-; #' +;8$#78P S '(,& #' ;"M"#3"#,(C(" ,-l&% $)& 3-,&)#;8&K %&8$,#.("C $)& ,&7-("("C9-,C#P

    F)#/. +#;,$ 8-(% $)-$ 3)&,& $)& '#,$;($#;8 &:&"$ (8 $)&(77&%(-$& -"% 1,#O(7-$& 9-;8& #' $)& 0#88K #F0(C#, (8&O&71$ ',#7 0(-F(0($. '#, "#"

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    24/44

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    25/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ />9#"8&W;&"9&8K (' -" &7&,C&"9. (8 '#;"% $#&O(8$ #, (' $)& 0('& #, 1,#1&,$. #' -"#$)&, (8 ("1&,(0K #, 3)&" )& 8&&M8 $# ,&89;& )(8&"%-"C&,&% 1,#1&,$.P

    R%$&W!' OKK;_=A_`Q

    &'()% =i4'#)&(4 &'& D4( 4&kEC4$= -110(&8 $# "#"?@ 10-("$('' )-% -9$;-0 M"#30&%C& #' $)&%-7-C&A>B@ )& ;"%&,8$##% -" -11,&9(-$&% $)& ,(8M ',#7%-"C&,A>D@ )& :#0;"$-,(0. &O1#8&% )(78&0' $# 8;9) ,(8MP

    c; /E) /4#4W)&!)

    C01*- B M)M%4

    D$!(%. G-7#8L 9-, 9#00(%&% 3($) /&18( $,;9M %,(:&" F. S"%,&8 4#"('-9(#P

    F)#/ = R+ '#;"% 4#"('-9(# "&C0(C&"$K F;$ -F8#0:&%/&18( '#, )-:("C 8;''(9(&"$0. 1,#:&" $)-$ ($ &O&,9(8&% %;&%(0(C&"9& (" $)& 8&0&9$(#" #' ($8 %,(:&, >F-9MC,#;"%9)&9MK 90&-,-"9&K 1,&:(#;8 &O1&,(&"9&K 1).8(9-0 &O-7K%,(:&,L8 &O-7< $),&$(9-0 -"% 1,-9$(9-0 %,(:("C &O-78@PJ" #,%&, $)-$ %&'&"%-"$ 7-. F& 9#"8(%&,&% -8 )-:("C&O&,9(8&% -00 %(0(C&"9& #' - C##% '-$)&, #' - '-7(0.K )&8)#;0% "#$ F& 8-$(8'(&% 3($) $)& 7&,& 1#88&88(#" #' -1,#'&88(#"-0 %,(:&,L8 0(9&"8&A )& 8)#;0% )-:& 9-,&';00.

    &O-7("&% $)& -110(9-"$ '#, &710#.7&"$ -8 $# )(8W;-0('(9-$(#"8K )(8 &O1&,(&"9& -"% ,&9#,% #' 8&,:(9&P 6)&1,&8;71$(#" #' "&C0(C&"9& #" $)& 1-,$ #' $)& 7-8$&, #,&710#.&,K &($)&, (" $)& 8&0&9$(#" #' 8&,:-"$E &710#.&& #,(" $)&(, 8;1&,:(8(#"K 3)&" -" ("X;,. (8 9-;8&% F. $)&"&C0(C&"9& #' - 8&,:-"$E&710#.&& 7-. F& ,&F;$$&% (' $)&&710#.&, 8)#38 $# $)& 8-$(8'-9$(#" #' $)& 9#;,$ $)-$ ("$)& 8&0&9$(#" -"% 8;1&,:(8(#"K )& )-8 &O&,9(8&% $)& 9-,&-"% %(0(C&"9& #' - C##% '-$)&, #' - '-7(0.P

    b3,+* b05670 B !$

    D$!(%. S X&&1 -"% - F;8 9#00(%&%P 6)&(, #3"&,8,&';8&% $# 1-. %-7-C&8 $# $)& ("X;,&% 1-88&"C&,P

    F)#/. R+ )&0% $)-$ $&8$(7#"(-0 &:(%&"9& #' %;&%(0(C&"9&K (" #,%&, $# )#0% 83-.K 7;8$ F& 9#,,#F#,-$&%F. %#9;7&"$-,. &:(%&"9&P m&,& '#,7;0-$(#" #' :-,(#;8

