Indian Journal of Traditional KnowledgeVol. 3(3), July 2004, pp. 314-324

Traditional wisdom of rural people aboutprimary health care of children

Hema Tripathi*Krishi Vigyan Kendra, IVRI, Izatnagar,

M KMandapeDivision of Extension Education, IVRI, Izatnagar

.•... andON Kunzru

Indian Veterinary Research InstituteIzatnagar 243122, UP

Received 27 January 2003; revised 29 July 2003

An attempt has been made to document the indigenous methods of treatment followed byrural families for curing/treating common ailments among children. Data were generated from300 rural families covering 60 villages of Bareilly district in Uttar Pradesh. A total of 124 in-digenous practices were identified and documented under 27 different common ailments foundamong children. It was observed that 50% respondents were practicing as many as 4-6 differentindigenous treatments followed by 42% respondents practicing 7-9 practices. Diarrhea followedby burn and cold was the most common ailment treated by 73, 62 and 60% respondents, respec-tively. More than 30% of the respondents had the local technical knowledge about fever, dys-entery, vomiting, boils, measles, wounds, cough, conjunctivitis and worm infestations sepa-rately. About 29% of the respondents were following indigenous treatments of stomachachefollowed by constipation (25%), stomatitis (22.33%), pneumonia (18.66%), trachoma (13.0 %)and fractures (5.0%). Less then 5% rural families were found to have the knowledge about in-digenous treatments regarding, dislocation, chicken pox, scorpion bite, snake bite, removal ofthorn and sunstroke, etc.

Keywords: Traditional medicine, Primary healthcare of children, Bareilly district.

IPC Int. Ct.7: A61 K35178, A61 Pl1l0, A61Pl1l2, A61 P11102, A61P 17/02, A61PllllO.

The history of medicine and surgery datesback perhaps to the origin of human race.But as no mode of recording eventsexisted in prehistoric times, there are nodata on the methods of treatmentpracticed at that period. In those days, thesubject of human sufferings and its

alleviation was closely associated withbeliefs, values, myths, religion andmagic. Certainly, there were somerational prescriptions also.Documentation of such practices not onlyhelps in probing the past but also helps inbringing to light even fragmentaryinformation on traditional methods of ourancestors. Rural people certainly have a*Correspondent author

TRIPATHI et al: TRADITIONAL WISDOM OF RURAL PEOPLE IN CHILD HEALTHCARE 315

Fig 1: Map of District Bareilly

wealth of traditional knowledge/wisdomfor treatment of children suffering fromcommon ailments. In order to generateand introduce more effective newmethods in human medicine,understanding of indigenous technicalknowledge system of rural people, whohave specific ingredients, methodologiesand skills to use, is of utmost importance.Thus recording and documentingindigenous practices followed by ruralfamilies for curing common ailments inchildren will not only improve interactionamong extension workers and rural

DISTRICTBAREILLY

families but will also be helpful inmodifying their indigenous practices byresearchers through blending of commonlocal ingredients with moderntechnologies/methodologies.

Methods of survey:The study was conducted in Bareilly

district of Uttar Pradesh. (Fig.l) Thedistrict comprises 15 communitydevelopment blocks. A total of fiveblocks namely, Faridpur, AlampurJaffrabad, Bhojipura, Kiara and BithriChainpur were selected purposively to

Table 1- An inventory of indigenous practices about child health care in Bareilly district

