A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, PUBLISHING THEOFFICIAL NOTICES AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION

FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.

FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 9, 1906.

CO VTENTS.The A merican Association for the Advance-

ment of Science:-Section G-Botany: PROFESSOR FRANCIS E.LLOYD ................................. 201

£Society of American Bacteriologists: PRo-FESSOR F. P. GoRHAM................... 205

The Botanical Society of America: PR-OFESSORWILLIAM TRELEASE ........................ 221

The Association of Am-erican Geographers:A. P. B ............................... 222

Scientific Books:-Santayana's The Life of Reason: PROFESSORJOHIN DENWEY. Ries's Economic Geology ofthe United States: DR. A. C. LANE. Cohn'sDie Reichstoffe, Semmler's Die itherischenOele: PROFESSOR MARSTON TAYLOR BOGERT 223

Scientific Journals and Articles............ 2284Societies and Academies:-

The Philosophical Society of Washington:CHARLES K. WEAD. YThe Chemical Societyof Washington: C. E. WATERS. The Ore-gon State Academy of. Sciences: PROFESSORG. E. CoGHILL. The Clemson College Sci-ence Club: F. H. H. CALHOUN. The Mis-sounri Society of Teachers of Mathematics:L. D. AMES............................. 229

Discussion and, Correspondence:-Relation of Museum to Experts: 8. M.TRACY. The Letters K and W in ZoologicalNomenclature: T. D. A. COcKERELL.........232

Special Articles:-The Classification of Mosquitoes: DR. IIAR-RISON G. DYAR......... ........... 233

The QuestiQn of Tax-free Alcohol: PROFESSORJ. Hi. LONG.............................. 234

The Andrew Carnegie Research Scholarship.. 235Scholarships and Fellowships of the Rocke-

feller Institute for Medical Research. 235The American Philosophical Society. 236Scientific Notes and News.................236University and Educational News...........239

MSS. intended for publication and booksi etc., intendedfor review should,be sent to the, Editor of SCIENcE, Garrison-on-Hudson, N. Y.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE AD-VANCEIMENT OF SCIENCE.

SECTION G-BOTANY.

SECTION G of the American Associationfor the Advancement of Science met atNew Orleans during convocation week. Inthe absence of the chairman, Dr. Erwin F.Smith, the meetings, of the section werepresided over by Professor S. Ni. Tracy,and by Professor B. L. Robinson, past-chairman and vice-president of the asso-ciation. The vice-presidential address, byProfessor Robinson, has been printed infull in this journal.The following papers were presented:

The Secretion of Salt by the Leaves ofSpartina Stricta: F. H. BILLINGS.

Improvement of the Quality of Grapes:T. V. MUNSON.

The Preparation of Non-toxic Distilledwater: B. E. LIVINGSTON.

Ascidia in Fraxinus: GEORGE H. SHULL.Specimens, photographs and drawings

were exhibited to show the occurrence ofascidia in Fraxinus Americanus, and thisoccurrence was construed as a strong sup-port for the thesis that variations of plantsand animals are narrowly limited in kindby the characters they already possess.Although this abnormality must be ex-treinely rare in Fraxinus,- and has neverbeen recorded, there is a group of youngtrees near the station for experimentalevolution on which it is a frequent occur-rence. Of thirty trees taken consecutivelyeleven bore 103 ascidia, the other trees be-ing entirely normal. The relation of these

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[N. S. VOL. XXIII. No. 580.