    9#71-". 1#0(9(&8 #" 8-'&$. >-8 $&8$('(&% F. +),(8$(-"4-;$(8$-@K 3($)#;$ 8)#3("C %#9;7&"$-,. 1,##' $)-$ $)&.3&,& F&("C '#00#3&% #, 9#710(&% 3($) (8 "#$ 8;''(9(&"$ $#&O&71$ 1&$($(#"&, ',#7 0(-F(0($. -,(8("C ',#7 "&C0(C&"9& #'($8 &710#.&&8P

    *T6VR= %&'&"8& #' %;& %(0(C&"9& (8 10-;8(F0& 3)&"%&'&"%-"$ )-8 1,&8&"$&% &"#;C) &:(%&"9& $# #:&,9#7&$)& 1,&8;71$(#" #' "&C0(C&"9&P J$ (8 "#$ &"#;C) $)-$ ($ (8-00&C&%P

    >R(,= mm6+ 8-(% $)-$ ($ 3-8 "#$ &"#;C) $# (88;&7-";-08 &$9K F;$ (710&7&"$-$(#" #, -9$;-0 &"'#,9&7&"$(8 7#,& (71#,$-"$P@

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( ) %" ($ (8 "#$ &"#;C) $)-$ $)& 9#71-". 1,#:(%&8

    7-";-08" $)&,& )-8 $# F& 1,##' #' &"'#,9&7&"$ -"%

    -9$;-0 -110(9-$(#"

    U; /$b&Eb $N%?E) 4&kEC4$

    T; MC)%!C4M(4'&

    a+013+ B !$

    D$!(%. ?e^a= B :&88&08 9#00(%&%< ?ek?= /)(0 +#-8$ n;-,% 9#"90;%&% $)-$ $)& 9#00(8(#"3-8 %;& $# mEc S8(-L8 "&C0(C&"9&

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    26/44

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    27/44

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    28/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ /En-.&$-"# X;71&% #, '&00 ',#7 $)& ,(CK 9-;8("C ("X;,(&8',#7 3)(9) )& 8##" %(&%P

    4%%E). HT* S,-"&$- (8 0(-F0& '#, n-.&$-"#L8 %&-$)P

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    29/44

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    30/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ -62J, ,3-," 6)& )("%8(C)$ $&8$ &0(7("-$&8 '#,&8&&-F(0($. -8

    -" &0&7&"$P

    " S 1-,$. C;(0$. #' "&C0(C&"9& #, #7(88(#" #' %;$.(8 ,&81#"8(F0& '#, -00 $)& 9#"8&W;&"9&8 3)(9) -

    1,;%&"$ -"% &O1&,(&"9&% 1-,$.K ';00.-9W;-("$&% 3($) -00 $)& 9(,9;78$-"9&8 3)(9) ("'-9$ &O(8$K 3)&$)&, $)&. 9#;0% )-:& F&&"-89&,$-("&% F. ,&-8#"-F0& %(0(C&"9&K #, "#$K3#;0% )-:& $)#;C)$ -$ $)& $(7& #' $)& "&C0(C&"$-9$ -8 ,&-8#"-F0. 1#88(F0& $# '#00#3K (' $)&. )-%F&&" 8;CC&8$&% $# )(8 7("%P

    _; '+96, *< ,J3 +6-\ ,3-," 6)(8 3-8 ("$&"%&% $# F& - $&8$ #' %;$. -"% "#$ -

    $&8$ #' 1,#O(7-$& 9-;8&P" J' $)& '#,&8&&-F0& ,(8M $# 10-("$('' 9,&-$&% - %;$.