Indigenous methods

316 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL. 3, NO. 3, JULY 2004

SI. no. Description ofAilment/Disease

1. Fever

2. Common cold

3. Diarrhoea

1.1 Decoction of 25-30gm pepper (Piper nigrumi, 15-20gm omum(Trachyspermum ammi) and tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) roots isgiven to child suffering from high fever.Mixture of pepper (Piper nigrum), desi ghee (one teaspoon)and 5gm of black salt is given thrice a day for early relief.Bandage of cold water is kept over the forehead to bring downthe temperature.Tea of (25-30gm) black pepper (Piper nigrum), tulsi (Ocimumsanctum) leaves (8-10) and ginger tZinriber officinale) 15-20gm is given 3-4 times a day.Decoction of koop kala herb (30-40gm) readily available inmarket and 15-20gm omum iTrachyspermum ammii is given topatient along with honey.Paste of neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) and Giloe (Tino-spora cordifolia) with water is given. Both ingredients arebelieved to be useful as tonic and antipyretic.Black tea along with lemon (Citrus aurantifoliai juice is given.Decoction of leaves of lasora (Cordia myxa), Guava iPsidiumguava) leaves and wheat bran is used.Mixture of tea leaves with 10-12 cloves (Syzygium aromati-cum), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomumi & few tulsi (Ociumsanctum) leaves is given.Decoction of 50gm wheat bran, black salt and 15-20 lasoraleaves (Cordia myxa) is used.Roasted and ground cloves iSyrygium aromaticum) and blackcardamom is given along with desi ghee.Solution of seed soapnut tSapindus trifoliatus) is used as nasaldrops, prepared after soaking overnight and rubbing with hand.Decoction of tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) leaves (l0-15), wheatbran (50gm), black pepper (J5gm) (Piper nigrum) and sugar 2to 3 tablespoons is given.Extract of visoda grass (Blumea lacera) along with salt is em-ployed.Small amount of ground Indian bhang (Cannabis indica/sativa)is given to drink.Solution of salt (10 gm) and sugar (IOOgm) is given 7-8 times aday.Mixture of 15-20gm omum tTrachyspermum ammi) and 10gmasofoetida (Ferulajoetida) is used.10-15 gm of asofoetida (Ferula foetidai after roasting on dryheat is rubbed along with salt (5gm) on stomach.Mixture of 10-20ml extract of onion (Allium cepa) and rawliquor is given to the suffering child to drink.Pulp of bael (Aegle marmelos) fruit is useful as soothing agentfor intestines of the patients suffering from chronic diarrhea.

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.71.8

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

(Contd.)

TRIPATHI et al: TRADITIONAL WISDOM OF RURAL PEOPLE IN CHILD HEALTHCARE 317

Table 1-An inventory of indigenous practices about child health care in Bareilly district---Contd.

SI. no. Description ofAilment/Disease

3.7

3.83.9

4. Dysentery 4.0

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

5. Measles 5.0

5.1

5.2

6.0

6.1'.1\

6.2

6.3

6. Burns

Indigenous methods

Paste of leaves of peaches (Amygdalis persica) and water isused.Paste of dhudhi (Euphorbia microphylla) and water is given.Fresh juice of bark of jamun (Syzygium cumini) with goat milkis employed.Mixture of one spoon lemon juice after adding small quantityof curd in raw milk (SOml) is given to patient for 3-4 times aday for quick relief.Sherbet of bael (Aegle marmelos) fruit along with water isgiven.Paste of 10-15 leaves of tamarind (Tamarindus indica) withwater and salt helps in controlling dysentery.Powder of 50% raw red saunf (Foeniculum vulgare) and 50%roasted saunf are ground together along with 20 gm of misriand given.Paste of 2Sgm of white adrak iZinziber officinale) preparedafter soaking in water, cooked with desi ghee, mixed withblack salt (S-lOgm) and given thrice a day.V2 teaspoon ground seed of Jamun tSyzygium cuminii is used.Jamun has astringent, diuretic and stomachic properties.Mixture of SOgm asafoetida (Ferula joetida) and 30-40gm offenugreek (Trigonelia joenum-graecum) along with water isgiven.Small amount of local liquor is filled in banana (Musa para-disiaca) and is given to the suffering patient.Juice of tomato about SOml along with a pinch of black salt isgiven.Seeds of Ishabgul (Plantago ovata) are soaked in water beforeuse for easy and quick disintegration in alimentary canal.Ishabgul is considered as one of the best treatments for chronicdysentery and diarrhea.Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves and camphor(Ocimum kilimandscharicumi are tied around the hands ofpatients.Wiping of entire body with cool water boiled in neem (Azadi-rachta indica) leaves.Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves are spread around patient'sbed.Pulp of jwar leaves (Sorghum vulgare) is spread over the af-fected part.Paste of boiled potato is spread as ointment over the burnedarea.Application of blue ink/neel dissolved in water is done over theburned area.Application of extract/juice of banana tree (Musa paradisiaca)is done over the affected area.