abnormal leaves to the normal pitchers ofSarraceiaa and Nepenthles, and to the pel-tate leaves of maniy other species, was re-called, and it was shown that the relationbetween the pitcher and the peltate leafrests upon the ratio between radial andtangential growth of the leaf tissue, andthat this ratio fluctuates about a definitemean value for a particular position inany given species, whether the developmentocculrs in a complete circle or in a brokencircle. This ratio determiines the narrow-ness of the ascidiuim as well as many otherdetails of leaf forml, such as plications,curled and upturned edges, etc. It wasobserved that this ratio was apparentlygreater in the ascidia than in a normal leafand it was suggested that this appearanceis due to the development of a sector ofleaf tissue in the place of the norimal sinus,and that this sector must be taken intoaccount when comparing the ascidiumii withthe normal leaf. Exception was taken tothe frequently expressed idea of fusion, theessential feature of the ascidium being de-scribed as due to the retention of a capacityfor further radial developimient by certaincells in the median dorsal line, which cellsnormally lose this capacity at a very earlystage of development. It was noted thatthe ascidia could be referred to two types,the more common form involving the basalmnargin of the leaf. the other being locatedwithin the leaf ancd leaving the basal mar-giin normal. The former was called aseamless ascidium. It comprised a littleover 50 per cent. of the cases, and theseamed ascidia were found in about 47 percent. Several peculiar combinations of thetwo types were noted. The stalk of theseamless ascidiunm differs from a normalpetiolule in that it is cylindrical and con-tains a single concentric bundle, the nor-mal stalk containing, in addition to this,two small collateral bundles ruinning be-neath two ridges which are continulou)s with

the leaf m-lwargins. A strongly markedperiodicity in the position of the ascidiaiii the leaf was found to agree closely withthat found by Miss Tanmnes for their oc-currence on the branches of Tilia, whichfact suggests the morphological similarityof leaf and branch. This period forYraxtiuts was as follows: Of 103 ascidia96 were on terminial leaflets, five on the ulti-nate pair of lateral leaflets and two on thepenultimate pair. This occurrence of as-cidia on the terminal leaflets agrees withrecorded observations on other specieshaving polyphyll leaves and this fact wasadduced as further evidence of ortho-genesis. When the two leaves at any nodespread laterally, they show a strongtendency to be symmetrical with regard tothe occurrence of ascidia, but when theyspread in a vertical plane, only the lowerleaf bears an ascidium. The extreme local-ization of ascidia-bearing ash trees was pre-sented as evidence of their recent origin atthis particular spot, and the fact that alarge numnber of individuals of variousages possess this structure was held to bestrong evidence in favor of their inherit-ability, but both the origin and inheritancem:lust await demonstration by pedigree-culture.

Phytogeography of Florida: P. H. ROLFS.(I.) A discussion of the general con-

formation of Peninsular Florida giving ageneral outline of the topographic regions.(II.) The distribution of pine woods.Plants associated with this formation.(III.) The scruib formation and its plantassociation. (IV.) The mangrove forma-tion and its associates.The Florida Strand: P. H. ROLFS.A discussion of the Florida strand show-

ing the principal plants with effect of loca-tion on various species.The Everglades: P. H. ROLFS.A general description of the everglades

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FEBRUARY 9, 1906.]

giving the plant societies and conformationof the surface.The Devetopment of Armillaria metlea;The Development of Agaricus campes-tris: GEo. F. ATKINSON.These papers described the development

of the sporocarps from the homogeneous,condition np to the differentiation of theparts of the imature structure.

The Behavior of the Polten Tube in Hlous-tonia caerulea: CHESTER A. MATHEWSON.The ovules of this plant are withont in-

tegnment and there is therefore no micro-pyle. The course of the pollen tube isanalogous to that described by Lloyd forother Rubiaceae. It follows the style asfar as the basal element of the ovary parti-tion. Here it enters the tissue of the pla-centa stalk, and following this it enters theplacenta. It reaches the ovule throughthe funicle and is then directed to the eggend of the embryo sac.

Ring For"Mation in Artificiat Cltitres:GEORGE C. HEDGCOCK.Further studies have been, made of the

formation of fruiting rings in artificialCultures on agar media of Cephatotheciamand Peniciljirn, and the same characternoted in cultures of other fungi. Cultureswere grown in the dark, and in ordinarylight, establishing that the type of forma-tion studied occurs only under the influenceof light. Next, cultures were grown underrays of light transmitted through solutionsof orange, red, blue and green in additionto the previous conditions. Under theeffect of blue rays and in the dark no ringswere formed, while rings were formedunder the other conditions. The ringsformed consist of alternating daily massesof denser spore formation. Daily fruit-rings were observed with cultures of Mucoratnd Hormodendron, in addition to thosealready reported. These rings must notbe confused with those of the type de-

