Toxoplasma 10

8/10/2019 Toxoplasma 10

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Prevalence of toxoplasmosis

Sero-prevalence in humans in Indonesia (S. Gandahusada, 1999):

2 63 % , and increases with age

Pregnant woman is 14.3%

50 women with abortion: 67.8 %

Children with chorio-retinitis : 60 %

in hydrocephalic children is 10.6%;

in children with mental retardation, 44.6%;


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Prevalence of Toxoplasmosis

USA: 1249 years of age in 19992 000, IgGantibody prevalence of 15.8%

Malaysia : A total of 200 pregnant women :

was found to be 39% for anti-ToxoplasmaIgG, 4% for IgM and 6% both anti-T

oxoplasmaIgG and IgM antibodies. ( V.Nissapatorn, 2003)

Libya : 474 non pregnant women :prevalance rate of toxoplasmosis 18-14%. (A

. M. Abu Setta and R. H. Yamani ,2008)


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Prevalence of Toxoplasmosis

India : 33 % of 100 women with bad

obstetry history (Low Socio-economic

Group) and 22.0% of 136 women of High

Socio economic Group were positive forToxoplasma specific IgG antibodies (P

Yasodhara, BA Ramalakshmi, V Lakshmi,

TP Krishna, 2004)


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Morphology

There are 5 stages of T. gondii:

Takhizoites

Bradizoites intermediate host

Gametocyte

Oocyst definitive host

Sporozoite

Asexual and sexual multiplication occurs

in mucosal epithelial of small intestine


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Life

cycle


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Mode of

infection


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Pathogenesis

Acute stage : Ingested oocysts releasesporozoites into the gastrointestinal tract

and enter the cell

tachyzoites that disemminate through theblood and lymphatic system

Chronic stage : tachyzoite tissue phase

that develops within a hostbradyzoite : tissue cyst formation within

the brain, skeletal muscle, and liver


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Clinical features

Acquired toxoplasmosis

generally an asymptomatic infection (in

immuno-competent persons) 10% - 20% of patients with acute infection

: lymphadenopathy and/or a flu-like illness

( the most common). Symptoms are self limiting


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Acquired toxoplasmosis

In immuno compromised persons:

often have central nervous system (CNS)

symptoms. In patients with AIDS :

toxoplasmic encephalitis >>

may have retinochoroiditis, pneumonitis, or

other systemic disease.


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Congenital toxoplasmosis (contd)

>>> have no symptoms at birth,

a small percentage may be born with eye

or brain damage.

Unfortunately, the signs and symptoms

often appear a few months after birth.


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Scar in the retinae


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Baby with congenital toxoplasmosis


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Diagnosis

is typically made by serologic testing

direct observation of the parasite in

stained tissue sections, cerebrospinal fluid

(CSF), or other biopsy material

difficult

Molecular techniques : detect the

parasite's DNA in the amniotic fluid

useful in cases of possible mother-to-

child (congenital) transmission.


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Diagnosis ( contd)

Detection of Ig M and IgG antibodiestoward Toxoplasmosis

Congenital Toxoplasmosis : positive forIgM antibodies or elevation of IgG titerafter 3 months


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Prevention

planning on becoming pregnant or already

pregnant, you may consider or your doctor

who may order a blood sample for testing.

Wear gloves when you garden or do

anything outdoors that involves handling

soil.


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Wash your hands well with soap and warm

water after outdoor activities, especially

before you eat or prepare food.

Cook all meat thoroughly


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Epidemiology

No significant differences were found

between sex

In France : high prevalence of infection

related to a preference for eating raw or

undercooked meat,

in Central America: high prevalence

related to the frequency of stray cats in a

climate favoring survival of oocysts and

soil exposure.


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Toxoplasma 10