(Contd.)

Table 1-An inventory of indigenous practices about child health care in Bareilly district-Contd.

Indigenous methods

318 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL. 3, NO. 3, JULY 2004

Sl. no. Description ofAilment/Disease

7. Vomiting

8. Stomachache

6.4 Paste of 100-150 gm wheat flour with water is applied to coverthe affected part.Mixture of (lO-ISgm) camphor in coconut oil is spread overburned area.A paste of raar/gum and pigeon feathers is prepared in boiledmustard oil and is applied over the burns. (The gum called raaris a sticky material that exudes from incisions in bark ofbanyan tree).Application of paste of hennalmehandi tLawsonia alba) leaves.Henna leaves are astringent and used as prophylactic againstskin diseases, applied locally on burned area.Application of paste, prepared by mixing liquid wax in hot desighee after cooling in cold water.A paste of mustard (Brassica nigra) oil and raar/gum isprepared over the stove and applied over the affected part.Extract of onion (Allium cepa), mint (Mentha spicata) & blacksalt is given to drink.Extract of lemon (Citrus aurantifoliai and black salt is given.Mixture of SOgm ground omum iTrachyspermum ammii andSOgm onion extract is used.Mixture of lemon (Citrus aurantifoliay juice and sodiumbicarbonate is given to drink at frequent intervals.Mixture of lOgm white cardamom tElettaria cardamomum)and ground cumin seeds iCuminum cyminum) in lemon juice isgiven.Rubbing of slightly warm asafoetida tFerula joetida) afterdissolving in water on the stomach of patient suffering fromstomachache is prescribed.Pulp of 2S0gm raw mango is extracted after roasting on dryheat, in which lOgm of asafoetida and black salt (S-lOgm) ismixed and is given to patient to drink. In anoth r practice,paste of mint (Mentha spicata) is mixed in the extracted pulpof raw mango.Solution of roasted and ground ornurn iTrachyspermum ammii,cumin seeds tCuminum cyminumi and fenugreek iTrigonellafoenum-graecumi together with water is used.Mixture of tartary and sugar in water is given.A decoction of black pepper (Piper nigrumi, peepal (Ficusreligiose), saunth (Zinziber officinalei, asafoetida iFerulajoetida), fenugreek iTrigonella [oenum-graceum), Nutmeg(Myristica [ragransy, Mace (Myristica [ragransi, cloves(Syzygium aromaticuniy and cumin seeds (CL/minum cyminumi.(all ingredients lO-ISgm each) was found to be an effectivemethod for quick relief.

6.5

6.6

6.7

6.8

6.9

7.0

7.17.2

7.4

7.5

8.0

8.1

8.2

8.38.4

(Comd.)

TRIPATHI et al: TRADITIONAL WISDOM OF RURAL PEOPLE IN CHILD HEALTHCARE 319

Table 1- An inventory of indigenous practices about child health care in Bareilly district-Contd.

Sl. no. Description ofAilment/Disease

9. Wounds 9.0

10. Cough

11. Pneumonia

Indigenous methods

9.1

Spreading of human saliva (which is taken out early morning)over the wound is done.Application of slight warm mustard (Brassicajuncea) oil afteradding turmeric (Curcuma domestica) powder while boilingthe oil is done.White spider webs along with its white eggs are tied over thewounds for early relief.Application of coconut oil along with camphor is done.Paste of leaves of red gram (Cajanus cajan) is applied over thewounds.Application of cow dung cake ash after mixing in mobile oil tocure wounds is done.Paste of ground gingelly seeds iSesamum indicumi with wateris used.Mustard (Brassica juncea) oil and water together is rubbedover the brass plate and mixture is rubbed over the wounds.Powdered gingelly tSesamum indicumy seeds are cooked incow's urine until they become thick and the paste is appliedover the wounds.Mixture of 20gm ginger tZinziber officinale), lOgm cloves(Syzygium aromaticum) and lOgm black pepper (Piper nigrum)after mixing in sugar is given to patient.Few fresh leaves of guava tree (Psidium guava) are given tochew along with pinch of black salt.Juice of ginger tZinnber officinale) along with honey is foundto be very effective treatment. Some people also reported theuse of turmeric powder (Curcuma domestica) along withhoney.An equal amount of (SOgm) almond tPrunus amygdalus) mu-lati (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and SOgm munnakka (black raisins)are ground together to prepare small balls and eaten at leastthrice a day. Mulati was found to be very useful in cough, coldand bronchitis.Roasted white alum (20gm) along with cane sugar is given toeat twice a day.Two parts of powdered pomegranate (Punica granatum) shelland three parts of lahoori salt is given to eat thrice a day to curecough.A decoction of 2S-30gm ginger (Zinziber officinale), 2S-30gmonion (Allium cepa), 2Sgmjwarpatta(Sorgham valgare) along with 20gm honey and lOgm nausadar(ammonium chloride) is given to drink.Rubbing entire body with desi ghee and salt is practiced.Pure wax is slightly heated and rubbed over the chest of childsuffering from pneumonia.Rubbing of brandy or local liquor over entire body of patient isdone.

