Toxics Use Reduction Institute

Five Chemical Alternatives Assessment

StudyLiz Harriman

Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Institute

Overview

• TURI Mission

• 5 Chemicals Alternatives Assessment Study – Overview

• Study Process

• Chemical Uses

• Alternatives for Selected Uses

Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Institute

• MA Toxics Use Reduction Act 1989

• Use Reporting

• TUR Planning

• Manufacturers and service industries– 10 employee and 10,000/25,000 lb

threshold, except PBTs

• TURA agencies: TURI, Office of Technical Assistance, and DEP

Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Institute

• Mission:– Research, test and promote alternatives to

toxic chemicals used in Massachusetts industries and communities

– Provide resources and tools for a safer place to live and work

– Promote economic competitiveness

• Via research, training, technical support, networks, lab testing and information

TURI 5 Chemicals Alternatives Assessment Study

• The Commonwealth of Mass. has requested that TURI assess the feasibility of adopting alternatives to 5 chemicals:– Lead– Formaldehyde – Perchloroethylene – Hexavalent chromium– di-(2 ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)

• Final report due to legislature June 30, 2006

Legislative Request

• For each substance:– Describe the significant uses in MA

• Manufacturing• Products

– Identify possible alternatives, proven and emergent, for selected uses

• For each alternative chemical or technology, assess their potential to serve as substitutes for specific applications:– Technical feasibility– Economic feasibility– Environmental and occupational health & safety

evaluation

Legislative Request

• Economic Analysis– Study economic opportunities and impact on

employment level and economic competitiveness of the Commonwealth as a result of adopting substitutes

• The information available to us for specific alternatives is limited and often varies significantly by facility and application

• Undertake survey of experts to discuss major factors influencing economic opportunities and impacts

TURI goals

• Conduct an objective and scientific alternatives assessment

• Be transparent and open

• Get input from major stakeholders in Massachusetts

• Produce results that will help companies and consumers make better decisions

TURI goals

• Results will not– Advocate or state preference for any

particular alternatives – Recommend bans or phase-outs of any

chemicals or any uses of chemicals

How does the study relate to TURA?

• Options Assessment– TUR Planners and the TURA Program have 15

years of experience researching, investigating and developing alternatives to the use of toxic chemicals

• Methods for Assessment– TURI and UMass Lowell have researched and

developed alternatives assessment methodologies – still striving to outline a practical, efficient, and

sufficiently accurate tool for TUR Planners to assist in decision making

How does the study relate to TURA?

• TUR in 2006 increasingly focuses on materials substitution– Economic competitiveness tied to:

• International materials restrictions• Customer requirements

– Elimination goals for PBTs– Much of the “low hanging fruit” has been

picked– Consumer focus on toxics in products, body

burden studies

Setting Priorities

• Schedule and Budget require assessing a subset of chemical uses and alternatives

• Focus on uses and alternatives where assessment results will be of most value

• Stakeholder input used to select high priority uses and alternatives

5 Chemical Alternatives Assessment

Study Process Overview

Phase IChemical Uses

Phase IIAlternatives ID

Phase IIIAlternatives Assessment

Phase IVPrepare Report

Phase VWrap-up/Outreach

Select Priorities and Carry out Assessments

FY2007

Identify Chemical Uses

PerchloroethyleneFormaldehyde

DEHP

LeadHexavalent Chromium

Perc Use2003 MA TURA Data

2003 TURA Perchloroethylene Use (lbs)Vapor Degreasing

6%Plating Mask4%

Dry Cleaning5%

Aerosol Packaging34%

Distributor51%

UseTotal Use

(lbs)Aerosol Packaging 103,529Distributor 154,207Dry Cleaning 15,697Plating Mask 11,184Vapor Degreasing 19,600 Total 304,217

• Dry cleaning

• Automotive aerosols– Brake, engine, tire

• Metal cleaning/degreasing

• Chemical maskant formulations

• Chemical intermediate (refrigerant mfr)

