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Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies Ted Sussmann, Ph.D. Volpe Center and University of Hartford OCTOBER 28, 2019

Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

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Page 1: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

Ted Sussmann, Ph.D.Volpe Center and University of Hartford

OCTOBER 28, 2019

Page 2: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

Inspection Tools

GeometryGage Restraint Measurement

Ground Penetrating RadarTrack Deflection

Visual

Deflection               GRMS            Geometry                             GPR                Imaging: Roadbed   ROW

Page 3: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

Visual Inspection• Hy‐rail / Walk• Observe:

– ROW• fences, drainage...

– track structure condition • rails, ties, fasteners, joints

– geometry

Page 4: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

Track Geometry Measurement• Rail Position

– Profile, Alignment– Gage, Crosslevel

• Autonomous

Page 5: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

Gage Restraint Measurement System (GRMS)

• Split axle nominally  applies:– Lateral Force 14kips– Vertical Force 21kips– L/V = ~0.7– Actual Forces 

Measured•Produces:– Gage Widening Projection 

(GWP)– Projected Loaded Gage 

(PLG24)

Page 6: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)• GPR Parameters

– Ballast Fouling Index (BFI)• 2 GHz Antenna

– Ballast Thickness Index (BTI)• 400 MHz and 2 GHz

– Layer Roughness Index (LRI)– Free Draining Layer (FDL) Depth Index

• Moisture Detection– (400 MHz and 2 GHz)

• Free Draining Layer Depth (FDL)– Thickness of clean ballast to assess:

• Drainage• Moisture damage to wood ties• Subgrade deformation potential

– Based on BFI using threshold of 20• Supplied by Balfour Beatty Rail / Zetica produces 

several metrics that characterize track• Upcoming: Real‐time FDL

BFI = 20

Page 7: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

Vertical Track Deflection Measurement System (VTDMS)

Sensor Head

• Developed by the University of Nebraska‐Lincoln under grant from FRA; commercialized by MRail and available through Harsco Rail.  

• System measures a component of the total vertical deflection of a rail. 

Page 8: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

K

LIDAR

Page 9: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

K

• Goal: quantify basic engineering parameters• Provide means to assess track substructure 

properties during inspection and investigations

• Data can be used to understand track behavior  improved safety• Information that can determine root 

cause of track conditions and inform remedial actions 

• Data that can be used to develop objective rules

Comprehensive Inspection

Kashani and Hyslip, 2018

Page 10: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

Goal: Single Pass Track Structural Inspection Informing Predictive Analytics (4.0)

Unloaded ProfileLoaded Profile

Track Deflection

Subgrade ProfileBallast FoulingTrack Moisture

Li et al., 2015

Digital Twin      +     Analytics        =       Forecast

Page 11: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

• Monitor track for changes during waiver period

• Solar panels and wind generators

• Sites monitor:• Daily train loading• Support conditions• Transient deflections• Soil moisture changes• Weather patterns

• Insight into mechanisms underlying track geometry changes.

Instrumentation Locations – Monitored by UIUC: Tim Stark

11

Page 12: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

T

T

ENCLOSURE

UNIAXIAL TIE ACCELEROMETERS

SUBSURFACE ACCELEROMETERS

VERTICAL STRAIN GAGES FOR RAIL BENDING

FOUR SOIL MONITORING (tensiometers) 

WEATHER STATIONSOLAR PANELS

TARGETS ON TIE AND RAIL

DISTANCE ~5 FEET

Fouled Ballast Area~40 FEET

VIDEO CAMERA

DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM (DAQ)BATTERIESOTHER HARDWARE

TRIAXIAL TIE ACCELEROMETER

Instrumentation Layout at Timber Tie Long‐Term Monitoring Sites

TRIGGER

VERTICAL STRAIN GAGE TRIGGER FOR DAQ 

TRIGGER

UNIAXIAL TRIGGER ACCELEROMETER FOR TRIGGER

N

E

East Bound Loaded Traffic W

S

Concrete sites have 10 tie strain gauges

Page 13: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

Installed Video Cameras

13

Page 14: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

Installed Accelerometers & Targets

Triaxial Accelerometer & Western Targets

Uniaxial Accelerometer

Eastern Targets

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Page 15: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

Installing Rail Strain Gages

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Page 16: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

Calibrating Rail Strain Gages

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Page 17: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

Installing Soil Moisture Probes

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Page 18: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

Installing Soil Moisture Probes

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Page 19: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

• SE drops from 29% to 9% at Track Profile change• Difference in tie‐ballast gap larger during low SE• Peak SE @ freezing temp. 

Effort of Tie Support on Track Geometry

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Page 20: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

• Fouling condition and weather significantly impact track geometry

• Track support changes rapidly and affects track geometry deterioration rates well after change occurred

• Rapid changes in track support highlight the potential for rapid changes in track geometry that have not been observed

• Track load redistribution occurs routinely with fouling and is a focus of future measurements

Summary of Long-Term Monitoring To Date

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Page 21: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

Track Support Problems Tie Bearing Capacity Problems• Track Load Redistribution• Ballast Rearrangement• Track Geometry

• Tie and Rail Loads• Cross Level and Geometry• Track Position Movement

Inspection: GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar)• Clean Ballast Depth, Moisture• Longitudinal Variations

Inspection: Seismic (SASW)• Resilient Modulus• Density

Figure courtesy Mario Ruel, CN Figure courtesy FRA

Page 22: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

Squeeze/Heave Ballast Pockets

Inspection/Quality Control: Strength from Modulus Correlation

Li et al., Railway Geotechnics, 2017

Photo: T. R. Sussmann Photo: T. R. Sussmann

Page 23: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

- Settlement: 30 cm over 8 years- Failure due to sudden and significant

settlement- Spurred Canadian research into VTD

Foundation failure

Figures: Canadian Transportation Safety Board Railway Investigation Report: R04Q0040, 2004

Page 24: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies

The Future: RR 4.0

Autonomous Track Geometry Measurement System 

• Inspection and monitoring technology • Detect and quantify safety critical track 

structure parameters• Predict future condition and safe 

inspection interval• Analytical solutions from smart sensors

• Track load redistribution• Ballast properties for tie support, 

settlement rate, and lateral resistance• Track load redistribution analysis

• Condition forecasting will require site specific properties

Page 25: Track Performance and Degradation Monitoring Technologies