9.2

9.39.4

9.S

9.6

9.7

9.8

10.0

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

1O.S

10.6

11.011.1

11.2

(Contd.)

12.0 Fractured bones are tied with wooden sticks or bans (Bambusaarundinacea) to make it immovable and slightly warm mustardoil is poured over the affected part.

13.0 Chapati of black gram (Phaseolus mungo) and bajra (Pen-nisetum typhoideum) flour is prepared and tied over affectedpart after sprinkling salt over it.

14.0 Application of chuna tCaroll carbonas) behind the ears isdone.

14.1 Application of milk collected after plucking gulhar flower(Ficus glome rata) behind the ears is done.

14.2 A plug of cotton is soaked in egg albumin and applied over theinfected eyes.

14.3 Washing of eyes with tea leaves water is done.14.4 Tying neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) over the ears is done.14.5 Extract of dhudhi (Euphorbia microphylia) is poured as eye

drop.14.6 Washing of eyes with rose water is practiced.14.7 A plug of cotton dipped in goat milk is kept over the infected

eyes for early relief.15.0 Application of Kajal prepared after burning camphor

(Ocimum kilimandscharicumi is done.16.0 A paste of 15-20 raddish (Raphanus sativus) leaves is given to

child suffering from worm infestation.16.1 Paste of 40-50 raw leaves of peaches (Amygdalis persica) is

used or patient is given raw leaves to eat and is found an effec-tive method for deworming.

16.2 Sour curd along with lemon (Citrus limetta) and black salt isgiven.

16.3 Giving an apple (Malus sylvestris) to eat early in the morningwas found an effective method for deworming.

16.4 Mashed banana in the curd of cow's milk is given to eat.16.5 Use of carrot (Daucus carota) juice in early morning with

washing of mouth is prescribed.16.6 A decoction of approx. 200gm tomato, 20gm black pepper

(Piper nigrum) and salt is given in early morning beforewashing of mouth.

17.0 Child suffering from stomatitis is given 25-30 guava leaves(Psidium guava) to eat after spreading catechu (Kattha lOgm)over the leaves.

17.1 Application of mashed banana in the curd of cow's milk isdone.

17.2 One part of desi ghee and 3 parts of camphor are heated to-gether and applied over the affected part.

17.3 Washing of mouth with white alum water is done.17.4 Henna (Mehandi) tLawsonia alba) leaves are given to eat after

keeping peppermint inside it.

320 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL. 3, NO. 3, JULY 2004

Table 1- An inventory of indigenous practices about child health care in Bareilly district-Contd.

Indigenous methodsSI. no. Description ofAilment/Disease

12. Fracture

13. Dislocation

14. Conjunctivitis

15. Trachoma

16. Worm infestation

17. Stomatitis

(Contd.)

TRIPATHI et a/: TRADITIONAL WISDOM OF RURAL PEOPLE IN CHILD HEALTHCARE 321

Sl. no.

Table 1- An inventory of indigenous practices about child health care in Bareilly district---Contd.

Indigenous methods

IS.

19.

20.

21.

22

Description ofAilment/Disease

Boils IS.0 Poultice of wheat flour and ghee is tied over the boils. In somecases, desi ghee is spread over the henna (Lawsonia alba)leaves and poultice is tied over affected the area.