    3)(9) $)& %&'&"%-"$ F,&-9)&%K 0(-F(0($. (8(71#8&% '#, -". ,&8;0$("C ("X;,. 3($)(" $)& #,F($#, 89#1& #' 8;9) ("X;,.K ($ (8 "#$ $)& ;";8;-0"-$;,& #' $)& #' $)& -9$ ,&8;0$("C (" ("X;,. $#10-("$('' $)-$ (8 $)& $&8$ #' '#,&8&&-F(0($. F;$3)&$)&, $)& ,&8;0$ #' $)& -9$ (8 3($)(" $)& -7F($#' $)& )-l-,%8 9#:&,&% F. $)& %;$. (71#8&%;1#" $)& %&'&"%-"$P

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( )" /,#'P +-8(8 $)("M8 $)-$ $)& k $&8$8 7&"$(#"&% ("

    R-"C9# -,& "#$ 1,-9$(9-0 -"% ,&0&:-"$ F&9-;8&$)&. -,& -00 8(7(0-,0. %&89,(F&% -"% $)& 9#;,$8"&:&, ;8& $)&7P

    8; !0@-3 05> !*5>6,6*5

    MJ*356V B !$

    D$!(%. S %;71 $,;9MK #3"&% F. /)#&"(OK 3-8 1-,M&%-8M&3 #" $)& ,(C)$ )-"% 8(%& #' $)& 8$,&&$K (" 8;9) -7-""&, -8 $# 8$(9M #;$ #"$# n&"&,-0 2-9;"- R$,&&$K1-,$0. F0#9M("C $)& 3-. #' #"9#7("C $,-''(9P 6)&,& 3&,&"# &-,0. 3-,"("C %&:(9&8 10-9&% "&-, $)& $,;9MP S$ ?=Db-7K Q(#"(8(# 3-8 #" )(8 3-. )#7& 3)&" )(8 9-,)&-%0(C)$8 -00&C&%0. 8;%%&"0. '-(0&%P d& 83($9)&% )(8)&-%0(C)$8 #" YF,(C)$Z -"% 8-3 $)& $,;9M 0##7("C B u7&$&,8 -3-. ',#7 )(8 9-,P d(8 9-, 87-8)&% ("$# $)&%;71 $,;9MP

    F)#/. 6)& %(8$("9$(#"8 F&$3&&" 9-;8& -"% 9#"%($(#")-:& -0,&-%. F&&" -07#8$ &"$(,&0. %(89,&%($&%PM)(('& /+. R''*)+ = R# '-, -8 $)& '-9$ #' 9-;8-$(#" (8

    9#"9&,"&%K (" $)& 8&"8& #' "&9&88-,. -"$&9&%&"$83)(9) )-:& 10-.&% -" (71#,$-"$ 1-,$ (" 1,#%;9("C $)&

    ,&8;0$K ($ (8 W;($& (71#88(F0& $# %(8$("C;(8) F&$3&&" -9$(:&'#,9&8 -"% 1-88(:& 8($;-$(#"8K 1-,$(9;0-,0. 8("9& $)& 0-$$&,-,& $)& ,&8;0$ #' #$)&, -9$(:& '#,9&8 3)(9) )-:& C#"&F&'#,&P V:&" $)& 0-18& #' - 9#"8(%&,-F0& $(7& %;,("C3)(9) $)& Y9#"%($(#"Z ,&7-("8 8$-$(9 3(00 "#$ "&9&88-,(0.-''&9$ 0(-F(0($.PY* #( +)* *F' .#(*#+1*#)+ HF#1F #( #-A)&*/+*X3"* *F' +/*"&' )0 *F' (Q /+. *F' 1F/&/1*'& )0 *F'#+*'&7'+#+; 1/"(' P

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( ) %" 6)& 9-;8& (8 $)& -9$(:& -81&9$ 3)&,&-8 $)&

