Chapter 1

A. A MOTOR VEHICLE IS A

SERIOUS RESPONSIBILIT

Y

 

     

   

     

 

 

Motorists must ensure that they are able to think clearly and use good judgment before attempting to operate a motor vehicle. Getting a traffic ticket is only one of the consequences of driving improperly. There are other, more serious consequences, such as loss of property, becoming injured or injuring someone else, or loss of your life or someone else's. Driving is a privilege, not a right. To keep your driving privileges you must drive responsibly and follow the law.

 

       1. Motor Vehicle is a Weapon:  

 

Your car is like any other weapon, if used recklessly it can cause bodily harm or even death to you or someone else. Even at low speeds, a car is a lethal weapon. A collision at 30 miles per hour is the same as the impact of falling from a three-story building.

 

     

 2. Dangerous as a Loaded Gun, if Not Operated Properly:

 

 

Just as with handling a loaded gun, many responsibilities accompany you as the driver. You must ensure that you follow the safety precautions, rules, and regulations for driving your automobile. It is also important to maintain your vehicle. Regularly check the pressure in your tires to prevent blowouts or flat tires. Check the engine to ensure there is plenty of coolant and oil so your car will not overheat while you are driving.

Drive only when you are rested. Avoid driving when you are fatigued, taking medication, which causes drowsiness, angry, ill, under stress, or under the influence of drugs or alcohol. When driving, be aware of your surroundings and constantly scan the road so you can decrease your reaction time. When driving you must also drive at a speed that is appropriate for your driving conditions.

 

       3. Parking Responsibility:  

 

When parking, it is your responsibility to make sure your car does not move from where it is parked. To accomplish this, always make sure your parking brake is engaged, whether your car has an automatic or a standard transmission. When parking on a hill, turn the wheel so the tires are angled in the proper direction. If you are parking down hill, turn the wheel all of the way to the right. If your parking brake disengages or your car slips out of gear your car will roll harmlessly into the curb. The same is true if you are parking uphill on a road with a curb, but turn your wheels all of the way to the left. Your car will roll into the curb. However, if you are parking uphill, without a curb, turn your wheels all the way to the right. If your car starts to roll, it will roll away from traffic and onto the shoulder of the road.

 

     

   

     

 

No one may park within 15 feet of a fire hydrant unless the vehicle is attended by a licensed driver who is seated in the front seat and can immediately move the vehicle in case of necessity.

No one may park within 15 feet of the entrance drive way to a fire station or within 7 and ½ feet of railroad track and may not park blocking any driveway or on a sidewalk or in a posted bus zone or in a tube or tunnel or upon a bridge unless posted to permit such parking and may not park in front of or upon that portion of a curb that has been cut down lowered or constructed to provide wheelchair access to the sidewalk and no one may park on a freeway except in an emergency without having their car towed away and no one may double park on the roadway side of any vehicle stopped, parked, or standing at a curb or edge of a highway.

 

     

 Prohibited Stopping, Standing, or Parking (Section 22500 V.C.).

 

 No parking. No person shall stop, park, or leave standing any vehicle whether attended or unattended, except when necessary to avoid conflict with other traffic or in compliance with the directions of a peace officer or official traffic control device, in any of the following places: 

Within an intersection. On a crosswalk. Between a safety zone and the adjacent right

 

hand curb. Within 15 feet of the driveway entrance to any fire

station driveway. Blocking any driveway. On any portion of a sidewalk. Along or opposite any street or highway

excavation or obstruction when stopping, standing or parking would block traffic.

On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped, parked, or standing at a curb or edge of a highway. Double parking.

In a posted bus zone. In a tube or tunnel. Upon a bridge unless posted to permit such

parking. In front of or upon that portion of a curb that has

been cut down, lowered, or constructed to provide wheelchair access to the sidewalk.

 

Fire Hydrants.

22514. No person shall stop, park, or leave standing any vehicle within 15 feet of a fire hydrant except as follows:a. If the vehicle is attended by a licensed driver who is seated in the front seat and who can immediately move such vehicle in case of necessity.

b. If the local authority adopts an ordinance or resolution reducing that distance. If the distance is less than 10 feet total length when measured along the curb or edge of the street, the distance shall be indicated by signs or markings.

c. If the vehicle is owned or operated by a fire department and is clearly marked as a fire department vehicle.

     

 Stop, Park, or Leave Standing Upon a Freeway.

 

  21718. (a) No person shall stop, park, or leave standing any vehicle upon a freeway except in an emergency.On a freeway, except:

 

  In an emergency, or when an officer or device requires a  

stop, or where a stop is specifically permitted. A vehicle (even if disabled) that is stopped, parked, or left standing on a freeway for more than four hours may be removed. (CVC §22651[f])

NOTE: If you must stop on a freeway, park completely off the pavement and stay in your vehicle with the doors locked until help arrives. Leave enough space for other vehicles to pass freely. Your car should be visible at least 200 feet in each direction.  

       Never park or leave your vehicle:  

 

 

Where a “No Parking” sign is posted. On a marked or unmarked crosswalk, on a

sidewalk or partially blocking a sidewalk, or in front of a driveway.

Within three feet of a sidewalk ramp for disabled persons or in front of or on a curb which provides wheelchair access to a sidewalk.

In a disabled person parking space, unless you are disabled and display a placard or special plates.

In the space next to a disabled person parking space, if it is painted in a crosshatched (diagonal)pattern. (CVC 22507.8)

In a space designated for parking or fueling zero-emission vehicles, which display an identifying decal.

On the wrong side of the street. Between a safety zone and the curb. At a red curb.

The following is taken from DMV’S 2008 California Driver Handbook.

 

       Disabled Parking — Operative January 1, 2008.  

 Amend: Government Code §14679 Amend: Vehicle Code §§22511.59, 22511.8, 42001.13 Add: Vehicle Code 22511.95 (AB 1531 Chapter 413).

 

     

Limits the maximum consecutive number of times a person can renew a temporary disability parking placard. 

Increases fines for second and third violations related to illegal parking in disabled spaces.

Alters signage and painting requirements for disabled parking spaces of buildings constructed or renovated on or after July 1, 2008.

     

 

B. OBEY THE LITERAL INTERPRETATION OF

EVERYDAY LAWS 

     

 As a driver, it is your responsibility to drive safely by obeying all rules and regulations that apply to operating a vehicle, including all traffic, warning, regulatory, and guide signs.

 

       1. Why Stop Completely at Stop Signs?  

 

A Stop sign is one way traffic is regulated. It is important for your safety and the safety of others that you come to a full and complete stop when you come to a Stop sign. Stopping allows more time for you to react in case a driver coming from another direction decides not to stop. After stopping, check for pedestrians and for traffic coming from other directions before you proceed into the intersection.

 

       2. What Does "Yield" Really Mean?  

 

Yield means to give way to. at a yield sign, the oncoming traffic has the right of way. At a yield sign, slow down, be ready to stop, and let traffic (including people walking or riding bikes) pass. Continue only when it is safe to do so.

 

     

     

 C. COMMON COURTESY IS A

KEY TO SAFETY 

     

 One of the keys to getting to your destination safely is to drive courteously. You won't really lose any time by being courteous and you just might make someone's day.

 

       1. Roadway is Shared by All Drivers:  

 

The roadways are not "owned" by any single driver. They are meant to be shared by all drivers. That means if you are driving slowly change lanes to the right to let faster drivers pass you. It also means changing lanes to the left on a freeway to let oncoming traffic merge safely.

 

       2. Courtesy makes Order Out of Chaos:  

 

Courtesy makes driving less stressful, safer and more enjoyable. Be courteous to other drivers by giving the right of way when it is their turn to go, using eye contact, smiling or waving to show that you are aware that they are going to change lanes, make a turn, etc.

 

     

 3. Treat Other Drivers the Way You Want to be Treated:

 

 

Follow the Golden Rule while driving, "treat others the way you would like to be treated". Chances are that you will want someone to be courteous to you on the road at some point, so you should be nice as well. If you yell, scream, honk, use profanity toward other drivers, there is an even higher chance that you will receive the same treatment some time in the future.

 

   

A. LIGHTIN

G

The Purpose of Your Lighting:

There are many lights on your vehicle and each has a specific purpose.

Headlights:

Your headlights have two settings—high and low. High beams are used at dark in places where it is difficult to see or there isn't much light from natural sources or street lights. Never use your high beams when following someone, driving towards someone, or in fog. Your low beams are normally used when driving in the city where there is light coming other sources. You should use your low beams especially when driving in fog to reduce the glare.

Taillights:

Taillights are used to make your vehicle stand out at night. Taillights are normally red.

Brake Lights:

Brake lights let other drivers know that you are slowing or stopping. These lights only come on when you step on the brake pedal. Brake lights are normally red.

Backup Lights:

Backup lights let other drivers know of your intention to drive in reverse. These lights only come on when the car is place in reverse. These lights are normally white.

Turn Signals:

Your turn signals are on the front and rear of your car. They let other drivers know of your intentions to turn. They only come on when you use your turn signal lever to turn right or left. They are normally yellow or red. You should remember to make sure your turn signal is off once a turn is completed.

Emergency Flashers:

Emergency flashes, sometimes called hazard lights, are used when you want to let other drivers know to drive with caution when approaching your vehicle. These lights should only be used in an emergency such as if you are pulled onto the side of the road and experiencing car trouble. These lights are normally orange.

It is important to make sure that the lights of a your vehicle are in good working condition. It is also important to make use of safety equipment at appropriate times. Use of this equipment gives notice to other drivers about your presence and lets other drivers know your next driving maneuver.

Hours of use:

 You should turn on your headlights and your taillights on 30 minutes after sunset and leave them on until 30 minutes before sunrise.

Visibility Requirements:

You must turn your lights on any time you cannot see at least 1000 feet ahead, when it is cloudy, raining, snowing, or foggy.

Each lighting type has its own distance visibility requirement:

Taillights, Vehicles made after 01/01/1969

1000ft

Brake Lights 300ft

Back-up Lights 75ft

Turn Signals 300ft

 

The high beams shall be dimmed when an oncoming vehicle is at a distance of 500 feet or when the driver is at a distance of 300 feet behind another vehicle.

Maintenance and Precautionary Measures:

All lighting equipment (headlights, taillights, brake lights, back-up lights, turn signals, emergency flashers) must be maintained in good working condition at all times. Lights, plastic covering, or bulbs must NOT be broken; otherwise, such motorist will be cited and will be required to repair the safety equipment.

It is your responsibility to make sure all the lights on your vehicle function and are properly aligned. A misaligned headlight can blind oncoming traffic or direct light away from where you need it most. Just as pilots perform a pre-flight check before they get into the air, you should do a walk-around on your vehicle at least once a month or prior to going on long trips. Get a friend to help you check your lights.

Driving During Darkness:

When driving during darkness you are required to operate the lights on your vehicle as required by the California Vehicle Code. As mentioned previously darkness is defined as the period 30 minutes after sunset and 30 minutes before sunrise.

Lighting Distance Requirements:

The lighting on your vehicle must be sufficient to make a person or another vehicle visible. The person or vehicle must be visible during darkness, directly ahead upon a straight, level unlighted highway, and under normal atmospheric conditions, unless a different time, direction, or condition is given.

Lighting Equipment Requirements (CV 24252):

All lighting equipment of a required type installed on a vehicle shall be maintained at all times in good working order. Lamps shall be equipped with bulbs of the correct voltage rating corresponding to the nominal voltage at the lamp socket.

Headlamps and Auxiliary Lamps.

Headlights on Motor Vehicles (CVC 24400):

(a) A motor vehicle, other than a motorcycle, shall be:

(1) During darkness and inclement weather, a ,motor vehicle, other than a motorcycle, shall be equipped with at least two headlamps, with at least one on each side of the front of the vehicle, and, except as to vehicles registered prior to January 1, 1930, they shall be located directly above or in advance of the front axle of the vehicle. The headlamps and every light source in any headlamp unit shall be located at a height of not more than 54 inches nor less than 22 inches.

(b) As used in subdivision (a), “inclement weather” is a weather condition that is either of the following:

(1) A condition that prevents a driver of a motor vehicle from clearly discerning a person or another motor vehicle on the highway from a distance of 1,000 feet.

(2) A condition requiring the windshield wipers to be in continuous use due to rain, mist, snow, fog, or other precipitation or atmospheric moisture. 

This section shall become operative on July 1,2005.

Auxiliary Driving and Passing Lamps (CVC 24402):

Any motor vehicle may be equipped with not to exceed two auxiliary driving lamps mounted on the front at a height of not less than 16 inches nor more than 42 inches. Driving lamps are lamps designed for supplementing the upper beam from headlamps and may not be lighted with the lower beam.

Any motor vehicle may be equipped with not to exceed two auxiliary passing lamps mounted on the front at a height of not less than 24 inches not more than 42 inches. Passing lamps are lamps designed for supplementing the lower beam from headlamps and may also be lighted with the upper beam.

Fog lamps, driving lamps, and passing lamps look similar to one another, but must meet different specifications, and the laws concerning their use are different.

Fog lamps (CVC 24403):

Any motor vehicle may be equipped with not to exceed two fog lamps which may be used with, but shall not be used in substitution of, headlamps.

Fog lamps should be mounted between 12 and 30 inches from the ground. They must be aimed so that when the vehicle is unladen, the high intensity light when view from a distance of 25 feet is higher than 4 inches below the center of the lamp.

SB 731- Equipment of Vehicles- (Amendment to CVC 24602):

This bill amends the minimum height requirement for red fog tail lamps to not lower than 12 inches (previously 15 inches) or higher than 60 inches.

Multiple beams (CVC 24406):

Except as otherwise provided, the headlamps, or other auxiliary driving lamps, or a combination thereof, on a motor vehicle during darkness must be arranged so that the driver may select at will the distribution of light projected to different elevation, and the lamps may, in addition, be arranged so that the selection can be made automatically.

High Beams-Low Beams.

Upper and lower beams(CVC 24407):

Multiple-beam road lighting equipment shall be designed and aimed as follows:

(a) Headlamps Upper Beam- There shall be an uppermost distribution of light or composite beam, that when properly aimed and intense enough to reveal people and other vehicles at a distance of at least 350 feet ahead for all conditions of loading.

(b) Headlamps Lower Beam- There shall be a lowermost distribution of light or composite beam, that when properly aimed and intense enough to reveal a person or vehicle at a distance of at least 100 feet ahead. On a straight level road under any condition of

loading, none of the high intensity portion of the beam should be directed to shine in the eyes of an approaching driver.

Use of multiple beams (CVC 24409):

When driving at night, you should use a distribution of light or composite beam, directed high enough and intense enough to reveal people and other vehicles at a safe distance in front of your vehicle, subject to the following requirements and limitations:

Whenever the driver of a vehicle approaches an oncoming vehicle within 500 feet, the upper distribution of light should not shine into the eyes of the oncoming driver. You should only shine the lowermost distribution of light into the eyes of an oncoming driver at all times, regardless of the road contours.

Whenever the driver of a vehicle follows another vehicle within 300 feet to the rear, he shall use the lowermost distribution of light specified in this article.

Single beams (CVC 24410):

Headlamps arranged to provide a single distribution of light not supplemented by auxiliary driving lamps are permitted on motor vehicles manufactured and sold prior to Sept. 19, 1940, in lieu of multiple-beam road lighting equipment if the single distribution of light complies with the following requirements and limitations:

(a) The headlamps shall be so aimed that when the vehicle is not loaded none of the high-intensity portion of the light shall at a distance of 25 feet ahead project higher than a level of five inches below the level of the center of the lamp from which it comes, and in no case higher than 42 inches above the level on which the vehicle stands at a distance of 75 feet ahead.

(b) The intensity shall be sufficient to reveal persons and vehicles at a distance of at least 200 feet.

Rear Lighting Equipment.

Tail lamps (CVC 24600):

During darkness, every motor vehicle shall be equipped with at least two lighted tail lamps, red in color, which shall be plainly visible from all distances within 500 feet to the rear except that taillamps on vehicles manufactured after January 1, 1969, shall be plainly visible from all distances within 1,000 feet to the rear.

Stop lamps (CVC 24603):

Every motor vehicle which is not in combination with any other vehicle and every vehicle at the end of a combination of vehicles shall at all times be equipped with stop lamps mounted on the rear as follows:

(a) Every such vehicle shall be equipped with one or more stoplamps.

(b) Every such vehicle, other than a motorcycle, manufactured and first registered on or after January 1, 1958, shall be equipped with two stop lamps, except that trailers and semitrailers manufactured after July 23, 1973, which are less than 30 inches wide, may be equipped with one stoplamp which shall be mounted at or near the vertical centerline of the trailer. If such vehicle is equipped with two stop lamps, they shall be mounted as specified in subdivision (d).

(c) Except as provided in subdivision (h), stop lamps on vehicles manufactured on or after January 1, 1969, shall be mounted not lower than 15 inches nor higher than 72 inches, except that a tow truck, in addition to being equipped with the required stop lamps, may also be equipped with two stop lamps which may be mounted not lower than 15 inches nor higher than the maximum allowable vehicle height and as far forward as the rearmost portion of the driver's seat in the rearmost position.

(d) Where two stop lamps are required, at least one shall be mounted at the left and one at the right side, respectively, at the same level.

(e) Stoplamps on vehicles manufactured on or after January 1, 1979,

shall emit a red light. Stop lamps on vehicles manufactured before January 1, 1979, shall emit a red or yellow light. All stop lamps shall be plainly visible and understandable from a distance of 300 feet to the rear both during normal sunlight and at nighttime, except that stoplamps on a vehicle of a size required to be equipped with clearance lamps shall be visible from a distance of 500 feet during such times.

(f) Stop lamps shall be activated upon application of the service (foot) brake and the hand control head for air, vacuum, or electric brakes. In addition, all stop lamps may be activated by a mechanical device designed to function only upon sudden release of the accelerator while the vehicle is in motion. Stop lamps on vehicles equipped with a manual transmission may be manually activated by a mechanical device when the vehicle is downshifted if the device is automatically rendered inoperative while the vehicle is accelerating.

(g) Any vehicle may be equipped with supplemental stop lamps mounted to the rear of the rearmost portion of the driver's seat in its rearmost position in addition to the lamps required to be mounted on the rear of the vehicle. Supplemental stoplamps installed after January 1, 1979, shall be red in color and mounted not lower than 15 inches above the roadway. The supplemental stop lamp on that side of a vehicle toward which a turn will be made may flash as part of the supplemental turn signal lamp.

A supplemental stop lamp may be mounted inside the rear window of a vehicle, if it is mounted at the centerline of the vehicle and is constructed and mounted so as to prevent any light, other than a monitorial indicator emitted from the device, either direct or reflected, from being visible to the driver.

(h) Any supplemental stop lamp installed after January 1, 1987, shall comply with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108 (49 C.F.R. 571.108). Any vehicle equipped with a stoplamp which complies with the federal motor vehicle safety standards applicable to that make and model vehicle shall conform to that applicable safety standard unless modified to comply with the federal motor vehicle safety standard designated in this subdivision. 

Back-up Lamps (CVC 24606):   

(a) Every motor vehicle, other than a motorcycle, of a type subject to registration and manufactured on and after January 1, 1969, shall be equipped with one or more backup lamps either separately or in combination with another lamp. Any vehicle may be equipped with backup lamps.

(b) Backup lamps shall be so directed as to project a white light illuminating the highway to the rear of the vehicle for a distance not to exceed 75 feet. A backup lamp may project incidental red, amber, or white light through reflectors or lenses that are adjacent or close to, or a part of, the lamp assembly.

(c) Backup lamps shall not be lighted except when the vehicle is about to be or is backing or except in conjunction with a lighting system which activates the lights for a temporary period after the ignition system is turned off.

(d) Any motor vehicle may be equipped with a lamp emitting white light on each side near or on the rear of the vehicle which is designed to provide supplemental illumination in an area to the side and rear not lighted by the backup lamps. These lamps shall be lighted only with the backup lamps.

Signal Lamps and Devices.

Turn signal system required  (CVC 24950):

When you are towing a trailer of any type or boat the combination of vehicles must be equipped with a lamp-type turn signal system.

Turn signal system (CVC 24951):

Any vehicle must be equipped with a lamp-type turn signal system capable of clearly indicating any intention to turn to the right or to the left.

Visibility Requirements of Signals (CVC 24952):

A lamp-type turn signal shall be plainly visible and understandable in normal sunlight and at nighttime from a distance of at least 300 feet to the front and rear of the vehicle except that turn signal lamps on vehicles of a size required to be equipped with clearance lamps. Signal lights on these vehicles must be visible from a distance of 500 feet during such times.

Turn Signal Lamps (CVC 24953):

Any turn signal system used to give signal indication to turn right or left shall project a flashing white or amber light visible to the front and a flashing red or amber light visible to the rear.

Side-mounted turn signal lamps projecting a flashing amber light to either side may be used to supplement the front and rear turn signals. Side mounted turn signal lamps mounted to the rear of the center of the vehicle may project a flashing red light no part of which shall be visible from the front.

In addition to any required turn signal lamps, any vehicle may be equipped with supplemental rear turn signal lamps mounted to the rear of the rearmost portion of the driver's seat in its rearmost position.

In addition to any required or authorized turn signal lamps, any vehicle may be equipped with supplemental rear turn signal lamps that are mounted on, or are an integral portion of, the outside rearview mirrors, so long as the lamps flash simultaneously with the rear turn signal lamps, the light emitted from the lamps is projected only to the rear of the vehicle and is not visible to the driver under normal operating conditions, and the lamps do not project a glaring light.

B. BRAKES

Purpose:

The purpose of the brake system is to allow the motorist to slow down or stop the automobile completely. The brakes must be kept in good working condition to allow the driver to maintain control at all times.

Vehicular control:

Maintaining your brakes gives you control over your car. When kept in good working condition, applying the brakes in a timely manner allows you to slow down or stop smoothly.

Stopping Requirements:

The time necessary to bring a car to a stop differs depending on the speed that you are driving, At 55 mph, it takes about 400 feet to react to something you see and to bring the car to a complete stop; at 35 mph, it takes about 210 feet to react and to bring the car to a complete stop. The lower the speed, the quicker you can stop, stopping distance also depends on the road surface, condition of the tires, and the reaction time of the driver.

Required Systems:

Every vehicle must be equipped with a brake system, parking brake, and an emergency brake system.

Maintenance and Precautionary Measures:

You should have your car's brakes checked every 3,000 miles to ensure that the braking system is in good working condition. To avoid a crash, repairs must be done immediately. If a your vehicle does not have a functioning brake system, it is impossible to maintain control on the road.

Antilock Braking System (ABS):

Here are some very important facts about antilock brakes that you should know if your car is equipped with an anti-lock braking system.

Despite the fact that antilock braking systems (ABS) were designed to reduce crash rates, some automobile insurers have announced that discounts for ABS equipped vehicles will cease.

Why? Research shows no substantial difference in claims between vehicles equipped with ABS and those without.

With ABS, drivers are not supposed to pump the brake. The brake pedal of an ABS-equipped vehicle behaves quite differently when ABS engages. A loud grating sound and rapid brake pedal pulsation often accompanies the braking action with ABS, which may alarm the driver.

When this occurs, safety experts theorize that some drivers assume that something has gone wrong with their brakes. These drivers then begin to pump the pedal or simply lift off the brake pedal. This defeats the ABS system. When anyone buys a vehicle with an ABS system, they should practice using ABS.

ABS warnings!

My ABS light comes on. What should I do?

When you start your vehicle an ABS indicator light will illuminate on the instrument panel for a few seconds. This is normal.

My ABS light stays on. What should I do?

This means the ABS is not working. However, the conventional braking system is working. We recommend that you take your vehicle to your nearest dealer for servicing as soon as possible.

My ABS light and my brake warning light both stay on. What should I do?

DO NOT DRIVE THIS VEHICLE! You have no brakes. Have it towed to your nearest dealer.

Required Brake System (CVC 26450):

Every motor vehicle shall be equipped with a service brake system and every motor vehicle, other than a motorcycle, shall be equipped with a parking brake system. Both the service brake and parking brake shall be applied separately. If the two systems are connected in any way, they shall be constructed so that failure of any one part, except failure in the drums, brake shoes, or other mechanical parts of the wheel brake assemblies, shall not leave the motor vehicle without operative brakes.

Parking Brake System (CVC 26451):

The parking brake system of every motor vehicle shall comply with the following requirements:

a. The parking brake shall be adequate to hold the vehicle or combination of vehicles stationary on any grade on which it is operated under all conditions of loading on a surface free from snow, ice or lose material. In any event, the parking brake shall be capable of locking the braked wheels to the limit of traction.

b. The parking brake shall be applied either by the driver's muscular efforts, by spring action, or by other energy which is isolated and used exclusively for the operation of the parking brake or the combination parking brake and emergency stopping system.

c. The parking brake shall be held in the applied position solely by mechanical means.

Condition of Brakes (CVC 26453):

All brakes and component parts should be maintained in good condition and in good working order. The brakes should also be adjusted so they can operate as equally as practicable with respect to the wheels on opposite sides of the vehicle.

Control and Stopping Requirements (CVC 26454):

a. The service brakes of every motor vehicle or combination of vehicles shall be adequate to control the movement of and to stop and hold such vehicle or combination of vehicles under all conditions of loading on any grade on which it is operated.

b. Every motor vehicle or combination of vehicles, at any time and under all conditions of loading, shall, upon application of the service brake, be capable of stopping from an initial speed of 20 miles per hour according to the following requirements:

Max. Stopping Distance (ft.)

(1) Any passenger vehicle . . . 25

(2) Any single motor vehicle with a manufacturer's gross vehicle weight rating of less than 10,000 lbs . . .30

(3) Any combination of vehicles consisting of a passenger vehicle

or any motor vehicle with a manufacturer's gross vehicle weight rating of less than 10,000 lbs. in combination with any trailer, semi-trailer or trailer coach . . .40

(4) Any single motor vehicle with a manufacturer's gross weight rating of 10,000 lbs. or more or any bus . . .40

(5) All other combination of vehicles . . .50

C. WINDSHIELDS AND MIRRORS

Purpose:

The purpose of the windshield is to aid in visibility and to protect the motorist from things such as wind, rain, debris and snow.

Visibility:

It is important for motorists to be able to see all aspects of the road at all times. Consequently, drivers must keep their windshields and mirrors clean and unblocked by objects.

Requirements to Aid Visibility:

All vehicles must be equipped with a windshield free of any cracks. All vehicles must also be equipped with a windshield wiper system to clear off any obstacles from the windshield. The rear and side mirrors must be adjusted before starting to drive. Vehicles subject to California registration are required to have two rear view mirrors. One on the left side of the vehicle, the other may be in the interior of the

vehicle or on the right side of the vehicle.

If the vehicle is so loaded or designed as to obstruct the view through the interior mirror, a right side mirror is mandatory. Any motorcycle and vehicles registered in a foreign jurisdiction are required to have at least one rear view mirror.

You must be able to see at least 200 feet behind you from your rear view mirror.

Prohibited Devices or Equipment:

The view of the road must not be blocked by signs or other objects on any of the windows in the vehicle. Tinted safety glass is allowed in a vehicle if the glass meets U.S. Department of Transportation standards.

Windshield stickers, etc., are permitted only in four places: (1) a seven inch square on the lower corner of the windshield farthest from the driver; (2) a five inch square on the lower corner nearest the driver; (3) a seven inch square on the lower corner of the rear window farthest removed from the driver; (4) side windows to the rear of the driver.

Drivers must stop to wipe mud, snow or other debris off the windshield, rear window, and side windows when driving in rain, snow, or other such conditions.

Maintenance.

All windshields and windows must be kept free of dirt, debris, cracks, etc. to allow clear visibility of the road.

Windshields (CVC 26700):

Every vehicle on the road with the exception of a motorcycle is required to have a windshield.

Windshield Wipers (CVC 26706):

Every motor vehicle, except motorcycles, that has a windshield must also be equipped with a self-operating windshield wiper.

Assembly Bill 1854- Headlight usage, CVC section 24400 regarding required usage of headlights to reflect the following:

 Windshield Wipers On = Headlights On.

This section is being updated to state "every motor vehicle, other than a motorcycle, be operated with headlamps whenever weather conditions prevent a driver from clearly discerning a person or other motor vehicle on the highway from a distance of 1000 feet, or when driving in conditions that require windshield wipers to be in continuous use."

Condition and Use of Windshield Wipers (CVC 26707):

Windshield wipers shall be maintained in good condition and shall provide clear vision through the windshield for the driver. Wipers shall be operated under conditions of fog, snow, or rain and shall be capable of effectively clearing the windshield under all ordinary storm or road conditions while the vehicle is in operation.

Materials Obstructing or Reducing Driver's View (CVC 26708):

No one is allowed to drive any motor vehicle with any object or material placed, displayed, installed, affixed, or applied upon the windshield or side or rear windows.

In addition, no one is allowed to drive any motor vehicle with any

object or material placed, displayed, installed, affixed, or applied in or upon the vehicle which obstructs or reduces the driver's clear view through the windshield or side windows.

Sun Screening Devices: Requirements (CVC 26708.2):

You may use sun screening devices in your vehicle as long as it meets the following requirements:

a. You can use transparent material as long as it is green, gray, or a neutral smoke in color and shall have a luminous transmittance of not less than 35 percent.

b. If you use devices such as nontransparent louvers or other alternating patterns of opaque and open sections they must have a uniform pattern over the entire surface, except for framing and supports. At least 35% of the device area shall be open and no individual louver or opaque section shall have a projected vertical dimension exceeding 3/16 inch.

Side windows, which are to the rear of the driver's seat are not regulated and may be tinted as dark as the person wants. Tinting may be applied to the rear window or windows when the vehicle is equipped with a right side rear view mirror.

Sun screening devices may be installed on the windows on either side of the front seat if the driver or passenger in the front seat has a letter or other document signed by a licensed physician and surgeon certifying that the person must be shaded from the sun due to a medical condition or has in his or her possession a letter or other document signed by a licensed optometrist certifying that the person must be shaded from the sun due to a visual condition. These sun screening devices shall not be used during darkness. Section 26708(b) (10) V.C.

Mirrors (CVC 26709)

Every motor vehicle must have a mirror that allows the driver to see at least 200 feet to the rear of the vehicle. Every motor vehicle

subject to registration in the state of California must have two such mirrors, including one affixed to the left-hand side.

The following motor vehicles must be equipped with mirrors on both the left and right hand sides of the vehicle so located as to reflect to the driver a view of the highway each mirror for a distance of at least 200 feet to the rear of such vehicle: 

1. A motor vehicle so constructed or loaded as to obstruct the driver's view to the rear.

2. A motor vehicle towing a vehicle and the towed vehicle or load thereon obstructs the driver's view to the rear.

3. A bus or trolley coach.

The provisions of subdivisions (b) shall not apply to a passenger vehicle when the load obstructing the driver's view consists of passengers.

Defective Windshields and Rear Windows (CVC 26710):

It is unlawful to operate any motor vehicle upon a highway when the windshield or rear window is in such a defective condition as to impair the driver's vision to either the front or rear.

In the event any windshield or rear window fails to comply with this code the officer making the inspection shall direct the driver to make the windshield and rear window conform to the requirements of this code within 48 hours. The officer may also arrest the driver and give him notice to appear and further require the driver or the owner of the vehicle to produce in court satisfactory evidence that the windshield or rear window has been made to conform to the requirements of this code. 

 D. HORN

 

Purpose:

The horn technically has only one purpose—to warn other drivers or pedestrians. You shouldn't use your horn when angry or just for the heck of it. It irritates other drivers and could lead to a serious incident or a physical scuffle with another driver.

Warning device:

The horn is to be used only when necessary to avoid a crash by warning other drivers of the potential hazard situation.

Use:

Every vehicle manufactured today is equipped with a horn. Some are loud and obnoxious; some are soft and hard to hear. In any case, you should use your horn sparingly; a couple of taps is usually all it takes to get someone to notice you.

Audible Distance:

Your vehicle should be equipped with a horn that can be heard from a distance of at least 200 feet.

Prohibitive Amplification:

In most cases, you are prohibited from putting an amplification device on you horn. Your horn should not be audible at distances greater than 200 feet.

Maintenance:

As with any other part of your vehicle you should check your horn for proper operation. You can do it at the same time you do the inspection on your

lights or when getting ready to head out on a long trip.

Horns or Warning Devices (CVC 27000):

Every motor vehicle, when operated upon a highway, should be equipped with a horn in good working order and capable of emitting sound audible under normal conditions from a distance of not less than 200 feet, but no horn shall emit an unreasonably loud or harsh sound. An authorized emergency vehicle used in responding to fire calls may be equipped with, and use in conjunction with the siren on that vehicle, an air horn which emits sounds that do not comply with the requirements of this section.

Use of Horn (CVC 27001):

You should only use your horn when it is reasonably necessary to insure the safety of yourself and your passengers. The only other acceptable use for your horn is as part of an auto theft alarm.

E. TIRES

Purpose:

You tires have a dual purpose—they help you maintain control of your vehicle and they give you traction on the road while driving. Traction is what keeps you from sliding off of the road when you go around a corner or when your driving on wet pavement.

Required Condition, Inflation and Tread:

The minimum tread for tires is 1/32 inch; however, this minimum requirement may be dangerous on a wet surface. Pressure should not be allowed to fall below the suggested minimum pressure for your tires. You can find the pressure requirements for your tires on the side of the tire or in the manual that came with your vehicle. Higher pressure provides additional traction, which increases safety.

Maintenance:

Tires, just like any other part of your vehicle should be checked regularly. Many times an accident can be avoided by checking to make sure there is sufficient tread on your tires and that none of the steel belts are showing through. Since your tires do not wear evenly,

they should be rotated every so often. This will help your car drive smoother and extend the life of your tires. If during a walk through of your vehicle you notice a nail or some other object stuck in your tire, leave it there and get to the nearest garage.