Tying of banana leaves over affected area is done.

Application of wet pindol mud (peat & mucky soil of pond)over the affected area is prescribed.

IS.3 Tying of poultice prepared by boiling ground gingelly (Sesa-IIlUIll indicumi seeds and rat droppings together is done.

IS.4 Application of onion (Allium cepa) paste over the affected partis prescribed.

IS.5 Poultice of ground bark of babool (Acacia niloticai tree is tiedover the affected area.

IS.6 Tying leaves of dhatura plant/akaua (Datura metal) or aftergrinding in the form of poultice checks inflammation overboils.

19.1

200gm omum (Trachyspennum amnii) and IOgrn salt alongwith water is given to drink for constipation.

Mixture of harra iTerminalia chebulai, 200gm bahera tTenni-nalia belli rica) and 20gm aonla iPhyllanthus emblica) is givento drink. These ingredients are antispasmodic, sudorific andcarminative in nature.

IS.1

IS.2

Constipation 19.0

Kanvar 20.0(fungal infectionbehind ears) 20.1

Mumps 21.0

Rheumatic fever 22.0associated with throatinfection (Tijari) 22.1

19.2 Powder of gingelly seeds tSesamum indicumi along with jag-gary is given.

Decoction of mint (Mentha spicatai leaves, sodium bicarbon-ate and black salt is given.

Water is given to drink in early morning after keeping over-night in a pot made up of copper.

Use of 20gm garlic (Allium sativumi in early morning helps inproper bowel movement.

Milk of gulhar (Ficus glome rata) flower is applied over thearea.Root of raddish (Raphanus sativus) plant is roasted andground. The powder is mixed in warm mustard oil and is ap-plied over the affected part.Smooth paste of honey and chuna (Caroll carbonasi is appliedover the affected part'. , .Karaunda (Vaccinium"leschenaulti) leaves along with hennaiLawsonia alba) leaves are given to child suffering from Tijari.Spider web is kept inside the jaggary and is given to child afterpreparing small balls.

19.3

19.4

19.5

(Contd.)

322 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL. 3, NO. 3, JULY 2004

Table 1- An inventory of indigenous practices about child health care in Bareilly district---Contd.

SI. no. Description ofAilmentlDisease

Indigenous methods

23. Removal of thorn 23.0 A poultice of milk collected from Dhaturalakaua plant(Datura metel) is spread over the affected part and is tied withpiece of clean cotton cloth.

24. Sunstroke 24.0 Extract of mango or onion along with salt is given to drink forquick relief.

25. Chicken Pox 25.0 Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves are spread on the bed ofpatient or in the room of patient suffering from chicken pox.

26. Scorpion bite 26.0 Affected area is tied with the clean piece of cloth or a thickthread (sutli) after washing with the warm water.

26.1 A paste of mango powder is spread over the area.

26.2 Few people reported the use of paste of neem leaves over theaffected area.

27. Snake bite 27.0 Recitation of tantra and mantra is done.

Table 2-Distribution of respondents as per their indigenous knowledge about child health careaccording to number of treatments/practices followed

N==3ooNo. of Practices F % RANK

1-3 01 0.33 V4-6 150 50.00 I7-9 127 42.33 II10-12 19 6..33 III13-15 02 0.66 IV>15 01 0.33 V

make the population representative. A setof 10 villages was selected randomlyfrom each of the five selected blocks andfive women key communicators wereselected from each of the selectedvillages. Thus data were collected from60 villages covering five blocks of district

Bareilly, D.P. (five key communicatorsfrom each village). Three hundred ruralfamilies selected were finally interviewedand observed for their traditional wisdomon 27 different ailments commonly foundamong children.