    9#"%($(#" (8 $)& 1-88(:& -9$(#" $)-$ 7-.1,#%;9& $)& ("X;,.P

    " J$ (8 %(''(9;0$ $# %(8$("C;(8) F&$3&&" - 9-;8&-"% - 9#"%($(#" F&9-;8& #' $)& $(7& &0&7&"$P

    S 9#"%($(#" 3-8 - 9-;8& -$ 8#7& 1#("$ ("$(7&P

    " J$ 9-""#$ F& 9($&% (" 8-.("C $)-$ 9-;8& -"%9#"%($(#" -,& "# 0#"C&, -110(9-F0& (" #;,

    X;,(8%(9$(#" F&9-;8& ($ #"0. 8-(% $)-$ ($ (8%(89,&%($&%P

    b05670 )738,+68 B C31*5X@677*

    D$!(%. V',&" m-C"# ,&1-(,&% $)& 7&%(- -C;- F&0#3/&y-0#l-L8 D+62@3[0 B b05670 C067+*0>

    D$!(%. 6)& )#;8& #' G#%,(C;&l- -"% D #$)&,8 3&,&F;,"&% 3)&" - 1-88("C $,-(" &7($$&% - C,&-$ W;-"$($. #'

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    31/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ ?@ $)-$ 9#"%($(#" 3-8 "#$ 9,&-$&% F. )(78&0'A >B@ )(8)#;8& ,&7-("&% #" $)(8 C,#;"% F. $)& $#0&,-"9&K -"%$);8 9#"8&"$ #' $)& $,-(" 9#71-".A >D@ &:&" 8;11#8("C$)& )#;8& $# F& (71,#1&,0. $)&,&K $)(8 '-9$ 3#;0% "#$

    X;8$('. $)& %&'&"%-"$ (" "&C0(C&"$0. %&8$,#.("C ($PG#%,(C;&l-L8 )#;8& 3-8 F;(0$ #" $)& 8-7& 81#$ F&'#,&$)& %&'&"%-"$ 0-(% ($8 $,-9M8 #:&, $)& 0-"%P

    U)*'D +#"%($(#" w 10-("$(''L8 )#;8& 3-8 1-,$0. 3($)(" $)&%&'&"%-"$L8 1,#1&,$.P +-;8& w $)& 81-,M8 #" $)& $,-("3)(9) 3-8 $)& "&C0(C&"$ -9$ #' $)& %&'&"%-"$P

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( ) %" G#%,(C;&l- 3-8 "#$ C;(0$. #' 9#"$,(F;$#,.

    "&C0(C&"9&" V:&" (' 9#"%($(#" 3-8 9,&-$&%K $)& 9#71-". (8

    "#$ C#("C $# F& X;8$('(&% (" "&C0(C&"$0.%&8$,#.("C $)& )#;8&

    `; )

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    32/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    33/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ 6> 5*, 0KK7: #!!/

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( ) % >@" 2-8$ 90&-, 9)-"9& 9#"$&710-$&8 - 8&,(&8 #'

    "&C0(C&"$ -9$8P" 6)& %&'("($(#" #' 0-8$ 90&-, 9)-"9& (" $)& 9-8&

    #' P"(*/-/+*' (8 %&&7&% $# F& $)& 9#77#"%&'("($(#" >',#7 $)& 1#("$ #' :(&3 #' ,&9#:&,. #'10-("$(''@ -"% (8 %&'("&% -8 -" &O9&1$(#" $# -,;0&P

    " 6)& %#9$,("& #' 0-8$ 90&-, 9)-"9& 3#;0% -110.&:&" (' $)& 10-("$('' (8 C,#880. "&C0(C&"$PVO9&1$(#"8K )#3&:&,K ("90;%& X#("$ $#,$'&-8#,8>-99#,%("C $# S7&,(9" `;,(81,;%&"9&@P

    " 2-8$ 90&-, 9)-"9& 9-""#$ -110. 3)&" $)&,& -,&=?@ 9#"$,-9$;-0 ,&0-$(#"8K B@ X#("$ $#,$'&-8#,8K D@9#"9;,,&"$ "&C0(C&"9&

    MJ*356V !*5-,+@8,6*5 B 4$!