scribed by Milburn on certain kinds ofmedia with Hypocrea rutfa, since the latterwere not formed daily, each occurring dur-ing a much longer period.Notes on the Morphology and Embryology

of the Nympheacece: MEL. T. COoK.As a result of the recent work of Conard

and others the writer has again taken upthe study of this family, using Cuban ma-terial for the work. Members of the genusNynphcea correspond with the writer 'sprevious work upon this group. Membersof the genus Castaia show some differencesin that the embryo sac is not so long andthe embryo has a suspensor. Mem-bers ofthe genera Bracenia and Cabomba corre-spond with Nymphcea in the enlargementof the embryo sac. All embryos showmonocotyl characters, but some show char-acters similar to those of dicotyls. TheCuban species of Castalia show morestriking dicotyl characters than -our north-ern species.North American Species of Peridermtum:

J. C. ARTHUR and F. D. KERN.This paper dealt with certain fungi

growing on the leaves of various coniferoustrees, and sometimes on the limbs. A halfdozen, kinds form large swellings on thebranches and trunks of pines and do muchinjury, not only decreasing their value forlumber, but ruining small trees in nur-series. Altogether twenty-six species aredescribed, a nuimber of them-being new.Stomatat Actioqt and 'Tra-nspiration in

Fouquteria splendens and Verbena citi-ata: F. E. LLOYD.The evidence derived from the compara-

tive study of these two types leads to theconclusion that there is no close correlationbetween transpiration and stomatal aetion.The maximum opening of stomata isreached some hours earlier than the maxi-mum of transpiration, and, further, widevariations in the rate of transpiration maytake place without any change in the size

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of stomatal openings. No evidence isfound for the ' temporary opening ' of Fr.Darwin.

Absorption of Atmospheric Moisture byDeser t Sh-rubs: V. M. SPALDING.The prolonged period during whieh Fou-

quitriea splendenls anti some otlher desertshrubs renmained in full leaf in the suininerand fall of 1905 suggested the probableconnection of this fact with the unllsuallyhigh relative humidity wlhich prevaileddcuring that period.

Experiments were carried out withtwelve different species of perennials toascertain whether they are capable of ab-sorbing water vapor direetlv fromii the at-mosphere. Leaves and other parts wereaccurately weighed before and after ex-posure to a saturated atmosphere.The leaves of Foatquie'ria do not absorb

water from the atmosphere, but the luldsand branches are capable of such absorp-tion. In the case of Celtis pallida anid anumber of other species there is no satis-factory evidence of the absorption of watervapor from the atmosphere by the livingparts of the plant before pathologicalchanges set in. Experiments w ith Cotilleatridentata indicate a positive, though liun-ited capacity for leaf absorption. Ottherplants vary in their deportmenat in thisrespect.

There is no evidence that the extremelysmall amounts of water absorbed in thisway are utilized in the body of the plant,but there is everv reason to conclude thathigh relative humidity proves to be a de-cided advantage to various desert plants intime of drouth by preventiner excessivetranspiration of the leaves andl thuis pro-longing the period of their physiologicalactivity.

Correlation between Ovtles and MaturedSeeds in Legunminous Fruits: J. A.HARRIS.

The paper is a study of the variability ofovules anid imatured seeds in the fruits ofCerc,is, Cassia, Wisteria and a garden bean.The series of constants is as yet too small toper:nit of ainy comnparisons of the co-effieients of regression of milatured seeds onovuiles wvith those found in inheritance, butthe inaterial promises some interesting re-.silts along this line. The regression wouldseemii to be an obstacle to the fixing of theextremes of fluctuating variability byncatural selection.