• Minor/historical uses:– Paint strippers, adhesives, inks, de-inking fluids, upholstery &

carpet cleaners, sealants, metal polish, lube oils

Perchloroethylene Use

Formaldehyde Use2003 MA TURA Data

2003 TURA Formaldehyde Use

Embalming Fluids18%

Chemical Mfr.0%

Formaldehyde Resins

66%

Electroless Copper1%

Dispersants/Distributor12%

Power Generation1%

Pulp and Paper2%

UseTotal Use

(lbs)Formaldehyde Resins 2,773,453Embalming Fluids 768,054Dispersants/Distributor 505,794Pulp and Paper 83,444Power Generation 43,412Electroless Copper 40,727Chemical Mfr. 14,100

4,228,984

Formaldehyde Uses – Adhesives/Resins

• Urea- Formaldehyde– particleboard, medium-density fiberboard, hardwood plywood and

waferboard- Interior, non-structural applications

• Phenol- Formaldehyde– plywood, softwood, oriented strand board, hardboard, molded wood,

particleboard, most commonly used for exterior waterproof applications

• Melamine-Formaldehyde– decorative surface laminants, moisture resistant panels, cabinetry, dishware

• Decorative laminants (plastics, computer monitors)

• Insulation • Glass fiber roofing mats• Paper products (wallpaper, wet strength additives)

• Paint

Formaldehyde Uses (cont.)

• Permanent press textile coatings• Flame retardant textile coatings (cross-linking

agent)• Electroless copper• Disinfectant/Sterilant• Preservative for

– Tissue Preservation– Embalming– Cosmetics/Personal Care (nail finish, hardener)– Cleaning Products

DEHP Use 2003 MA TURA Data

2003 TURA DEHP Use (lbs)

Electronic Components

2%Distributors

7%

Adhesives/Coatings0%

PVC Profiles18%

PVC Medical Devices

16%

Wire/Cable Coating3%

Plastic Sheet/Film25%

Resilient Flooring29%

UseTotal Use (lbs)

Resilient Flooring 1,049,498

Plastic Sheet/Film 914,678

PVC Profiles 648,872

PVC Medical Devices 566,306

Distributors 251,021

Wire/Cable Coating 91,136

Electronic Components 58,571

Adhesives/Coatings 13,531

3,593,613

Major DEHP Uses

• Plasticizer in PVC– Medical Devices

• Sheet Uses (e.g., Blood Bags)• Tubing (e.g., IV tubing)

– Resilient Flooring

– Vinyl Wall Coverings

– Toys, footwear, vinyl shower curtains

– Food Packaging Films

– Upholstery, textile coatings

– Wire and Cable coatings

DEHP Uses

• Al Foil Coating/Laminate

• Paper Coating

• Extrudable Molds and Profiles

• Printing Inks

• Paints/Lacquers

• Adhesives/Coatings

• Minor uses– Vacuum pump oil, Roofing, Cosmetics,

Pesticides, Ceramics

Chromium and Compounds Use*2003 MA TURA Data

UseTotal Use

(lbs)Foundries 1,292,662Wood Treating 514,846Colorants/pigments 385,375Metal Finishing 287,063Plating Chemicals 183,163Power Generation 144,576Metalworking 57,715Medical Devices 46,820Textiles 43,860Photo Imaging 29,840Polyethylene films 17,364

3,003,284

*Chromium and compounds reporting category includes Cr+6

Major Hexavalent Chromium Uses

• Alloys (Welding, Grinding, etc.)– Steel Alloys (tool steel and stainless steel)

– Non-ferrous alloys (Cr-Ni, Co-Cr, Cr-Mo)

– Superalloys

– Cast iron alloys

• Electroplating– Hard chrome electroplating

– Decorative chrome electroplating

– Black chromium electroplating

Major Hexavalent Chromium Uses

• Coatings– Chromate conversion anti-corrosion coatings– Metal films– Adhesion coatings