    < F-8(8 '#, 8-.("C $)-$ $)&,& (8 %#;F$ (" $)& -110(9-$(#" #'$)& 2-8$ +0&-, +)-"9& Q#9$,("& F&9-;8& #' S,$P B?^ePd#3&:&,K $)& 8$-$&7&"$8 7-%& #" $)& 2-8$ +0&-,+)-"9& Q#9$,("& 3&,& 13+37: *96,3+

    D$!(%. Q(#"(8(# 3-8 #" )(8 3-. )#7& ',#7 - 9#9M$-(08-"% %(""&,

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    34/44

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    35/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ /-,&"$8 #' M(% 90-(7 $)-$ m&$,#1#0($-" H-$&, Q(8$,(9$

    7-. 8$(00 F& )&0% 0(-F0& '#, $)& %#9$,("& #' 2-8$ +0&-,+)-"9& F&9-;8& ($ )-% $)& 0-8$ #11#,$;"($. $# 8-:&$)& M(%

    C$(4'. 6)&,& (8 8;''(9(&"$ &:(%&"9& $# 8)#3 $)-$ m&$,#1#0($-"

    H-$&, Q(8$,(9$ )-% $-M&" -00 "&9&88-,. 1,&9-;$(#"8 $#-:#(% %-"C&, $# $)& 0(:&8 #' ($8 1-$,#" #, 1,&:&"$-99(%&"$8 3)(9) 7-. 9-;8& $)&(, %&-$)8

    Q#9$,("& #' 2-8$ +0&-, +)-"9&= "&C0(C&"9& #' -90-(7-"$ %#&8 "#$ 1,&90;%& ,&9#:&,. '#, $)&"&C0(C&"9& #' $)& %&'&"%-"$ 3)&,& ($ -11&-,8 $)-$ $)&0-$$&,K F. &O&,9(8("C ,&-8#"-F0& 9-,& -"% 1,;%&"9&K7(C)$ )-:& -:#(%&% ("X;,(#;8 9#"8&W;&"9&8 $#90-(7-"$ "#$3($)8$-"%("C )(8 "&C0(C&"9&

    6)& 2-8$ +0&-, +)-"9& %#9$,("& 9-" "&:&, -110.3)&,& $)& 1-,$. 9)-,C&% (8 ,&W;(,&% $# -9$("8$-"$-"80.K -"% (' $)& ("X;,. 9-""#$ F& -:#(%&%F. $)& -110(9-$(#" #' -00 7&-"8 -$ )-"% -'$&, $)& 1&,(0(8 #, 8)#;0% )-:& F&&" %(89#:&,&%P

    J" $)(8 9-8&K ($ 3-8 ;"M"#3" )#3 $)& M(% C#$ ("$# $)&1##0 -"% 3)&$)&, $)& M(% :(#0-$&% #"& #' $)&,&C;0-$(#"8 #' m&$,#1#0($-" H-$&, Q(8$,(9$ F&9-;8& )&3&"$ ;"-99#71-"(&%P J$ -08# -11&-,8 $)-$ $)&0('&C;-,% ,&81#"%&% $# $)& 9-00 '#, )&0% -"%(77&%(-$&0. 7-%& -00 &''#,$8 $# ,&8;89($-$& $)& M(%

    6)&,& (8 "# ,##7 (" $)(8 9-8& '#, $)& -110(9-$(#" #' $)&%#9$,("&h

    #!!/ 5*, 0KK763> 9380@-3 5* 5327623583 *5 ,J3K0+, *< b3,+*K*76,05 g0,3+ /6-,+68, L0- K+*B35

    $5@+05 B N @5*

    D$!(%. S 1-88&"C&, X&&1"&. 3-8 1-,M&% -$ $)& 8(%& #' $)&

    ,#-% 8("9& #"& #' $)& 1-88&"C&,8 -0(C)$&% S 7#$#, $,;9MK 81&&%("CK $)&" F;71&% ("$# $)&

    X&&1"&. ',#7 F&)("% 3($) 8;9) :(#0&"9& $)-$ D1-88&"C&,8 %(&%

    6);8K $)(8 9-8& 3-8 '(0&% F. $)& )&(,8 #' $)& %&9&-8&%-"% #' $)& ("X;,&% $# ,&9#:&, %-7-C&8 ',#7 $)& %,(:&,-"% #3"&, #' $)& $,;9M -"% $)& #3"&, #' $)& X&&1"&.