1 elC Structure aad Cytological ChangesacCoaIpainyhin Secretion in Nectar,Glands of V7icia fabac: CHARLES R.STOCKARD.The author finds that the nectar glands

on the stipules of Vicia faba contain laversof cells whose contents have different chem-ical reactions, which fact is indicated inlivirng material by their differences incolor. This probably points to a differencein metabolic activity in the cells, sincethose of definite layers have similar reac-tions. The color response of the cells toacids and bases is the typical litmusehange; acids causing the cell contents tobecomne red, bases changing it to blue.The nuclei are granular in structure

often coarsely vacuolated with one or moreplasmosomes surrounded by vacuoles.Their shape tends toward spherical, butin old glands they become shrunken andslightly irregular in form. The positionof the nucleus in the secreting cell variesgreatly, but is more often near the cellcenter. It is never observed to give outgoranular material directly to the cyto-plasm, though evidence is stronrgly in favorof the fact that it does transmit a sub-stance to the cytoplasm which finallyforms, or causes to form, granules thattake in the older glands the nuclear stains.In rare cases the nucleus loses its chro-matin in old glands and colors with plasma

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SCIENCE.

stains, staining with the acid fuclhsine ofAuerbach.The cytoplasm undergoes changes in

structure as secretion progresses, first be-coming vacuolar, then slightly granularstill taking plasma stains, and finallydensely granular staining with the nucleardyes. There is evidence' to indicate thatthe cytoplasmnic changes are controlled bythe nucleus.The nucleus- seems to be the center of

metabolic activities participating in theformation of the secretion substanlee, btLtplaying a passive role in the actual processof secretion or extrusion of material fromthe cell.The following are the titles of papers

presented at a joint meeting of the sectionand the American Mycological Society:-Some Reasons for Desiring a Better Classi-

ficationi of the Uredinataes: J. C. ARTHUR.Uredinea3 of the Gulf States: S. M. TRACY.North American CGill Fangi: F. S. EARLE.Lichens and Recent Conceptions of Spe-

cies: BRUCE FINK. (By title.)Cultures of Colletotrichum and Gloeospo-rium: P. H. RoLFS.

The Affinities of the Fungus of Loliumtemulentum: E. M. FREEMAN.

Peridermia m& cerebrU7m Peck and Cronar-tiumt Quercum (Berkeley): C. L. SHEAR.

RamUlarta: An- Illustration of the PresentPraCctise in Mycological Nomenclature:C. L. SHEAR.

Notes on Pachyma cocos: P. H. ROLFS.Pe-nicilliam glaitcam on Pinieapple, Fruits:

P. H. IROLFS.The Occurrence of Fusoma parasiticonmTubuef in this Coutntry: PERLEY SPALD-ING.

Some Pecutiar Fungi N\Tewv to America:W. G. FARLOW.

FRANCIS RILLOYD,Secretary.

205

SOCIETY OF AMERICAN BACTERIOLOGISTS.THE seventh annual meeting of the So-

ciety of American Bacteriologists was heldin the New Medical Building, Universityof: Michigan, December 28 and 29, 1905.

Professor Edwin 0. Jordan, president ofthe society, gave the introductory addresson 'Variation in Bacteria.'The following papers were presented:

Preliminary Communication upon a Spiro-ch7atal Infection of White Rats, and Ob-servations upon the Multiplication of theSpirocha3tes in Fluid Medinm: Drs.NORRIS, PAPPENHEIMER and FLOURNEY,Pathological Laboratory, Bellevue Hos-pital, New York.With the blood of a case of relapsing

fever, the authors were able to inioculatesuccessfully monkeys and white rats. Thefollowing is a summary of the results ob-tained:

1. A subcutaneous inoculation in whiteratg, with blood containing spirochates, isfollowed in the course of two or three daysby the presence of more or less numerousspirochsetes in the circulating blood. Thesepersist from one to three days.

2. Unlike the spirochaetal infection ofman and monkeys, no relapses occur.

3. The rats show no obviotus symptomsof illness no local reaction, no viscerallesions of consequence, save turgescenceand enlargement of the spleen.

4. In all, a series of about twenty-fivegenerations have been kept alive throughrats.

5. Observations show that immunuity isconferred by previous infection. Inocula-tion of spirochatal blood, plus small dosesof serum from animals that have gonethrough a previous infection, retards, orcompletely inhibits, the development of thespirohatav in the c-irculating blood of rats.Subcutaneous inoculation- of serum, fol-

FEBRUARY 9, 190]j

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BOTANY−−AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE SECTION G

FRANCIS E. LLOYD

DOI: 10.1126/science.23.580.201 (580), 201-205.23Science 

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