• Colorants/Pigments - for paints, inks, plastics (yellow, orange, red, green)

• Dyes -Textile dyes and mordant/fixative

• Wood preservative, chromated copper arsenate

• Other: leather tanning, refractories, byproduct of combustion

Lead Use 2003 MA TURA Data

Major Use Category TURA Total Use (2003) Pounds Number of Filers

PVC/Rubber 42.4% 3,955,938 39

Waste Combustors 28.3% 2,642,987 4

Waste Management 14.9% 1,395,219 4

Pigments 2.3% 211,596 4

Metal Finishing 2.2% 201,130 14

Casting/Extrusion 2.0% 190,223 17

Electronics 2.0% 186,434 59

Glass 1.7% 162,137 10

Sheet Lead 1.7% 157,197 3

Power Generation 1.3% 122,861 7

Ceramics 0.6% 58,212 3

Miscellaneous 0.3% 28,490 40

Ammunition 0.1% 13,782 1

Concrete/Stone 0.1% 10,564 19

Batteries 0.0% 0 0

Totals: 100.0% 9,336,770 224

Major Lead Uses

• Sheet lead (building construction, medical radiation shielding, etc.)

• Ammunition

• Heat Stabilizer in PVC and Rubber• Electronics (solder, surface and lead finish, etc.)

• Casting/Extrusion (e.g., weights, jewelry)

• Metal finishing

Major Lead Uses

• Pigments

• Glass

• Batteries• Concrete (present in fly ash and minerals)

• Ceramics• Power generation and waste combustors

(present in solid waste and fossil fuels)

Prioritize Chemical Uses

• Importance to Massachusetts– Manufacturing– Consumer Products

• Availability of Alternatives

• Exposure potential

• Stakeholder Issues

• Other

High Priority Chemical Uses

• Perchloroethylene Garment cleaning Automotive aerosols (brake, engine, tire cleaners) Vapor degreasing

• Formaldehyde Adhesives/resins for manufactured wood panels Barber/beauty sanitizers Preserved school laboratory specimen fixatives

High Priority Chemical Uses

• DEHP Medical devices used in neonatal and infant care Resilient flooring

Vinyl wall coverings

• Lead PVC heat stabilizers for wire and cable coatings Weighting: wheel weights and fishing tackle Ammunition for shooting ranges

High Priority Chemical Uses

• Hexavalent Chromium Hard chrome plating Decorative chrome plating Chromate conversion coatings

Phase II – Chemical Alternatives & Screening

• Identify Alternatives

• Screen Alternatives

• Consider Stakeholder Input

• Prioritize Alternatives

Identify Alternatives

• Existing and Emerging Alternatives

– Drop-in Chemical Substitutes– Material Substitutes– Changes in Manufacturing Operations– Changes to Component/Product Design– Other Technological Solutions

Screen Alternatives

• TURA Science Advisory Board More Hazardous Chemicals

• Persistence, Bioaccumulativity, Toxicity

• Carcinogenicity

Prioritize Alternatives

• Performance

• Availability

• Manufacturing Location

• Environmental, Health and Safety

• Cost

• Global Market Effect

• Representative of a class of alternatives

Alternatives Selected for Study

• Chemical, materials and technological alternatives selected

• Some specific alternatives chosen as representative of a class of alternatives

Lead – Uses and Alternatives

Heat Stabilizers – PVC Wire and Cable

• Mixed metal: Ca-, Ba-, Mg-Zn• Magnesium aluminum hydroxide

carbonate hydrate• Magnesium zinc aluminum hydroxide

carbonate

Handgun Ammunition• Bismuth (bismuth with copper,

polyethylene or zinc jacket)• Copper (sintered copper powder with

tin, copper with polymer)• Iron (iron powder with copper)• Tungsten (tungsten and copper

powder in nylon matrix, and tungsten with tin)

• Zinc (zinc powder and zinc wire with jacket)