    +S= -110(&% $)& Q#9$,("& #' 2-8$ +0&-, +)-"9& -"%)&0% $)-$ #"0. $)& $,;9M 3-8 0(-F0& F&9-;8& -0$)#;C)$)& X&&1"&. 3-8 C;(0$. #' -"$&9&%&"$ "&C0(C&"9&K $)&

    $,;9M 3-8 C;(0$. #' C,&-$&, "&C0(C&"9& 3)(9) 3-8 $)&&''(9(&"$ 9-;8& #' $)& 9#00(8(#"

    C$(4'. Q(8-C,&&% 3($) $)& +S -"% )&0% $)-$ F#$) $)& $,;9M

    -"% X&&1"&. 3&,& 0(-F0& 6)& 1,("9(10& #' 2-8$ +0&-, +)-"9& 3#;0% 9-00 '#, $)&

    -110(9-$(#" (" - 8;($ F&$3&&" $)& #3"&,8 -"% %,(:&,8#' $)& B 9#00(%("C :&)(90&8P J$ %#&8 *T6 -,(8& 3)&,& -1-88&"C&, %&7-"%8 ,&81#"8(F(0($. ',#7 $)& 9-,,(&, $#&"'#,9& ($8 9#"$,-9$;-0 #F0(C-$(#"8P

    N#, ($ 3#;0% F& ("&W;($-F0& $# &O&71$ $)& "&C0(C&"$%,(:&, #' $)& X&&1"&. -"% ($8 #3"&,8 #" $)& C,#;"%$)-$ $)& #$)&, %,(:&, 3-8 0(M&3(8& C;(0$. #' "&C0(C&"9&

    A >6> 5*, 0KK7: #!!/ 9380@-3 ,J3+3 L0- 08*5,+08,@07 *97620,6*5 *5 ,J3 K0+, *< ,J3 80++63+ ,*,+05-K*+, 6,- K0--3523+- -00,3> N05\ d (+@-, !*+K*+0,6*5 B !$

    < 2-8$ +0&-, +)-"9& Q#9$,("& (8 *T6 -110(9-F0& ("9;01- 9#"$,-9$;-0

    D$!(%. 2+ Q(-l )-% - 8-:("C8 -99#;"$ 3($) R#0(%F-"MP

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    36/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ "#$ $)& 7&88&"C&, #, -". &710#.&& #' 2+ Q(-l@-"% 3-8 -F0& $# 3($)%,-3 /DbbKbbbPbb ',#7 ($8-99#;"$P

    6);8K 2+ Q(-l '(0&% $)(8 9-8& '#, $)& ,&9#:&,. #' 8;7

    #' 7#"&. -C-("8$ R#0(%F-"M +S= '#;"% $)-$ R#0(%F-"M 3-8 "&C0(C&"$ -"% ($ )-% $)&0-8$ 90&-, 9)-"9& $# -:#(% $)& ("X;,. (' ($ )-% #"0.9-00&% ;1 2+ Q(-l $# :&,('. $)& 3($)%,-3-0

    C$(4'. J" $)(8 9-8&K R#0(%F-"M (8 0(-F0& '#, F,&-9) #' 9#"$,-9$

    %;& $# "&C0(C&"9& #, 9;01- 9#"$,-9$;-0 6)& F-"M (8 ;"%&, $)& #F0(C-$(#" $# $,&-$ $)& -99#;"$8

    #' ($8 %&1#8($#,8 3($) 7&$(9;0#;8 9-,&K -03-.8 )-:("C(" 7("% $)& '(%;9(-,. "-$;,& #' $)&(, ,&0-$(#"8)(1Pd#3&:&,K (" $)(8 9-8&K $)&. '-(0&% $# %# $)(8P

    R#0(%F-"M 3-8 8;11#8&% $# ,&$;," $)& 1-88F##M #"0.$# $)& %&1#8($#, #, )(8 -;$)#,(l&% ,&1,&8&"$-$(:&K F;$)&,&K R#0(%F-"M $),#;C) $&00&, C-:& ($ $# 8#7"& &08&