Tire Tread Depth (CVC 27465):

Anyone that sells or installs tires is required by law to ensure that the tread depth has at least 1/32 of an inch of tread. Keyword-chp.

 

F. SAFETY BELTS /CHILD RESTRAINTS

Before you start your vehicle, you should take extra steps to make sure that every person in your car has their seatbelts on. It's the law.

Purpose:

The use of seat belts and air bags reduces the chance of injury and

fatalities in case of an accident. Seat belts keep passengers from being thrown through the windshield or into the dashboard.

Use:

The law states that everyone in a vehicle must wear a seatbelt. Because of this, you as the driver has the responsibility to make sure that all of the passengers are wearing a seatbelt.

Maintenance:

It is your responsibility as the owner of your car to make sure that the seat belts remain in good working condition. They should be free of rips and should not have any frayed parts. The clasp and the tab should slide together easily with little effort. If you find that your seatbelts do not meet these requirements, you should take your car to the dealer or to a qualified mechanic.

Safety Belts: Requirements:

In California, it is illegal to drive or to be a passenger without wearing seat belts. Always fasten your seat belt and make sure all passengers are properly using seat belts, child car seats, or booster seats. Use your lap belt or your lap and shoulder belts if your vehicle is equipped with them. Wear both the lap and shoulder belt even if the vehicle is equipped with airbags. If you wear only a lap belt when driving, your chances of living through a collision are twice as good as someone who does not. If you wear a lap and shoulder belt, your chances are three to four times better. Pregnant women should wear the lap belt as low as possible under the abdomen and the shoulder strap between the breasts and to the side of the abdomen's bulge.

The safety belt must be in good working order and must be worn by you and any passenger that is 16 years old or older and any passenger that is 6 years old but less than 16 years old or is less than 6 years old but weighs 60 pounds or more and is less than 16 years old must be in an appropriate child passenger restraint system

or a seat belt.

WARNING: If you do not install and use a shoulder harness with the lap belt, serious or fatal injuries may happen in some crashes. Lap-only belts increase the chance of spinal column and abdominal injuries especially in children. Shoulder harnesses may be available for your vehicle, if it is not already equipped with them.

 

All children under the age of 6 and weighing less than 60 pounds must ride in a car seat. It is important to make sure that the car seat fits the child and that it is properly installed in the vehicle.

Air bags save lives. It's that simple.

Air bags were designed to work WITH seatbelts to prevent injury to an adult sized person.

If air bags open in a crash, children in the front seat or in a car seat in the

front seat may be seriously injured.

The safest place for all children under the age of twelve is in the back seat.

The use of your safety belt is required by law if your vehicle is a (an):

1968 or later model car.

1972 or later model trucks.

House car.

Enclosed 3-wheel vehicle (not less than 7x4 feet) with an unlade

weight of 900 pounds or more).

Truck tractor (excludes passenger in sleeper berth).

The safety belt must be in good working order. You and your passengers must wear a safety belt while the car is moving. If not, you or your passenger (age 16 or older) may be given a traffic ticket for not wearing a safety belt. Remember, the driver is always responsible for the safety of the occupants of the car.

In fact a seat belt or child passenger restraint system is required for each person who is age six or older but less than 16 years old or weighs 60 lbs or more and is less than 16 years old. If a child is under six years of age and less than 60 pounds, the driver, parents, or legal guardian, if present, must put the child in an approved safety seat.

Passengers 6 to 16 (parent cited). No parent or legal guardian, when

present in a motor vehicle, may permit his or her child or ward who is six years of age, but less than 16 years of age, or who is less than six years of age and weighs 60 pounds or more to be transported upon a highway in a motor vehicle without providing and properly securing the child or ward in an appropriate child passenger restraint system or safety belt. (Section 27360.5(a) V.C.)

Safety belts can reduce injuries and deaths. Many studies and actual crash tests have proven this. Crash tests have also reinforced the proper way for pregnant women to wear lap and shoulder belts. Wear the lap belt as low as possible under the abdomen and the shoulder strap between the breasts and to the side of the abdomen's bulge.

If you wear only a lap belt when driving, your chances of living through a crash are twice as good as those of someone who isn't. If you wear a lap and shoulder belt, your chances are three to four times better. You must wear both your lap and shoulder belt if the vehicle is equipped with both and if the vehicle is equipped with air bags.

WARNING: The use of seat belts reduces the chance of being thrown from your vehicle in case of a collision. If you don't install and use a shoulder harness with the lap belt, serious or fatal injuries may happen in some crashes. Lap-only belts increase the chance of spinal column and abdominal injuries especially in children. Shoulder harnesses may be available for your vehicle, if it is not already equipped with them.

Myths About Seat Belts:

A lot of scary stories are still told about safety belts. Many of the stories are not true. Have you heard some of these before?

"Safety belts can trap you inside a car." It actually takes less than a second to take off a safety belt. This type of scare tactic often describes a car that caught fire or sank in deep water. Crashes like these seldom happen. Even if they do, a safety belt may keep you from being "knocked out." Your chance to escape will be better if you are conscious.

Safety belts are good on long trips, but I don't need them if I'm driving around town." Half of all traffic deaths happen within 25 miles of home. Deaths can occur when drivers are going 40 mph or less. Don't take chances. Buckle up every time you drive.

"Some people are thrown clear in a crash and walk away with hardly a scratch." Your chances of surviving a collision are five times as good if you stay inside the car. Even if your car is hit from the side, a safety belt can keep you from being thrown out into the path of another car.

"I'm only going to the store. My little brother or sister doesn't need a child's car seat, anyway. It's too much hassle." Car crashes are the No. 1 preventable cause of death of children. More deadly than leukemia or muscular dystrophy, collisions also cripple or disfigure thousands of youngsters for life. Crash-tested child car seats reduce injuries and save lives. An older child can be placed on a crash-tested "safety booster seat," to properly fit a standard shoulder/lap belt. In a car crash, a child can "fly" back and forth within the car, even at low speeds. Protect any small children in your car. Take time to buckle them up in safety belts or car seats. It's worth it, and the law requires that you do.

Most drivers, no matter how carefully they drive, will be involved in at least one traffic collision during their lifetime. The chances of being injured or killed are greater than you might think. About one person in three will be injured or killed in a car crash. Since there is no way a driver or passenger can completely eliminate the possibility of being involved in a collision, the best thing is to increase your chances of surviving by always using seat belts.

The pictures illustrate what can happen during a collision. Your car stops, but you keep on going at the same speed you were traveling until you hit the dashboard or windshield. At 30 mph this is like hitting the ground from the top of a three-story building.

If you were struck from the side, the impact could push you back and forth across the seat. Belts and straps keep you in a better position to control the car.

The legislature finds that a mandatory seatbelt law will contribute to reducing highway deaths and injuries by encouraging greater usage of existing manual seatbelts, that automatic crash protection systems which require no action by vehicle occupants offer the best hope of reducing deaths and injuries, and that encouraging the use of manual safety belts is only a partial remedy for addressing this major cause of death and injury. The legislature declares that the enactment of this section is intended to be compatible with support for federal safety standards requiring automatic crash protection systems and should not be used in any manner to rescind federal requirements for installation of automatic restraints in new cars.

This section is known as the private motor vehicle safety act.

As used in this section, "private passenger motor vehicle" means any

passenger motor vehicle and any motor truck of less than 6,001 lbs. unladen weight, but "private passenger motor vehicle" does not include a motorcycle.

1. No person shall operate a private passenger motor vehicle on a highway unless that person and all passengers 16 years of age or over are properly restrained by a safety belt. This paragraph shall not apply to the operator of a taxicab, as defined in section 27908, when the taxicab is driven on a city street.

2. The operator of a limousine for hire or the operator of an authorized emergency vehicle, as defined in subdivision (a) of section 165, shall not operate the limousine for hire or authorized emergency vehicle unless the operator and any passengers, six years of age or over and weighing 60 pounds or more, in the front seat are properly restrained by a safety belt.

3. The operator of a taxicab shall not operate the taxicab unless any passengers, six years of age and over and weighing 60 lbs. or more, in the front seat are properly restrained by a safety belt.

No person 16 years of age or over shall be a passenger in a private passenger motor vehicle on a highway unless that person is properly restrained by a safety belt.

Every owner of a private passenger motor vehicle, including every owner or operator of a taxicab, as defined in section 27908, or a limousine for hire, operated on a highway shall maintain safety belts in good working order for the use of occupants of the vehicle. The safety belts shall conform to motor vehicle safety standards established by the United States Department of Transportation.

This section does not apply to a passenger or operator with a physically disabling condition or medical condition which would prevent restraint in a safety belt, if the condition is duly certified by a licensed physician and surgeon or by a licensed chiropractor who shall state the nature of the condition, as well as the reason the restraint is inappropriate.

Any violation of these regulations is an infraction punishable by a fine, including all penalty assessments and court costs imposed on the convicted person, of not more than twenty dollars for a first offense, and a fine, including all penalty assessments and court costs imposed on the convicted person, of not more than fifty dollars for

each subsequent offense. In lieu of the fine and any penalty assessment of court costs, the court may order that a person convicted of a first offense attend a school for traffic violators or a driving school in which the proper use of safety belts is demonstrated.

Child Passenger Seat Restraints: Requirements.

A child safety system is required for any child who is under the age of six and weighs less than 60 pounds. Each person who is age six or older or who weighs 60 pounds or more must wear a seat belt. Here are some additional tips for using a child safety seat:

The back seat is generally the safest place in the car for all children

12 years of age or younger.

Babies up to 20 lbs and about age one should ride in a safety seat secured to the back seat facing the rear of the car. Make sure the vehicle's seat belt is placed through the correct slot in the safety seat.  Incorrectly fastened safety seats defeat their purpose and can result in injury. Babies should not be placed forward or backward in the front passenger seat if the vehicle has a passenger-side air bag.

Toddlers over 20 lbs and about age 1 or older should ride in the

back seat buckled into an approved child safety seat.

Child Safety Restraints- Amendment to CVC 27360.

Requires that a child who is required to be secured in a child safety seat (Under 6 years or under 60 pounds), be secured in the rear seat of the vehicle. A child is allowed to be secured in the front seat of the vehicle if:

There is no rear seat.

The rear seats are side facing jump seats. The rear seats are rear-facing seats. The restraint system cannot be installed properly in the rear seat. All rear seats are occupied by children under the age of 12 years. Medical reasons necessitate that the child not ride in the rear.

A child may not ride in the front seat of a motor vehicle with an active passenger air bag if they are under one year of age, weigh less than 20 pounds, or riding in a rear-facing child passenger restraint system.    *These provisions do not become effective until January 1, 2005. 

Trunking- Effective January 1, 2007.

CVC 21712 States it is a misdemeanor violation for any driver to knowingly permit a person to ride in the trunk of a vehicle. Additionally, any passenger found guilty of riding in the trunk is guilty of an infraction.

 

Chapter 2

A. DRIVING COURTESY AND ATTITUDE   

   

 

 

Drivers must always be courteous and have good attitudes towards other drivers, as the roads are shared by all vehicles. In fact, individuals should not drive when they are feeling upset, ill, etc.

   

 

1. Be as Courteous While Driving as in Other Social Contacts

As in other contacts, when one is courteous to others, others respond in the same fashion, such is true when it comes to driving. Therefore, drivers should give others the right of way when appropriate and may signal each other so as to communicate about their driving. Courtesy includes making use of all proper equipment, such as signal lights, backup lights...etc...in order to warn other drivers of your next maneuver. This also includes informing other drivers when something seems wrong with their vehicles, such when another car has a low tire.

 2. Right of Way

        This refers to when one driver must yield to another

when there is more than one automobile waiting for its turn to continue driving. Right of way rules go hand in hand with courtesy and common sense. Not abiding by right of way rules may lead to collisions. On the other hand, obeying right of way rules leads to safe driving.

a. When to use it: 

The right of way is to be acted upon when the other driver yields it to you. Drivers must never insist on taking the right of way.

b. When to give it up: 

 Even if you have the right of way, never insist on it if the other driver is apparently not going to yield. It is better to avoid a crash than to insist on going forward because you have the right of way.

 

3. Stress, Anger, Emotion and Fatigue

In today's society, the levels of stress are increasing rapidly. Unhealthy levels of stress lead to other conditions such as fatigue, unhealthiness, nervousness, impatience, and even breakdowns.

How to recognize it: 

 Stress, which is mental, emotional or physical tension, interrupts one's sleeping and eating habits. Although stress can be controlled somewhat, it can affect all activities that one is involved in.  Anger and feelings of hostility differ from stress in that anger may result in some form of violence. Anger, like stress, affects one's driving.

How does it affect driving?

 Stress and anger do not foster safe driving. While stressful drivers are, for the most part,  able to recognize potential hazards, the reaction time is slow. It is more difficult for angry drivers to control their anger and focus in on all the requisite techniques for safe driving. Therefore, angry drivers may not even spot a potentially hazardous situation and thus not react to it. 

Collision potential: 

Stress and anger increase the possibility of being involved in a collision because it takes longer to react when one is not thinking clearly and the

chances of practicing courteous driving is close to none. In fact, drivers under these circumstances will most likely be rude, lose their tempers and yell, use bad judgment, drive recklessly and even be at fault for getting into a crash.

  MOBILITY AND GRIDLOCK - DEALING WITH TRAFFIC

CONGESTION, ROAD RAGE, AND TECHNOLOGY

DEALING WITH TRAFFIC CONGESTION

Chronic traffic congestion is the California commuter's biggest headache, but even small changes in driving habits could provide fast relief, according to the California Office of Traffic Safety (OTS). 

Several driving behaviors which contribute to congestion include:

 Rubbernecking-perhaps the most frustrating of behaviors. Slowing down to look at accidents or virtually anything else out of the ordinary is one of the worst congestion offenders. 

Tailgating-following too closely is common on California freeways, accounting for innumerable accidents, which in turn clog major freeways, often for hours. 

Unnecessary lane changes-although it produces virtually no improvement in arrival times, many motorists insist on weaving in and out of freeway lanes, which slows down all traffic.

Inattention-commuters can commonly be seen eating, grooming in the rearview mirror, and talking on a cellular telephone, and even reading the newspaper as they drive to work. 

Drivers who do not watch the fuel gauge or maintain their vehicles properly can also cause traffic congestion. These vehicles can malfunction or stall on freeways or surface streets and cause bottlenecks and major slow downs in traffic flow. 

DEALING WITH ROAD RAGE

Understanding Aggressive Driving 

Road rage happens when one driver reacts angrily to another driver. Angry drivers may lash out by deliberately braking suddenly, pulling close to another car, or taking more violent steps such as coercing a driver to pull over to

'settle' the dispute. 

Here are suggestions to avoid provoking other drivers: 

 Don't cut off other drivers. 

When you merge, make sure you have enough room and always signal before you merge.

 Don't drive slowly in the left (fast) lane.

Avoid using the fast lane except for the brief time it takes to pass another driver. Driving slowly in the fast lane frustrates other drivers. 

 Don't tailgate. 

Many drivers get angry when they are followed too closely. Remember to keep the appropriate following distance between you and the car ahead of you.

 Don't signal gestures to other drivers.

Keep your hands on the steering wheel. Making obscene gestures to other drivers may provoke him or her. 

 Use your horn for emergencies only. 

Even a polite tap of your horn may be enough to provoke another driver.

 Avoid eye contact with an angry driver. 

To some people, eye contact is the same as a challenge. If someone is determined to act out his or herfrustrations, even a friendly smile can be misinterpreted.

Give an angry driver plenty of space. 

If you make a driving error (even accidentally), it is possible the other driver may try and pick a fight with you. Put as much distance between your vehicle and the other car as you can.

Stress and Anger as a Driving Impairment 

More and more drivers have started acting out their anger when they get behind the wheel. After they've been cut off, tailgated, or slowed down by a vehicle in front of them, these angry drivers can commit incredible acts of violence - including assault and murder. When the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety studied more than 10,000 incidents of violent aggressive driving committed between 1990 and 1996, it found that at least 218 people were killed and another 12,610 injured when drivers got angry.

Although many drivers involved in these incidents are men between the ages of 18 and 26, anyone can become aggressive if they let their anger take precedence over safe driving. 

The AAA Foundation study found that men, women, and people of all ages can drive aggressively if they are in the wrong mood or circumstances. 

What's more, when drivers explained why they became violent the reasons are often incredibly trivial: "She wouldn't let me pass,"

"They kept tailgating me," or, as this one driver accused of murder explained, "He practically ran me off the road - what was I supposed to do?" How can you avoid being the victim of an aggressive driver? While there are no sure techniques, three basic guiding principles can help:

Avoidance of Involvement in Aggressive Driving SItuations 

Use the following suggestions to avoid become an aggressor

or the victim of a road rage incident.

a. Don't offend

When surveys ask drivers what angers them most, the results are remarkably consistent. A few specific behaviors seem unusually likely to enrage other drivers. You can protect yourself by avoiding them.

b. Cutting off. 

When you merge, make sure you have plenty of room. Use your turn signal to show your intentions before making a move. If you make a mistake and accidentally cut someone off, try to apologize to the other driver with an appropriate gesture. If someone cuts you off, slow down and give them room to merge into your lane. 

c. Driving slowly in the left lane. 

If you are in the left lane and someone wants to pass, move over and let them by. You may be "in the right" because you are traveling at the speed limit - but you may also be putting yourself in danger by making drivers behind you angry. In many states and provinces the law requires you to travel in the right lane and use the far left lane only for passing. Besides, it's simple courtesy to move over and let other drivers by. 

d. Don't engage 

One angry driver can't start a fight unless another driver is willing to join in. 

You can protect yourself against aggressive drivers by refusing to become angry at them. Orator Robert Ingersoll said, "Anger blows out the lamp of the mind." A person who is angry can do things they may later regret and that includes you. If you're tempted to retaliate against another driver, think: "Would I want to fly in an airplane whose pilot was acting like this?"

Think about what kind of a crash your angry actions could cause. Then cool down and continue your trip.

e. Steer clear.

Give angry drivers lots of room. A driver you may have offended can "snap" and become truly dangerous. If the other driver tries to pick a fight, put as much distance as possible between your vehicle and the other car, and then get away as quickly as possible. Do not under any circumstances pull off to the side of the road and try to settle things "man to man." 

f. Avoid eye contact. 

If another driver is acting hostile with you, don't make eye contact. Looking or staring at another driver can turn an impersonal encounter between two vehicles into a personal duel. 

And Tailgating. Drivers get angry when they are followed too closely. Allow at least a three-second space between your car and the car ahead. (When you see the car pass a fixed point, you should be able to count at least "one-thousand, two-thousand" before you pass that point.)

If you think another car is driving too slowly and you are unable to pass, pull back and allow more space, not less. That way if the car does something unexpected you will have time to get out of the way. 

You should be able to see the headlights of the car behind you in your rear-view mirror. If you feel you are being followed too closely, signal and pull over to allow the other driver to go by. 

g. Gestures. 

 Almost nothing makes another driver angrier than an obscene gesture. 

 Keep your hands on the wheel. Avoid making any gestures that might anger another driver, even "harmless" expressions of irritation like shaking your head.  

Be a cautious and courteous driver. Signal every time you merge or change lanes, and whenever you turn. Use your horn rarely, if ever.

If you and another driver see a parking space at the same time, let that person have it. And if another driver seems eager to get in front of you, say "Be my guest." When you respond this way, after a while "be my guest" becomes your automatic response and you won't be as offended by other drivers' rudeness. Once things get personal, the situation can get out of hand fast. 

h. Get help.

 If you believe the other driver is following you or is trying to start a fight, get help. If you have a cellular phone, use it to call the police. Otherwise, drive to a place where there are people around, such as a police station, convenience store, shopping center, or even a hospital. Use your horn to get someone's attention. This will usually discourage an aggressor. Do not get out of your car. Do not go home.

i. Adjust your attitude  

The most important actions you can take to avoid aggressive driving take place inside your head. By changing your approach to driving, you can make every trip more pleasant. Try these ideas for a pleasant change: Forget winning. 

 For too many motorists, driving becomes a contest. Are you one of those drivers who allows the shortest possible time for a trip and then races the clock?

If something happens to slow you down do you get angry? The solution: Allow more time for your trip. You'll be amazed at how much more relaxed you feel when you have a few extra minutes. So instead of trying to "make good time," try to "make time good." Listen to soothing music or a book on tape. Practice relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing. You'll arrive much calmer, fresher, and in a less stressed-out frame of mind. Put yourself in the other driver's shoes. Instead of judging the other driver, try to imagine why he or she is driving that way. Someone speeding and constantly changing lanes may be a volunteer fireman, or a physician rushing to a hospital. 

Someone who jerks from one lane to another may have a bee in the car, or a crying baby. Whatever their reason, it has nothing to do with you. Stay cool and don't take other drivers' actions personally. If you think you have a problem,

ask for help. 

Courses in anger management have been shown to reduce heart attacks. These same techniques can also help angry drivers. Drivers who successfully "reinvent" their approach to the road report dramatic changes in attitude and behavior. Look for anger management courses in your area. Self-help books on stress reduction and anger management can also be helpful.

Violent aggressive driving is clearly on the rise. But you can avoid becoming a victim by using the tips in this brochure. In the process you may find that driving has become a completely new and more enjoyable experience.

 

DEALING WITH TECHNOLOGY

Cellular telephones are everywhere. In an emergency, they can be a lifesaver. In non-emergency situations, they can be a great tool if you use the cellular telephone in a safe and responsible manner. 

Here are some tips:

Pull over to the side of the road to use your cellular telephone. This is the safest precaution you can take.  

Know your cellular telephone. Get to know your phone and its many features such as speed dial and redial. Take advantage of these features so you won't take your attention off the road.  

Use hands free devices. If available, use a hands free device. Two hands on the steering wheel are always safer than one.  

Your phone should be within easy reach. If your phone is within reach you can grab it without taking your eyes off the road.  

Don't use the telephone during hazardous conditions. If you're driving conditions are hazardous (heavy traffic, construction zones, hazardous weather conditions, etc.), tell your caller that you are driving and will call back. Remember, your first responsibility is to pay attention to the road.  

Pay attention to the road. While you are driving, don't take notes or look up phone numbers. If you are busy

doing other things, you are not paying attention to your driving. 

Be sensible about dialing. If possible, place your calls when you are not moving or before pulling into traffic.  

Don't engage in distracting conversations. Stressful or emotional conversations don't mix with safe driving. This combination can be dangerous because you are not paying attention to your driving. Tell your caller that you are driving and will call back. Be safe! 

Use your phone to call for help. Dial 9-1-1 for emergency help. This is a free call on your cellular phone. For other non-emergency situations (broken-down vehicle, broken traffic signal, etc.), call roadside assistance or other special non-emergency wireless number.  

B. ADJUSTING TO THE DRIVING ENVIRONMENT

5. Daytime vs. Nighttime 

Motorists should drive slower during nighttime than during the day because it is harder to see all important aspects of the road at night. Drivers must turn on their headlights at 30 minutes after sunset and whenever else it is difficult to see the roadway. Drivers must avoid looking directly into the glare of oncoming headlights to avoid being blinded by such light.

 a. Visibility: 

Drivers should turn on their headlights at other times when they are unable to see the road clearly. High beams may be used when the headlights are not enough. However, drivers must ensure that they do not blind other drivers by switching to low beams 500 feet from the vehicle coming towards you, or 300 feet from a car that is in front.

 b. Speed:

Drivers must slow down during nighttime as it becomes more difficult to see the road. Drivers must never continue to drive when they are unable to see the road. Drivers must be able to stop within the distance range lighted by the vehicle's

headlights.

c.  Planning the route: 

Determining which roads take to get to a destination is one way to increase safe driving. First, the driver of a vehicle must never look at a map when driving. Maps must be studied before driving is undertaken. Motorists must never drive recklessly to avoid passing up a street or off-ramp; instead, drivers who miss their off ramp should go to the next ramp and double back. Rush hours should be avoided, especially when driving around an unfamiliar environment.

6. Weather  

Drivers must drive in accordance with weather conditions. It is more dangerous to drive in rain, fog or snow, as the traction decreases.

a. Rain, Fog, Snow: 

Drivers must slow down at the first sign of rain, drizzle, or snow on the road. This is when many roads are most slippery due to oil and dust that has not been washed away. If the rain is so heavy that one cannot see, it is best to stop driving for a while until the visibility is better. In a very heavy rain or snowstorm, the driver may not be able to see more than 100 feet ahead, meaning that one cannot drive safely faster than 30 mph.

It is best not to drive in fog. However, if one must drive, slow down and turn on the low-beam headlights because the light from high beams will reflect back and cause glare. Never drive with just your parking or fog lights. Increase your following distance and be prepared to stop within the space you can see in front of your vehicle. Avoid passing lanes of traffic unless absolutely necessary. 

When you drive in snowy areas, carry chains in case you find yourself in conditions where you can't drive without them. Make sure you carry the correct number of chains and that they will fit your drive wheels.

1. Braking distance:

Drivers must leave a greater front space cushion when driving in rain, fog or snow. Unlike when one is driving in the daytime and the driver has control over the vehicle, the level of control over one's vehicle decreases substantially due to the change on the road's surface. 

2. Speed: 

Drivers must lower their speed when driving in rain, fog, or snow in order to give the driver greater control over the vehicle. Drivers should drive below the posted maximum speed limit. If weather conditions get extremely dangerous the driver should pull off the road and wait until conditions on the roadway improve. 

3. Wet roads:

Drivers must reduce their speeds on wet roads to increase control over one's vehicle and to avoid hydroplaning.

Slippery:

Wet roads are very dangerous because they become slippery and a car may skid. If your car skids, do not brake. Turn the steering wheel into the direction of the skid. If you cannot control the vehicle you may have to slowly drive into a snow bank or some bushes to stop the vehicle. In order to avoid skidding you should drive slowly, especially as you approach curves and intersections, avoid fast turns and quick stops, shift to low gear before going down a steep hill.

a. Hydroplaning:

This is when the tires of your vehicle lose contact with the roadway and rides on top of water. This usually happens in a heavy rain. A combination of factors result in hydroplaning, including the speed, the amount of water on the surface of the road, the depth of the tire tread, and the tire inflation.

b. See and be seen:

Good drivers take in the whole scene as they drive.

4. Looking Ahead:

In order to avoid last minute moves, you should look down the road 10 to 15 seconds (about one block) ahead of your vehicle. It is dangerous to constantly stare at the road just in front of your vehicle. If you look ahead, you will be able to see important things that you can't see later on.

  Drivers must scan the roadside by looking to the side of the road as well. Drivers must keep their eyes moving. Turn you head before changing lanes because mirrors have blind spots. Check your rear view mirrors frequently (every 2 to 5 seconds) so that you know the position of vehicles near you. Any time you come to a place where people may cross or enter your path, you should look to the sides to make sure no one is coming. Check traffic behind you often. You may have time to get out of the way before being hit from the rear from a tailgating vehicle or otherwise. Check behind you before you change lanes, slow down quickly, back up, or drive down a long or steep hill.

7. Road Conditions

 

a.  Soft shoulders and drop offs:

Driving on the edge of the pavement may drag your vehicle off the road and into the loose dirt. Worse, this may cause a wreck and even cause your car to skid. If you must drive on soft shoulders, firmly steer your vehicle, at reduced speed,

back onto the road.

b. Bad pavement:

Vehicles on bad pavement may not get a grip and thereby slide. Driving at speeds of over 30 mph on roads that have gravel lying in the ruts and over the road surface may cause your vehicle to skid. Therefore, drive slower than usual on surfaces such as dry sand or gravel.

c. Seasonal hazards:

When driving over a bump or a bumpy surface, always apply the gas and the brakes in a controlled manner. The result of suddenly applying the gas or applying the brakes heavily is skidding due to the accumulated oil on surfaces from thousands of vehicles.

8. Intersections

a. Marked-Unmarked: 

An intersection is any place where one line of traffic meets another. It includes: cross streets and side streets, freeway entrances, driveway and shopping center entrances, etc. 

Blind intersections are intersections where you cannot see for 100 feet in either direction during the last 100 feet before crossing. You must approach an uncontrolled blind intersection slowly enough (15 mph) to be able to stop if a vehicle pulls out suddenly.The primafacie speed limit of 15 mph only applies to uncontrolled blind intersection. The law states:

The Speed limit is  15mph:

  When traversing railway grade crossing if during the last 100 feet of the approach to the crossing, the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the railway for a distance of 400 feet in each direction. This does not apply if the railway grade crossing has a signal device installed.

When traversing an intersection if during the last 100 feet of the approach to the intersection the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the intersection and of any traffic upon all the highways entering the intersection for a distance of 100 feet. This does not apply at an intersection protected by a stop sign, yield right-of-way sign or controlled by traffic control signals. Section 22352(a)(1) V.C.

1.  Signaling distance: 

Drivers must turn on their signals when intending to turn right or left during the last 100 feet(over 1/4 blocks) traveled by the vehicle before turning. Motorists must ensure that they do not signal too early, as other drivers may think you are going to make a right or left turn earlier than you intend to and thereby cause a car crash. 

2.  Speed: 

Drivers must slow down when they are about to come to an intersection in order to avoid any potential collisions. When entering an intersection, always cover your brake pedal just in case you need to make use of it, such as if a drunk driver comes along. Covering the brake reduces reaction time by 3/4 of a second. Never step on the gas to beat a yellow light or a red light. It is better to wait for the next light and avoid a collision than to beat the light and risk getting into a crash. 

3. Stopping limits:

At intersections, drivers must stop before the white lines painted across traffic lanes. The purpose of the lines is to separate pedestrians and crossing traffic from the halted vehicles.

9. City, Freeway, Open Roadway, Mountain 

a. Speed:

In California, you must never drive faster than is safe for the

present conditions, regardless of the posted speed limit. 

The maximum speed limit on most California highways is 65 mph. However, for two-lane undivided highways, the maximum speed limit is 55 mph. unless posted for a higher speed. All speed limits are based on ideal driving conditions, therefore you should drive slower in adverse weather conditions;

Driving faster than the posted speed limit or other than is safe for current conditions on any road is dangerous and illegal. The faster you drive, the less time you have to avoid a hazard or a crash.

b. Following distance: 

Good drivers keep a safe following distance so they can see well. The more space between your vehicle and the vehicle ahead, the more time you will have to see a hazard or a collision down the road. Following too closely causes most rear end collisions. To avoid this, use the "three-second rule." When the vehicle ahead of you passes a certain point, such as a sign, count "one-thousand-one, one-thousand-two, and one-thousand-three." If you pass the same point before you finish counting, you are following too closely. 

You need a four second cushion when: you are crowded by a tailgater; on slippery roads; when following motorcycles; when the driver behind you wants to pass; when you are pulling a trailer or carrying a heavy load; when following large vehicles that block your view ahead; when you are stopped in traffic on a hill; when you see a bus or school bus, or vehicle carrying flammables; when merging on a freeway.

c. Braking Distance:

Braking is one of the most important skills while on the road. If there is an object in your path, you need to see it in time to be able to stop. A vehicle needs time to stop, it will not stop immediately. At 55 mph, it takes about 400 feet to react to something you see and to bring the car to a complete stop. At 35 mph, it will take about 210 feet to react and to bring the car to a

complete stop.

d. Signaling Distance: 

Signal during the last 100 feet before turning. On the freeway, it is best to signal at least five seconds before changing lanes. Drivers must signal even when they don't see any cars around. A car you don't see might hit you. Drivers must signal whether they are on roadways in the city, on the freeway, on an open roadway, or mountain. All of these areas are potentially dangerous when drivers take action without warning other drivers of their intentions.

e. Traffic conditions:

Drivers must always watch for the conditions of the road when driving, not only for the weather conditions, but also when they come to other dangerous areas- such as curves, when you are driving behind a bus, a towing truck, or a large truck, during traffic hours, near a car crash... etc.

f. Passing: 

Passing other vehicles is very dangerous. Therefore the rules regarding passing must always be obeyed in order to avoid a crash. Some of the factors to consider when passing another vehicle are: the speed of the vehicle you are about to pass, the distance that is clear ahead, the speed and distance of any oncoming vehicles.

1.  Open Roadway :

Drivers must never drive off the paved or main-traveled portion of the road or drive on the shoulder to pass.When you want to pass a vehicle or bicycle going in your direction, pass to the left. Passing on the right is dangerous and is legal only: If an open highway is clearly marked for two or more lanes of vehicles moving in your direction of travel, or if the driver of the other vehicle is making a left turn. Never drive off the road or pass to the left of a driver who is signaling a left turn. 

Drivers must not honk when they pass on the right. The other driver may think you are on the left and pull over into you. If you need to change into another lane, move only after you have finished a turn you want to make and when traffic is clear. 

2. Mountains:

When passing other vehicles in mountains you must ensure that you have almost double the distance to pass than in normal roads. When driving on a mountainous area, never pass on a curve, or when approaching a curve. Do not pass where it is illegal to do so, look at the road for markings.                 

10. Driving Distractions

a. Inside vehicle: 

When on the road, drivers must ensure that they focus on their driving and avoid being distracted by such things as: the radio, car phones, other passengers, checking maps or other directories, reading, etc. It is illegal to wear headphones in the vehicle because it impairs hearing during emergencies.

Cell Phones- Effective July 1, 2008 CVC 12810.3 

Prohibits a person from driving a vehicle while using a wireless telephone unless the person uses a system that allows hands-free listening and speaking.