Wheel Weights• Copper• Polypropylene (PP with chalk filler,

and PP cartridge with steel media)• Steel• Tin• Zinc and zinc/copper/aluminum alloy

(ZAMA)

Fishing Sinkers• Bismuth• Steel• Tin• Tungsten• Ceramic

Perc – Uses and Alternatives

Garment Cleaning• Hydrocarbon (Exxon Mobil DF-2000)• Aliphatic glycol ethers (Rynex)• Siloxane (Green Earth)• Wet cleaning w/ detergent (DWX 44

– Icy Water and Green Jet)• Liquid CO2

Vapor Degreasing• N-propyl bromide (Ensolv)• Volatile methyl siloxane (Dow OS 10)• HFCs (Micro Care Flux Remover C)• HFCs (Dupont Vertrel MCA -

azeotrope of Vertrel® XF hydrofluorocarbon (2,3-dihydrodecafluoropentane) with trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.

• Water based cleaning

Automotive Aerosols (Tire, brake and engine cleaners - external and internal)

• Water and detergent• Silicone• Glycol ethers• Hydrocarbon (hydrotreated light

petroleum distillates; medium aliphatic petroleum solvent)

• Toluene-based• Heptane-based• Citrus based terpene (d-limonene)

Formaldehyde – Uses and Alternatives

Architectural Panel• Wood plywood panels (Purebond)

and by Columbia Forest Products (soy adhesive binder)

• Recycled paper-based panels made by Homasote (paraffin wax binder)

• Wood fiber-Portland Cement panels made by Viroc

• Plastic-wood composite panels by JER Envirotech

Salon and Barber drawer sanitizers

• Process change to eliminate use of paraformaldehyde “Steri-dri” sterilants

• UV sterilization chamber

Education Specimen Fixatives and Preservatives

• Specimens in Formalternate (Propylene Glycol, Ethylene Glycol Phenyl Ether, and Phenol)

• Specimens in WARD’S Formaldehyde-Free Preserved Specimens (may contain gluteraldehyde, phenol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol pheyl either, dietheylene glycol phenyl ether, or acetone)

• Specimens in STF Preservative by Nebraska Scientific (diazolidinyl urea, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,2-diol, zinc sulfate, sodium citrate)

• Virtual/Video dissection

DEHP – Uses and Alternatives

Resilient Flooring• DOTP, di 2-ethylhexyl terephthalate

DGD, dipropylene glycol dibenzoate • DINP, di (isononyl) phthalate Natural

linoleum• Cork• Polyolefin

Medical Devices Bag/Sheet Applications

• TOTM, tri-2-ethylhexyl trimellitate • DEHA, di (ethylhexyl) adipate • BTHC, butyryl trihexyl citrate • DINCH, di (isononyl) cyclohexane-1,2-

dicarboxylate • EVA• Polyethylene• Glass

Medical Devices: Tubing Applications

• TOTM• DEHA• BTHC• DINCH• Silicone • Polyurethane

Vinyl Wall Coverings• DINP• DEHA• Glass woven textiles (Textra)• Wood fiber/Polyester (Allegory by

Innovations)• Polyester/cellulose blends

(Duraprene, Enspire and Moment)

Hex Cr – Uses and Alternatives

Zinc galvanized steel passivation

• Molybdates / Moly-white• Trivalent chromium compounds• Mineral tie-coat

Decorative Chrome Electroplating

• Trivalent chromium plating baths• Low temperature arc vapor

deposition of Trivalent chromium

Hard Chrome Electroplating

• Trivalent chromium plating baths• Thermal sprays: high velocity oxy-

fuel and plasma sprays• Weld facing methods and micro-arc

welding• Heat treatments and plasma nitriding• Laser modification, alloying and

coating• Electrodeposited nanocrystalline

coatings• Vapor deposition methods

Stay Tuned

• Go to our website (www.turi.org) and click on “5 Chemicals Alternatives Assessment Study” under “New at TURI”

• The final report will be posted on our website this summer

• Liz Harriman– Harriman@turi.org