TRIPATHI et al: TRADITIONAL WISDOM OF RURAL PEOPLE IN CHILD HEALTHCARE 323

Table 3- Distribution of respondents as per their indigenous knowledge aboutchild health care in various ailments

S No. Ailment F (%) Rank

1 Fever 125 (41.66) VII2. Cold 180 (60.00) III3. Diarrhea 219 (73.00) I4. Dysentery 172 (57.33) IV5. Measles 112 (37.33) VIII6. Bum 188 (62.66) II7. Vomiting 143 (47.66) V8. Stomach ache 86 (28.66) XII9. Wound 109 (36.33) IXlO. Cough 90 (30.00) Xl11 Pneumonia 56 (18.66) XV12. Fracture 15 (5.00) XVII13 Dislocation 11 (3.66) XVIII14. Conjunctivitis 112 (37.33) VIII15. Trachoma 39 (13.00) XVI16. Worm infestation 97 (32.33) X17 Stomatitis 67 (22.33) XIV18. Boils 141 (47.00) VI19. Constipation 77(25.66) XlII20. Kanvar 01 (0.33) XIX21. Mumps 01 (0.33) XIX22. Tijari 01 (0.33) XIX23. Removing thorn 01 (0.33) XIX24. Sun stroke 01 (0.33) XIX25. Chicken pox 01 (0.33) XIX26. Scorpian bite 01 (0.33) XIX27. Snake bite 01 (0.33) XIX

Figures in parenthesis indicate percentages

good health support to all those peopleliving in the rural areas. Understanding aswell as documenting such indigenouspractices thus assumes significance.The distribution of respondents as per

their indigenous knowledge about childhealth care and number. of treatmentspracticed by them is presented in Table 2which reveals that on an overall basis,relatively more number of respondents(50%) was found practicing 4-6indigenous practices followed by 42.33

Findings of surveyA perusal of Table 1 clearly reveals that

diarrhea, cold, dysentery, burn, and boilswere the most common ailments inchildren in the study area and majority ofthe respondents had considerableknowledge to treat them indigenously. Itcould be further seen that people in thestudy area knew indigenous treatments ofas many as 27 different ailments ofchildren. Child care being an importantaspect, these identified practices offer

324 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL. 3, NO. 3, JULY 2004

per cent respondents, practicing 7 to 9practices. It could thus be inferred thatrespondents in study area are quite awareregarding indigenous practices aboutchild health care and majority of themhave adopted 4 to 9 practices. Theydepended more on traditional treatmentsbecause of the inadequate and non-availability of modern health carefacilities/centers in the nearby area andhad more faith and easy access toingredients required in traditionalmethods. More than 60 per centrespondents knew about indigenouspractices of child care, namely, diarrhea,burn and cold, whereas 40 to 60 per centrespondents had indigenous knowledgeabout dysentery, vomiting, boils andfever (Table 3). About 30 to 40 per centrespondents were treating ailments likemeasles and conjunctivitis (37.33% each),wound, worm infestation, cough andstomachache, indigenously. About 10 to30 per cent respondents had knowledgeabout 5 indigenous practices of childcare,namely, stomachache, constipation,stomatitis, pneumonia and trachoma inthat order. About 4-5 per centrespondents knew the methods oftreatment of dislocation and fracturesindigenously whereas very few werefound to have knowledge about eightindigenous practices of child health care,namely, chicken pox, scorpion bite, snakebite, kanvar (fungal infection behindears), mumps, tijari (rheumatic feverassociated with throat infection), removalof thorn and sunstroke.

The rationale and the efficacy given byrespondents in most of the treatments ofcommon ailments were found inconsonance with scientist's perceptionand Indian Pharmaceuticals Codex.

Implications:This inventory of indigenous practices

related to child health care is based on afield study which clearly revealed thatthere are many such indigenous practicesprevailing in rural India. The study givesan appraisal of many reputed as well asunknown medicinal plants available inrural India, their medicinal preparations,processing, administration and doses, etc.This suggests for in-depth probe into thiswealth and traditional wisdom.

DiscussionIn the present paper, an attempt is

made to document people's knowledgeon indigenous treatment and to provideclues to research stations for blending ofboth new and old practices. Thusblending of traditional practices withformal Research and Development mayhelp in sustaining our natural resourcesand solve the complex problem of healthcare particularly to that of disadvantagedresource poor rural families.The rationale behind continuing use of

traditional knowledge and its efficacywould help the scientists in reorganizingthe potential worth of these practices andas a base for further research for evolvingmore compatible modes of treatingchildren's ailments.