Senate Bill 33. Author: Simitian Amends CVC sections 12810.3 and 23123

Summary: This law prohibits a person who is under the age of 18 years from operating a motor vehicle while using a wireless telephone, even when equipped with a hands-free device, or while using a mobile service device. The law provides an exemption for the use of wireless telephones or mobile service devices for emergency purposes.

CVC 23124. (a) This section applies to a person

under the age of 18 years.

(b) Notwithstanding Section 23123, a person described in subdivision (a) shall not drive a motor vehicle while using a wireless telephone, even if equipped with a hands-free device, or while using a mobile service device.

(c) A violation of this section is an infraction punishable by a base fine of twenty dollars ($20) for a first offense and fifty dollars ($50) for each subsequent offense.

(d) A law enforcement officer shall not stop a vehicle for the sole purpose of determining whether the driver is violating subdivision (b).

(e) Subdivision (d) does not prohibit a law enforcement officer from stopping a vehicle for a violation  of Section 23123.

(f) This section does not apply to a person using a wireless telephone or a mobile service device for emergency purposes, including, but not limited to, an emergency call to a law enforcement agency, health care provider, fire department, or other emergency services agency or entity.

(g) For the purposes of this section, "mobile service device" includes, but is not limited to, a broadband personal communication device, specialized mobile radio device, handheld device or laptop computer with mobile data access, pager, and two-way messaging device.(h) This section shall become operative on July 1, 2008.

SEC. 5. No reimbursement is required by this act pursuant to Section 6 of Article XIII B of the California Constitution because the only costs that may be incurred by a local agency or school district will be incurred because this act creates a new crime or infraction, eliminates a crime or infraction, or changes the penalty for a crime or infraction, within the meaning of Section 17556 of the Government Code,

or changes the definition of a crime within the meaning of Section 6 of Article XIII B of the California

Constitution. 

No-text Law Goes Into Effect January 1,2009

From SB 28 – CVC section 23123.5

Starting January 1, 2009 a new law will go into effect where writing, sending, or reading a text-based communication while driving will be against the law for all drivers in California.This new law applies to electronic wireless communications devices used to manually communicate with any person using text-based communication, including, but not limited to, communications referred to as a text message, instant message, or electronic mail. Violating this law is punishable by a base fine of $20 for a first offense and $50 for each subsequent offense. With the addition of penalty assessments, fines can be more than triple the base fine amount.

b. Outside vehicle: 

Drivers must avoid being distracted by items outside of the vehicle, such as scenery, car wrecks, pedestrians, etc. In addition, when looking for a certain destination, drivers must never stop in the middle of the road. While in a vehicle, driving must be one's top priority.

A. COLLISION CAUSATION

1. Mental and Physical 

 There are five (5) reasons most common causes of collisions occur, they are because of the following: 

1) mental alertness,2) physical alertness, 3) environmental factors, 4) other drivers, and 5) visual habits. 

The type of crash (rear-end; broadside, hit object, head-on, sideswipe, auto-pedestrian, and overturning) is dependent on a combination of these causes and the five reasons why most of the common causes of collisions occur.

This course covers a variety of areas and reasons why collisions occur. This course also provides invaluable insight into why common causes of collisions occur. The purpose of this chapter is to alert you to what the basic causes and reasons are in typical car crashes. The entire course will provide further insight into most specific areas (parking, backing up, freeway driving, city driving, drinking and driving, and so on) of what constitutes risky driving and how to avoid the avoidable.

For example, common sense should tell you that when you are backing up, you should look back (have a clear view of where you are backing), and you should move slowly. If by backing up, you have a rear-end crash, the environmental factor could be that it was snowing, and you could not see what you were doing and the cause could be related to the fact that you were backing up at a speed of 30 mph.

2. Mental Alertness

You should never drive when your not at your mental best. Some of the things that cause you to not be mentally alert include: fatigue, drugs, alcohol, anger, and stress. It's probably not a good idea for you to get into a car if you are affected by any of these things.

3. Physical Alertness

Just like you should not drive if your not mentally alert, you should also refrain from driving when you are physically ill. Physically ill includes, but is not limited to, a cold or flu, broken limbs that make it hard to drive, stomach problems, migraine headaches, diabetes, or if you are prone to seizures.

4. Environment

All drivers must "scan" the road while driving. However, it is important to know that objects in the environment may be blocking another vehicle, animals, other people, etc. Therefore, whenever you are unable to see everything in sight due to shrubbery, billboards, bushes, etc. it is important to cover your brakes and be prepared to stop in case critical items are being covered by unimportant looking items.

5. Visual HabitsYou must scan the entire road while driving, this means looking ahead (10-15 seconds ahead of your vehicle) as well as to the sides. You must turn their head before changing lanes because mirrors have blind spots that may hide a motorcycle or a bicycle. Also, check your rear view mirrors frequently, (every 2 to 5 seconds) so that you know the position of vehicles near you.

Watch for signals from other drivers. Be prepared for rapid changes in road conditions and traffic flow. As you look ahead, think about what will (or might) happen on the road. Always leave yourself an "out" to protect yourself by knowing which lanes are clear so you can use them if you need to.

6. Other Drivers

Even though you may be a safe and alert driver, other drivers on the road may not be in the condition to drive, whether because they are driving drunk, driving while they are on medication, angry, or stressed. Therefore, it is very important to drive defensively and to always leave an out by knowing which lanes are available so you can use them in an emergency.

7. Collision Types

 a. Intersections:

Intersections are dangerous places because this is where vehicles and pedestrians going in different directions meet. When coming to an intersection always slow down just in case there's a sudden need to stop. Look to the left first (even if other traffic has a red light at a stop sign), since cars coming from the left are closer to you and then look to the right. Take one more look to the left before you pull out, just in case there is someone you didn't see the first time.

1.  Blind:

A blind intersection is one where you are not able to see everything due to something blocking the view. You must slow down to 15 mph when you come to an uncontrolled intersection where you cannot see for at least 100 feet in each direction during the last 100 feet before crossing.

2. Right of way:

"Right of way" rules tell you when to go or stop at an intersection. Never insist on taking the right of way. You will help prevent car crashes and make driving more pleasant. Do not enter an intersection, even when the light is green, unless there is enough space to completely cross before the light turns red. If heavy traffic causes you to block traffic, you can be fined. 

If all traffic signal lights are not working because of an electrical power failure, you must treat the intersection as if it were a four-way stop. Stop at the intersection and then proceed when you know other approaching vehicles, bicycles, or pedestrians will also be stopping. 

At an intersection without stop or yield signs, slow down and be ready to stop.

Yield to vehicles already in the intersection or just entering it. Also, yield to the car on your right if it has reached the intersection at the same time as your car.

At a "T" intersection, vehicles on the through road have the right of way. When there are stop signs at all corners, stop first; then follow the above rules.

3.  Turns:

Before making a turn at an intersection, always look for approaching cars in all lanes and keep a watch out for pedestrians. Look both ways. Look to the left first, then to the right. Then look to the left again before continuing because there might be a vehicle or pedestrian that you did not see before.

 a. Left:

Before making a left turn ensure that the intersection is clear of all pedestrians and vehicles. Do not turn too soon and do not "cut the corner" of the lane belonging to cars coming toward you. 

Left turn from a two way street:

Start the turn at the left hand edge of the lane closest to the middle of the street. You may complete the turn in either lane of the cross street if it is safe to do so. You must use a left turn lane if there is one. A left turn from the next lane may be made if signs or arrows show it is okay. 

Left turn from a two way street into a one way street: 

Start the turn from the far left-hand portion of your side of the road. You may turn into any lane that is safely open. 

Left turn from a one-way street into a two-way street: 

Start the turn from the far left-hand portion of your side of the road. Vehicles may turn into either of the lanes that are safely open. 

Left turn from a one-way street into a one-way street:

The turn must be started from the left hand portion of the road. Watch for bicycles between your vehicle and the curb because they can legally use the left turn lane for their left turns. 

Turn at a "T" intersection from a one-way into a two-way street:

Through traffic has the right of way. You may turn either right or left from the

center lane. Watch for vehicles and bicycles inside your turn.

b. Right turns:

Start your turn in the lane nearest the right-hand curb. End the turn in the lane nearest the right-hand curb. Do not swing wide into another lane of traffic. You may start a right turn from other than the far right lane only where pavement or overhead markings show that using that lane for a right turn is permitted.

 c. Simultaneous turns: 

At an intersection, two vehicles approaching each other from opposite directions may turn left simultaneously, if it is safe to do so. Both vehicles should start their left turns at about 4 feet from the center of the intersection so as not to collide with each other.

 d. Wide turns- Commercial vehicles: 

Truck drivers must often swing out to the left as the first step in making a right turn because the rear wheels of a vehicle follow a shorter path than the front wheels. When you follow a big truck, look at its turn signals before you start to pass. If you think the truck is turning left wait a second and check the turn signals again just in case the driver may actually be turning right.

4. Pedestrians:

Pedestrian safety is a serious issue. One in six traffic fatalities is a pedestrian. Pedestrians lose in any collision, regardless of who had the right-of-way. You must drive cautiously when pedestrians are near your path. 

Pedestrians have the right-of-way at corners, whether or not the crosswalks are marked by painted white lines. Drivers must stop for the safety of anyone crossing the street. Do not pass a vehicle from behind that has stopped at a crosswalk because a hidden pedestrian may be crossing. 

Do not drive on a sidewalk, except to cross it at a driveway or alley. When crossing, yield to pedestrians. 

Pedestrians with guide dogs are partially or totally blind and always have the right-of-way, so drivers must be especially careful when turning corners or backing up. Blind Pedestrian: A totally or partially blind pedestrian who is carrying a predominately white cane (with or without a red tip) or using a guide dog shall have the right of way and the driver of any vehicle approaching this pedestrian who fails to yield the right-of-way or take all reasonable and necessary precautions to avoid injury to this blind pedestrian is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding six months, or by a fine of not less than five hundred dollars ($500) nor more than one thousand dollars ($1000), or both. Section 21963 V.C.

b. Freeway:

Drivers must comply with all the laws, rules and regulations when on the freeway because in a collision, the impact is much worse than when driving on roads. The force of a 60 mph crash isn't just twice as great as at 30 mph, it's four times as great.

1. Merging:

Drivers must enter the freeway at or near the speed of traffic. In California the maximum speed allowed is 65 mph on most freeways. Never stop before merging with freeway traffic unless absolutely necessary or unless there are metering lights. Freeway traffic has the right of way. Stay with the flow of traffic. 

Anytime you merge with other traffic, you should have a gap of at least four seconds. A four second gap will give both you and the car behind you a two-second following distance. You need a four-second gap whenever you change lanes, enter a freeway from an entrance lane, or merge with another road. 

2. Exiting:

When you plan to exit the freeway, make sure to give yourself plenty of time. You should know the freeway exit you want as well as the one that comes before it. 

To exit safely, you should: change lanes one at a time until you are in the proper lane for either a right hand or left hand exit from the freeway. Signal your

intention to exit approximately five seconds before; be sure you are at the proper speed for leaving the traffic lane, not too fast so you won't lose control and not too slow so you won't slow the flow of traffic.

3. Space cushion: 

Because it takes a longer distance to stop or slow down when you are driving faster, freeway drivers must leave a larger space cushion in case you need to stop suddenly. You need a four-second gap whenever you change lanes, enter a freeway from an entrance lane, or merge with another road. You should not try to squeeze into a gap that is too small; leave yourself enough of a space cushion.

c. Lane changes: 

Before you change lanes, look for vehicles around you. Use your mirrors and turn signals. Turn your head to look quickly to the side before changing lanes. Leave three seconds of space between you and the vehicle ahead. Make sure you can stop safely if you must. If you have to cross several lanes, take them one at a time. Filter through traffic slowly. If you stop to wait until all lanes are clear, you will tie up traffic and may cause a crash.

1. Passing: 

Never drive off the paved or main-traveled portion of the road or on the shoulder to pass. When you want to pass a vehicle or bicycle going in your direction, pass on the left. Passing on the right is dangerous and is legal only: if an open highway is clearly marked for two or more lanes of vehicles moving in your direction of travel or if the driver of the other vehicle is making a left turn. Never drive off the road or pass to the left of a driver who is signaling a left turn. 

If you need to move into another lane, move only after you have finished a turn you want to make and when traffic is clear. 

2. Head-on:

When threatened with a head on collision, you must slow down as much as possible and steer your vehicle to the right and onto the shoulder; never steer to the left. You should flash your lights and blow your horn just in case the driver of the oncoming car is distracted. You should grip the steering wheel firmly so that you do not lose control. 

If you are unable to avoid a collision, use your arms and hands to protect your face if you are wearing a shoulder strap. If you are not using a shoulder strap, throw yourself across the seat so that you don't hit the steering wheel or the windshield.

3. Rear-end:

When threatened with a rear-end collision, you can speed up to avoid the crash.

If the collision is unavoidable, release the brake before being hit. This allows the car to move forward and reduce the impact of the crash. 

4. Fixed object:

Drivers must be careful when driving at night, during heavy rainfall, in fog, etc. because visibility reduces substantially during these conditions. A driver who willfully or negligently damages any fixture is liable for the cost of the repair or replacement of such item. 

5.  Slippery surface skids:

If you go into a skid, ease off the gas pedal, stop braking, and turn the steering wheel in the direction of the skid. If you can't control your car on a slippery surface, try to find something to stop you. Try to get a wheel on dry pavement or on the shoulder of the road. You may have to slowly edge into a snow bank or some bushes to stop you. 

You should avoid especially slippery areas, such as ice patches, wet leaves, oil, or deep puddles.

6. Vehicle failure:

a. Brakes:

You must keep your brakes in workable condition, otherwise you risk a collision. You should check your braking system every time you get oil, filter and lube change, usually every 3,000 miles.

If your brakes suddenly give out, downshift to a lower gear; pump the brake pedal fast and hard to build up brake fluid pressure. You will know in three to four pumps if the brakes will work. Do not pump antilock brakes. Apply the parking brake, but be ready to release if the car begins to skid. You could steer into bushes or something soft to make the car stop. Sound you horn and flash your lights to warn other drivers. Turn off the ignition when you have come to a stop, but not before. If you turn your key off while you are still moving you risk loosing the power steering in your car and the steering wheel may lock up.

b.Tires:

Get your tires checked regularly. Make sure that the tread, inflation, and general construction of the tires are appropriate. 

If your tire blows out, you should hold the steering wheel tightly and steer straight ahead, slow down gradually and take your foot off the gas pedal slowly, ensuring not to apply the brakes. Slow down to a stop off the road. Apply the brakes when the car is almost stopped.

  B. COLLISION AVOIDANCE

  Defensive Driving Techniques Defensive driving is driving to defend yourself against possible collisions caused

by bad drivers, drunk drivers, poor weather, heavy traffic, etc.  

Be alert- don't assume

You must always be alert while driving because other drivers may not be. Never assume that other drivers know what your next maneuver will be.

Escape techniques

Drive according to the weather conditions. Slow down when there is water on the road, drive slower when there are many vehicles close together on the road, stay further behind vehicles when the roads are slippery, slow down as you approach curves and intersections, avoid fast turns, avoid quick stops, shift to low gears before going down a steep hill. Watch for blind spots on the road. 

You need time to react and to slow down or stop their vehicles. Therefore, you should keep a space cushion on each side of their vehicles. You should not drive in the blind spot of another driver. Avoid driving alongside other cars on multilane streets. Someone may crowd your lane or try to change lanes and pull into you. Keep as much space as you can between yourself and oncoming traffic. On multilane streets, stay out of the lane next to the centerline, if you can.

If possible, make room for vehicles entering freeways even though you have the right of way. This is the courteous thing to do.

Think ahead

When driving, if you keep your eyes moving, you will spot a hazard more easily. Once you have seen the hazards decide what to do and act. Never "wait and see." You can prevent most car crashes if you drive defensively and think ahead. You should think about every "close call" or collision you have to prevent other such situations.

Use of the horn

Sound your horn only when necessary to avoid a crash. Don't honk at other times. Try to get "eye contact" with other drivers. Sometimes it may be necessary to tap your horn to alert another driver who may want to turn in front of you. On narrow mountain roads, drive as far to the right as possible and sound your horn where you cannot see at least 200 feet ahead. Don't honk just to make a slow driver hurry. The driver may be ill, lost, or may be having problems with the car. Never honk if slowing or stopping your car will prevent a

crash. It's safer to use the brakes than push the horn. Don't honk simply to show other drivers that they have made a mistake. Your honking may upset them so much that they may make more mistakes. Never honk because you are angry or upset.

  Avoiding a Collision with the Car Ahead

    Importance of vehicle lane placement   

Make sure that you drive on the right side of the road to avoid head on collisions, be especially careful on roads that have only one lane to go in each direction.

When you have a choice as to which lane to drive on, drive in the lane that has the smoothest flow of traffic. You will save fuel. If you can choose among three lanes on your side of the road, pick the middle lane for the smoothest diving. If you want to go faster, pass, or turn left, use the left lane. When you drive slowly, enter, or turn off the road, use the right lane. If only two lanes go in your direction, pick the right lane for the smoothest driving. Don't weave, stay in one traffic lane as much as possible.

a. Three -second system

Use the three-second rule in slower traffic. How to establish a 3-second gap When the vehicle ahead of you passes a certain point, such a sign, count " one-

thousand-one, one-thousand-two, and one-thousand-three." This takes about three seconds. If you pass the same point before you finish

counting, you are following too closely.

 

When to increase following distance to 4 seconds or more

When being tailgated:

Use the four second cushion when you are being tailgated. You should allow extra room between your car and the car ahead. Then, if you need to slow down you can do so gradually. You will be able to avoid braking suddenly, and avoid being hit from behind you.

When vision is blocked or visibility is poor: 

You need more time to react when visibility is poor. Allow more of a cushion when the weather is poor or when objects may be blocking vehicles, animals, or people.

When speed is increased:

More time is needed to stop your vehicle when driving at fast speeds, such as when driving on the freeway. Increase your space cushion when driving faster.

When adverse roadway or weather conditions exist:

Visibility decreases in adverse weather conditions; therefore the space cushion must be increased.

 

Momentary distractions- pick a safe time to look away

Take short looks:

Do not allow things inside of your vehicle (such as other passengers, the radio) or outside the vehicle (scenery, buildings) distract you. If you must take a look, make it quick and get your eyes on the road immediately.

Have the passenger help with navigation:

You should have the passenger help with directions, with changing the music, with children in the vehicle etc. This will allow you to keep your eyes on the road.

Look ahead for trouble

Look over and around the car ahead:

Keep your eyes moving. Look near and far, pay attention to the car that is immediately ahead of you. Look for signs from the vehicle, such as when the car intends to stop, turn, change lanes, etc.

Check ahead for speed on hilltops and curves:

You must be aware when hilltops or curves are coming up so that you will be in control and lower your speed.

Watch for brake lights in adjacent lanes:

You must be aware of the action of the vehicle next to you. This is because the vehicle next to you might be turning or switching lanes and you might be in its blind spot. If such is the case you need to take action before a collision occurs.

Start braking early:

It takes time to stop your vehicle. Therefore, you must brake early on. You must always keep your eyes on the road to know what type of action to take.

Locations to watch for trouble

Drivers must proceed with caution wherever there might be pedestrians around. You must stop for the safety of anyone crossing the street on foot.

These are a few places where you must drive slower than usual:

Traffic controlled intersections, Approaching crosswalks, Lanes next to parked cars, Parking lot entrances, Interchanges where cars enter and leave, Slippery or ice-covered streets Around schools and other areas where children may be at play

Avoid Being Rear Ended by Another Vehicle

Use the three-second rule to make sure that you are not following the vehicle ahead of you too closely. Use the four-second rule when being followed by a tailgater, on slippery roads, when following motorcycles, when the driver behind you wants to pass, when you are pulling a trailer or carrying a heavy load, when following large vehicles that block your view ahead, when you are stopped in traffic on a hill, when you see a bus, school bus, or vehicle carrying flammables, or when merging on a freeway.

Signal early for turns, stops, and lane changes:

Signaling gives notice to other drivers about your next maneuver. It is important to signal early so that other drivers are prepared to take appropriate action, such slowing down and to avoid hitting your vehicle. Signal during the last 100 feet before turning.

Brake smoothly and gradually:  

You should avoid applying the brakes suddenly. Doing so risks a rear-end collision. Whenever possible, apply the brakes in such a way as to give notice to the vehicles behind you to slow down.

Keep pace with traffic when possible: 

Always keep up with the flow of traffic, unless this would cause you to speed. If

you block the normal and reasonable movement of traffic by driving too slowly, you may receive a ticket, or worse, cause another vehicle to rear end you. If you are going slower than other traffic, do not drive in the "fast" lane. 

Check mirrors for following distance of other vehicles:

You must check your mirrors frequently (every 2 to 5 seconds) so that you know the position of vehicles near you. Leave enough space between you and the vehicle ahead for safe stops. Check the traffic behind you often. This way, you will know if cars are tailgating or coming up behind you too fast. You may have time to get out of the way before being hit from the rear; also, you can warn vehicles behind you by tapping on your brakes lightly. On long, steep downgrades, keep a look out for large vehicles that can gather speed very quickly. Whenever you change lanes, check behind you to make sure you are not getting in the way of cars in that lane.

When you must slow down suddenly, take a quick glance in your mirrors. You should also check your mirrors when you are preparing to turn into a side road or driveway, and when you are stopping to pull into a parking lot. 

Before changing lanes, check direction of travel:

Whenever you change lanes always check traffic behind and beside you by: checking all mirrors, glancing over your left or right shoulder to make sure the lane you want is clear. If you use only your left or inside rearview mirrors when looking for cars, you may not see vehicles near the rear of your car because of a "blind spot"; always check traffic to the sides quickly. Do not take your eyes off the road ahead for more than an instant. 

After stopping, keep brake pedal depressed:

The purpose of your brake lights is to warn other drivers that you are about to stop or have stopped. Therefore, always keep your brake pedal depressed when you are stopped. Otherwise other drivers will think that you are going to keep driving and they may rear-end you.  

Keep rear lights clean and working: 

All of your rear lights must be in good working order. The purpose of your rear lights is to warn other drivers about your next maneuver. If your rear lights are not functioning properly, whether because the bulbs are dead or the protective covering is cracked, other vehicles will not know what your next maneuver is, thereby increasing the chances of getting rear ended.

Increase the following distance from vehicles ahead:

How to Choose an Alternative Path of Travel as an Escape Route

Whenever another driver makes a mistake, you need time to react and quickly choose an alternative path of travel so you can escape a potential collision. You can give yourself this time by keeping enough space between your car and the vehicles around you. Keep a "space cushion" on all sides of your car. This will give you space to brake or maneuver if you need it.

Importance of adequate visual aids

To keep a "space cushion" on all sides of your vehicle, all of your mirrors (including windshield) must be in good working condition. Otherwise, you will not be able to see the whereabouts of other vehicles. 

Possible speed or position adjustments

Don't drive in the blind spot of another driver. Avoid driving alongside other cars on multilane streets. Someone may crowd your lane or try to change lanes and pull into you. Move ahead of the other car or drop back. Keep as much space as you can between yourself and oncoming traffic. On multilane streets, stay out of the lane next to the center line, that way you will have more room to avoid an oncoming car that suddenly swerves toward you. This is very important at intersections where another driver could turn left without giving a signal. At freeway exits, don't drive alongside other cars. A driver on the freeway may pull off suddenly or a driver leaving may swerve back on. Keep a space between yourself and parked cars. Someone may step out from between them. Always leave plenty of room between your car and any bicycle

Positioning the vehicle laterally

Select speeds to position vehicle between clusters of vehicles:

When driving with clusters of vehicles, always keep up with the flow of traffic. When driving on the right lane, position your vehicle to the right side of the lane to allow for a space cushion with vehicles to the left of you. When driving on the far left lane, position your vehicle to the left side of the lane to allow for a space cushion with vehicles on the right side. When driving on the center lane, drive directly in the middle of the lane to allow for a space cushion with vehicles on the right and left sides.

Select a lane position within traffic clusters to allow greatest maneuverability:

When driving alongside other vehicles, always leave yourself an out. You need to have a space reserved to avoid a potential hazard. Avoid getting blocked in by other vehicles.

Avoiding multiple hazards 

Identify hazards early :

To avoid last minute moves, you should look down the road 10 to 15 seconds ahead of your vehicle. A driver needs to look that far ahead to spot hazards early. In the city, 10-15 seconds is about one block. On the highway, 10 to 15 seconds is about a quarter of a mile.

Predict potential hazards:

Keep away from drivers that are driving erratically. As you scan the road, think about what will (or might) happen on the road. Be alert for vehicles on either side, to the front, and to the rear. Always leave yourself an "out" in case you need to avoid a collision.

Adjust speed and position to avoid potential hazards:

Drive slower around areas that may be potentially hazardous, such as areas where people might be found, areas where construction is taking place, railroad crossings, etc. When driving through these areas, cover your brake because you never know when you're going to need to stop suddenly.

Anticipate and plan possible escape routes :

When you get into a vehicle, you should know where you are going and how you are going to get there. You should also be aware of alternate routes just in case you are faced with a hazard on the road you are driving. While driving, try to plan escape routes that you will use if necessary. 

Compromise to reduce the risk of hazards:

A long line of cars approaching from the opposite direction:

You should never pass a vehicle when there is a long line of cars approaching from the opposite direction, or even if there is just one car. You should drive to the right of your lane just in case one of those vehicles tries to pass another vehicle or attempts to turn right in front of you. You should turn on your headlights to make your vehicle more visible. Also, be prepared to use your horn

to warn a driver who apparently does not see you.

Be prepared to brake and move to the right:

To avoid an oncoming vehicle from hitting you, you should sound your horn to warn the oncoming vehicle, flash your lights, slow down and move onto the shoulder of the road.

An approaching vehicle drifts into lane of travel:

Slow down:

You must slow down when an approaching vehicle drifts into your lane of travel. This will decrease the impact in case of a collision. Also, this gives you more control over the vehicle. Quickly tapping your brakes will warn drivers that are behind you.

Pull to the right:

You should pull to the right side of your lane when an approaching vehicle drifts into your lane of travel. Quickly check for an opening and move to the lane to the right of you if there is one; otherwise move onto the shoulder of the road.

Sound horn and flash lights:

When there is an approaching vehicle, try to warn the driver of your presence. Turn on your headlights and sound your horn so that they are aware of the situation and react. Chapter keyword - Intersection.

On a curve:

Slow before entering:

Slow down before entering a curve so you will have more control over your vehicle. After all, you do not know what lies ahead since your visibility is decreased.

Stay toward the right of the lane:

You should drive on the right-side of the lane that your are driving in or if there is a lane to the right of you switch to that lane. This will help to avoid any collisions in case an oncoming driver crosses over to your side of the road.

Protecting Yourself When a Collision Cannot be Avoided:

Being Hit from Behind

When to apply the brakes:

The time to apply your brakes depends on the point at which you are about to be hit. If you are stopped at an intersection, keep your foot on the brake so that your vehicle does not cause another accident with the vehicle in front of yours. Otherwise keep your foot off of the brake, this action will lessen the damage to your vehicle. After, merge to the emergency lane or to the shoulder of the road and stop the vehicle.

Use of head restraints:

The use of head restraints (headrests) in your vehicle can reduce the chance of severe neck injury. Make sure the head restraints are properly adjusted and that your head is comfortable.

Being hit from the Side

If you think you will be hit from the side, you should be prepared to steer your car away from the vehicle that will hit you.

You should brace yourself against the steering wheel so you will not be thrown around the car.

Being hit from the front:

Protecting your face when wearing a shoulder strap:

A head on collision is extremely dangerous and can be fatal. Use your arms and hands to protect your face if you are wearing a shoulder strap.

Protection when not wearing a shoulder strap:

If you are not using a shoulder strap, throw yourself across the seat so that you don't hit the steering wheel or the windshield upon impact.

Emergency Situations

Maintenance and Construction areas:

Highway workers try hard to warn you of their presence by using orange signs,

equipment, flags, and jackets. You must ensure both your and the workers' safety by driving slowly through work areas. The highway worker's life is in your hands. Be prepared to slow down or stop for vehicles used to maintain the highways, like bulldozers. One or more lanes may be closed when road work is in progress. Orange signs warn you that you must be prepared for people and slow moving equipment on the road. A line of orange cones will show you the closed lane. Do not cross the line of cones. Fines are doubled for certain violations committed around highway construction or maintenance zones when workers are present and/or traffic is regulated or restricted by Caltrans or local authorities (CVC 42010).

 Always be especially careful when you drive around areas where children are expected to be, such as playgrounds, parks, and schools. The speed limit near schools is 25 mph. You should not drive more than 25 mph whenever children are present, regardless of the posted speed limit. You must stop when you are behind a bus with flashing red lights. If you do not stop you will be fined and risk having your driver's license suspended for one year.

School busses displaying flashing red lights: The driver of any vehicle meeting or overtaking from either direction, a school bus that is stopped for the purpose of loading or unloading school children and displays flashing red lights, shall bring his or her vehicle to a stop immediately before passing the school bus and shall not proceed past the bus until the flashing red lights cease operation. The driver of a vehicle upon a divided highway or multiple-lane highway need not stop upon meeting or passing a school bus that is upon the other roadway. Section 22454. V.C.

You must drive slowly in areas where animals might be present, such as roads in the countryside. Be aware of signs that warn you that animals might get on the road. Animals, especially large ones like deer pose a great danger to you, passengers in your vehicle and to your vehicle.

 

o Animalso Children

 

 

PURPOSE OF BASIC SPEED LAWS

The purpose of basic speed laws is to regulate traffic and to minimize traffic hazards.

PURPOSE OF MINIMUM SPEED LAWS

The purpose of minimum speed laws is to minimize traffic hazards and traffic congestion. 

Residential Zones

The speed limit is 25 mph unless signs show other limits.

Business Districts

The speed limit is 25 mph unless signs show other limits.

School Zones

Near a school, the speed limit is 25mph while children are outside or crossing the street. No matter what the speed limit sign states, you should never drive faster than 25 mph when the school ground has no fence and children are outside.

 

  Blind intersections

You need to approach a "blind intersection" slowly enough (15 mph) to be able to stop if a vehicle pulls out suddenly. However, you may drive as fast as the posted speed limit if yield or stop signs on the side streets give you the right of way.

 

SPEED LIMITS FOR DESIGNATED VEHICLES

The maximum speed limit on most California highways is 65 mph. However, for two-lane undivided highways, the maximum speed limit is 55 mph. On some highways, the maximum speed limit is 70mph, but only if there are signs posted showing 70 mph.

 SPEED AND STOPPING DISTANCE

Perception Time and Distance

Drivers must always ensure to scan the road 10 to 15 seconds ahead in order to spot any hazards ahead of time and react at the split of a second. 

 Reaction Time and Distance

This refers to the time a driver becomes aware of a hazard, reacts, and stops the vehicle. Therefore, more time is involved in stopping a vehicle than simply the amount of time it takes to stop the vehicle from the time the brakes are applied. The farther away from a potential hazard you are the more time you have to react. 

Braking Distance

Braking distance is the start from the time you put your foot on the brake pedal up until you have come to a complete stop. Braking distance varies according to the speed at which the vehicle is traveling, the conditions of the road, and the condition of the tires. More time is needed to stop a vehicle when it is raining or snowing, when traveling at high speeds, and when a vehicle's braking system is not functioning properly.

 

Stopping Distance

Stopping distance is the distance you travel from when you start to react up until you come to a complete stop. If another vehicle, person, or animal is in your path, you need to see it in time to be able to stop. Assuming you have good tires, good brakes, and dry pavement, at 35 mph, it would take 210 feet to react

and to bring the vehicle to a complete stop. At 55 mph, it would take about 400 feet to react and bring the vehicle to a complete stop. 

EXCESSIVE SPEED AND DESIGNATED LANE USE (CVC 22348)

 (a) Notwithstanding subdivision (b) of Section 22351, a person shall not drive a vehicle upon a highway with a speed limit established pursuant to Section 22349 or 22356 at a speed greater than that speed limit.

 (b) A person who drives a vehicle upon a highway at a speed greater than 100 miles per hour is guilty of an infraction punishable, as follows:

(1) Upon a first conviction of a violation of this subdivision, by a fine of not to exceed five hundred dollars ($500). The court may also suspend the privilege of the person to operate a motor vehicle for a period not to exceed 30 days pursuant to Section 13200.5. (2) Upon a conviction under this subdivision of an offense that occurred within three years of a prior offense resulting in a conviction of an offense under this subdivision, by a fine of not to exceed seven hundred fifty dollars ($750). The person’s privilege to operate a motor vehicle shall be suspended by the Department of Motor Vehicles pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 13355. (3) Upon a conviction under this subdivision of an offense that occurred within five years of two or more prior offenses resulting in convictions of offenses under this subdivision, by a fine of not to exceed one thousand dollars ($1,000). The person’s privilege to operate a motor vehicle shall be suspended by the Department of Motor Vehicles pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 13355. (c) A vehicle subject to Section 22406 shall be driven in a lane designated pursuant to Section 21655, or if a lane has not been so designated, in the right-hand lane for traffic or as close as practicable to the right-hand edge or curb. When overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction, the driver shall use either the designated lane, the lane to the immediate left of the right-hand lane, or the right-hand lane for traffic as permitted under this code. If, however, specific lane or lanes have not been designated on a divided highway having four or more clearly marked lanes for traffic in one direction, a vehicle may also be driven in the lane to the immediate left of the right-hand lane, unless otherwise prohibited under this code. This subdivision does not apply to a driver who is preparing for a left- or right-hand turn or who is in the process of entering into or exiting from a highway or to a driver who is required necessarily to drive in a lane other than the right-hand lane to continue on his or her intended route.   