    R#0(%F-"M F,&-9)&% ($8 9#"$,-9$;-0 #F0(C-$(#" $# ,&$;,"$)& 1-88F##M #"0. $# $)& -;$)#,(l&% ,&1,&8&"$-$(:& #'2+ Q(-l

    6);8K R#0(%F-"M 3-8 "&C0(C&"$ (" "#$ ,&$;,"("C $)&1-88F##M $# 7&88&"C&, #' 2+ Q(-l # 1,#O(7-$&9-;8&

    +S 3,#"C0. -110(&% $)& %#9$,("& #' 0-8$ 90&-, 9)-"9&\ 2-8$ +0&-, +)-"9& Q#9$,("& (8 "#$ -110(&% (" $)(8 9-8&

    F&9-;8& R#0(%F-"M (8 0(-F0& '#, F,&-9) #' 9#"$,-9$ %;&$# "&C0(C&"9& (" $)& 1&,'#,7-"9& #' 9#"$,-9$;-0#F0(C-$(#" $# 2+ Q(-l

    6)(8 9-8& #' 9;01- 9#"$,-9$;-0K 3)&,& "&($)&, $)&9#"$,(F;$#,. "&C0(C&"9& #' 10-("$('' "#, )(8 0-8$ 90&-,9)-"9& $# -:#(% $)& 0#88K 3#;0% &O#"&,-$& $)&%&'&"%-"$ ',#7 0(-F(0($.

    R;9) 9#"$,(F;$#,. "&C0(C&"9& #, 0-8$ 90&-, 9)-"9& F.$)& 10-("$('' 7&,&0. 8&,:&8 $# ,&%;9& $)& ,&9#:&,. #'%-7-C&8 F. $)& 10-("$('' F;$ %#&8 "#$ &O9;01-$& $)&%&'&"%-"$ ',#7 )(8 F,&-9) #' 9#"$,-9$

    # 2+ Q(-l C;(0$. #' 9#"$,(F;$#,. "&C0(C&"9& (" -00#3("C3($)%,-3-0 80(1 8(C"&% F. ($8 -;$)#,(l&% 8(C"-$#,(&8 $#'-00 ("$# $)& )-"%8 #' -" (71#8$#, -"% 8# 0(-F(0($. #'R#0(%F-"M 8)#;0% F& ,&%;9&%P{_b

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( )" J710(&% $)-$ $)& 0-8$ 90&-, 9)-"9& %#9$,("& (8

    "#$ -110(9-F0& $# 9;01- 9#"$,-9$;-0

    )520>0 B !$

    < 2-8$ +0&-, +)-"9& Q#9$,("& 3-8 "#$ -110(&%A ("8$&-%-110(&% $)& &7&,C&"9. ,;0&P< 2-8$ +0&-, +)-"9& Q#9$,("& 3-8 "#$ -110(&% F&9-;8&$)&,& 3-8 "# 90&-, 9)-"9& p&7&,C&"9. 8($;-$(#"P

    D$!(% J,-" %,(:("C - $-7-,-3 X&&1"&. J" $)& #$)&, 0-"& 3-8 -" (8;l; 1(9M 8*5>6,6*5- *< >*8,+653" N-9$8 ,&W;(,&%=

    ! 6)-$ $)& 10-("$('' 3-8 (" - 1#8($(#" #'%-"C&, -"% F. )(8 #3" "&C0(C&"9& F&9-7&;"-F0& $# &89-1& ',#7 8;9) 1#8($(#" F. $)& ;8&

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    37/44

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    38/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ #3"&, #'$)&6-7-,-3@

    *# 6)&,& 3-8"# 90&-,9)-"9& ("-:#(%("C $)&-99(%&"$F&9-;8& ($3-8 -"&7&,C&"9.8($;-$(#"