BASIC SPEED LIMIT (CVC 22350)

No persons shall drive a vehicle upon a highway at a speed greater than is reasonable or prudent having due regard for weather, visibility, traffic, and the

surface and width of the highway, and in no event at a speed which endangers the safety of persons or property.   

PRIMA FACIE SPEED LIMITS (CVC 22352)

The prima facie limits are as follows and shall be applicable unless changed as authorized in this code and, if so changed, only when signs have been erected giving notice thereof: (a) fifteen miles per hour: 

o 15 MPH: o When traversing a railway grade crossing, if during the last 100 feet of the

approach to the crossing the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the crossing and of any traffic on the railway for a distance of 400 feet in both directions along the railway. This subdivision does not apply in the case of any railway grade crossing where a human flagman is on duty or a clearly visible electrical or mechanical railway crossing signal devise is installed but does not then indicate the immediate approach of a railway train or car.

 When traversing any intersection of highways if during the last 100 feet of the driver's approach to the intersection the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the intersection and of any traffic upon all of the highways entering the intersection for a distance of 100 feet along all those highways, except at an intersection protected by stop signs or yield right of way signs or controlled by official traffic control signals. 

On any alley.

  25 MPH:

o  On any highway other than a state highways, in any business or residence district unless a different speed is determined by local authority under procedures set forth in this code.

o  When passing a school building or the grounds thereof, contiguous to a highway and posted with a standard "school" warning sign, while children are going to or leaving the school either during school hours or during the noon recess period. The prima facie limit shall also apply when passing any school grounds which are not separated from the highway by a fence, gate or other physical barrier while the grounds are in use by children and the highway is posted with a standard "school" warning sign.

o When passing a senior center or other facility primarily used by senior citizens, contiguous to a street other than a state highways and posted with a standard "senior" warning sign. A local authority is not required to erect any sign pursuant to this paragraph until donations from private sources covering those costs are received and the local agency makes a

determination that the proposed signing should be implemented. A local authority may, however, utilize any other funds available to it to pay for the erection of those signs.          

MINIMUM SPEED LIMIT (CVC 22400)

   It is against the law to drive on the highway at such a slow speed as to impede or block the normal and reasonable movement of traffic, unless the reduced speed is necessary for safe operation, because of a grade, or a compliance with law. Never bring a vehicle to a complete stop upon a highway so as to impede or block the normal and reasonable movement of traffic unless the stop is necessary for safe operation or in compliance with law.  

SLOW MOVING VEHICLES (CVC 21654)

Notwithstanding the prima facie speed limits, any vehicle proceeding upon a highway at a speed less than the normal speed of traffic moving in the same direction at such time shall be driven in the right-hand lane for traffic or as close as practicable to the right-hand edge or curb, except when overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction or when preparing for a left turn at an intersection or into a private road or driveway.

If a vehicle is being driven at a speed less than the normal speed of traffic moving in the same direction at such time, and is not being driven in the right-hand lane for traffic or as close as practicable to the right-hand edge or curb, it shall constitute prima facie evidence that the driver is operating the vehicle in violation of subdivision (a) of this section.

The Department of Transportation, with respect to state highways, and local authorities, with respect to highways under their jurisdiction, may place and maintain upon highways official signs directing slow-moving traffic to use the right-hand traffic lane except when overtaking and passing another vehicle or preparing for a left turn.

  Maximum Speed Limit

The maximum speed limit on most California highways is 65 mph. You may drive 70 mph where posted. Unless otherwise posted, the maximum speed limit is 55 mph on two-lane undivided highways and for vehicles towing trailers.Other speed limit signs are posted for the type of roads and traffic in each area.  All speed limits are based on ideal driving conditions. Construction

zones usually have reduced speed zones. Driving faster than the posted speed limit or than is safe for current conditions, on any road, is dangerous and illegal. High speed increases your stopping distance.  The faster you go, the less time you have to avoid a hazard or accident.  The force of a 60 mph crash isn't just twice as great as a 30 mph crash, it's four times as great!

The following is taken from DMV’S 2009 California Driver Handbook.  

 

MAXIMUM SPEED FOR DESIGNATED VEHICLES (CVC 22406)

No person may drive any of the following vehicles on a highway at a speed in excess of 55 miles per hour:  

A motor truck or truck tractor having three or more axles or any motor truck or truck tractor drawing any other vehicle.

A passenger vehicle or bus drawing any other vehicle. A school bus transporting any school pupil. A farm labor vehicle when transporting passengers. A vehicle transporting explosives. A trailer bus.

Chapter 3

A. DESIGNATED LANES OF TRAVEL

On various roadways, one or more lanes may be reserved for special vehicles. Signs stating that the lane is reserved for special use mark reserved lanes. These lanes often have a white diamond posted at the side of the road or painted on the road surface.

"HOV" stands for "High Occupancy Vehicles" and indicates lanes reserved for vehicles with more than one person in them. Signs say how many people must be in the vehicle, as well as the days and hours to which it applies. For example, "HOV 3" means there must be at least three people in the vehicle. Motorcycle riders may use the HOV Lanes.

Carpool/HOV Lanes 

A carpool lane is a special freeway lane only for motorcycles, buses, and/or carpools. You may use a carpool lane or on-ramp if your vehicle carries the minimum number of people required for the carpool lane, or you drive a low-emission vehicle displaying a special DMV issued decal. Motorcycle riders may use designated carpool lanes, unless otherwise posted.Signs at the on-ramp or along the freeway tell you the minimum number of people required for the carpool and the hours the carpool requirement applies. The pavement in this lane is marked with a diamond symbol ( ) and the words “Carpool as high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes. Do not cross over double parallel solid lines to enter or exit any carpool lane except at designated entry or exit places.Vehicles towing trailers are typically not allowed to use carpool lanes, because they must drive more slowly and are usually restricted to the right-hand lane.

The following is taken from DMV’S 2008 California Driver Handbook.

1. Divided Highways 

A highway where a barrier separates opposing flows of traffic is called a divided highway. 

Divided Highways: Whenever a highway has been divided into two or more roadways by means of intermittent barriers or by means of a dividing section not less than two feet in width, either unpaved or delineated by curbs, double-parallel lines, or other markings on the roadway, it is unlawful to do any of the following: 

To drive any vehicle over, upon or across the dividing section. To make any left, semicircular, or U-turn except at an opening or break in the

divider intended for one. To drive a vehicle except to the right of the dividing section. To willfully drive in violation of this subdivision is a misdemeanor.

Any willful violation of this subdivision which results in injury to, or death of, a person shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison, or imprisonment in the county jail for a period of not more than six months. Section 21651 V.C. 

  

2. Laned Roadways 

"Laned roadways" simply means that the road that you are traveling on is divided into lanes and it could be a one-way, two-way and have multiple lanes in each direction of travel.

3. Three-Laned Highways 

The lanes on a highway have names so as to distinguish them from each other. The fast lane, which is the lane farthest to the left, is called, "number one lane", the first lane to the right of this lane is called "number two lane", the next lane is "number three lane", etc.

21659. Upon a roadway which is divided into three lanes a vehicle shall not be driven in the extreme left lane at any time, nor in the center lane except when overtaking and passing another vehicle where the roadway ahead is clearly visible and the center lane is clear of traffic within a safe distance, or in preparation for a left turn, or where the center lane is at the time allocated exclusively to traffic moving in the direction the vehicle is proceeding and is signposted to give notice of such allocation. This section does not apply upon a one-way roadway. 

  4. Two-Way Left-Turn Lane

A two-way left turn lane is a lane near the center of the highway set aside for use by vehicles making left turns in both directions from or into the highway. They are designated by distinctive roadway markings consisting of parallel double yellow lines, interior line dashed and exterior line solid, on each side of the lane. The lane is for use as follows:

A vehicle shall not be driven in a designated two-way left-turn lane except when preparing for or making a left turn from or into a highway or when preparing for or making a U-turn when, such a turn is permitted by law. 

A vehicle may not be driven in a two-way left-turn lane for more than 200 feet while preparing for and making the turn or while preparing to merge into the adjacent lanes of travel. 

When a two-way left-turn lane is available, a left-turn or U-turn shall not be made from any other lane. 

A two-way left-turn lane may not be used for passing.  The law does not prohibit a vehicle from being driven across a two-way left-turn

lane. Section 21460.5 V.C.  

 

B. POSITION OF VEHICLE IN LANE OF TRAVEL 

1. Marked Lanes: 

Vehicles driving on marked lanes must remain to the right side of the lane. However, vehicles driving between two vehicles must position their vehicles so that they are driving in the center of such lanes.  Chapter keyword - stop sign. 

2. Narrow Roadways:

On a narrow roadway, drivers should position their vehicles to the far right side of the road. 

3. Mountain Roadways: 

When driving on a mountain, drivers should position their vehicles to the far right of the roadway. 

4. Other Vehicles Approaching:

Drivers should move their vehicles to the far right of their lanes when there is another vehicle approaching in the opposite direction. The same goes for when a vehicle behind you wants to pass.

5.  Exceptions to Driving on the Right Side of Roadway

The following exceptions apply for driving on the right side of he road: 

when you are driving on the center lane, when you are going to make a left turn, when passing another vehicle, when part of the road is closed due to construction work.

 C. REQUIRED LANE USE AND USE OF TURNOUTS

1. Slow Moving Vehicles: 

Slow moving vehicles must drive in the right hand lane. Slow moving vehicles on a two-lane highway or road where passing is unsafe, and five or more vehicles are following should safely pull to the side of the road to let the vehicles pass.

2. Special Vehicles: 

Slow moving, large trucks must drive on the far two right lanes on four way highways. 

Emergency Vehicles/Tow Trucks- Effective January 1, 2007

CVC 21706.5 Requires drivers to take specific precautionary actions on a highway when passing a stopped emergency vehicle or tow truck when the emergency lights are activated. Drivers are directed to proceed with caution and to make a lane change into an available lane not immediately adjacent to the emergency vehicle or tow truck if practicable and not prohibited by law. If the driver cannot make a safe lane change, they are to slow to a reasonable and prudent speed that is safe for existing conditions.

D.     LANE USE

 

1. Right Side of Roadway (CVC 21650):

Upon all highways, a vehicle shall be driven upon the right half of the roadway, except in the following cases:

When overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction under the rules governing that movement.

When passing a vehicle in a lawful position and when the vehicle is lawfully making, a left turn.

When the right half of a roadway is closed to traffic under construction or repair. Upon a roadway restricted to one-way traffic; (e) when the roadway is not of

sufficient width. When the vehicle is necessarily traveling so slowly as to impede the normal

movement of traffic, that portion of the highway adjacent to the right edge of the roadway may be utilized temporarily when in a condition permitting safe operation.

This section does not prohibit the operation of bicycles on any shoulder of a highway, where the operation is not otherwise prohibited by this code or local ordinance.

2. Divided Highway (CVC 21651)

Whenever a highway has been divided into two or more roadways by means of intermittent barriers or by means of a dividing section of not less than two feet in width, either unpaved or delineated by curbs, double-parallel lines, or other markings on the roadway, it is unlawful to do either of the following: (1) to drive any vehicle, over, upon, or across the dividing section;(2) to make any left, semicircular, or U-turn with the vehicle on the divided highway, except through an opening in the barrier designated and intended by public authorities for the sue of vehicles or through a plainly marked opening in the dividing section.

3. Slow Moving Vehicles (CVC 21654)The prima facie speed limits, any vehicle proceeding upon a highway at a speed less than the normal speed of traffic moving in the same direction at such time shall drive in the right-hand lane for traffic or as close as practicable to the right-hand edge as or curb, except when overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction or when preparing for a left turn at an intersection or into a private road or driveway. 

If a vehicle is being driven at a speed less than the normal speed of traffic moving in the same direction at such time, and is not being driven in the right-hand lane for traffic or

as close as practicable to the right hand edge or cub, it shall constitute prima facie evidence that the driver is operating the vehicle in violation.4. Designated Lanes for Certain Vehicles (CVC 21655) The Department of Transportation or local authorities may designate a specific lane or lanes for the travel of vehicles required to travel at reduced speeds if this would facilitate the safe and orderly movement of traffic. Any trailer bus, shall be driven in the lane or lanes designated, whenever signs have been erected giving notice of that designation. When a specific lane or lanes have not been so designated, any of those vehicles shall be driven in the right land lane for traffic or as close as practicable to the right edge or curve. 

 If, however, a specific lane or lanes have not been designated on a divided highway having four or more clearly marked lanes for traffic in one direction, any of those vehicles may also be driven in the lane to the immediate left of that right-hand lane, unless otherwise prohibited under this code. When overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction, the driver shall use either the designated lane, the lane to the immediate left of the right-hand lane, or the right-hand lane for traffic as permitted under this code. 

This subdivision does not apply to a driver who is preparing for a left or right-hand turn or who is entering into or exiting from a highway or to a driver who must necessarily drive in a lane other than the right-hand lane to continue on his or her intended route.

5. Turning Out of Slow Moving Vehicles (CVC 21656) 

On a two-lane highway where passing is unsafe because of traffic in the opposite direction or other conditions, a slow-moving vehicle, including a passenger vehicle, behind which five or more vehicles are formed in line, shall turn off the roadway at the nearest place designated as a turnout by signs erected by the authority having jurisdiction over the highway, or wherever sufficient area for a safe turnout exists, in order to permit the vehicles following it to proceed. As used in this section a slow moving vehicle is one, which is proceeding at a rate of speed less than normal flow or traffic at this particular time and place.

6. Laned Roadways (CVC 21658)

Whenever any roadway has been divided into two or more clearly marked lanes for traffic in one direction, the following rule applies, a vehicle shall be driven as nearly as practical entirely within a single lane and shall not be moved from the lane until such movement can be made with reasonable safety. Official signs may be erected directing slow-moving traffic to use a designated lane or allocating specified lanes to traffic moving in the same direction, and drivers of vehicles shall obey the directions of the traffic vehicle. 

7. Three-Lane Highways (CVC 21659) 

On a roadway which is divided into three lanes a vehicle shall not be driven in the extreme left lane at any

time, nor in the center lane except when overtaking and passing another vehicle where the roadway ahead is clearly visible and the center lane is clear of traffic within a safe distance, or in preparation for a left turn, or where the center lane is at the time allocated exclusively to traffic moving in the direction the vehicle is proceeding and is sign posted to give notice of such allocation.

8. Approaching Vehicles (CVC21660)

Drivers of vehicles proceeding in opposite directions shall pass each other to the right, and, except when a roadway has been divided into traffic lanes, each driver shall give to the other at least one-half of the main traveled portion of the roadway whenever possible. 

9. Narrow Roadways (CVC 21661) 

Whenever upon any grade the width of the roadway is insufficient to permit the passing of vehicles approaching from opposite directions at the point of meeting, the driver of the vehicle descending the grade shall yield the right of way to the vehicle ascending the grade and shall, if necessary, back his/her vehicle to a place in the highway where it is possible for the vehicle to pass. 

10. Mountain Driving (CVC 21662) 

The driver of a motor vehicle traveling through defiles or canyons or upon mountain highways shall hold the motor vehicle under control at all times and shall do the following when applicable: 

If the roadway has no marked centerline, the driver shall drive as near the right hand edge of the roadway as is reasonably possible; (b) if the roadway has insufficient width to permit a motor vehicle to be driven entirely to the right of the center of the roadway, the driver shall give audible warning with the horn of the motor vehicle upon approaching any curve where the view is obstructed within a distance of 200 feet along the highTopic : Backing up safely

  A. CHECK BEHIND THE VEHICLE BEFORE GETTING IN FOR:

 

 1. Children 

Before getting in your vehicle check for children, small animals and any other objects in the front, back, and sides. Once in your vehicle, look in your rear view and side view mirrors for anyone or anything that may be in your way. Especially be aware of children as they may be distracted. Turn over your shoulder so you are able to see directly behind your vehicle while you are backing up. 

2. Small Objects

Before boarding your vehicle, check for small objects, such as toys in the front, back and sides. Not only do you risk ruining such objects, but they may also damage your vehicle while you are backing up.

B. VISIBILITY AND BODY POSTURE

3. Body Position While Steering 

While backing up, your body should be positioned to the right, with your arm over the passenger seat. This is to allow you to get a clear view of the rear of your vehicle.

4. Head Position While Steering 

While backing up, turn your head towards the rear of your vehicle so that you are

able to see any objects on the rear of your car.

C. SPEED CONTROL

5. Release of Brake Pedal 

When backing up, keep your foot on the brake pedal. Release the brake lightly when you see that nothing is in your way; however, keep covering your brake just in case someone or something suddenly gets behind your vehicle.

 6. Backing Speed 

Your speed while backing up must be very minimal. You never know when a child, adult, animal or object will get in your way, requiring you to stop at a seconds notice. Once you have backed up completely, move your vehicle more quickly and start driving away so that you do not get in the way of oncoming traffic.

D. STEERING

7. Sharp Turns

It is best not to back up around sharp corners. However, if you absolutely must, keep your body to the side , always looking to the rear of your car to ensure that nothing is in your way. Use hand over hand movements to maneuver your vehicle while backing up. 

 8. Backing Around A Corner 

You should avoid backing around a corner because it is dangerous; however, if you must, use the same maneuvers as when making sharp turns. Make sure that there are no approaching vehicles, people, or objects in your way. And as always, back up very slowly.

E. WHEN MOVEMENT IS CONSTRICTED:

9. Use Mirrors and Passengers to Help Navigate

Whenever your movement is constricted so that you cannot turn sideways, use your mirrors as well as your passengers to help you back up. 

10. Whenever Possible Avoid Backing Up

You should avoid backing up when possible, such as when you pass up your stop, when you can drive forward instead of backing up.  Be very careful when you have no choice, such as when driving out of driveways. 

11. Find Parking Spaces that Do Not Require Backing 

Avoid parking in areas which require you to back up to get out, especially where traffic tends to be heavy. Parallel parking can be safer in these situations.

Chapter 4

Topic : Interacting at Intersections

   A.  IDENTIFYING AN INTERSECTION

  1.  Controlled 

Controlled intersections have traffic signs or traffic lights. You must abide by these traffic control devices when you approach a controlled intersection.  

2.  Uncontrolled 

Uncontrolled intersections do not have traffic lights or traffic signs.  

B. SKILLS REQUIRED FOR CROSSING AND TURNING

1. Judging Time to Make a Maneuver 

Before turning at an intersection, make sure that you have clear visibility and that the road is clear of traffic, animals and pedestrians. 

2. Judging speed and distance of other drivers  

When driving, you should scan ahead in the road 10 to 15 seconds. This technique also applies when you are approaching an intersection. If you see other vehicles

approaching an intersection, use good judgment when trying to determine their distance and speed. 

3. Choosing a Traffic Gap or Space to Enter or Cross Traffic 

Before entering an intersection, make sure that there are no vehicles in your path by looking left first, then right and then left again, just in case a vehicle that was not there before drives up. Make sure that there is enough of a gap or cushion where you want to enter or cross the traffic. Misjudging the speed or distance of an oncoming vehicle can be fatal.

C. LEFT TURNS- PROTECTED AND UNPROTECTED

1. Scan for Hazards- Other Vehicles, Pedestrians, Bicycles

Before crossing an intersection, look for vehicles, pedestrians and people on bicycles. Always yield to vehicles that are coming from the opposite direction and who are too close to the intersection to stop. Also, yield for pedestrians and people on bicycles. 

2. Vehicle Position- Before and After Turn

Start your turn on the left portion of the road (or use the left-turn lane, if one is present). Turn only when it is safe. Look for vehicles coming head on toward you in the same lane as they start to make their left turns. If there is only one left turn lane, you may complete the turn in any lane of the cross street. If there are more than one lane turning left, you must stay in the same lane that you started off your turn. 

3. When View is Blocked 

Do not start making your turn when your view is blocked. Instead, drive forward a little so that you are able to see approaching traffic. Only turn when you are absolutely sure that your path is free of traffic, pedestrians, and or any other objects.

 4. Left-Turn Arrows 

A left-turn green arrow indicates that a left-turn may be made without conflict from opposing traffic. Normally, protected only left-turn phasing requires the use of three-section signal faces. The sections should have lenses as follows: red arrow, yellow arrow and green arrow. Protected-permissive or permissive-protected (with full-traffic-actuated operation) left-turn phasing requires the use of five-section signal

faces. Normally the far left sections should be arranged vertically. The five sections shall have lenses as follows: circular red, circular yellow, circular green, yellow arrow and green arrow. The cluster or stack arrangement shall not be used for protected only left-turn phasing.

 

D. RIGHT TURNS- PROTECTED AND UNPROTECTED

1. Scan for Hazards- Other Vehicles, Pedestrians, Bicycles  

Before making a right turn, make sure that the road is clear of vehicles, pedestrians, animals and bicycles. Do not make your turn until you are sure that your path is clear of all of the above. 

2. Check for Controlled Lanes and Signals 

When you are about to approach an intersection, look for any traffic control devices and follow their rules. For example, look to see whether there is a right turn only lane. Do not make your turn on a green light if there is an oncoming vehicle which cannot stop on time for your turn. 

3. Vehicle Position Before and After Turn

Begin your right hand turn by positioning your vehicle in the lane nearest the right hand curb. End your turn in the lane nearest the right hand curb. As you are turning, do not swing wide into another lane of traffic. You may make a right turn from other than the far right lane only where pavement or overhead markings show that using that lane for a right turn is permitted. 

4. When View is Blocked

Always make sure that you can clearly see the path that you are going to follow

before proceeding to make your right turn. If you cannot see clearly, move up a little. Proceed only when all objects and people are out of your way. 

5. Use of Bike Lane for Turns

You may drive in a bike lane only when you are making a right turn at a corner or other entrance, such as a driveway. At such times you may drive your vehicle into the bike lane no more than 200 feet from the entrance or corner before your turn. Watch for bicycles before entering the bike lane.                            

6. Right - Turn Arrows

The right-turn green arrow indicates that traffic may make the indicated right-turn without conflict from opposing traffic. It is usually displayed simultaneously with a circular red, circular yellow, or circular green indication or another green arrow indication. When a right-turn green arrow is to be displayed during the non-conflicting left-turn green interval of the cross street, the U-turn on the cross street shall be prohibited. 

A right-turn green arrow should be used only when the right-turn volume exceeds 200 vehicles per hour, or it is the only movement that traffic is permitted to make. A right-turn yellow arrow shall be shown following a right turn green arrow when a circular red or a right-turn red arrow is to follow. 

 E. U-TURNS

1. Scan for Hazards- Other Vehicles, Pedestrians, Bicycles

Before making a U-turn, make sure that there are no vehicles, pedestrians, or bicycles in your path by scanning at least 10-15 seconds ahead of where you want to turn. 

2. Check for Prohibitive Signs  

Before making a u-turn, always look around for signs that prohibit drivers from making u-turns. Some signs indicate that u-turns are always prohibited, other signs indicate during which hours of the day a u-turn is permitted.    

3. Vehicle Position- Before and After 

Start your U-turn in the left lane that is closest to the center of the road. Look for any

approaching vehicles and pedestrians. Initiate the turn once you are sure it is safe to do so.

4. Illegal U-Turns

Never make a U-turn on a highway by crossing a curb, or strip of land, or two sets of double lines. You may not make a U-turn:

Where you cannot clearly see 200 feet in each direction because of a curve, hill, rain, fog, or other reason.

Where a "NO U-TURN" sign is posted When vehicles may hit you. On a one-way street. In front of a fire station. Never use a fire station driveway to turn around. In a business district*, except at intersections or through openings in a

concrete divider. 

 5. Circular Green or Green Arrow

A driver facing a circular green signal shall proceed straight through or turn right or left or make a U-turn unless a sign prohibits a U-turn. Any driver, including one turning, shall yield the right-of-way to other traffic and to pedestrians lawfully within the intersection or an adjacent crosswalk. 

A driver facing a green arrow signal, shown alone or in combination with another indication, shall enter the intersection only to make the movement indicated by that green arrow or any other movement that is permitted by other indications shown at the same time. A driver facing a left green arrow may also make a U-turn unless prohibited by a sign. A driver shall yield the right-of-way to other traffic and to

pedestrians lawfully within the intersection or an adjacent crosswalk. Section 21451 V.C.

 F. PROCEEDING STRAIGHT 

1. Scan for Hazards- Other Vehicles, Pedestrians, Bicycles 

Before entering an intersection, scan the road for any vehicles, pedestrians, or bicycles. Allow all pedestrians and vehicles to get out of the intersection before proceeding. 

2. Covering the Brake Pedal   

Before entering an intersection, make sure that the road is clear of vehicles, pedestrians, or bicycles. However, once the road is clear, continue covering the brake pedal, just in case something or someone suddenly gets in your way.

G.  SIGNALING FOR TURNS AND STOPS

1. Purpose of Signaling   

The purpose of signaling before making a turn is to warn other drivers about your intentions, so that they can react accordingly to your maneuver. 

2. Distance Required 

You must turn on your turn signal 100 feet before you make the turn. 

3. Duration of Signal  

Your car signal should turn off automatically after your turn. However, if the signal does not go off, turn if off after you have completed your turn.

H.  INTERSECTIONS-PROCEEDING STRAIGHT, TURNING, AND SIGNALING

1. Intersection Defined (CVC 365)

An "Intersection" is where two highways which join one another at approximately right angles or the area within which vehicles traveling upon different highways joining at any other angle may come in conflict.

2. Turning Upon a Highway 

The driver of any vehicle intending to turn upon a highway shall do as follows:

Right turns: Both the approach for a right-hand turn and a right-hand turn shall be made as close a practicable to the right hand curb or edge of the roadway. 

Except on a highway having three marked lanes for traffic moving in one direction,

which terminates at an interacting highway accommodating traffic in both directions, the driver of a vehicle in the middle lane may turn right into any lane lawfully available to traffic moving in that direction upon the roadway being entered. When you make a right hand turn from a one-way highway at an intersection, you shall approach the turn and complete the turn in any lane lawfully available to traffic moving in that direction upon the roadway being entered. Upon a highway having an additional lane or lanes marked for a right turn by appropriate signs or markings, the driver of a vehicle may turn right from any lane designated and marked for that turning movement.  

Left turn: The approach for a left turn shall be made as close a practicable to the left hand edge of the extreme left hand lane or portion of the roadway lawfully available to traffic moving in the same direction of travel of such vehicle and, when turning at an intersection, the left turn shall not be made before entering the intersection. After entering the intersection, the left turn shall be made so as to leave the intersection in a lane lawfully available to traffic moving in that direction upon the roadway being entered, except: Upon a highway having three marked lanes for traffic moving in one direction, which terminates at an intersecting highway accommodating traffic in both directions, the driver of a vehicle in the middle lane may turn left into any lane lawfully available to traffic moving in that direction upon the roadway being entered.

3. U-turn at Controlled Intersections (CVC 22100.5)  

Drivers shall only make a U-turn at an intersection controlled by official traffic signals, from the far left-hand lane that is lawfully available to traffic moving in the direction of travel from which the turn is commenced but never make a U-turn if there is sign that prohibits such a turn.

4. Regulations of Turns at Intersections (CVC 22101) 

The Department of Transportation may cause official traffic control devices to be placed within or adjacent to intersections to regulate or prohibit turning movements at such intersections.  

a. When turning movements are required at an intersection notice of such requirement shall be given by erection of a sign, unless an additional clearly marked traffic lane is provided for the approach to the turning movement, in which event notice as applicable to such additional traffic lane shall be given by any official traffic control device.

  b. When right or left hand turns are prohibited at an intersection notice of such prohibition shall be given by erection of a sign.

c. When official traffic control devices are placed as required in subdivisions (b) or (c), it shall be unlawful for any driver of a vehicle to disobey the directions of such

official traffic control devices.

5. U-turn in a Business District (CVC 22102) 

No person in a business district shall make a U-turn, except at an intersection, or on a divided highway where an opening has been provided.  This turning movement shall be made as close as practicable to the extreme left hand edge of the lanes moving in the driver's direction of travel immediately prior to the initiation of the turning movement, when more than one lane in the direction of travel is present. 

6. U-turn in a Residential District (CVC 22103)

No person in a residence district shall make a U-turn when any other vehicle is approaching from either direction within 200 feet, except at an intersection when an official traffic control device controls the approaching vehicle.

7. Unobstructed View Necessary for U-turn (CVC 22105)

No person shall make a U-turn upon any highway where the driver of such vehicle does not have an unobstructed view for 200 feet in both directions along the highway and of any traffic thereon.

8. Turning Across Bicycle Lane (CVC 21717) 

Whenever it is necessary for the driver of a motor vehicle to cross a bicycle lane that is adjacent to his lane of travel to make a turn, the driver shall drive the motor vehicle into the bicycle lane prior to making the turn and shall make the turn

. 9. Turning Movements and Required Signals (CVC 22107) 

No person shall turn a vehicle from a direct course or move right or left upon a roadway until such movement can be made with reasonable safety and then only after the giving of an appropriate signal in the manner provided in this chapter in the event the movement may affect any other vehicle. 

10. Duration of Signal (CVC 22108)

Any signal of intention to turn right or left shall be given continuously during the last 100 feet traveled by the vehicle before turning.

11. Signal When Stopping (CVC 22109)

No person shall stop or suddenly decrease the speed of a vehicle on a highway without first giving an appropriate signal in the manner provided in this chapter to the driver of any vehicle immediately to the rear when there is opportunity to give the signal.

12. Method of Signaling (CVC 22110) 

(a) The signals required by this chapter shall be given by signal lamp, unless a vehicle is not required to be and is not equipped with turn signals. Drivers of vehicles not required to be and not equipped with turn signals shall give a hand and arm signal when required by this chapter.   (b) In the event the signal lamps become inoperable while driving, hand and arm signals shall be used in the manner required in this chapter.     

Topic : Passing

  A. PASSING AND BEING PASSED

1. Demands of Proper Passing  

Good Judgment 

Before passing another vehicle, you must judge the speed of the vehicle you are about to pass as well as the speed of oncoming vehicles. You must ensure that you have enough space to pass another vehicle safely.  

Rapid Decision Making

You must decide quickly whether or not you will be able to safely pass another vehicle. You must never attempt to pass another vehicle if you have any doubts about being able to pass safely. 

Keep these safety suggestions in mind:

Check the traffic ahead of you, behind you and in your blind spot before attempting to pass. Signal, and then accelerate to pass. Return to the right lane as soon as you can see the front of the passed vehicle in your rearview mirror.

It is against the law to exceed the speed limit as you pass. Complete the pass before you reach a No Passing zone. If you are still in

the left lane when you reach the zone, you are breaking the law. You may pass on the right if the vehicle you are passing has signaled and

is making a left turn. Be cautious, because the vehicle you are passing may be blocking your view or blocking the view of other drivers. You may not pass on the right if you must drive off the pavement or main portion of the roadway to get around the other vehicle.

If you are traveling slower than the traffic around you on a multi-lane roadway, drive in the right-hand lane.

 

When approaching or passing a person riding a bicycle or moped, pass at a safe distance and at a reasonable speed. 

B. WHEN PASSING IS AUTHORIZED

2. Designated Lane Use and Markings

Freeways: 

Drivers must pass only where it is authorized, where the lane markings are broken, not solid. Passing other vehicles is easier on the freeway than on a road because all of the traffic is going in one direction. You must check your mirrors to make sure that your path is clear. After you check your mirrors, you must use your signal to warn other drivers of your maneuver. You must also look over your shoulder to ensure that your blind spots are free of vehicles. When getting in front of the vehicle that you have passed, you must check the mirrors and your blind spot and move your vehicle only when it is safe to do so.

 

Two-lane roadways: 

Avoid passing other cars on two-lane roads. It is dangerous. Every time you pass, you increase your chances of having a collision. It is not worth risking your life and the life of others in order to save a few minutes. Whenever you pass another car on a two-lane road, you must enter a lane that belongs to oncoming cars and risk getting into a head on collision. At highway speeds of 50 to 55 mph, you need a 10 to 12 second gap in oncoming traffic to pass safely. 

Always signal before passing. Don't pull out to pass unless you know you have enough space to return. Before you return to the driving lane, be sure you aren't dangerously close to the car you have passed. One way to do this is to look for the car in the rear view mirror. When you can see both headlights, you have enough room to return to the driving lane. Don't count on having enough time to pass several cars at once. Don't count on other drivers making room for you. Chapter keyword -yellow.

C. WHEN PASSING IS PROHIBITED

3. Designated Lane Use and Markings

Freeways 

You must not pass other vehicles when the lane that you need to pass on is closed, when there is a crash on the freeway blocking your view or the lane that you need to pass on, or where there are signs prohibiting vehicles from passing. Do not pass when the weather does not allow good visibility.

Two-lane roadways:

Drivers must not pass other vehicles when there are signs prohibiting such maneuvers, when the lines on the road are solid, when for whatever reason you do not have good visibility, when construction is going on in the lane that you need to pass, or whenever you cannot pass another vehicle safely and when another vehicle is passing. You must not drive on the left side of a roadway when coming to a curve or the top of a hill where you cannot see far enough ahead to be sure it is safe to pass. 

Remember you should not pass:

On hills, curves, at intersections or railroad crossings, except on roads with two or more lanes of traffic moving in the same direction.

When you must drive off the pavement or shoulder of the road.

When a school bus with red flashing lights is stopped to load or unload passenger.

Whenever a solid line marks the left side of your lane.

 

D. SPECIAL SITUATIONS

4. Without Sufficient Clearance 

Never attempt to pass another vehicle when you do not have enough space to do so safely. It is not worth getting into an accident or risking your life and the life of other people just to save a few minutes.

5. On a Hill 

To pass safely, you must be able to see at least one-third of a mile. Any time your view is blocked by a hill or a curve, you should assume that there is an oncoming vehicle out of sight. This means you should only pass if a hill or curve ahead is more than one-third of a mile away. 

6. Intersections or Railroad Crossings

It is dangerous to pass another vehicle where someone is likely to enter or cross the road. Such places include crossroads, railroad crossings, and shopping center entrances. While you are passing, the car you are passing blocks your view of people, cars, or a train. In addition, a driver turning onto the road into the left lane will not expect to find you in his lane. You are able to pass next to a vehicle in an intersection when there are two or more lanes going in the same direction; however, you must do so with ever so much care. 

7. School Bus 

Drivers may pass a school bus when its red lights are not flashing. You must never attempt to pass a stopped school bus with flashing red lights; you must stop and wait until the lights stop flashing. Also, when the bus is on the other road of divided highway or a multi-lane highway you don't have to stop

. 8. Bridges or Abutments

Never pass another vehicle on a bridge when there is only one lane in each direction. Drivers may pass another vehicle on a bridge when there are two or more lanes going in the same direction. Never pass another vehicle where signs

indicate that such maneuvers are prohibited.

E. DANGEROUS PASSING SITUATIONS

9. Long Line of Cars Ahead 

Drivers must never pass more than one vehicle at a time. It is extremely dangerous to attempt to pass a long line of vehicles because another vehicle in front of you may attempt to pass at the same time as you. In addition, there might be another vehicle on the opposite lane and you would therefore risk a head on collision. You should always only pass one vehicle at a time.

10. Intention to Stop or Turn

You must never attempt to pass a vehicle that is behind a slower vehicle because that vehicle may also plan on passing and because you do not know whether there will be enough space for you because the driver you attempt to pass may speed up. You must never pass a vehicle that has stopped in the center of the lane on a two-lane roadway because they may intend on making a left turn but simply neglected to turn on their signals. 

11. Oncoming Car Too Close 

You must judge whether you have enough space to the side before you pass. Never pass another vehicle when an oncoming car seems to be too close. Oncoming cars are going faster than you think they are so there is a big chance that you would not have enough room. It is better to wait for another opportunity than to risk lives simply to save a couple of minutes. 

12. Car Ahead is at or Near the Speed Limit

Never pass another vehicle that is driving at or near the speed limit. Otherwise, you would be speeding since you have to speed up to pass the other vehicle and since you would be going faster than the other vehicle once, you pass it. You should only pass vehicles that are driving slower the speed limit. 

13. Sight Distance

Ahead is Limited Never pass another vehicle unless you are able to see the entire road. Do not pass when the weather conditions reduce visibility or when trees, shrubbery, a large truck, etc., block your view. 

14. Maneuver 

Cannot be Completed Before Reaching a No Passing Zone Before you pass another vehicle, judge the distance you will need. If you judge that you cannot completely pass another vehicle before reaching a no passing zone, do not attempt to pass. You risk being fined as well as getting into an accident since it is especially dangerous to pass in no passing zones.

F. PASSING POTENTIAL

Passing maneuver times: 

Before passing another vehicle, be aware of the time that it will take to complete your entire maneuver: to move over to the other lane and to pull back in front of the vehicle you are passing. Do not attempt to pass if you doubt whether you have enough time.

Identifying a safe distance ahead:

You need 1,600 feet to pass another vehicle. If you do not have this amount of space available, you must not attempt to pass. Otherwise, you risk getting into a head on collision. Identify an end-of-pass gap to pull back into lane: Before you attempt to pass a vehicle, you must ensure that there is enough space for you to merge in front of that vehicle. You must never cut in front of another vehicle as this may lead to a crash. If there is not enough space between the vehicle that you want to pass and the vehicle that is in front of such vehicle, you should not pass.

Establish a safe response for hazards: 

Always be aware of the entire roadway before attempting to pass. You must be able to react quickly in case something gets in your way. Never allow your vehicle to be trapped while passing. Always have a way out before actually passing another vehicle. 

Checking for road traction: 

You should not pass another vehicle in adverse weather conditions, such as when it is raining or snowing. The amount of traction is considerably reduced in these conditions, which translates into your having less control over your vehicle and increasing the chances of having a collision.

G. STEPS FOR SUCCESSFUL PASSING

15. Scan for Hazards:

Oncoming vehicles: |Before passing another vehicle, you must ensure that there are no oncoming vehicles.

Vehicles approaching from rear: 

Before passing, ensure that the car behind you is not going to attempt to pass you. Look in your rear view mirror to see whether the signals are on, or whether the car seems to be moving to the left. Otherwise, you risk getting into a crash. 

Merging vehicles: 

Always be aware of merge zones and ensure that you do not attempt to pass vehicles in these zones as other vehicles may merge and either cause a head on collision or block your reentry into the proper flow of traffic.

16. Check for Blind Spots

Always check for all your blind spots, these area that you cannot see because of one reason or another. Do not attempt to pass if you cannot determine that you have enough room to safely do so. 

 

 17. Signal Intent

Make sure other drivers are aware of your intentions. You do this by signaling your intent well in advance of performing the action.

18. Warn the Driver Ahead

You must always warn the driver that you are about to pass by turning on your left turn signal before you start passing. 

19. Obtain a Speed Advantage

When passing another vehicle, you must increase your speed by 10 mph so that you may pass the other vehicle safely, without cutting off the other driver.

20. Re-check Conditions Ahead 

Always be aware of the conditions ahead. Check and double-check to ensure that you are carrying out your maneuver safely.

21. Create Return Space

Before passing, you must make sure that there is enough space for you to overpass the vehicle in front of you. If you do not have that space, then don't pass. Otherwise, you will end up cutting off said vehicle and risk getting into a crash.

22. Signal Return

You must signal when you are going to start your passing maneuver by turning on your left turn signal as well as when you are going to return to the original lane by turning on your right turn signal to warn other drivers. 

23. Check for Blind Spots 

Always check the road for anything that may be hiding a potential hazard. Do not pass another vehicle when there is such a possibility. 

24. Create Space for Vehicle Passed 

You must never cut off the driver that you attempt to pass. You must always leave enough room between your vehicle and the vehicle that you attempt to pass. If you can see most of his car in your rear view mirror it is probably safe to return to your lane.

H. WHEN BEING PASSED

25. Safety When Being Passed

Yielding required: Always yield for the vehicle that is attempting to pass you. Do not attempt to pass the vehicle in front of you when the vehicle behind you is passing you. Otherwise, you may get into an accident. Maintaining speed: Do not speed up when being passed by another vehicle. In doing so, you may cause a collision with a vehicle.

I. OVERTAKING AND PASSING

26. Overtake and Pass to Left (CVC 21750) 

The driver of a vehicle overtaking another vehicle or a bicycle proceeding in the same direction must pass to the left at a safe distance without interfering with the safe operation of the overtaken vehicle or bicycle.

27. Passing Without Sufficient Clearance (CVC 21751) 

On a two-lane highway, no vehicle shall be driven to the left side of the center of the roadway in overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction unless the left side is clearly visible and free of oncoming traffic for a sufficient distance ahead to permit such overtaking and passing to be completely made without interfering with the safe operation of any vehicle approaching from the opposite direction. 

28. When Driving on the Left is Prohibited (CVC 21752)

Do not drive on the left side of the road:

When approaching or upon the crest of a grade or a curve in the highway where the drivers view is obstructed within such distance as to create a hazard in the event another vehicle might approach from the opposite direction.

When the view is obstructed upon approaching within 100 feet of any bridge, viaduct, or tunnel.

When approaching within 100 feet of or when traversing any railroad grade crossing.

When approaching within 100 feet of or when traversing any intersection.

This section shall not apply upon a one-way roadway.

29. Yielding for Passing (CVC 21753) 

Except when passing on the right is permitted, the driver of an overtaken vehicle shall safely move to the right-hand side of the highway in favor of the overtaking vehicle after an audible signal or a momentary flash of headlights by the overtaking vehicle, and shall not increase the speed of his or her vehicle until completely passed by the overtaking vehicle. This section does not require the driver of an overtaken vehicle to drive on the shoulder of the highway in order to allow the overtaking vehicle to pass. 

30. Passing on the Right (CVC 21754) 

The driver of a motor vehicle may overtake and pass to the right of another

vehicle only under the following conditions:

When the vehicle overtaken is making or is about to make a left turn. Upon a highway within a business or residence district with unobstructed

pavement of sufficient width for two or more lines of moving vehicles in the direction of travel.

Upon any highway outside of a business or residence district with unobstructed pavement of sufficient width and clearly marked for two or more lines of moving traffic in the direction of travel.

Upon a one-way street. Upon a highway divided into two roadways where traffic is restricted to

one direction upon each of such roadways.

The provisions of this section shall not relieve the driver of a slow moving vehicle from the duty to drive as closely as practicable to the right hand edge of the roadway. 

31. Pass on Right Safely (CVC 21755) 

The driver of a motor vehicle may overtake and pass another vehicle upon the right only under conditions permitting such movement in safety. In no event shall driving off the paved or main-traveled portion of the roadway make such movement. 

32. Passing on Grades (CVC 21758)

In the event any vehicle is being operated on any grade outside of a business or residence district at a speed of less than 20 miles per hour, no person operating any other motor vehicle shall attempt to overtake and pass such slow moving vehicle unless the overtaking vehicle is operated at a speed of at least 10 miles per hour in excess of the speed of the overtaken vehicle, nor unless the passing movement is completed within a total distance not greater than one-quarter of a mile.  

Chapter 5

Topic : Demands of City Driving

  A. REDUCING SPEED

  1. Allows for More Time to See Details and Identify Their Meaning 

When driving in the city you must drive at a speed that will enable you to be able to spot any hazards on the road as well as see and read all traffic control signs and lights on the road.

2. Allows for More time to Analyze Information and Predict What Might Happen

You must drive at a speed that will allow you the time to think ahead as to what might go wrong and what you will do and to allow you to read all traffic signs and be able to abide by them. 

3. Allows for More Reaction Time to Decide What to Do 

You must drive at a speed that will give you enough time to react to any circumstances on the road. Otherwise, you risk an accident as every maneuver, such as stopping, requires reaction time. 

4. Allows for Additional time to Execute Decisions or Avoid Dangerous Situations

You must drive at a speed that allows you to spot and to react to dangerous situations on the road. Avoiding a collision on a road takes time, starting from the moment a driver spots the hazard, the time it takes to think about what to do, the reaction time, to the actual time it takes to complete the maneuver

B.  LOOKING AHEAD OF TRAFFIC

1. Look ahead for traffic hazards 

Looking 10 to 15 seconds ahead does not mean looking only at the middle of the road. It means looking from side to side as well. Look for:

Cars and people that may be in the road by the time you reach them. Signs warning of problems ahead.

Signs giving you directions.

Keep your eyes moving (scanning). Look near and far. Because mirrors have blind spots, Turn your head before changing lanes,. These blind spots can hide a motorcycle, a bicycle or another driver. Watch for things about to happen like a ball rolling into the street; a car door opening, or a swerving bicycle. 

2. Leave Enough Distance to Maneuver

You must leave cushion space enough for you to execute any maneuver, especially when confronted with hazards.

3. Signal Lights

 

Look ahead for signal changes: 

You must look down the road so that you will be able to see all lights ahead of you. This will give you enough time to slow down in case the light is about to turn yellow or red. Also, look for light signals from vehicles in front of you and drive accordingly.

Anticipate signal changes: 

You must know the order that lights change in order to anticipate light changes. A light which is green will turn yellow, afterwards it will turn red. If a light ahead is yellow, you know that you must slow down and stop because the light will be red by the time you get to the intersection. 

Check for stale green lights:

This is a light that has been green for a while, which means that it is about to turn yellow and then red. When approaching a stale green light, you should slow down as the light will probably have changed to yellow by the time you get to the intersection.

C. COVERING THE BRAKE, NOT RIDING IT

1. Slow for Reduced Stopping Distance 

When you know that you will have to stop eventually, such as when approaching a light that will turn red by the time you get to it, you should slow down and cover your brake so that you will not be in a position where you have to slam on the brakes to stop your vehicle.

2. Situations in Which the Brake Pedal Should be Covered  

Next to parked cars: 

You must always cover your brakes whenever you are driving next to a parked vehicle. The reason is that the car might suddenly turn into your lane, that the vehicle might be blocking a hazard, someone might be getting out of the parked vehicle, or the vehicle might be blocking a pedestrian,etc.

Brake lights of other cars:

You must cover your brake and be ready to stop whenever a vehicle in front of you is braking. 

Approaching signal lights:

You must cover your brake when approaching a signal light, even if the light is green. The reason is that there might be other hazards present on the road, such as a driver that was unable to stop, or a pedestrian who is still crossing the street.

D. CITY PASSING

1. Passing Over Center Line of Travel 

You should avoid crossing the center line of travel in the city because you never know when someone will pull into the next lane, colliding with you head on.

2. Passing In or Near an Intersection

It is dangerous to pass in or near an intersection as a car may suddenly appear out of nowhere; this is so especially in the city. You may pass in an intersection when there is more than one lane going in your direction. You must always watch for pedestrians, animals, other vehicles, and bicyclists. However, this is still a dangerous maneuver.

E. CHOOSING OF LANE

1. Choose a Lane Appropriate to Use 

You should choose a lane to drive on according to your next maneuvers. If you are driving slowly, stay on the right lane. The same is true if you are going to turn right. If you are going to turn left, go to the left lane. Only pass other vehicles by using the left lane. 

2. Choose a Less Traveled or Congested Lane

Unless Planning to Turn When driving on the same road for a long period of time, you should always choose to drive on the lane that is less congested. This is safer for you as you will not have to slow down and stop constantly while other cars make their turns. However, when making a left or right turn, you must choose the appropriate lane.

F. VEHICLE POSITION

1. Keep up With Traffic Speed and Within Legal Limits 

You must always keep up with the flow of traffic, but do not speed. If you are driving slower than the flow of traffic, you should move to the far right lane so that other drives can pass you safely. 

2. Avoid Another Driver's Blind Spot 

You should make a point not to drive in another vehicle's blind spot. Another driver may not be aware of your presence and collide into you. 

3. Avoid Letting Another Driver Drive in Your Blind Spot 

You should avoid letting another motorist drive in your blind spot. You should either speed up a bit or slow down a bit to avoid this. It is not wise to have another motorist drive in your blind spot because you might forget that they are there and collide into them after you have checked all of your mirrors and do not see any vehicles. 

4. Avoid Side by Side Driving

You should avoid side by side driving because you will not have an out in case of a potential hazard. You should either slow down a bit or speed up a bit and then move over to the right if the vehicle does not pass you.

5. Avoid Driving in Bunches

Avoid driving in bunches as you will not have a way out in case of a hazard. 

 

G. CHOOSING A SAFE ROUTE

1. Time of Day and Traffic Density 

You should be aware of traffic hours so that you can avoid driving during such times as there is a greater possibility of having a collision in stop and go traffic. If there is no alternate way of travel and you must drive during rush hour, you should drive slowly, pay extra attention to the road, and allow for an appropriate space cushion, using the four-second rule. 

2. Through Streets vs. Side Streets

Side streets are more dangerous than through streets. Side streets usually run through neighborhoods and/or business districts, which means that you will encounter many slow driving vehicles. When driving for long distances, it is better to drive in through streets, which are designed for faster driving traffic. 

3. One-way Streets vs. Two-Way Streets 

When driving in the city, always pay close attention to street signs, such as one-way street signs. Never, ever enter a one-way street when driving against traffic. This will almost certainly guarantee a head on collision if other cars are on the one-way street. Two-way streets are more dangerous as other vehicles will get in your path, such as when other vehicles are making left turns. Keyword - traffic. 

 

H. SPECIAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH CITY TRAFFIC

1. Parked Cars Hiding Cross Traffic 

You must slow down before making any maneuvers when driving by parked cars because those cars may be blocking the view of traffic driving in your direction. You must never assume that your path is clear just because you are unable to see vehicles or pedestrians on the road; this is especially true when driving by parked vehicles.

2. Detour in Lane of Travel 

By looking 10 to 15 seconds ahead, you will be able to spot any last minute changes, such as detour signs, and you will have the time required to respond accordingly. 

3. Two-Way Left Turn Center Lane Use

When making a left turn in a two-way road, always make sure that you position your vehicle in the center of the left lane closest to the dividing line. If there is more than one lane designated for traffic making left turns, you must end up in the same lane that you started your left turn.

4. Turning at Corners 

Before you turn at a corner, you must ensure that other vehicles, animals, or pedestrians are not in your path.

5. Driving on One-Way Streets

 

Identifying:

A one-way street is one in which the traffic is traveling in only one direction. When driving, especially in cities, look for signs and arrows that read one-way only and do not enter opposing traffic.

Entering: 

Whenever you are entering traffic, keep up with the flow of traffic.  When making a left hand turn to enter a one-way street, position your vehicle in the lane closest to the left edge of the roadway.

Speed: 

You must always obey the posted speed limits when driving, including when driving on a one-way street.  Lane Choice:

In a one-way street, the center lane is the safest because cars making right turns must position their vehicles on the lane farthest to the right and vehicles making left turns must position their vehicles on the far left lane.

Exiting: 

Before exiting a one-way street, you must become aware that you will be driving on a two way street and abide by those rules. If you are making a left turn, you may end up in any lane lawfully available to you.

Left Turns: 

The approach for a left turn shall be made as close as practicable to the left-hand edge of the extreme left-hand lane or portion of the roadway lawfully available to traffic moving in the direction of travel of such vehicle and, when turning at an intersection, the left turn shall not be made before entering the intersection. After entering the intersection, the left turn shall be made so as to leave the intersection in a lane lawfully available to traffic moving in that direction upon the roadway being entered, except:

Upon a highway having three marked lanes for traffic moving in one direction, which terminates at an intersecting highway accommodating traffic in both directions, the driver of a vehicle in the middle lane may turn left into any lane lawfully available to traffic moving in that direction upon the roadway being entered.

Section 22100 V.C.

Dealing with wrong way drivers: If you are driving on a one-way street and another driver has entered the wrong direction, you must get the attention of the driver so that the driver can get out of the street. You must flash your lights, honk your horn and get out of the way in case the driver is not able to respond in time.

6. When and where to expect pedestrians and bicyclists

You should be aware of the areas where pedestrians and bicyclists are prone to be present, such as around schools, crosswalks, intersections, parks, churches, and shopping centers. Children will be around schools in the morning, during lunch and after school. You must always cover your brake when driving through the above mentioned areas just in case you have to stop suddenly if you see an unexpected pedestrian or bicyclist. 

Topic : Demands of Freeway Driving

    

A. PLANNING A ROUTE IN ADVANCE

1. Be Familiar with Alternate Exits

You should be aware of alternate exits when driving on the freeway just in case you are not able to use your original route, whether due to detour signs, freeway closures, you miss your exit. etc. You will be less stressed when you know an alternate route.

2. Guide Signs- Placement of Guide Signs Which Indicate Distance and Route Direction

When driving on the freeway, you must mind all of the signs on the freeway so that you know where you are driving and so that you are aware of any changes on the freeway. Always be mindful of the signs on the freeway. Once you notice that your exit is coming up, start moving your vehicle to the farthest right (or left) lane two miles before you reach your exit. Also, when you are going to join another freeway, make sure that you start moving to the appropriate lane well in advance. 

3. Plan Time of Travel to Avoid Unfamiliar or Congested Traffic Situations

To drive more safely, you should avoid driving on the freeway during rush hours, from 6:00 a.m. to 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. to 7 p.m. Drivers are less careful when the roads are congested and everyone is trying to get to their destination. If there is no way to avoid driving during rush hour, you should be prepared to sit in traffic, that you will be stopping and going, and you should allow more time to get to your destination.

B. ENTERING THE FREEWAY 

  

1. Acceleration Lanes: Extra Lane Permitting a Vehicle to Reach Freeway Speeds

Be familiar with entrance warning signs:

When entering the freeway, make sure that you read all signs and abide by them. Some freeways indicate which lanes merging traffic must drive on; other freeways have stoplights that regulate the amount of vehicles that enter the freeway, etc. If you are not driving with one (or sometimes two) other person(s), do not make use of the carpool lane as you will be fined. If you are driving on the farthest right lane, you must be aware whether there are merge signs near entrance ramps so that you can anticipate finding vehicles intending to get onto the freeway and thereby slow down.

Observe ramp speed limit:

As you enter the freeway, you will see posted speed limits. You must abide by the

speed limit and not slow down the traffic; otherwise, you risk getting rear ended, or even cause a chain reaction.

Check speed of freeway traffic:

Once you are on a freeway, you must adjust your speed to the flow of traffic. Otherwise, you risk getting hit. Be careful not to exceed the maximum speed limit.

Watch vehicle ahead for sudden stops:

As when driving on city streets, when on the freeway make sure that you have enough of a space cushion to allow you to stop suddenly if you need to.

Locate a gap in traffic:

Before you enter the through traffic on a freeway, ensure that there is enough space for you to merge onto the lane closest to you. If you cannot tell by using your mirrors, look over your shoulder. Do not assume that other vehicles are going to slow down so that you may join the flow.

Adjust speed for merging onto freeway through lanes:

You must adjust your speed to the flow of traffic as you merge onto the freeway; otherwise, you risk getting into a collision.

Signal until entering through-traffic lane :

You must use your signal lights during the last 100 feet of the freeway ramp to warn other drivers that you are merging and so that they may drive accordingly.

C. COMMON MISTAKES ENTERING FROM ACCELERATION LANE

1. Sudden Slowing or Stopping :

When entering a freeway, be aware of the flow of traffic. Entering at a slow speed will increase your chances of getting rear-ended. Entering too fast will cause you to slow down suddenly as you come close to the vehicle in front of you, which also increases the chance of a collision.

2. Merging At Too Slow a Speed:

Drivers must ensure not to enter a freeway at a slow speed. Drivers must speed up while on the on-ramp. Entering the freeway at too slow a speed may cause severe

collisions, as other drivers may not be ready to slow down because they assume that merging vehicles will enter at the flow of traffic.

D. ENTERING DIRECTLY ONTO THE FREEWAY- NO ACCELERATION LANE

1. Yield or Merge Signs Before Entering:

If a freeway has yield or merge signs, you must wait until all oncoming vehicles pass. As a result of waiting for other traffic to pass, you will need more time to catch up with the flow of traffic. This means that you must only continue onto the through traffic when you have enough room to catch up with the speed of traffic.

2. Wait for a Longer Gap Before Entering

When entering a freeway that does not have acceleration space, you must ensure that you have more distance to catch up with the speed of the through traffic. You will basically use the through traffic lane to catch up. It will take longer for you to catch up to speed since you will either be starting off slowly or completely stopped.

3. Acceleration Speed to Blend into Traffic

Once you have joined the through traffic, you must catch up to speed quickly. You must therefore accelerate firmly. Once you have reached the appropriate speed, you must stop accelerating so that you do not drive too fast.

E. SPECIAL SITUATIONS

1. Timed Entrance Lights

Some freeway entrances have a light to control the amount of traffic that gets onto the freeway. Usually only one vehicle may continue onto the freeway per green light. You must abide by the light and only continue when the light is green, otherwise you risk a collision. If there is a traffic light controlling the traffic flow entering the freeway, usually all lanes have these metering lights, including the HOV (carpool) or Diamond lane (s).

2. Double Merge Lanes

Some freeways have more than one lane which merges onto the freeway. When you enter a freeway with double merge lanes you must ensure that you remain in your lane and that you merge onto the freeway only when it is safe to do so.

3. Diamond Lanes

Assembly Bill 2628- High Occupancy Lanes (HOV lanes, diamond lanes, etc), CVC 5205.5 to reflect the following:

"Some low emission and hybrid vehicles (rated at 45 mpg or higher) are now permitted to use the High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes without the requisite number of passengers. The vehicle must display a special decal, issued by the DMV." 

Some freeways have diamond lanes to relieve the freeway of stopped traffic. These are carpool lanes. Only vehicles that qualify can drive on such lanes. Some carpool lanes require two individuals in the vehicle, while others require three persons to be in a vehicle. You must read the signs to find out what amount is required.

F. LEAVING THE FREEWAY

1. Scan Ahead for Signs Indicating Desired Exit Lanes

While driving on the freeway, you must always scan the signs for your exit. Once you determine you are approaching your exit, you should merge to the appropriate lane to exit- usually the far right lane, although some exits are on the far left. When you plan to exit the freeway, make sure to give your self plenty of time. You should know the freeway exit you want and the one that comes before

2. What To Do When An Exit is Missed

If you miss your exit, never slow down suddenly, back up, drive on the shoulder of the freeway, etc. This places you and other drivers at risk of getting into a collision. Instead, remain calm and exit at the next off ramp. Backtrack by taking side-streets or by getting onto the freeway going the opposite direction.

G. EXIT LANES

1. Deceleration Lanes Allow Drivers to Reduce Speed Without Endangering Traffic to the Rear

Off-ramps allow drivers to slow their speed safely before exiting the freeway. Off-ramps are important because otherwise vehicles that are exiting the freeway would endanger traffic to the rear.

2. Multiple Deceleration Lanes

Some exits may have more than one lane reserved for exiting. However, the lane farthest to the left may be an exit lane and a through traffic lane. You must therefore watch for vehicles behind you as you are slowing down on the lane that is also used as a through traffic lane.

Yielding to other drivers:

When there are two lanes designated to exit, you must yield to other drivers that are merging onto the freeway or to those vehicles that have not entered the exit lanes.

3. Adjusting Speed

Posted limit:

All exits have posted exit speeds. This is the speed that has been determined as safe to exit on the specified off ramp. Do not exceed these speed limits.

Curved ramps:

It is especially critical that vehicles exiting on a curved off ramp adjust their speed to the posted speed limit since it is very possible to lose control on a curve when driving too fast.

H. CHOOSING LANES OF TRAVEL

1. Two-lane Freeways

Use of right-hand lanes:

When driving on a freeway that only has two lanes in the direction you are driving, you should drive on the right lane, which is the safer lane. You should only drive on the left lane when passing another vehicle or when exiting on an off ramp, which is on the left side of the freeway.

Use of left-hand lanes:

You must drive on the right lane whenever possible. You should use the left hand lane when you are passing another vehicle, exiting on an off-ramp that is on the left hand side of the freeway, when the right hand lane is closed, or when weather conditions demand it.

2. Three Lanes or More

Use of right-hand lanes:

On a freeway, that has three or more lanes traveling in one direction, you should stay off the far right hand lane if you are going to remain on the freeway for a while. You should drive on the right hand lane if you are driving slower than the flow of traffic, when you have just entered the freeway, when you are about to exit the freeway, or when weather conditions require you to do so. 

Use of center lanes:

On a freeway that has three or more lanes in one direction, the best lane to drive on is the center lane because there is less interference in this lane.

Use of left-hand lanes:

On a freeway that has three or more lanes in one direction, you should drive on the left hand lane (fast lane) when you are going to pass another vehicle or when weather conditions require you to do so.

3. Lane Use When Approaching Interchanges

Avoiding merging conflicts:

When you approach an interchange on the freeway you should merge to the center or left lane. If you are unable to change lanes, you should slow down to allow the oncoming vehicle to merge. Remember to be courteous to other drivers.

I. SPEED LIMITS

1. Posted Speed Limits:

You must never drive faster than the posted speed limits. The speed limits have been determined according to various factors on the particular road that you are driving on, thereby making it unsafe to drive faster.

Maximum Speed:

The maximum speed limit on most freeways is 65 mph. However, for two-lane undivided highways, the maximum speed limit is 55 mph, unless posted for a higher speed. On some highways the maximum speed limit is 70 mph, but only if there are signs posted showing 70 mph. Other speed limits are set for the type of roads and traffic in each area. All speed limits are based on ideal driving conditions. You should drive below the speed limit during adverse weather conditions. 

55 mph. Speed limit. : No person may drive a vehicle on a two lane, undivided highway at a speed greater than 55 mph unless that highway, or portion thereof, has been posted for higher speed. 22349 (b) V.C.

Speed for conditions:

You must never drive faster than is safe for the present conditions, regardless of the posted speed limit. If it raining or the roads are slick or there is a lot of traffic, slow down. The life you save may be your own.

Minimum speed :

When driving on the freeway, you must not drive so slow that you are impeding the progress of other drivers. Driving too slow is just as hazardous as driving too fast. The minimum speed limit keeps the flow of traffic moving and under control. If your vehicle is not able to go at least as fast as the minimum speed limit, you should not drive on the freeway.

Traffic

2. Dangers of Driving too Slow

Blocking the Flow of Traffic:

You should not drive upon a highway at such a slow speed as to impede or block the normal and reasonable movement of traffic, unless the reduced speed is necessary for safe operation, because of a grade, or in compliance with law.

Forced lane changes:

When you drive at too slow a speed you force other vehicles to pass you up. The more vehicles are passing others up, the higher the chances of a collision to occur.

J. MAKING A SAFE LANE CHANGE

1. Checking for Ample Space

Vehicle Ahead :

Before making a lane change, you must look ahead to ensure that the driving conditions are suitable for a lane change. You must also look to the lane into which you want to move into to make sure that there is ample space for you to merge into.

Vehicle to rear :

Before making a lane change, you must look to the vehicle to the rear of your vehicle in the lane that you want to change into. You must do this to ensure that there is enough space in the other lane so that you can move safely, without cutting off the vehicle that is driving in that lane.

Vehicle to sides :

Before making a lane change, you must look to the lane that you want to change into to ensure that there are no vehicles on that lane. You must also look to the lane next to where you want to change into to ensure that another vehicle is not attempting to switch into your spot.

2. Look for Hazards:

Use of mirrors:

Before making a lane change, use your rear view mirror and side view mirrors to ensure that you will be able to complete your lane change safely.

Checking for blind spots:

Besides using your rear view and side view mirrors, you should also check your blind spot to ensure that there is not a vehicle in the spot that you could not see by only looking through your mirrors. Look over your shoulder to the lane that your want to move into at all times before changing lanes.

3. Signaling in Advance

The first step to take before changing a lane, is to turn on your turn signals to warn other drivers so that they know your intentions and allow you the space to make your maneuver.

4. Change Lanes One at a Time

You must not make multiple lane changes because doing so is extremely unsafe. When you need make more than one lane change, you must go through all of the

steps required to make a single lane change.

5. Speed When Changing Lanes

Avoid slowing or stopping :

You must not slow down or stop when changing lanes. Doing so is extremely dangerous as cars to the rear of you may rear end you and which could cause a chain reaction. When you change lanes, you must adjust to the flow of traffic on the new lane.

K. TIME MARGINS FOR FREEWAY CONDITIONS

1. Establishing a Space Cushion

When driving on the freeway, you must create a space cushion all around your vehicle: to the front, to the sides, and to the rear of your vehicle. This will allow you time to react and complete your maneuver to avoid a crash. To establish a space cushion to the front of your vehicle, use the three or four second rule. To establish a space cushion to the sides of your vehicle, you must avoid driving beside the vehicle to the left and to the right of you. In addition, if you are driving on the right lane, you must drive on the right side of the lane; if you are driving on the left lane you must drive on the left side of your lane; and if you are driving between two lanes you must drive on the center of your lane.

 

L. HELPING OTHER DRIVERS ENTER OR EXIT

1. Merging Signs, Warning Other Vehicles Are Entering the Freeway

Always be courteous when driving on the freeway. Watch for merging traffic and be on the lookout for traffic signs. When you are driving by a merge area, you must look to see whether there are vehicles waiting to merge to the through traffic. If

there are vehicles waiting you should either slow down to create space in front of you, speed up to create space behind you, or make a safe lane change so that the other vehicle has enough space to merge safely. You should do the same when you see that a vehicle is trying to exit the freeway.

2. Adjusting Speed to Open a Gap

When you see that another vehicle is trying to merge onto the freeway, you should be courteous to that driver and merge to the through traffic. You can open a gap for the merging vehicle by slowing down slightly, speeding up slightly, or making a safe lane change.

3. Moving Into Adjacent Lanes

When it is not possible for you to adjust your speed so as to create a space safe enough for the other vehicle to merge into the through traffic, you must make a safe lane change away from the merging vehicle. This will give the vehicle space to merge.

M. FREEWAY EMERGENCIES

1. Blocked Roadways

While driving you must always look 10 to 15 seconds ahead of your vehicle so that you have time to spot blocked roadways and thereby have enough to time to think and react to the change on the freeway. If you see that the road is blocked, slow down and proceed with caution or stop and wait for the blockage to be removed.

Steering Around:

Always continue scanning the road so that you can spot sudden changes on the freeway and steer around any wreck, road closures, etc. When steering your vehicle to other lanes, always do so safely, by following the appropriate lane change procedures. Never engage in multiple lane changing, safely change lanes one at a time.

2. Stopping

Warning drivers to the rear:

Whenever you are going to stop or slow down, warn drivers behind you by stepping on your brakes well in advance. This will allow vehicles behind you to either slow down or change lanes, thereby avoiding a collision.

Brake lights :

While driving on the freeway, pay close attention to brake lights. Brake lights warn you that the vehicle is either going to stop or slow down. Adjust your speed accordingly.

Hazard lights:

Hazard lights warn you that a vehicle is having difficulties. When you come to a vehicle that has its hazard lights on, slow down and merge away from the vehicle by using the appropriate lane change procedures.

N. BREAKDOWNS

1. Pulling to the Shoulder

When driving on the freeway and you experience difficulties with your vehicle, immediately start positioning your vehicle to the shoulder of the freeway, or to the emergency lane, if one exists. Always use the appropriate lane change procedures.

Signaling :

As you are changing lanes to pull off the road, turn on your emergency hazard lights to warn other drivers that you are experiencing difficulties. If you cannot drive your vehicle, turn on your emergency hazard lights and do not get out of your vehicle unless it is safe to do so. If you have a cell phone, you should call for help and wait with your car.