    ! ! # $ % % & ' ( ) %" S99#,%("C $# R-"C9#K $)& 0-8$ 90&-, 9)-"9&

    %#9$,("& (8 - 1)-8& #' 9#"$,(F;$#,. "&C0(C&"9&PJ$ (8 9#"8(%&,&% (" %&$&,7("("C 1,#O(7-$& 9-;8&-"% 8)#;0% #"0. -110. 3)&" $)&,& (8 - $(7&8&W;&"9&P

    " T$)&, "-7&8= %#9$,("& #' %(89#:&,&% 1&,(0K%#9$,("& #' 8;1&,:&"("C "&C0(C&"9&K %#9$,("& #'C,#88 "&C0(C&"9&K );7-"($-,(-" %#9$,("&P

    " 2-8$ 90&-, 9)-"9& %#9$,("& 9#"8(%&,&% $#%&$&,7("& $)& 1,#O(7-$& 9-;8&P

    " 2-8$ 90&-, 9)-"9& %#9$,("& 8)#;0% "#$ -110.3)&" $)&,& (8 - $(7& 8&W;&"9&P

    " 6)& &0&7&"$8 #' $)& %#9$,("& #' 0-8$ 90&-,9)-"9&=-@ $)& 10-("$('' (8 (" %-"C&, F@ $)& %&'&"%-"$ M"&3 #' 10-("$(''L8 8$-$&)6 $)& %&'&"%-"$ )-% $)& 0-8$ 90&-, 9)-"9& $#

    -:#(% $)& -99(%&"$H)# 7-. (":#M&I R#0&0. '#, 10-("$(''L8 F&"&'($

    2: $!#.-! B.&G.B.!H

    N708\m- #0L /68,6*50+: >3

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    39/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+

  • 8/11/2019 Torts and Damages Magic Notes

    40/44

    ! "#!$ &'( ( &)&*+$ , -&$.$ &/010 #+2.$+( )&*.- '"!+$ 3456 78 9&*+ =0 S 1,#%;9$ (8 %&'&9$(:& 3)&" ($ %#&8 "#$ #''&, $ )& 8-'&$.,(C)$';00. &O1&9$&% #' ($K $-M("C ,&0&:-"$ 9(,9;78$-"9&8("$# 9#"8(%&,-$(#"K ("90;%("C F;$ "#$ 0(7($&% $#= >-@ 1,&8&"$-$(#" #' 1,#%;9$A

    >F@ ;8& -"% )-l-,%8 ,&-8#"-F0. &O1&9$&% #' ($A>9@ $)& $(7& ($ 3-8 1;$ ("$# 9(,9;0-$(#"P

    S 1,#%;9$ (8 "#$ 9#"8(%&,&% %&'&9$(:& F&9-;8& -"#$)&,F&$$&, W;-0($. 1,#%;9$ )-8 F&&" 10-9&% (" $)& 7-,M&$P 6)& 7-";'-9$;,&,K F;(0%&,K 1,#%;9&, #, (71#,$&, 8)-00"#$ F& )&0% 0(-F0& 3)&" ($ &:(%&"9&8=

    >-@ $)-$ ($ %(% "#$ 10-9& $)& 1,#%;9$ #" $)& 7-,M&$A >F@ $)-$ -0$)#;C) ($ %(% 10-9& $)& 1,#%;9$ #" $)&7-,M&$ 8;9) 1,#%;9$ )-8 "# %&'&9$A >9@ $)-$ $)& 9#"8;7&, #, - $)(,% 1-,$. (8 8#0&0. -$

    '-;0$P

    $+,; YY; #609676,: F@ 6)& -%;0$&,-$(#" #, 7(8F,-"%("C #' -". '##%K %,;CK%&:(9&K #, 9#87&$(9P>9@ 6)& ,&';8-0 $# 1&,7($ &"$,. #, ("81&9$(#" -8-;$)#,(l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l&%#, ,&W;(,&% F. ,&C;0-$(#"8 1,#7;0C-$&% ;"%&, $)&1,#:(8(#"8 #' $)(8 S9$P

    > ' @ 6)& ;8("C F. -". 1&,8#" $# )(8 #3" -%:-"$-C&K #,,&:&-0("CK #$)&, $)-" $# $)& R&9,&$-,. #, #''(9