Shoulder use and vehicle position :

The shoulder is only to be used by vehicles having difficulties. You must not use the shoulder for any other reason. If your vehicle is having difficulties, ensure that your vehicle is positioned on the far right of the shoulder and then stop your vehicle.

2. Warning Approaching Traffic :

Hazard lights

If you are having difficulties with your vehicle, turn on your hazard lights to warn vehicles behind you. That way they will have time to change to another lane or take other appropriate measures to avoid hitting your vehicle.

Flares or warning devices :

Besides turning on your hazard lights, you should also make use of road flares or some other warning devices that you have to ensure that other drivers see you. This is especially true when your vehicle has stopped in a lane and you are not able to get to the shoulder and at night.

O. RE-ENTERING THE FREEWAY

1. Signaling

Before reentering the freeway when you are on the emergency lane or the shoulder, ensure that you have turned off all warning devices and that you have turned on, signal so that other drivers will know your intentions and hopefully make room for you to merge over to the lane

2. Accelerating on Shoulder

After you have turned on your signal, use the shoulder or emergency lane to get up to speed of the through-traffic so that you do not interrupt the flow of traffic and risk causing a collision. Look to the lane that you will merge into to ensure that you are able to move over safely.

3.  Entering Into An Adequate Gap

Speed :

Before re-entering the freeway, ensure that you are driving at the speed of the traffic so that you do not cause other vehicles to brake suddenly and risk a collision.

Checking for hazards:

Once you have reached the proper speed to merge over to the through traffic, follow the procedures as when making a lane change. Look ahead to see whether there are any hazards that may interrupt the flow of traffic. Check your rear and side view mirrors to ensure that you have enough space to merge over and check your blind spot by looking over your shoulder.

P. SPECIAL FREEWAY PROBLEMS

1. Velocitation- Unconsciously Going Too Fast

Check speedometer:

Sometimes drivers may lose sight of the speed that they are driving and may speed without realizing it. To avoid speeding, check the speedometer frequently and avoid driving over the posted speed limit.

Allow time to readjust to slower speeds:

When you need to slow down on the freeway for any reason, such as because you realized that you were speeding, do not slow down suddenly as other vehicles behind you might not have time to adjust their speed and they might end up rear-ending you.

2. Highway Hypnosis

Highway Hypnosis is when motorists are in a daze, failing to follow proper driving procedures, such as scanning the road. This is highly dangerous as you will not be able to react in case of a hazard. Highway hypnosis usually occurs on long boring drives.

Avoid drowsiness:

Do not drive when you are too tired to use good judgment. Instead, pull over to the side of the road and relax, or if you are too tired, you should exit the freeway and take a break from driving. If there's a passenger with you, have him or her drive if he or she is legally able to do so. Avoid driving long stretches at a time as this may cause exhaustion.

Q. TOLL BOOTHS- WHAT TO LOOK FOR WHEN APPROACHING

1. Reduced Speed Limits

When approaching a toll booth (usually on a bridge or roadway) start slowing down in advance. When you arrive at the booth stop to pay the fee.

2. Distance Ahead

Try to judge how much distance you have between you and the booth as well as between you and the vehicles ahead of you so that you know the appropriate speed at which you should be slowing down.

3. Designated Lanes for Special Vehicles

When approaching a toll booth, ensure that you are in the appropriate lane. Most toll booths have lanes designated for various types of vehicles, such as for cargo vehicles, for trucks, for buses and for carpool vehicles or lanes for electronic payment.  

Chapter 6

Topic : Demands of Driving on an Open Highway

  A. AREAS OF POTENTIAL HAZARDS 

  

1. Unmarked Farm and Field Driveways

When driving on open highways, be on the lookout for unmarked farm and field driveways, which are potentially hazardous for drivers. Also, watch out for large vehicles, such as tractors. When driving behind large vehicles lower your speed dramatically because such vehicles cannot drive fast.

2. Livestock Crossing Areas

When driving on open highways be on the lookout for livestock such as cattle and horses. Watch out for signs indicating areas where livestock tend to be present. Slow down in these areas, as you never know when an animal will suddenly cross your path. Remember that large animals may damage your vehicle, as well as put you in danger.

3. Rough Road Conditions

When driving on open highways, scan the road for rough surfaces, such as potholes, dirt roads, lose gravel, etc. These rough road conditions decrease the control you have over your vehicle. Always lower your speed when you spot such conditions. If you are driving on a road that has more than one lane in the direction that you are driving, safely change to the lane that has the smoothest driving conditions.

4. Unmarked Shoulders

When driving, always keep out of unmarked shoulders, as the driving conditions on the shoulders might be dangerous. When you must drive into the shoulder because your vehicle has broken down, merge into the shoulder slowly.

5. Roadside Stands or Gas Stations

When you approach roadside stands or gas stations you should cover your brake, anticipating a sudden stop or turning movement, as many vehicles may be entering or exiting the vicinity increasing the likelihood of a near-miss situation.

B. OTHER USERS OF THE ROADWAY

6. Trucks

 Drive extra cautiously when driving near large trucks because a collision with one may be deadly.

Speed:

Be prepared to decrease your speed when driving behind a truck, as they usually drive slower than the posted speed limit. When driving in front of a large truck do not reduce your speed suddenly because large trucks need more time to slow down.

Passing:

Passing a large truck is dangerous because you need more distance to pass. When driving on a two-way highway that only has one lane for both directions, ensure that you have enough distance to pass. You need about twice the distance as when passing a passenger vehicle. Follow all of the previously discussed procedures to pass. When passing a truck, you may not be able to see whether there are vehicles approaching on the next lane or whether there is enough space in front of the truck. You should cautiously pull to the next lane a little to get a better view.

Trucker's Blind Spots

7. Slow-Moving Vehicles

Speed:

Always scan 10 to 15 seconds ahead so that you are able to slow down when you are approaching a slow moving vehicle.

Clearance:

You need a larger distance to pass a slow-moving vehicle because of the slow speed that you are driving. In addition, it takes time to speed up to be able to pass the slow-moving vehicle.

8. Animals

Unexpected :

When driving on an open highway, look around the area to predict whether there might be animals roaming around. Also look around to see whether signs are posted warning you that animals may get in your path. Do not drive so fast as to make it impossible for you to stop in case an unexpected animal gets in front of your path. You do not want to get into a situation where you must swerve suddenly or stop suddenly as this endangers your life, the life of any passengers and the life of other drivers. If an animal gets in front of you, use your horn and flash your lights so that the animal gets out of your path.

Passing :

If there is an animal in front of your path, you must honk at it and flash your lights so that the animal moves. However, if the animal does not move, you should pass the animal by using all of the procedures of safe passing.

C. ENVIRONMENT

9. Curves

Speed and braking :

Be especially careful when driving through curves on open highways as the road conditions tend to be more dangerous than street driving. Ensure that you drive at the posted speed limit. Start braking before you actually get to the curve, otherwise you might lose control of your vehicle and cause a crash.

Hazards :

You should always cover your brakes when driving through a curve on an open highway, as you never know what may be on the other side of the curve.

10. Hills

Shifting gears :

You should shift to a lower gear when slowly driving up a hill. You should also shift to a lower gear when you are driving down a hill. This will keep you from driving downhill too quickly.

Visibility and speed :

Slow down whenever you are unable to see what's ahead of you. Do not attempt to pass a vehicle when driving on a hill, as you are unable to determine whether a car that is out of sight is approaching you.

Brake Failure or Overheating :

Test your brakes before descending a hill. If your brakes are not functioning correctly, shift to lower gear and pump the brake quickly to build up brake fluid pressure. Be careful not to pump anti-lock brakes. If your brakes do not take after three or four pumps steer your vehicle into the shoulder and turn off the engine. If your vehicle is overheating steer to the emergency lane and pull towards the right of the lane for safety.

Mountain Driving

Vehicle condition :

You must ensure that your vehicle is functioning properly before you drive in the mountains. You should take your vehicle to a mechanic to have it checked. Also, check your tires before heading towards the mountains.

Speed :

Never drive faster than the posted speed limit. Always keep abreast of signs on the road and abide by them, lower your speed when you are approaching curves. Many of the curves will have a different speed limit. Pay careful attention to these speed signs.

Allowing for other vehicles to pass :

Drive on the right lane whenever you are driving slower than the posted speed limit or than the flow of traffic. If there is only one lane designated for the direction you are driving, allow other vehicles to pass you whenever you are slowing five or more vehicles. Merge into the turnout to allow the vehicles behind you to pass safely. Use the shoulder if the road does not have a turnout.

Passing slower vehicles:

If you are following a slow-moving vehicle, do not pass if you are not able to determine whether it is safe to pass. Instead, wait until you reach a passing lane or until the vehicle merges into a turnout to enable you to pass safely.

11. Special Problems in High Altitudes :

Overheating :

Vehicles may overheat when driving on mountains. You should check your temperature gauge regularly. If your car is overheating, merge onto the emergency lane and wait until your vehicle cools down. You can also turn on the heater in your car, this will allow some of the engine heat to dissipate.

Vapor lock :

Sometimes when you vehicle overheats the gas will emit steam, freezing the engine. When this happens, the engine will not start. Therefore, when your car overheats you must stop your car in a safe place in case your engine will not start after your vehicle cools down. Keyword - truck.

D. MEETING OR APPROACHING OTHER VEHICLES ON OPEN ROADWAYS

 

1. Meeting Lines of Cars :

Never attempt to pass a line of slow moving vehicles. Instead, wait until it is safe to pass the vehicle that is slowing down traffic.

2. Meeting at Hilltops:

Do not attempt to pass a vehicle when going up a hilltop. You may not have proper visibility to determine that it is safe. You should not pass a vehicle as you're descending a hilltop as the vehicle may pick up speed. If the vehicle continues to move slowly, you must determine whether you have enough clearance to pass.

3. Meeting at Night :

If you have your high beams while driving at night you must always act alert. You must change your high beams to low beams when a vehicle ahead of you is within 300 feet. You must do the same when a vehicle is approaching from the opposite direction within 500 feet.

4. Meeting Slow-Moving Vehicles

When you meet a slow moving vehicle on an open highway, wait until it is safe for you to pass. You must follow the appropriate procedure for passing a slow moving vehicle.  

E. ROAD CONDITIONS

  

1. Rough Roads

Always scan for rough roads while driving on an open highway. If you are approaching rough road conditions, slow down so that you will be able to pass such areas safely. Do not merge into the oncoming traffic lane to avoid rough road conditions as a vehicle may suddenly appear on that lane.

2. Traction

Always slow down when you come to road conditions where it is possible to lose traction. You are in danger of losing traction on slippery roads just after rain has started to fall, on snow, ice, when there is lose gravel, or other conditions that render the road rough.

3. Width of Road

Drive slower than usual when you are on narrow roads. Do not attempt to pass another vehicle while on a narrow road as you do not have as much space to pass as you normally would.

4. Field of View

Always slow down and cover your brake when your visibility is limited because of adverse weather conditions or the road being blocked by shrubbery or anything else so that you will be able to respond to any hazards.

5. Line of Sight

Reduce your speed and cover your brakes when the visibility level of the road in front of you is reduced. You should be able to see 10-15 seconds in front of you. At night, do not overdrive your headlights, in other words don't look out past the distance that is illuminated by your lights. 

Topic : Hazardous Conditions

  A. DRIVING IN THE FOG

The best advice is not to drive in the fog. 

1. Obtaining Maximum Visibility and Reducing Glare

The key to driving in the fog is to obtain maximum visibility and reduce the glare. These goals are achieved by the appropriate use of headlamps, fog lamps, windshield wipers, and defrosters.

Appropriate use of headlamps :

While driving in fog, you should refrain from using your hi-beams. The light from your high beams reflects on the droplets of water in the fog and creates a glare that actually reduces your visibility. You should always use your low-beams. Fog lamps may be used with headlamps but must not be used as a substitution of headlamps.

Use of fog lights and mounting :

Vehicles may be equipped with two fog lamps. Fog lamps are to be used in heavy fog to illuminate the road. Fog lights must be mounted on the front part of the vehicle, no less than 12 inches from the ground or higher than 30 inches from the ground.

Windshield wiper and defrosters :

When driving in the fog, use your windshield wipers to remove water outside of your windshield and use the defroster to get rid of the fogginess inside of the windshield.

B. SPEED

1. Reduce Speed, but Keep Moving When Entering a Fog Bank

When driving in fog and you lose visibility, slow down but do not stop completely as vehicles behind you may not see your brake lights in time to stop.

2. Watch For Slow-Moving Vehicles Ahead

When driving in fog, watch out for slow-moving vehicles ahead of you. Keep a look out for headlights or tail lights so that you will be aware of other vehicles. Drive slowly because your visibility is reduced.

3. Look in the Rear View Mirror for Vehicles Approaching From the Rear

Look through your rear view mirror frequently to spot vehicles behind you. If vehicles are driving too fast, make a safe lane change to the right. If you are unable to change lanes safely, tap on the brakes to warn the vehicles behind you of your presence.

C. WHEN YOUR VEHICLE STALLS

1. Move Off Roadway as Quickly as Possible

When you are having difficulties with your vehicle, turn on your hazard lights and move to the emergency lane or to the shoulder if the road does not have a designated lane.

2. Stay in Your Vehicle

Once your vehicle is positioned in the emergency lane or the shoulder, use the call box to call for assistance and place flares behind your car if it is appropriate. If you have to wait for a tow truck or some other form of assistance, wait in your car with your seatbelt fastened. It is better to have your vehicle around you for protection in case there is a collision.

3. Restricted Use of Flashers or Flare

You must only use your emergency lights and flares when your vehicle has stalled or when medical complications have rendered you unable to continue driving.

D. GENERAL TIPS

1. Listen for Traffic You Cannot See

Whenever your view is blocked for whatever reason you must use your hearing to warn you about the presence of another vehicle, individual, animal,etc. and react accordingly. Make sure you roll your windows down so you can hear things farther away.

2. Avoid Crossing Roadways

Avoid crossing roadways whenever possible, as it is very dangerous to pass roadways due to the various rules that you must abide by.

3. Avoid Passing a Line of Cars

Avoid passing a line of cars, as you need more of a clearance space to pass more than one vehicle, making such a maneuver unsafe. Also, another vehicle may be attempting to pass at the same time as you are, increasing the risk of a collision.

4. Consider Postponing Driving Until Conditions Clear

You should postpone driving in adverse driving conditions, such as when there is heavy rainfall, heavy fog, or during rush hour. Driving in such conditions puts you and other drivers at risk of a collision.

5. Keep Headlight and Taillights Clean

Always keep your headlights and taillights clean so that you will have good visibility and so that other vehicles will be able to see your warning signals.

E. DRIVING ON SLIPPERY SURFACES

1. Obtaining Maximum Visibility

Drive with headlamps on:

Drive with your headlights on while the roads are slick. This makes you more visible to other drives.

Use Windshield Washers to Remove Film :

Keep your windshields clear of any debris so that you may have clear visibility. Use your windshield wipers and your windshield washers to clear any debris that may be on your windshield.

F. SPEED

1. Keep Speed Below Dry Road Speed

Speed limits are based on ideal conditions of the road. If the road is slick, wet, or there is some other hazard, you should lower your speed to compensate for those conditions. You can still be given a citation if an officer thinks you are going faster than is safe for the road conditions.

2. Decrease Speed When Entering a Curve

Decreasing your speed when entering a curve helps you maintain control and stability going through the turn. Reducing your speed is especially important when the road is wet, as your vehicle may skid uncontrollably.

G. STAYING ON THE ROADWAY

1. Stay on Paved Portion of the Roadway

Always remain on the paved portion of the roadway when driving. Do not drive on the shoulder of the road because the loose ground could pull you completely off of the road and into a situation you would rather avoid.

2. Drive in the Tracks of the Car Ahead

You should follow the tracks of the car ahead of you when it is raining or snowing. Vehicles ahead of you have made grooves in the road, making that part of the road safer.

3. Allow More of a Space Cushion

Increase your space cushion so that you can have more space to stop or maneuver

your vehicle out of a potential hazardous situation.

4. Avoid Sudden Movements

Never brake suddenly, steer suddenly, shift gears suddenly, or speed up suddenly. You need time to slow down, to steer your vehicle, to slow down. etc. Otherwise, you risk getting hit by another vehicle or losing complete control of your vehicle.

 

H. GOING THROUGH DEEP WATER 

  

1. Do Not Overload the Rear

You must avoid overloading the rear of your vehicle because this may cause your vehicle to hydroplane, as the front wheels of you vehicle will go up.

2. Shift to a Lower Gear

You can lose control if you hit a deep puddle at too high a speed or stall the engine if you splash too much water into the engine compartment. If you have to drive through standing water, slow down, but do not brake suddenly. Turn on your windshield wipers and be prepared for loss of visibility. After driving through deep water, tap your brakes several times to dry them out after exiting the water. Then make a test stop. If the vehicle pulls to one side, pump the brakes to further dry them out. Do not resume speed until full braking power has been restored.   

I. HYDROPLANING 

    

1. Regaining Vehicle Control

Take foot off gas:

If your vehicle begins to hydroplane, take your foot from the gas pedal and let the natural friction and loss of acceleration slow you down.

Do not brake:

Keep your hands on the wheel and when you feel you tires start to make contact with the road, slowly apply your brake to slow down. Do not apply your brake while your car is hydroplaning because this could cause your car to go into a wild skid.  

J. DRIVING IN SNOW AND ICE 

 

1. Obtaining Maximum Visibility

Appropriate use of headlamps:

Turn on your low beams whenever you are driving in snow and ice so that you are able to see the road ahead and so that you can warn other drivers of your presence. Do not turn on your high beams, as you will blind other drivers.

Windshield wipers and defrosters:

Use your windshield wipers and defrosters when driving in snow and ice. Always keep your windshield clear so that you have clear visibility. You should carry an ice scraper in your vehicle when driving in snow and ice so that if the buildup is too much, you can stop and scrape it off.

K. SPEED

1. Keep Speed Below Dry-Road Speed

Speed limits are based on ideal conditions of the road. If the road is slick, wet, or there is some other hazard, you should lower your speed to compensate for those

conditions. You can still be given a citation if an officer thinks you are going faster than is safe for the road conditions.

2. Keep Steady Speed

When driving in snow and ice, you must keep your speed slow and steady so that you do not lose control of your vehicle and skid.

3. Reduce Speed on Curves and Shady Areas

You must reduce your speed on curves and shady areas when driving in snow and ice because ice tends to collect in these areas, thereby making curves even more dangerous to drive on.

4. Maintain a Longer Space Cushion

You must maintain a longer space cushion when driving in adverse road conditions because it takes a longer period of time to stop, slow down, or otherwise maneuver your vehicle. 

L. GENERAL TIPS TO AVOID SKIDS

1. Watch for Areas Where Ice Collects

You must prepare to slow down when you see that you are approaching areas where ice collects, such as around curves, in shady areas, and bridges.

2. Avoid Turning or Swerving Suddenly

You must never maneuver your vehicle too quickly when driving in adverse weather conditions so that your vehicle does not skid.

3. Avoid Applying Brakes Too Suddenly or Too Hard

Avoid braking too suddenly or too hard so that your vehicle does not skid. This is especially important when driving in adverse weather conditions.

4. Do Not Drive on Road Edge or Shoulder

You must never drive on the edge of the road or on the shoulder. You must be especially careful not to do this when driving in the snow as this is where ice may build up, making driving more dangerous than normal.

5. Do Not Change to a Lower Gear at Too Fast a Speed

You must never change to a lower gear quickly when you are driving fast. You must always slow down to change gears; otherwise, your vehicle might skid.

6. When to Use Chains 

 You must use chains when weather conditions demand it and when it is snowing and there is a layer of snow on the road. In areas where snow and ice are common, the local authorities will determine when the use of chains is necessary.  

M. HOW TO STOP SKIDDING

  

1. Avoid Braking Suddenly- Pump Brakes Lightly But Fast

You must avoid braking suddenly when you are skidding. Instead, you must pump brakes lightly but fast.

2. Steer in the Direction Which the Rear End is Skidding

When your vehicle is skidding, steer in the direction in which the rear end is skidding. This will enable your to gain control of your vehicle.

3. Avoid Over steering

Never over steer when your vehicle is skidding. Doing so will only complicate matters. Steer only as much as is necessary to stop skidding.

4. Keep the Clutch Engaged

You should engage the clutch when skidding; this is the equivalent of neutral.

5. Avoid Lifting Your Foot From the Accelerator Suddenly

You must not reduce your speed suddenly when you are skidding. This would complicate your situation even more. You must slow down gradually.

N. STARTING WHEN TRACTION IS POOR

1. Start in a Higher Gear

When traction is poor, you must start your vehicle in a higher gear to keep your vehicle from skidding.

2. Accelerate Gradually

Accelerate gradually when traction is poor to avoid skidding. Taking off suddenly could cause your car to fishtail and skid out of control.

O. HOW TO ROCK OUT

1. Start Slowly in Low Gear

If you find yourself stuck in dirt, snow, sand,etc., you must put your vehicle in low gear to get the power needed to maneuver your vehicle out of the hole.

2. Shift Rapidly to Reverse

Once you have made a quick movement forward in low gear, you must move the gear to reverse and accelerate to enable your vehicle to get out of the hole.

3. Back Until Wheels Start to Spin

The next step is to back up your vehicle until the wheels start to spin.

4. Shift Back to Low Gear

Afterwards, shift to low gear and go forward again.

5. Repeat Movement in Rapid Succession

Rapidly repeat all of the above mentioned steps if you were unable to get out of the hole, the first time around.

P. MECHANICAL FAILURE

1. Accelerator Stuck

If your accelerator gets stuck, put your car in neutral and coast to the side or the road or to an emergency lane and turn off your ignition. If you cannot get the foot pedal unstuck, do not drive further, but call for assistance. 

2. Blowout

If you experience a blowout, firmly grip the steering wheel and steer out of the flow

of traffic and onto the side of the road. The steering will be sluggish. If you have a sudden tire blowout, you should:

Hold the steering wheel tightly and steer straight ahead. Slow down gradually. Take your foot off the gas pedal slowly, but don't hit the

brakes. Let the car slow to a stop, completely off the road. Apply the brakes when the car is almost stopped.

 

3. Brake Failure

If you find yourself having trouble with your brakes and you do not have anti-lock brakes, you should quickly pump your brakes four times. If your have an anti-lock braking system you must push down on the brakes all the way. If your brakes still do not function, you must turn on your emergency lights try to slow your car by putting it in a lower gear. IF YOUR BRAKES FAIL- 

Downshift to low gear Pump the brake pedal fast and hard to build up brake pressure. You will know

in three or four pumps if the brakes will work. Apply the parking brake, but be ready to release it if the car begins to skid. Remember you can steer into bushes or something soft. Sound your horn and flash your lights to warn other drivers. When you no longer need to change direction and have stopped, turn off the

ignition. (Turning off the key locks the steering wheel of many vehicles). 

4. Headlight Failure

If your headlights fail while you are driving, slow down and turn on your hazard lights. WHAT TO DO: 

Activate the hazard lights Reduce speed Maintain your lane position using the image you have imprinted in your brain Turn the headlight and dimmer switches on and off several times If the lights function, proceed to the nearest service center. Be careful to dim

the high beams (even to no lights) for oncoming traffic. Change lanes to move off the roadway as far as possible. Install flares, flashing lantern, or reflectors if you cannot stop in a lit area 

 

5. Power Steering Failure

If your power steering goes out, turn on your emergency lights and use your strength to steer the car to the shoulder or emergency lane.

Chapter 7

er Drugs

  A. ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS

 

1. As a Drug

Alcohol is a drug. Alcohol is a depressant that decreases the responses of the central nervous system. It takes up to 24 hours for alcohol to be eliminated from the body. Often, it is said that taking cold showers, drinking black coffee, or exercising will sober a person up. This is false. Only time, body weight, the number of drinks, and how much has been eaten, can affect how long it takes anyone to sober up. It takes about an hour for the body to get rid of each drink. “One drink” is a 1 1/2-ounce shot of 80-proof liquor (even if mixed with non-alcoholic drinks), a 5-ounce glass of 12% wine, or a 12-ounce glass of 5% beer.  

It is illegal to carry in a vehicle an opened bottle, can, or container with an alcoholic drink in it. Such containers must be full, sealed, and unopened. Otherwise, it must be put in the trunk. 

2. Stages of Alcohol Influence

a. Blood alcohol level:

Drinking affects your blood alcohol level. It is illegal to drive with a BAC (blood alcohol level) of 0.08% or more (0.04% or more if you drive commercial vehicles or 0.01% or more if under age 21). Even a BAC below 0.08% does not mean that it is safe or legal to drive. When a person is arrested for DUI/Alcohol, the only tests that are available are blood and breath. Urine, since 1999, is no longer an option for alcohol, only drugs. If you are arrested because a police officer suspects you have been driving under the influence of alcohol you will be required to take a breath or blood test to determine if this is true. If you are suspected of being under the influence of a drug or a combination of drugs and alcohol you will be required to take a blood or urine test.

    

 

b.  Know limits:  

Do not drink and drive.

c.  Reaction time: 

The reaction time of drunk drivers is substantially reduced due to the fact that alcohol affects every part of the body, including the eyes, the body extensions, and the brain, all which are needed to take appropriate action while on the road. Safe drivers must look ahead of the road, need to determine whether there are any hazards ahead based on what they see and they need to take appropriate action. Drunk drivers, for the most part, are not able to do all three in time to avoid a car crash.

d.  Accident Potential/Statistics:

Intoxicated individuals are unable to drive safely because alcohol affects the eyes, the body extensions, as well as the brain, making it more difficult to both spot and react to a potential hazard. 

Per the California Highway Patrol, SWITRS report, in 2001 there were 1171 fatal collision with DUI as the primary collision factor.  

3. Effects of Alcohol on the Body

a. Organs

A symptom of alcohol abuse is that it dilates the pupils, making vision unclear. When under the influence of alcohol, drivers may see double, may have less visibility at night, may not have peripheral vision, may not be able to focus accurately, and may be unable to accurately judge distance.

 b.   Brain

At birth, individuals have between 10 to 12 billion brain cells. After the age of 35 the average person loses about 100,000 brain cells. While alcohol causes loss of brain cells, moderate consumption of drinking does not kill an overwhelming number of brain cells. When alcohol is abused over a long period of time, an individual may suffer brain damage. These cases, however, are rare.

 

Drinking and driving impairs judgment, control, and muscular movement. Therefore, intoxicated individuals must avoid driving by making other transportation arrangements.

 Although studies have shown that alcohol may be beneficial, it is important to note that alcohol, if not taken in moderation, is harmful to one’s body. Alcohol, when abused, may cause liver damage. Liver cells are destroyed when alcohol is broken down in the body. While the liver may repair the cells that were destroyed, such is not possible if alcohol consumption is continued over a longer period of time. Death may result as a result of liver damage. Other negative affects of alcohol are: pancreatis (a disease of the liver), neuropathy (disease of the nerves), and cardimyopathy (damage to the muscles), anemia, …etc.

       c.  Vision                                                         4.  How to Avoid/Identify Drunk Drivers 

Drunk drivers have caused the deaths of innocent motorists. Even though you may be a sober driver, nevertheless watch out for those drivers that break the law by driving while intoxicated. Therefore, while on the road, watch out for vehicles that are speeding, driving too slowly, driving between two lanes, swerving, driving in opposing traffic, making multiple lane changes unsafely, driving on the sidewalk or anywhere else that is prohibited, tailgating, etc. Basically, watch out for any driving that is hazardous. 

Why Is Drinking And Driving So Dangerous?

You lose your judgment when you drink or use drugs. It is often the first thing about you that changes. Loss of judgment, or good sense, affects how you react to sounds, what

you see, and the speed of other vehicles around you. It takes about an hour for the body to get rid of each "drink." If a person has had more than one drink an hour, one hour of "sobering up" time should be allowed for each extra drink. Better still, someone who has not been drinking should drive. 

 

5. Designated Driver Program

The best and most desirable solution to drinking and driving is to not drink at all. However, because drinking is socially accepted, sometimes drinking may be unavoidable. Therefore, another solution is to make prior arrangements for transportation, such as designating a sober driver or getting a taxi when an individual feels unable to drive safely. 

The Designated Driver Program is an anti-DUI effort that works. It has been saluted by its proponents as a program that takes a positive approach to averting the potential disaster of the drinking driver. The goal of the program is to encourage one individual to abstain from consuming alcoholic beverages for an outing so that he or she can be responsible for transporting the other members of the group safely. Many licensed eating and drinking establishments participate in the program by providing complimentary nonalcoholic beverages or other incentives.

 

To participate as a designated driver, an individual:

Must possess a valid driver license. Should be at least 21 years of age. Must be part of a group of two or more persons. Must verbally identify himself or herself as the designated driver to the server. Must abstain from consuming alcoholic beverages for the duration of the outing. Must not be an otherwise impaired driver. Must understand that management reserves the right to refuse service to anyone

at anytime.

DUI related deaths have declined significantly over the past ten years. Programs such as Designated Driver have contributed to that trend.

The success of the Designated Driver Program serves as an example of the spirit of cooperation between individuals, private business, and local agencies.

                                        6. Synergistic Effects

The effects of combining alcohol and drugs vary, depending on various factors, such as the physical condition of the person and the amount consumed; however, the effects are worse when alcohol is combined with drugs, and in some cases serious complications may arise due to shock to the body. Consequently, drugs and alcohol should never be consumed at the same time.

B.  OTHER DRUGS

 

7. Types- Effects

a. Prescription :

Many medicines prescribed by a doctor can affect the way an individual drivers. Therefore, You must check with your physician or pharmacist before driving after taking any medication. Most drugs taken for headaches, colds, hay fever, allergy, or to calm nerves can make a person drowsy, which impairs the ability to drive safely.

  Pep pills, “uppers” and diet pills can make a driver more alert for a short time; however, they can cause a person to feel nervous, dizzy, and unable to concentrate. 

You must read the label and know the effects of any drugs you consume. You should not consume any drug whose label says, “may cause drowsiness or dizziness” before you drive.

   b. Nonprescription

1. Depressants:

These drugs relieve anxiety, irritability, and tension. They produce a state of intoxication similar to that of alcohol. Consuming depressants alters the senses, may cause slurred speech, impairs judgment, and causes loss of motor coordination. Very large doses may cause respiratory depression, coma, and even death.

Types of depressants include: barbiturates, benzodiazepines, methaqualone, tranquilizers, chloral hydrate and glutethimide.

2. Stimulants:

These drugs increase alertness, relieve fatigue, make the consumer feel stronger and more decisive. They are consumed for the euphoric effects or to counteract a “down” feeling of tranquilizers or alcohol. Some possible effects include increased heart rate and respiratory rates, elevated blood pressure, dilated pupils and decreased appetite. High doses may cause rapid or irregular heartbeat, loss of coordination, collapse, blurred vision, dizziness and delusions. 

3. Narcotics :

These drugs relieve pain, cause relaxation with an immediate “rush”, and may cause initial unpleasant effects. Possible side effects include euphoria, drowsiness, respiratory depression and constricted pupils. Individuals may experience convulsions, get into a coma or even die from an overdose. Types of narcotics include: opium, morphine, codeine, heroin, hydromorphone, meperidine and methadone. 

4. Hallucinogens: 

These drugs produce behavioral changes that are often multiple and dramatic. Possible side effects are rapidly changing feelings immediately and long after use, chronic use may cause depression, violent behavior, anxiety, and distorted perception of time. Large doses may cause convulsions, coma, heart/lung failure, and ruptured blood vessels in the brain. Psychosis, coma and even death may result from overdose. Types of hallucinogens include PCP, LSD, mescaline, peyote, psilocybin, and ecstasy.

8. Effect on Driving Task

 

Any drug (the law does not distinguish between prescription, over the counter, and illegal drugs) which impairs your driving is illegal. Both prescribed and non-prescribed impairs one’s driving. Therefore, before driving after having consumed a prescribed or over the counter drug, you must ask you doctor or read the label to learn whether it is safe to drive. 

You must never drive after having consumed a non-prescribed drug as they affect the body and, in turn, one’s body in numerous, dangerous ways. In addition, it is a crime to either consume or have illegal drugs on one’s body.

9. Synergistic Effects

You must never combine two drugs. You must consult your doctor before you consume

more than one type of medication to ensure that it is safe to do so. The effect on the body is intensified greatly when you combine drugs, especially illegal drugs. The result may be deadly!

C. PENALTIES

10. Implied Consent

When you drive in California, you consent to take a test of your breath or blood, or under certain circumstances, your urine if you are arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol, drugs or a combination of both.

Under 21 – Zero Tolerance for Alcohol Use.

If you are under 21,you must submit to a preliminary alcohol screening (PAS) or one of the other chemical tests if you have been detained and a peace officer has reason to believe you were drinking alcohol. If your BAC measures 0.01% or higher on the PAS, the officer may take your license, issue you a temporary license for 30 days, give you an order of suspension for one year, and then determine whether to release you, turn you over to juvenile authorities, or to contact your parents. You may request DMV administrative hearing within 10 days.

If your PAS showed a BAC of 0.05%, the officer may require you to submit to either a breath or blood test. Some PAS devices provide a record which may be submitted in court as evidence. Other PAS devices  do not provide a record, so the officer may ask for a breath or blood test after the PAS. You do not have a right to consult with a lawyer before selecting or completing a test.   The suspension or revocation is independent of any jail, fine, or other criminal penalty imposed in court for the driving under the influence offense. 

If you do not take, or failed to complete, a chemical test:

First offense: suspended one year Second offense in 10 years: revoked 2 years Three or more offenses in 10 years: revoked 3 years

                        

AB 979- DUI: Suspension and Revocation of License (Amendment to CVC 13352)

This bill provides that a person convicted of multiple DUI's within 10 years of a prior

conviction, can have his or her privilege reinstated, if he or she shows proof of completing the initial 12 months of either the 18-month or 30-month drinking driver treatment program, installs an ignition interlock device, and establishes proof of financial liability. 

 

Immediate suspension

  13353.2.  (a) The department shall immediately suspend the privilege of a person to operate a motor vehicle for any one of the following reasons: 

(1) The person was driving a motor vehicle when the person had 0.08 percent or more, by weight, of alcohol in his or her blood.  (2) The person was under 21 years of age and had a blood-alcohol concentration of 0.01 percent or greater, as measured by a preliminary alcohol screening test, or other chemical test.  

(3) The person was driving a vehicle that requires a commercial driver’s license when the person had ( )1 0.04 percent or more, by weight, of alcohol in his or her blood.   

(4) The person was driving a motor vehicle when both of the following ( )2 applied:  

(A) The person was on probation for a violation of Section 23152 or 23153. 

(B) The person had ( )1 0.01 percent or more, by weight, of alcohol in his or her blood, as measured by a preliminary alcohol screening test or other chemical test.  

Driving Under the Influence Repeated Offense — Operative January 1, 2009 

Amend and Add: Vehicle Code 13353.1, 13353.2, 22651, 42009, 422010, 13389, and 23154 (AB 1165 Chapter 749)  

Makes it unlawful for a person who is on probation for a driving-under-the-influence offense to operate a motor vehicle at any time with a blood-alcohol concentration of 0.01 percent or greater.

Imposes an admin per se driver license suspension on persons found to violate this prohibition.

Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol While on Probation for Prior DUI 23154.

(a)It is unlawful for a person who is on probation for a violation of Section 23152 or

23153 to operate a motor vehicle at any time with a blood-alcohol concentration of 0.01 percent or greater, as measured by a preliminary alcohol screening test or other chemical test.

(b) A person may be found to be in violation of subdivision (a) if the person was, at the time of driving, on probation for a violation of Section 23152 or 23153, and the trier of fact finds that the person had consumed an alcoholic beverage and was driving a vehicle with a blood-alcohol concentration of 0.01 percent or greater, as measured by a preliminary alcohol screening test or other chemical test.

(c) (1) A person who is on probation for a violation of Section 23152 or 23153 who drives a motor vehicle is deemed to have given his or her consent to a preliminary alcohol screening test or other chemical test for the purpose of determining the presence of alcohol in the person, if lawfully detained for an alleged violation of subdivision (a). 

(2) The testing shall be incidental to a lawful detention and administered at the direction of a peace officer having reasonable cause to believe the person is driving a motor vehicle in violation of subdivision (a).

(3) The person shall be told that his or her failure to submit to, or the failure to complete, a preliminary alcohol screening test or other chemical test as requested will result in the suspension or revocation of the person’s privilege to operate a motor vehicle for a period of one year to three years, as provided in Section 13353.1. 

Added Sec. 5, Ch. 749, Stats. 2007. Effective January 1, 2008. Operative January 1, 2009.

11. Fines and Penalties- DUI

First and second conviction requirements

First conviction (CVC 23536): 

Effective January 1, 2007 

CVC 23536 Has been amended to increase the mandatory driver's license suspension period to ten months for persons convicted of a first offense of DUI if the individual's blood alcohol concentration level was .20% or greater.  

(a) If any person is convicted of a first violation of Section 23152, that person shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail for not less than 96 hours, at least 48 hours of which shall be continuous, nor more than six months and by a fine of not less than three hundred ninety dollars ($390), nor more than one thousand dollars ($1,000).

  (b) The court shall order that any person punished under subdivision (a), who is to be punished by imprisonment in the county jail, be imprisoned on days other than days of regular employment of the person, as determined by the court. If the court determines that 48 hours of continuous imprisonment would interfere with the person's work schedule, the court shall allow the person to serve the imprisonment whenever the person is normally scheduled for time off from work. The court may make this determination based upon a representation from the defendant's attorney or upon an affidavit or testimony from the defendant.

(c) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) of Section 23538, the person's privilege to operate a motor vehicle shall be suspended by the Department of Motor Vehicles pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of Section 13352. The court shall require the person to surrender the driver's license to the court in accordance with Section 13550. 

AB 1353- Sentencing for Driving While Under the Influence (Amendments to CVC 23538 and 23556)

This bill increases the duration of alcohol treatment programs after a first DUI conviction, where probation is granted from 6 months to 9 months and the required program activity hours from 45 hours to 60 hours when the blood alcohol content (BAC) is 20% or greater, or the subject refuses a chemical test. 

Conditions of probation for first conviction (CVC 23538):  

(a) Except as provided in subdivision (d), if the court grants probation to any person punished under Section 23536 , in addition to the provisions of Section 23600 and any other terms and conditions imposed by the court, the court shall impose as a condition of probation that the person be subject to one of the following:  

 (1) Be confined in the county jail for at least 48 hours but not more than six months, and pay a fine of at least three hundred ninety dollars ($390), but not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000). Except as provided in paragraph

(2), the person's privilege to operate a motor vehicle shall be suspended by the Department of Motor Vehicles pursuant to paragraph

(1) of subdivision (a) of Section 13352. The court shall require the person to surrender the driver's license to the court in accordance with Section 13550. 

(2) Pay a fine of at least three hundred ninety dollars ($390) but not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000), and, if the person gives proof of financial responsibility, as defined in Section 16430, to the Department of Motor Vehicles, have the privilege to

operate a motor vehicle restricted for 90 days to necessary travel to and from that person's place of employment and to and from participation in a program described in subdivision (b). If driving a motor vehicle is necessary to perform the duties of the person's employment, the restriction also shall allow the person to drive to locations within the person's scope of employment. Whenever the driving privilege is restricted pursuant to this paragraph, the person shall maintain proof of financial responsibility for three years. 

(3) If the court elects to order a 90-day restriction as provided for in paragraph (2), the court shall order and advise the person of the following matters:  

(A) If the person's privilege to operate a motor vehicle is suspended under Section 13353.2, the court-ordered restriction does not allow the person to operate a motor vehicle unless the suspension under Section 13353.2 has either been served to completion or set aside, and his or her license has been reinstated. The restriction of the driver's license described in paragraph (2) shall commence upon the reinstatement of the privilege to operate a motor vehicle. 

(B) If a suspension was not imposed pursuant to Section 13353.2, the person shall be advised by the court that the person's driving privilege may be suspended by the department pursuant to subdivision (c) of Section 13352.4 until proof of financial responsibility is provided.   (b) In any county where the board of supervisors has approved, and the State Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs has licensed, a program or programs described in Section 11837.3 of the Health and Safety Code, the court shall also impose as a condition of probation that the driver shall enroll and participate in, and successfully complete a driving-under-the-influence program, licensed pursuant to Section 11836 of the Health and Safety Code, in the driver's county of residence or employment, as designated by the court. 

(1) The court shall refer a first offender whose blood-alcohol concentration was less than 0.20 percent, by weight, to participate for at least three months or longer, as ordered by the court, in a licensed program that consists of at least 30 hours of program activities, including those education, group counseling, and individual interview sessions described in Chapter 9 (commencing with Section 11836) of Part 2 of Division 10.5 of the Health and Safety Code.

(2) The court shall refer a first offender whose blood-alcohol concentration was 0.20 percent or more, by weight, or who refused to take a chemical test, to participate for at least six months or longer, as ordered by the court, in a licensed program that consists of at least 45 hours of program activities, including those education, group counseling, and individual interview sessions described in Chapter 9 (commencing with Section 11836) of Part 2 of Division 10.5 of the Health and Safety Code.  

(3) The court shall advise the person at the time of sentencing that the driving privilege shall not be restored until the person has provided proof satisfactory to the Department

of Motor Vehicles of successful completion of a driving-under-the-influence program licensed pursuant to Section 11836 of the Health and Safety Code.  

(c) (1) The court shall revoke the person's probation pursuant to Section 23602, except for good cause shown, for the failure to enroll in, participate in, or complete a program specified in subdivision (b).  

 (2) The court, in establishing reporting requirements, shall consult with the county alcohol program administrator. The County alcohol program administrator shall coordinate the reporting requirements with the department and with the State Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs. That reporting shall ensure that all persons who, after being ordered to attend and complete a program, may be identified for either (A) failure to enroll in, or failure to successfully complete, the program, or (B) successful completion of the program as ordered. (d) Notwithstanding subdivision (a), if the offense occurred in a vehicle requiring a driver with a class A or class B driver's license or with an endorsement specified in Section 15278, the court shall upon conviction order the department to suspend the driver's privilege pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of Section 13352.

Second offense within ten years (CVC 23542):

If the court grants probation to any person punished under Section 23540, in addition to the provisions of Section 23600 and any other terms and conditions imposed by the court, the court shall impose as conditions of probation that the person be subject to either subdivision (a) or (b), as follows:  

(a) Be confined in the county jail for at least 10 days but not more than one year, and pay a fine of at least three hundred ninety dollars ($390), but not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000). The person's privilege to operate a motor vehicle shall be suspended by the Department of Motor Vehicles pursuant to paragraph (3) of subdivision (a) of Section 13352. The court shall require the person to surrender the driver's license to the court in accordance with Section 13550. 

 (b) All of the following:  (1) Be confined in the county jail for at least 96 hours, but not more than one year. A sentence of 96 hours of confinement shall be served in two increments consisting of a continuous 48 hours each. The two 48-hour increments may be served nonconsecutively.  

(2) Pay a fine of at least three hundred ninety dollars ($390), but not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000). (3) Have the privilege to operate a motor vehicle be restricted by the Department of Motor Vehicles pursuant to Section 13352.5. Until all conditions prescribed in this section are met, the person's driving privilege is suspended pursuant to paragraph 

(3) of subdivision (a) of Section 13352. This paragraph does not apply if the offense occurred in a vehicle requiring a driver with a class A or class B driver's license or with an endorsement prescribed in Section 15278. (4) Either of the following:

(A) Enroll and participate, for at least 18 months subsequent to the date of the underlying violation and in a manner satisfactory to the court, in a driving-under-the-influence program licensed pursuant to Section 11836 of the Health and Safety Code, as designated by the court. The person shall complete the entire program subsequent to, and shall not be given any credit for any program activities completed prior to, the date of the current violation. The program shall provide for persons who cannot afford the program fee pursuant to paragraph (2) of subdivision (b) of Section 11837.4 of the Health and Safety Code in order to enable those persons to participate. 

(B) Enroll and participate, for at least 30 months subsequent to the date of the underlying violation and in a manner satisfactory to the court, in a driving-under-the-influence program licensed pursuant to Section 11836 of the Health and Safety Code. The person shall complete the entire program subsequent to, and shall not be given any credit for any program activities completed prior to, the date of the current violation.

(c) The court shall advise the person at the time of sentencing that the driving privilege shall not be restored until the person has provided proof satisfactory to the Department of Motor Vehicles of successful completion of a driving-under-the-influence program licensed pursuant to Section 11836 of the Health and Safety Code.   

Commercial Drivers- Effective January 1, 2007 CVC 15300 States that a driver of a commercial vehicle may not operate a commercial motor vehicle for one year for the first conviction of specified offences, including DUI, hit and run or vehicular manslaughter, while driving any vehicle, not just a commercial vehicle. CVC 15302 provides for permanent disqualification of a commercial driver for two or more convictions of specified offenses, while driving any vehicle. 

Misdemeanor vs. felony: 

    Driving under the influence is considered a misdemeanor except under the

following circumstances:

Under influence of alcohol, drug, or combination, causing injury or death to another on highway or other than a highway.

Driving with a BAC of .08% or more causing injury or death to another. Commercial Driver, driving with a BAC of .04% or more causing injury or death to

another. Driving under the influence, fourth or subsequent offense within seven years. Driving under the influence, within 10 years of prior felony DUI.

Personal:

Driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol affects every aspect of one’s life, as you may be required to serve jail time and you will not be able to drive legally. 

Required DUI Declaration Adds Vehicle CodeAssembly Bill 808. Author: Parra CVC Section 13385

Summary: As a condition of obtaining or renewing a driver’s license, the applicant must sign a declaration stating that they are advised that being under the influence of alcohol or drugs or both impairs the ability to safely operate a motor vehicle, that it is extremely dangerous to human life to drive while under the influence, and that, if they drive while under the influence and as a result a person is killed, they can be charged with murder. Effective July 1, 2008

Dismissal- Prohibition Amends Vehicle Code Assembly Bill 645. Author: Feuer CVC Sections 40501 & 42005

Summary: AB 645 prohibits the courts from dismissing serious traffic violations through completion of a traffic violator school or any other court approved program of driving safety. Serious traffic violations are those that would result in the assessment of two negligent operator points, such as DUI, hit-and-run, reckless driving, etc.

Ignition Interlock Devices Amends Vehicle Code SB 1190, Sections 23575 & 23575

Reduces the threshold of the blood alcohol content that triggers the requirement for the court to give heightened consideration for the installation of an ignition interlock device (IID) for a first time offender convicted of driving under the influence (DUI) of an alcoholic beverage from .20 percent to .15 percent or more at the time of arrest. This law also authorizes the Department of Motor Vehicles to study the effectiveness of ID’s to reduce the recidivism rate of first time DUI offenders and report their findings to the Legislature. 

Financial:

Driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol is also costly, as you will be required to pay a fine. This is hard earned money that is basically thrown out the window. You can also loose your vehicle and be required to pay restitution to injured parties.  

    A. PEDESTRIAN SAFETY 

 

1. Pedestrian Responsibility

Pedestrians have a responsibility not to put themselves into harm's way. This means they should cross at crosswalks or intersections, watch for traffic, and walk only when it is safe to do so. Pedestrians always have the right of way in marked and unmarked crosswalk. A marked crosswalk is one with painted stripes that designate a path of travel from one side of the street to the other. At night pedestrians should wear reflective clothing so they are plainly visible to drivers.

2.  Driver Responsibility

Drivers should stop behind the white lines at crosswalks. Drivers must yield to all pedestrians crossing the street and only continue when there are no pedestrians crossing. Drivers should be especially careful when driving around areas where pedestrians could be present, such as around schools, recreation areas, residential neighborhoods, etc.

B.  MOTORCYCLE SAFETY

 

1. Sharing the Roadway

Motorcyclists must abide by the same rules and regulations as vehicle drivers. Motorcyclists may be hard to spot, so always keep a lookout for them. Check your blind spot thoroughly, as a motorcyclist might be present. Keep a four-second space cushion when driving behind a motorcycle, watch out for their warning signals, keep in mind that motorcycles are entitled to the same full lane width as all other vehicles, reduce your speed when following a motorcycle and there are potholes, slippery roads or other rough conditions ahead as these conditions may be major hazards to motorcyclists.

2. Protection 

 Motorcyclists must protect themselves by wearing a helmet. A helmet may protect you from serious head injury in case of a collision. You must ensure that it is fastened tightly, that it is free of cracks and that it is approved by the California Highway Patrol.

Motorcyclists, unlike automobile drivers, do not have a windshield to protect their eyes from such things as wind, rain, debris, etc. Therefore, motorcyclists should wear plastic face shields. 

You should wear gloves to protect your hands and you should wear clothing that covers your arms and legs in case of a crash and you should wear tough shoes.

3. Safety Helmets

A driver and any passenger shall wear a safety helmet when riding on a motorcycle, motor-driven cycle, or a motorized bicycle.

It is unlawful to operate any motorcycle, motor-driven cycle, or motorized bicycle on a highway, if the driver or any passenger is not wearing a safety helmet.

It is unlawful to ride as a passenger on a motorcycle, motor-driven cycle or motorized bicycle on a highway if the driver or any passenger is not wearing a safety helmet. Section 27803 V.C.

C. BICYCLE SAFETY

1. Sharing the Roadway

Bicyclists on public streets have the same rights and responsibilities as automobile drivers. Drivers of motor vehicles must treat bicyclists the same as other drivers. Bicyclists are part of the traffic flow and share the road with other drivers. Bicyclists must obey stop signs, traffic lights, and other traffic laws and signs. They must ride in the same direction as other traffic. They should ride on the roadway as opposed to the sidewalk. Bicyclists should normally ride in a straight line as near to the right curb or edge of the roadway as possible. Bicyclists can legally move left to turn left, to pass a parked or moving vehicle, another bicycle, an animal, or to make a turn, or avoid other hazards. Bicyclists should use bicycle lanes where lanes are so designated.

   As of January 2003, California law requires all persons under 18 years of age to wear a properly-fitted and fastened bicycle helmet while operating a bicycle or riding upon a bicycle as a passenger, operating a non-motorized scooter or skateboard, wearing in-line or roller skates, or while riding upon a non-motorized scooter or skateboard as a passenger. 

Assembly Bill 1878- Motorized scooters CVC sections 21235 and (add 21226) to reflect the following:

"A person is prohibited from operating a motorized scooter unless that person has a valid class C driver's license or an instruction permit. A person is also prohibited from altering or modifying the exhaust system of a motorized scooter in violation of specified noise restrictions and mufflerrequirements."

2. Driver Responsibility

Drivers should look carefully for bicyclists before turning right and merge safely toward the curb or into the bike lane. Do not overtake a bicyclist just before making a right turn. Drivers must be careful when driving close to bicyclists. Drivers should allow a minimum of three feet of space between the vehicle and bicycle when passing. Before passing a bicyclist in a narrow traffic lane, wait until the traffic is clear in the opposite lane and then change lanes to pass the bicyclist. Do not attempt to squeeze past the bicyclist.

3. Protection

Bicyclists, like motorcyclists, do not have the same protection as vehicle drivers. Therefore, you should wear a bike helmet and visible clothing as bicyclists are easy to miss because they occupy little space on the road. 

D. SCHOOL BUSES

 

FACT SHEET

School Bus Safety

Every year, approximately 440,000 public school buses travel more than 4 billion miles and daily transport 24 million children to and from schools and school-related activities. School buses account for an estimated 10 billion student trips each year.

By all measures, school buses are the safest motor vehicles on the highways.

Most of the school bus fatalities were in non-survivable situations (the fatality occurred at the point of maximum damage to the school bus).

Half of the pedestrian fatalities in school bus-related crashes were children between 5 and 7 years old.

Most student pedestrian fatalities in school bus-related crashes occur when coming home from school during daylight hours.

School buses manufactured after January 1,1977, must meet a series of strict Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards which have to greatly enhance the safety of school buses.

School buses are required to meet more Federal motor Vehicle Safety Standards than any other type of motor vehicle.

Unequaled safety record. There is no safer way to transport a child than in a school bus. Fatal crashes involving occupants are extremely rare events, even though school buses serve daily in every community - a remarkable 8.8 billion student trips annually. Every school day, some 440,000 yellow school buses transport more than 24 million children to and from schools and school-related activities. Said another way to give perspective to the huge magnitude of pupil transportation, the equivalent of the populations of Florida, Massachusetts and Oregon ride on a school bus twice every day - almost always without a serious incident.

Safety Statistics. Last year, 45 states had not a single child killed as a school bus occupant - an incredible safety record. Between 1990 and 2000, an average of just six children each year died as school bus passengers. These tragedies typically involved unavoidable, severe circumstances.

Trust the school bus for the best safety for your child. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academy of Sciences estimates that every year more than 800 school-aged children are killed as passengers in other motor vehicles, or walking or riding bicycles, during "normal school transportation hours." Most of these deaths could be prevented if children rode in school buses. Parents need to know that driving a child to school is not a safety smart decision - hands down, the school bus is the safest way to and from school. Even worse, allowing a child to drive themselves to school, or riding with other teenagers to school, increases the risk of fatality by 10 percent.

Pedestrian fatalities. Over the past 10 years, an average of 29 children were killed in school bus-related pedestrian accidents - struck while getting on or off a school bus.

School buses are the largest mass transit program in the U.S. School buses provide approximately 8.8 billion student trips per year. In contrast, transit buses provide only about 5.2 billion unlinked passenger trips each year in the U.S. (i.e. getting to a destination by using a single bus instead of multiple connections).

School bus: Meeting and Passing

The driver of any vehicle, upon meeting or overtaking, from either direction, any schoolbus equipped with signs as required in this code, that is stopped for the purpose of loading or unloading any schoolchildren and displays a flashing red light signal and stop signal arm, as defined in paragraph (4) of subdivision (b) of Section 25257, if equipped with a stop signal arm, visible from front or rear, shall bring the vehicle to a stop immediately before passing the schoolbus and shall not proceed past the schoolbus until the flashing red light signal and stop signal arm, if equipped with a stop signal arm, cease operation. 

The driver of a vehicle upon a divided highway or multiple-lane highway need not stop upon meeting or passing a schoolbus that is upon the other roadway. For the purposes of this subdivision, a multiple-lane highway is any highway that has two or more lanes of travel in each direction.

If a vehicle was observed overtaking a schoolbus in violation of subdivision (a), and the driver of the schoolbus witnessed the violation, the driver may, within 24 hours, report the violation and furnish the vehicle license plate number and description and the time and place of the violation to the local law enforcement agency having jurisdiction of the offense. That law enforcement agency shall issue a letter of warning prepared in accordance with paragraph (2) with respect to the alleged violation to the registered owner of the vehicle. The issuance of a warning letter under this paragraph shall not be entered on the driving record of the person to whom it is issued, but does not preclude the imposition of any other applicable penalty.

E. UNATTENDED CHILDREN 

 Unattended children (SB225-Speier), known as Kaitlyn's Law, prohibits parents or guardians from leaving a child 6 years old or under in a vehicle unattended when the vehicle's engine is running, the keys are left in the ignition or there is significant risk to the child without the child being subject to the supervision of a person 12 years of age or older. The law was named for a child who died after being left for two hours in a vehicle in 100-degree heat.

Kaitlyn's Law (Section 15620 V.C.)

A parent or legal guardian or other person responsible for a child who is six years of age or younger may not leave that child unattended in a motor vehicle without being subject to the supervision of a person 12 years of age or older if the engine is running or keys left in the ignition, or where there are conditions that present a significant risk to the child’s health or safety.

Senate Bill 7. Author: Oropeza

Amends Vehicle Code Section 12814.6 and Health and Safety Code 118947

Summary: This bill makes it an infraction for a person to smoke a cigarette, pipe, or cigar in a motor vehicle when a minor is present in the vehicle. The law applies whether the vehicle is at rest or in motion, is secondary enforcement and punishable by a fine not exceeding $100.

Health and Safety Code 118947. This act shall be known, and may be cited, as the

Marco Firebaugh Memorial Children's Health and Safety Act of 2007.

Section118948 of the Health and Safety Code reads. (a) It is unlawful for a person to smoke a pipe, cigar, or cigarette in a motor vehicle, whether in motion or at rest, in which there is a minor.

(b) For the purposes of this section, "to smoke" means to have in one's immediate possession a lighted pipe, cigar, or cigarette containing tobacco or any other plant.

(c) A violation of this section is an infraction punishable by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars ($100) for each violation.

118949. A law enforcement officer shall not stop a vehicle for the sole purpose of determining whether the driver is in violation of this article.

F. MISCELLANEOUS

1. Stereo Equipment

It is against the law to wear headsets or earplugs covering both ears while driving. Such equipment may not allow you to hear important warning sounds while driving, such as sirens and horns.

2. Emergency vehicles

Emergency Vehicles/Tow Trucks - Effective January 1, 2007

CVC 21706.5 requires drivers to take specific precautionary actions on a highway when passing a stopped emergency vehicle or tow truck when the emergency lights are activated. Drivers are directed to proceed with caution and to make a lane change into an available lane not immediately adjacent to the emergency vehicle or tow truck if practicable and not prohibited by law. If the driver cannot make a safe lane change, they are to slow to a reasonable and prudent speed that is safe for existing conditions.

Traffic on both sides of the road must yield the right-of-way and must immediately drive to the right hand edge or curb of the highway clear of an intersection and stop whenever there is vehicle displaying a red light and sounding emergency sirens coming from ambulances, police vehicles, or fire trucks. Motorists must remain stopped until the emergency vehicle has passed. This is so the street may be clear for these emergency vehicles to drive quickly and safely to their destinations.

Section 21806 V.C.

- You may not follow within 300 feet of any emergency vehicle that is displaying a red light and siren Section 21706 V.C.

- It is against the law to drive to the scene of a fire, accident, or other disaster for sight seeing purposes. 

Section 21707 V.C. and  the California Driver's Handbook.  

G. PROCEDURES WHEN INVOLVED IN A COLLISION

  

1. Stopping Requirements

Victims at Scene :

You must stop if you are involved in a car collision. Someone could be injured and need your help. If you don't stop, you may be convicted of "hit and run" and could be severely punished. If anyone is hurt, call the police or California Highway Patrol. You must provide your driver license, registration card, evidence of financial responsibility, and current address to the other driver or persons involved, or to any peace officer.  The driver or his or her insurance agent, broker, or legal representative must make the following reports: If someone is killed or injured, report the crash  to the police or CHP.  Do this within 24 hours of the collision.  Also report to the DMV if there was more than $750 in damage done to the property of any person or if anyone was injured or killed. You must fill out the collision report

form SR1, available in any DMV or CHP office.

Property damage- unable to locate owner :

If you hit a parked vehicle or other property, try to find the owner. You must identify yourself before you leave. If you can't find the owner, leave a note with your name and address as well as the name and address of the owner of the vehicle which you are driving. If you are unable to locate the owner leave a note in the vehicle or securely attached to it. Report the crash to the city or police, or in unincorporated areas, to the CHP.

2. Aid to Injured

Sending for help :

If you get into a collision and someone is severely injured, you must call the police or CHP. If you are unable to call yourself, send another person to call for help. They will immediately send an emergency vehicle to provide assistance.

When to move an injured person :

You must not move a person that has been hurt, as doing so may aggravate the injury. The only time you should move a person that has been hurt is when the person's life is in danger, such as when there is a chance of a fire starting. Keyword - traffic.

3. Preventing Further Damage

Reducing chances of fire :

Turn off the engines of all vehicles involved in a collision to reduce the chances of a fire igniting. In addition, ensure that no one turns on a lighter, a match, or a cigarette.

Warning oncoming vehicles :

Warn oncoming vehicles to prevent other collisions. Ensure that the emergency lights of all vehicles involved are on, make use of flares and any other warning devices that you have at your disposal. Also, protect yourself by staying away from dangerous spots around the scene of the crash.

4. Reporting Requirements

When a report must be filed :

You must report a crash that you are a part of if more than $750 in damage was done to the property of any individual or if anyone was injured (no matter how slightly) or killed. Each driver must make a report to the DMV. This can also be done by the driver's insurance agent or broker or legal representative. The CHP or police will not make the required report. You must make this report, whether you caused the collision or not and even if the crash occurred on private property. You must report the incident within 10 days. If the parties involved in an accident do not report the accident within one year, the DMV is not required to file a report on the accident.

Use of reports :

Collision reports will be used confidentially by the Department of Motor Vehicles, by the Department of Transportation and local authorities.

5. Exchanging Information

Identifying Information:

You are required to show your driver license, registration, evidence of financial responsibility, and current address to the other driver or persons involved, or to any peace officer.

Noting damage and injury :

Note all of the damage and bodily injuries that occurred. Go to an auto shop immediately to get a written estimate of all of the damage to your vehicle. If you were injured, go to a hospital immediately to get checked. Take these two actions immediately to avoid any disputes about the extent to which a vehicle was damaged or whether an individual was injured.

6. Additional Steps

Obtain names and addresses of other witnesses :

You should obtain the names and addresses of any witnesses in case there is a dispute about the collision and you need witnesses that have personal information about the incident.

Give accurate facts to police :

Give truthful and complete facts about everything that occurred at the time of the

crash.

Seek medical attention :

Seek medical assistance immediately if you are injured. Otherwise, your injuries might be aggravated or the other party might dispute such injuries.

File necessary supplemental reports :

You are required to file reports with the CHP, when necessary, such as whenever a person is killed or injured (must be filed within 24 hours).

H. COLLISIONS AND COLLISION REPORTS

1. Duty to Stop at Scene of Crash (CVC 20001 VC)

a. The driver of any vehicle involved in a crash resulting in injury to any persons, other than him/herself, or in death of any person shall immediately stop the vehicle at the scene of the collision and shall fulfill the requirements of sections 20003 and 20004.

1. Except as provided in paragraph (2), any violation of subdivision (a) shall be punished by imprisonment not for more than one year, or by a fine of not less than one thousand dollars or more than ten thousand dollars, or by both fine and imprisonment.

2. Any violation of subdivision (a) which results in death or permanent, serious injury shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for two, three, or four years, or in the county jail for not less than 90 days nor more than one year, or by a fine of not less than one thousand dollars nor more than ten thousand dollars, or by both.

3. In imposing the minimum fine required by this subdivision, the court shall take into consideration the defendant's ability to pay the fine and may, in the interest of justice and for reasons stated in the record, reduce the amount of that minimum fine to less than the amount required by this section.

2. Duty Where Property Damaged (CVC 20002)

The driver of any vehicle involved in an accident resulting only in damage to any property, including vehicles, shall immediately stop the vehicle at the nearest location that will not impede traffic or otherwise jeopardize the safety of other motorists. Moving the vehicle in accordance with this subdivision does not affect the question of fault. The driver shall also immediately do either of the following:

Locate and notify the owner or person in charge of that property of the name and address of the driver and owner of the vehicle involved and, upon locating the driver

of any other vehicle involved or the owner or person in charge of any damaged property, upon being requested, present his or her driver's license, and vehicle registration, to the other driver, property owner, or person in charge of that property. The information presented shall include the current residence address of the driver and of the registered owner. If the registered owner of an involved vehicle is present at the scene, he or she shall also, upon request, present his or her driver's license information, if available, or other valid identification to the other involved parties. 

Leave in a conspicuous place on the vehicle or other property damaged a written notice giving the name and address of the driver and of the owner of the vehicle involved and a statement of the circumstances thereof and shall without unnecessary delay notify the police department of the city wherein the collision occurred or, if the collision occurred in unincorporated territory, the local headquarters of the Department of the California Highway Patrol. 

Any person who parks a vehicle which, prior to the vehicle again being driven, becomes a runaway vehicle and is involved in an accident resulting in damage to any property, attended or unattended, shall comply with the requirements of this section relating to notification and reporting and shall, upon conviction thereof, be liable to the penalties of this section for failure to comply with the requirements. 

Any person failing to comply with all the requirements of this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding six months, or by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by both that imprisonment and fine.

3. Duty to Report Car Crashes (CVC 20008)

a. The driver of a vehicle, other than a common carrier vehicle, involved in any collision resulting in injuries to or death of any person shall within 24 hours after the incident make or cause to be made a written report of the crash to the department of the CHP or, if the crash occurred within a city, to either the Department of the CHP or the police department for investigating the crash, it shall immediately forward the report to the law enforcement agency which is responsible for investigating the collision. On or before the fifth day of each month, every police department which received a report during the previous calendar month of the collision which it is responsible for investigating shall forward the report of a copy thereof to the main office of the department of the CHP or a copy.

b. The owner or driver of a common carrier vehicle involved in any such a collision shall make a like report to the department of CHP on or before the 10th day of the month following the crash.

4. Reports Confidential (CVC 20012)

All required collision reports, and supplemental reports, shall be without prejudice to

the individual so reporting shall be for the confidential use of the DMV and the CHP or the law enforcement agency to whom the crash was reported shall disclose the entire contents of the reports, including, but not limited to, the names and addresses of persons involved or injured in, or witnesses to, a crash, the registration numbers and descriptions of vehicles involved, the date, time and location of the collision, all diagrams, statements of the drivers involved or occupants injured in the crash and the statements of all witnesses, to any person who may have a proper interest therein, including, but not limited to, the driver or drivers involved, or the guardian or conservator thereof, the parent of a minor driver, the authorized representative of a driver, or to any named person injured therein, the owners of vehicles or property damaged thereby, persons who may incur civil liability, including liability based upon a breach of warranty arising out of the incident, and any attorney who declares under penalty of perjury that he or she represents any of the above persons. A request for a copy of a collision report shall be accompanied by payment of a fee, provided such fee shall not exceed the actual cost of providing the copy.

5. Reports as Evidence (CVC 20013)

No such collision reports shall be used as evidence in any trial, civil or criminal, arising out of the incident, except that the department shall furnish upon demand of any persons who has, or claims to have, made such a report or upon demand of any court, a certificate showing that a specified collision report has or has not been made to the department solely to prove a compliance or failure to comply with the requirement that such a report be made to the department.

6. Use of Reports (CVC 20014)

All required collision reports and supplemental reports and all reports made to the department of the CHP by any peace officer, member of the department or the CHP, or other employee of the DMV and the department of the CHP, shall be immediately available for the confidential use of any division in the department needing the same, for confidential use of the Department of Transportation, and, with respect to collisions occurring on highways other than state highways, for the confidential use of the local authority having jurisdiction over the highway.

7. Counter Reports; No Determination of Fault (CVC 20015)

a. No traffic or police officer shall include in any counter report of a property-damage collision, as defined in this section, any determination by the peace officer or fault of the reporting person, including, but not limited to, inattentiveness. This section does not apply to a determination which is the result of an examination of the physical; evidence of the collision at the site of the collision by the traffic or police officer or the result of an express, knowing admission of the reporting person

if the basis for the determination is also included in the report.

b. As used in this section, "counter report of a property-damage collision" means any report of a crash involving one or more vehicles which meets the following criteria: (1) the collision  reported caused damage to property, but did not cause personal injury to or the death of any person (2) the report is prepared at an office of the CHP or local law enforcement agency (3) the report is written or recorded by, or with the assistance of, a peace officer.

I. FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY REQUIREMENTS

Senate Bill 1500- Financial responsibility, CVC section 4000.38 to reflect the following:

"Effective January 2006, the DMV no longer has the choice of canceling the registration of any vehicle when it is determined that the vehicle is not covered by a valid form of financial responsibility, but instead the DMV is mandated to cancel the registration by law. Additionally, the DMV may charge a reinstatement fee to cover the cost of reinstating the registration after cancellation."

1. When a Report is Required

Property damage amounts :

You or your delegate must report a collision when there is property damage of $750 or more.

Injury :

You or your delegate must report a collision when an individual has been injured.

Time frames for reporting :

Report accidents to DMV. The driver of a motor vehicle who is in any manner involved in an accident originating from the operation of a motor vehicle on a street or highway, or is involved in a reportable off-highway accident, that has resulted in damage to the property of any one person in excess of seven hundred fifty dollars ($750), or in bodily injury, or in the death of any person shall report the accident, within 10 days after the accident either personally or through an insurance agent,

broker, or legal representative, to the DMV on an SR-1 Form. The driver shall identify on the form, by name and current residence address, if available, any person involved in the accident complaining of bodily injury. Section 16000 V.C.

Duty to Report Accidents to law enforcement. The driver of a vehicle, other than a common carrier vehicle, involved in any accident resulting in injuries to or death of any person shall within 24 hours after the accident make or cause to be made a written report of the accident to the Department of the California Highway Patrol or, if the accident occurred within a city, to either the Department of the California Highway Patrol or the police department of the city in which the accident occurred. If the agency, which receives the report, is not responsible for investigating the accident, it shall immediately forward the report to the law enforcement agency, which is responsible for investigating the accident. Section 20008 V.C. 

2. Required Amounts of Coverage

Minimum amounts of insurance coverage:

The law states that you must be financially responsible for your actions whenever you drive and for all motor vehicles you own. The minimum amount your insurance must cover per collision is: $15,000 for a single death or injury; $30,000 for death or injury to more than one person; and $5,000 for property damage.

Additional forms of coverage:

There are three other forms of financial responsibility: (1) a deposit of $35,000 with DMV; (2) A surety bond for $35,000 obtained from a company licensed to do business in CA; and (3) A DMV issued self-insurance certificate.

3. Suspension for Failure to Provide Proof of Coverage

Period of suspension:

You must carry written evidence of financial responsibility whenever you drive. If you don't have this evidence to show to a peace officer after a citation stop or collision, you may have to pay a fine and a court may impound your vehicle. If you don't have acceptable financial responsibility and have a collision, you may lose your driver license for up to four years.

J. FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY LAWS

1. Report Required (CVC 16000)

a. The driver of every motor vehicle who is in any manner involved in a crash originating from the operation of a motor vehicle on any street or highway or any reportable off-highway collision defined in section 16000.1 which has resulted in damage to the property of any one person in excess of seven hundred and fifty dollars or in bodily injury or in the death of any person shall, within 10 days after the crash, report the crash, either personally or through an insurance agent, broker, or legal representative, on a form approved by the department to the office of the department at Sacramento subject to the provisions of this chapter. The driver shall identify on the form, by name and current residence address, if available, any person involved in the collision complaining of bodily injury.

b. A report is not required if the motor vehicle involved in the collision was owned or leased by, or under the direction of, the United States, this state, another state, or a local agency.

2. Mandatory Suspension of License (CVC 16004)

If you fail to make a report within the required time limit, you are subject to having your driving privileges suspended. Your license will remain under suspension until you turn in the report or provide proof that financial responsibility is in effect. You may not be suspended or an existing suspension will be terminated if the suspension is a result of a judgment for the same accident for which the collision report is required.

3. Required Maintenance of Financial Responsibility

a. Every driver and every owner of a motor vehicle shall at all times be able to establish financial responsibility and must carry in the vehicle evidence of the form of financial responsibility in effect for the vehicle.

b. Evidence of financial responsibility means any of the following: 

(1) the name of the insurance or surety company that issued a policy or bond for the vehicle that meets the requirements of section 16056 and is currently in effect, and the number of the insurance policy or surety bond.

(2) If the owner is a self-insurer, as provided in section 16052 or a depositor, as provided in section 16054.2, the certificate or deposit number issued by the department.

(3) An insurance covering note, as specified in section 382 of the insurance code. (2) A showing that the vehicle is owned or leased by, or under the direction of, the United States or any public entity, as defined in section 811.2 of the government code.

c. Evidence of financial responsibility also includes the identifying symbol issued to a highway carrier by the public utilities commission pursuant to section 3543 of the public utilities code and displayed on the motor vehicle.

d. Evidence of financial responsibility shall be in writing, and established by writing the name of the insurance company or surety company and the policy number on the vehicle registration card issued by the department.

4. Requirement of Policy or Bond (CVC 16056)

a. No policy or bond shall be effective under section 16054 unless issued by an insurance company or surety company authorized to do business in this state, except as provided in subdivision (b). Nor unless the policy or bond is subject, if the collision has resulted in bodily injury or death, to a limit, exclusive of interest and costs, of not less than $15,000 because of bodily injury to or death of one person in any one collision and, subject to such limit for one person, to a limit of not less than $30,000 because of bodily injury to or death of two or more persons in any one collision, and, if the crash has resulted in injury to, or destruction of property, to a limit of not less than $5,000 because of injury to or destruction of property of others in any one collision.

b. No policy or bond shall be effective under section 16054 with respect to any vehicle which was not registered in this state or was a vehicle which was registered elsewhere than in this state at the effective date of the policy or bond or the most recent renewal thereof, unless the insurance company or surety company issuing the policy or bond is authorized to do business in this state, or if the company is not authorized to do business in this state, or if the company is not authorized to do business in this state, unless it executes a power of attorney authorizing the department to accept service on its behalf of notice or process in any action upon the policy or bond arising out of a collision mentioned in subdivision (a).

5. Suspension of the Driving Privilege (CVC 16070)

a. Whenever a driver involved in an collision fails to prove the existence of financial responsibility at the time of the crash, the department shall suspend the privilege of the driver or owner to drive a motor vehicle, including the driving privilege of a nonresident in this state.

b. Whenever a driver involved in an collision report pursuant to this article which alleges that any of the drivers involved in the collision was not in compliance with section 16020 at the time of the crash, the department shall immediately mail to that driver a notice of intent to suspend the driver's license of that driver. The department shall suspend the driving privilege 30 days after mailing the notice, unless the driver has, prior to that date, established proof of financial responsibility at the time of the collision, as specified in section 16021, with the department. The

suspension notice shall notify the driver of the action taken and the right to a hearing.

6. Period of Suspension

a. The suspension of the driving privilege of a person as provided in section 16070 shall not be terminated until one year has elapsed from the date of actual commencement of the suspension and until the person files proof of financial responsibility as provided in chapter 3, except that the suspension shall be reinstated if the person fails to maintain proof of financial responsibility for three years. However, in lieu of suspending a person's driving privilege pursuant to this section, the department may, upon application, if the person files and maintains proof of financial responsibility and pays a penalty fee to the department of $250, restrict the person's driving privilege to any of the following situations: (1) necessary travel to and from that person's place of employment; (2) driving that is required in the person's course of employment, when driving a motor vehicle is necessary in order to perform the duties of the person's primary employment. (3) necessary travel to transport a minor dependant in that person's immediate family to and from an institute of primary or secondary education, if the chief administrative officer or principal of the educational institution certifies in writing to the department that the minor dependent is enrolled in the educational institution and no form of public transportation or school bus is available between the applicant's place of residence and the educational institution. The restriction shall remain in effect for the period of suspension, so long as proof of financial responsibility is maintained.

b. If a suspension has been imposed under section 16070 and one year has elapsed from the date the suspension actually commenced, that suspension shall be terminated if the driving privilege is suspended under section 16370 or 16381 as the result of a judgment arising out of the incident for which proof of financial responsibility was required to be established. The department may re-impose the suspension of the driving privilege of a person under section 16070 if the suspension under section 16370 or 16381 is later set aside for a reason other than that the person has satisfied the judgment in and full or to the extent provided in chapter 2 and has given proof of ability to respond in damages as provided in chapter 3. 

Chapter 8

Topic : Traffic Signs, Signals and Pavement Markings

  A. RECOGNIZING TRAFFIC CONTROL SIGNALS AND PAVEMENT MARKINGS

1. Purpose of Traffic Controls

Regulatory:

Traffic control signs regulate traffic in order to avoid chaos, collisions, etc.

Warning:

Some warning signs warn you of what lies ahead, such as curve signs. Most warning signs are yellow and diamond-shaped.

Information:

Signs which are blue in color and whose shape is rectangular provide useful information for drivers, such as location of gas stations. hotels, and restaurants.

Guide:

These signs give you information that would appear on a map, such as the number of miles to your exit.

2. Meaning of Traffic Control Signals

Traffic lights:

A red signal light means stop. Unless it specifically prohibited, a right turn can be made against a red light after you stop and yield to pedestrians and vehicles in your path. A flashing red signal light means the same as a stop sign, stop. After stopping, proceed when safe, observing the right of way rules. 

A yellow signal warns you that a red signal is about to appear. You should stop if you can do so safely. If you can't stop, look out for vehicles that may enter the intersection when the light changes. 

A green light means go, but first you must let any vehicles, bicycles, or pedestrians remaining in the intersection when your signal changes to green, get through before you proceed. A driver of a vehicle shall not enter an intersection or marked crosswalk unless there is sufficient space on the other side of the intersection or marked crosswalk to accommodate the vehicle driven without obstructing the through passage of vehicles from either side. Do not enter the intersection if you cannot get completely across before the light turns red. If you block the intersection, you can be cited. 

If the lights are blacked out, treat the intersection as a four-way stop.

Arrows:

A red arrow means stop until the green signal or green arrow appears. A turn may not be made against a red arrow. A yellow arrow means the protected turning time period is ending. Be prepared to obey the next signal which could be the green or red light or the red arrow. A green arrow means go, but first you must yield to any vehicle, bicycle, or pedestrian still in the intersection. The arrow pointing right or left allows you to make such turn.

       

Flashing signals:

A flashing red signal light means stop. After stopping, proceed when safe, observing the right of way rules. A flashing yellow signal light warns you to be careful. Slow down and be especially alert.

  

Lane signals:Some streets have signals that state which type of vehicles may drive on such lane, such as for big trucks and slow moving vehicles.

3. Intersection Safety

Scan for traffic controls and prohibitive signs:

You must always scan an intersection for traffic controls and prohibitive signs before you get to the intersection, so that you know what rules or regulations to follow.Scan for potential hazards:

Since intersections are relatively dangerous locations, you must scan for any potential hazards, such as a car crash so that you may proceed accordinglyEntering controlled intersections on yellow light:

You should not drive into the intersection if you have a yellow light because a red light will follow. However, if you are not able to stop, do so cautiously by scanning for vehicles in the intersectionControlled intersections:This is where an intersection has devices to regulate traffic, such as signal lights, flashing signal lights, circular arrows, signs prohibiting right turns when signal is red and signs informing you that lanes are designated for certain vehicles.

B. PAVEMENT AND CURB MARKINGS- PURPOSE AND MEANING

1. Yellow Center Line Marking

Broken line: 

Broken lines mean that you can cross the line. For example, you can pass another vehicle on a two-way road if the center yellow line is broken.

Solid line next to the broken line: 

Only the vehicles that are next to the broken line may cross to the other lane. Vehicles next to the solid line may not pass to the next lane. Such vehicles can only cross the solid line to enter or exit a driveway or private road a permitted u-turn may be made there.

Double solid lines on two-lane roadways: 

Vehicles may not pass on this part of the road.

Two sets of solid double yellow lines not less than two feet apart constitutes a dividing section, the same as a traffic island or barrier. Whenever these roadway markings are in place, it is illegal to drive any vehicle over, upon, or across the dividing section. Left turns and permitted u-turns may be made there. 

2. White Line Markings

Broken:

The lanes are going in the same direction and changing lanes is permitted.Solid: 

Traffic is going in the same direction, but changing lanes is not permitted.Lines with arrows:

These lines inform drivers what may be done on that particular lane, such as left turn, right turn, U-turn, or an arrow pointing ahead meaning that a vehicle may drive ahead.

3. Curb Markings

Purpose:

Used to designate curb as restricted parking or prohibited parking areas.Color:

White- you may stop only long enough to pick up or drop off passengers or mail; 

Green - you may park for a limited time, which is usually shown on a sign next to the green zone, or painted on the curb;Yellow - you may stop only long enough to load or unload things or people, no longer than the local laws allows;

Red - no stopping, standing, or parking; Blue: indicates parking for the disabled only. You must have a placard or your license plate must be so marked. Parking in a marked disabled space violates the California Vehicle code and the first offense is subject to a minimum fine of $250.Placement: 

Curbs are painted designating what they may be used for.

C. ADDITIONAL PAVEMENT MARKINGS-

COLOR AND PURPOSE

Edge of pavement: 

You must park your vehicle within 18 inches of the curb. Do not park at the ends of a corner or pavement as you may block the view of traffic stopped at an intersection.Obstructions:

You must not park in areas that may obstruct traffic, even if it is okay to do so. Never park in areas where parking is prohibited.Limit lines: 

You must always stop behind limit lines to ensure the safety of pedestrians, such as the thick white lines painted across the street at an intersection.Crosswalks: 

Crosswalks are marked by solid white or yellow lines. You must stop your vehicle behind them as the space beyond the lines are designated for pedestrians.Railroad crossings: 

Black and white signs with an X warn you that you are approaching railroad tracks. Never stop on a railroad track. Flashing red lights at a railroad crossing means stop. Stop at least 15 feet from the tracks when a person or signal warns that a train is coming, you see a train coming, or you hear the horn or bell of a train close by. Do not go around or under any closed railroad gate.School warnings :  

You will see a yellow pentagon sign with a child with the words "school xing" when approaching a school. The road will also be painted with the words "school xing." Flashing red lights means that you must stop for the pedestrians to cross. The speed limit is 25 mph when children are present.

D. INTERSECTIONS OR CROSSINGS THAT REQUIRE SPECIAL STOPS

1. Railroad Crossings

a. Controls:

 

1.

Flashers: Red lights flash to warn drivers that a train is approaching. All vehicles must stop until the red flashing lights stop and when it is safe to continue. 

Crossing gate: A crossing gate will pull down to block traffic when a train is approaching and when the train is passing through the railroad crossing. All drivers must wait until the gate pulls back up and until it is safe to continue. Doing otherwise would be risking one's life. 

Stop sign: These require drivers to stop behind the limit line, listen, and look in both directions to ensure that a train is not approaching before crossing. 

b. Rail crossing safety (including rail transit): Drivers must stop at least 15 feet from the rail crossing if an electronic, mechanical, or flagman warns that a train is approaching or crossing; or if the driver sees or hears that a train is approaching. Drivers must never stop on railroad tracks. Before crossing, you must ensure that there is enough space for your vehicle on the other side of the tracks. You must drive slowly when driving behind buses, large trucks and vehicles transporting hazardous materials as these vehicles must stop before crossing.

2. School Buses

At school crossings and when lights are flashing:

When you come to a school bus stopped on either side of the road with flashing red lights, you must stop. Schoolchildren will be crossing the road to or from the school bus. Your vehicle must remain stopped as long as the red lights are flashing. Failure to stop and remain stopped is a violation of Section 22454. You may be fined up to $1000 and your driving privilege could be suspended for a period of one year. You do not need to stop if the bus is stopped on the other side of a divided or multi-lane highway. 

School busses displaying flashing red lights. The driver of any vehicle meeting or overtaking from either direction, a school bus that is stopped for the purpose of loading or unloading school children and displays flashing red lights, shall bring his or her vehicle to a stop immediately before passing the school bus and shall not proceed past the bus until the flashing

red lights cease operation. The driver of a vehicle upon a divided highway or multiple-lane highway need not stop upon meeting or passing a school bus that is upon the other roadway. Section 22454 V.C.

E. UNDERSTANDING PICTORIAL MESSAGES AS INSTANT COMMUNICATION (color and meaning)

1. Regulatory - Red, Black, or White

Stop, yield, or a prohibition: Stop signs are red on white; yield signs and do not enter signs are red and white; No turn signs are red and black on white.

2. Guide - Green:

Movement permitted or directional guidance: These signs inform you of what is ahead on a highway, such as the location of an airport, and the distance to designated landmarks.

3. Warning - Yellow

General warning:These signs warn you to slow down or watch for hazards ahead. For example: another road crosses yours ahead; there's a traffic signal ahead; there's another lane or traffic merging with your lane ahead; there is a pedestrian crosswalk ahead and the pedestrian has the right of way; the right lane ends ahead; you may turn left when the light is green.

4. Construction-Orange

Warning and guidance, information for construction and maintenance zone operation: Drivers are warned of construction and maintenance zones by the use of orange signs, equipment, flags, jackets and cones. You must slow down when you see such signs in the roadways or highways. Slow for the cone zone.

5. Service - Blue

Motorists services: These signs inform drivers which services are available in the vicinity.

6. Recreational - Brown

Public recreation and cultural interest guidance: These signs inform you where such facilities such as public parks and public skiing areas are located.

7. Shapes

Octagon-Stop: Drivers must stop and use the right of way rules before continuing.Triangle-Yield: Drivers must prepare to stop for other vehicles before continuing.Round-Railroad Crossings: These signs warn that a railroad crossing is ahead.Vertical Rectangle-Regulatory: These signs give the rules of the road.Pentagon-School: Drivers must drive at 25 mph when seeing these signs.Pennant - No Passing: Drivers must not pass another vehicle when near this sign.Diamond- Warning: Drivers must slow down as these signs warn of hazardous situations ahead.Horizontal Rectangle - Information and Guide: These signs inform drivers of public recreational and cultural interests, services, and facilities.

F. TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES

1. Official Traffic Control Signals (CVC 21450)

Whenever traffic is controlled by official traffic control signals showing different colored lights, or colored lighted arrows, successively, one at a time, or in combination, only the colors green, yellow, and red shall be used, except for pedestrian control signals, and those lights shall indicate and apply to drivers of vehicles and to pedestrians.

2. Circular Green or Green Arrow (CVC 21451)

A driver facing a circular green signal shall proceed straight through or turn right or left or make a U-turn unless a sign prohibits a U-turn. Any driver, including one turning, shall yield the right of way to other traffic and to pedestrians lawfully within the intersection or an adjacent crosswalk. A driver of a vehicle shall not enter an intersection or marked crosswalk unless there is sufficient space on the other side

of the intersection or marked crosswalk to accommodate the vehicle driven without obstructing the through passage of vehicles from either side. Do not enter the intersection if you cannot get completely across before the light turns red. If you block the intersection, you can be cited.

Gridlock law, intersection or crosswalk. (Section 22526(a) V.C.)

A driver of a vehicle shall not enter an intersection or marked crosswalk unless there is sufficient space on the other side of the intersection or marked crosswalk to accommodate the vehicle driven without obstructing the through passage of vehicles from either side.

3. Circular Yellow or Yellow Arrow (CVC 21452)

a. A driver facing a steady circular yellow or yellow arrow signal is, by that signal, warned that the related green movement is ending or that a red indication will be shown immediately thereafter.

b. A pedestrian facing a steady circular yellow or a yellow arrow signal, unless otherwise directed by a pedestrian control signal is, by that signal, warned that there is insufficient time to cross the roadway and shall not enter the roadway.

4. Circular Red or Red Arrow (CVC 21453)

a. A driver facing a steady circular red signal alone shall stop at a marked limit line, but if none, before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection or, if none, then before entering the intersection, and shall remain stopped until an indication to proceed is shown, except as provided in subdivision (b).

b. Except when a sign is in place prohibiting a turn, a driver, after stopping as required by subdivision (a), facing a steady circular red signal, may turn right, or left from a one-way street onto a one-way street. A driver making such a turn shall yield the right of way to pedestrians lawfully within an adjacent crosswalk and to traffic lawfully using the intersection.

c. A driver facing a steady red arrow signal shall not enter the intersection to make the movement indicated by the arrow and, unless entering the intersection to make a movement permitted by another signal, shall stop at a clearly marked limit line, but if none, before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection, or if none, then before entering the intersection, and shall remain stopped until an indication permitting movement is shown.

5. Lane Use Control Signals (CVC 21454)

When lane use control signals are placed over individual lanes, those signals shall

indicate and apply to drivers of vehicles as follows: 

(a) Green indication: a driver may travel in any lane over which a green signal is show; 

(b) steady yellow indication: a driver is thereby warned that a lane control change is being made;

(c) steady red indication: a driver shall not enter or travel in any lane over which a red signal is shown; 

(d) flashing yellow indication: a driver may use the lane only for the purpose of making a left turn to or from the highway.

6. Signal at Other Places(CVC 21455)

When an official traffic control signal is erected and maintained at a place other than an intersection, the provisions of this article shall be applicable except those provisions which by their nature can have no application. Any stop required shall be made at a sign or crosswalk or limit line indicating where the stop shall be made, but in the absence of any such sign or making the stop shall be make at the signal.

7. Flashing Signals (CVC 21457)

Whenever an illuminated flashing red or yellow light is used in a traffic signal or with a traffic sign, it shall require obedience by drivers as follows:

a. Flashing red (stop signal): drivers shall stop at a clearly marked limit line, but if none, before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection, or if none, then at the point nearest the intersecting roadway before entering it, and the driver may proceed subject to the rules applicable after making a stop at a stop sign.

b. Flashing yellow (caution signal): Drivers may proceed through the intersection or past the signal only with caution.

8. Curb Markings (CVC 21458)

a. Whenever local authorities enact local parking regulations and indicate them by the use of paint upon curbs, the following colors shall be used, and the colors indicate as follows:

1. Red indicates no stopping, standing, or parking, whether the vehicle is attended or unattended, except that a bus may stop in a red zone marked or posted as a bus loading zone.

2. Yellow indicates stopping only for the purpose of loading or unloading

passengers or freight for the time as may be specified by local ordinance.3. White indicates stopping for either of: (a) loading/unloading of passengers for

the time as may be specified by local ordinance or (b) depositing mail in an adjacent mailbox.

4. Green indicates time limit parking specified by local ordinance.5. Blue indicates parking limited exclusively to the vehicles of disabled persons

and disabled veterans.

b. Regulations adopted pursuant to subdivision (a) shall be effective on days and during hours or times as prescribed by local ordinances. Chapter keyword - DUI.

9. Distinctive Roadway Markings (CVC 21459)

a. The Department of Transportation in respect to state highways and a local authority with respect to highways under its jurisdiction, is authorized to place and maintain upon highways distinctive roadway markings as described and with the effect set forth in section 21460.

b. The distinctive roadway markings shall be employed to designate any portion of a highway where the volume of traffic or the vertical or other curvature of the roadway renders it hazardous to drive on the left side of the marking or to indicate no driving to the left as provided in section 21460, and shall not be employed for any other purpose.

c. Any pavement marking other than as described in this section placed by the Department of Transportation or any local authority shall not be effective to indicate no driving over or to the left of the marking.

10. Double Lines

a. When double parallel solid lines are in place, no person driving a vehicle shall drive to the left thereof, except as permitted in this section.

b. When the double parallel lines, one of which is broken, are in place, no person driving a vehicle shall driver to the left thereof, except as follows: (1) that the driver on the side of the roadway in which the broken line is in place may cross over the double lines or drive to the left thereof when overtaking or passing other vehicles; (2) As provided in section 21460.5.

c. Either of the markings as specified in subdivision (a) or (b) does not prohibit a driver from crossing the marking when (1) turning to the left at any intersection or into or out of a driveway or private road, (2) making a U-turn under the rules governing that turn, and either of the markings shall be disregarded when authorized signs have been erected designating off center traffic lanes as permitted under section 21657. (d) Raised pavement markers may be used to simulate painted lines described in this section when the markers are placed in accordance

with standards established by the Department of Transportation.

11. Two-Way Left Turn Lanes (CVC 21460.5)

a. The Department of Transportation and local authorities in their respective jurisdictions may designate a two-way left-turn lane on a highway. A two-way left-turn lane is a lane near the center of the highway set aside for use by vehicles making left turns in both directions from or into the highway.

b. Two-way left turn lanes shall be designate by distinctive roadway markings consisting of parallel double yellow lines, interior line dashed and exterior line solid, on each side of the lane. The Department of Transportation may prescribe standards and specifications governing length, width, and positioning of the distinctive pavement markings. All pavement markings designating a two-way left-turn lane shall conform to the Department of Transportation's standards and specifications.

c. A vehicle shall not be driven in a designated two-way left-turn lane except when preparing for or making a left turn from or into a highway or when preparing for or making a U-turn when otherwise permitted by law, and shall not be driven in that lane for more than 200 feet while preparing for and making the turn or while preparing to merge into the adjacent lanes of travel. A left turn or U-turn shall not be made from any other lane where a two-way left-turn lane has been designated.

d. This section shall not prohibit driving across a two-way left-turn lane.

e. Raised pavement markers may be used to simulate painted lines described in this section when such markers are placed in accordance with standards established by the Department of Transportation.

12. Obedience of Driver to Official Traffic Control Devices (CVC 21461)

a. It shall be unlawful for any driver of a vehicle to fail to obey any sign or signal erected or maintained to indicate and carry out the provisions of this code or any local traffic ordinance or resolution adopted pursuant to a local traffic ordinance, or to fail to obey any device erected or maintained pursuant to section 21352.

b. The provisions of subdivision (a) shall not apply to acts constituting violations under Chapter 9 of this division or to acts constituting violations of any local traffic ordinance adopted pursuant to Chapter 9.

13. Obedience to Traffic Control Signals (CVC 21462)

The driver of any vehicle, the person in charge of any animal, any pedestrian, and the motorman of any streetcar shall obey the instructions of any official traffic signal applicable to him and placed as provided by law, unless otherwise directed by a police or traffic officer or when it is necessary for the purpose of avoiding a collision or in case of other emergency, subject to the exemptions granted by section 21055.

G. SPECIAL STOPS REQUIRED

1. Stop Required (CVC 22450)

a. The driver of any vehicle approaching a stop sign at the entrance to, or within, an intersection, or railroad grade crossing shall stop at a limit line, if marked, otherwise before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection. If there is no limit line or crosswalk, the driver shall stop at the entrance to the intersecting roadway or railroad grade crossing.

b. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a local authority may adopt rules and regulations by ordinance or resolution providing for the placement of a stop sign at any location on a highway under its jurisdiction where the stop sign at any location on a highway under its jurisdiction where the stop sign at any location on a highway under its jurisdiction where the stop sign would enhance traffic safety.

2. Stop for Train Signals (CVC 22451)

a. The driver of any vehicle approaching a railroad or rail transit grade crossing shall stop not less than 15 feet from the nearest rail and shall not proceed until he or she can do so safely, whenever the following conditions exist: (1) A clearly visible electric or mechanical signal device or a flagman gives warning of the approach or passage of a train or car. (2) An approaching train or car is plainly visible or is emitting an audible signal and, by reason of its speed or nearness, is an immediate hazard.

b. No driver shall proceed through, around, or under any railroad or rail transit crossing gate while the gate is closed.

c. Whenever a railroad or rail transit crossing is equipped with an automated rail crossing enforcement system, a notice of a violation of this section is subject to the procedures provided in section 40518.

3. Railroad Crossing (CVC 22452)

a. The provisions of subdivisions (b) and (c) shall apply to the operation of the following vehicles: any bus carrying passengers; any motor truck transporting

employees in addition to those riding in the cab; any school bus and any school pupil activity bus transporting school pupils, except as otherwise provided in paragraph (4) of subdivision (c); any vehicle carrying explosive substances as a cargo or part of a cargo; any tank vehicle as defined in section 34003 whether loaded or empty; any vehicle transporting more than 120 gallons or flammable liquids or liquefied petroleum gas in containers having a capacity of more than 20 gallons as a cargo or major portion of a cargo.

b. Before traversing a railroad grade crossing, the driver of any vehicle described in subdivision (a) shall stop such vehicle not less than 15 nor more than 50 feet from the nearest rail of the track and while so stopped shall listen, and look in both directions along the track, for any approaching train and for signals indicating the approach of a train, and shall not proceed until he or she can do so safely, upon proceeding, the gears shall not be shifted manually while crossing the tracks.

c. No stop need be made at any crossing as follows: (1) Of railroad tracks running along and upon the roadway within a business or residence district; (2) Where a traffic officer or an official traffic control signal directs traffic to proceed; (3) where an exempt sign was authorized by the public utilities commission prior to Jan. 1, 1978.

Whenever an official railroad crossing stop exempt sign in compliance with section 21400 has been placed by the Department of Transportation or a local authority pursuant to a section 22452.5 this paragraph shall not apply with respect to any school bus or to any school pupil activity bus.

4. School Bus (CVC 22454)

a. The driver of any vehicle, upon meeting or overtaking, from either direction, any school bus equipped with signs as required in this code, that is stopped for the purpose of loading or unloading any school children and displays a flashing red light and stop signal arm, as defined in paragraph (4) of subdivision (b) of section 25257, if equipped with a stop signal arm, visible from front or rear, shall bring the vehicle to a stop immediately before passing the school bus and shall not proceed past the school bus until the flashing red light signal and stop signal arm, if equipped with a stop signal arm, cease operation.

b. The driver of a vehicle upon a highway with separate roadways need not stop upon meeting or passing a school bus which is upon the other roadway. The driver of a vehicle need not stop upon meeting or passing a school bus when the school bus is stopped at an intersection where traffic is controlled by a traffic control signal, or when the school bus is stopped at a place where traffic is controlled by a traffic officer or official traffic control signal.

c. If a vehicle was observed overtaking a school bus in violation of subdivision (a), and the driver of the school bus witnessed the violation, the driver may, within 24

hours, report the violation and furnish the vehicle license plate number and description and the time and place of the violation to the local law enforcement agency having jurisdiction of the offense. That law enforcement agency shall issue a letter of warning prepared in accordance with paragraph (2) with respect to the alleged violation to the registered owner of the vehicle. The issuance of a warning letter under the paragraph shall not be entered on the driving record of the person to whom it is issued, but does not preclude the imposition of any other applicable penalty. The attorney general shall prepare and furnish to every law enforcement agency in the state a form letter for purposes of paragraph (1), and the law enforcement agency may issue those letters in exact form prepared by the attorney general. The attorney general may charge a fee to any law enforcement agency that requests a copy of the form letter to recover the costs of preparing and providing that copy.

d. This section also applies to a roadway upon private property.

Topic : Licensing control measures  A. LICENSING CONTROL MEASURES.  

 

Privilege vs. Right

 Driving on California highways is not a right, but a privilege. Individuals must apply for a driver's license and satisfactorily pass a driving test, a written exam, take an eye test, take a picture, give a thumb print, and be at least 18 years of age. An individual may be refused a driver's license for such things as having a history of alcohol or drug abuse, having lied on the application, not having complied with a judgment or order for family support system etc. In addition, the privilege of driving may be suspended or revoked if drivers break certain rules and regulations while driving.  

 

 

Examination and Driving Test: Classifications 

 12804.9.  (a) (1) The examination shall include all of the following: 

 (A) A test of the applicant’s knowledge and understanding of the provisions of this code governing the operation of vehicles upon the highways.

 (B) A test of the applicant’s ability to read and understand simple English used in highway traffic and directional signs.  

(C) A test of the applicant’s understanding of traffic signs and signals, including the bikeway signs, markers, and traffic control devices established by the Department of Transportation.  

(D) An actual demonstration of the applicant’s ability to exercise ordinary and reasonable control in operating a motor vehicle by driving it under the supervision of an examining officer. The applicant shall submit to an examination appropriate to the type of motor vehicle or combination of vehicles he or she desires a license to drive, except that the department may waive the driving test part of the examination for any applicant who submits a license issued by another state, territory, or possession of the United States, the District of Columbia, or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico if the department verifies through any acknowledged national driver record data source that there are no stops, holds, or other impediments to its issuance. The examining officer may request to see evidence of financial responsibility for the vehicle prior to supervising the demonstration of the applicant’s ability to operate the vehicle. The examining officer may refuse to examine an applicant who is unable to provide proof of financial responsibility for the vehicle, unless proof of financial responsibility is not required by this code. 

 (E) A test of the hearing and eyesight of the applicant, and of other matters that may be necessary to determine the applicant’s mental and physical fitness to operate a motor vehicle upon the highways, and whether any grounds exist for refusal of a license under this code. (2) The examination for a class A or class B driver’s license under subdivision (b) shall also include a report of a medical examination of the applicant given not more than two years prior to the date of the application by a health care professional.  

 

Class A includes the following:

(A) A combination of vehicles, if a vehicle being towed has a gross vehicle weight rating of more than 10,000 pounds. 

 

(B) A vehicle towing more than one vehicle.

(C) A trailer bus. 

(D) The operation of all vehicles under class B and class C.

(2) Class B includes the following:

(A) A single vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating of more than 26,000 pounds.

(B) A single vehicle with three or more axles, except any three-axle vehicle weighing less than 6,000 pounds.

(C) A bus except a trailer bus.

(D) A farm labor vehicle.

(E) A single vehicle with three or more axles or a gross vehicle weight rating of more than 26,000 pounds towing another vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 pounds or less.

(F) A house car over 40 feet in length, excluding safety devices and safety bumpers.

(G) The operation of all vehicles covered under class C.

 

With a valid Class C license

You may drive:

any 2-axle vehicle with a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) of 26,000 lbs. or less.

any 3-axle vehicle weighing 6,000 lbs. or less gross. any housecar, 40 feet or less. a vanpool vehicle, designed to carry more than 10 but no more than 15

persons including the driver. The driver must have a valid medical certification on file with DMV and carry a valid medical card. The driver must also have a signed certification stating he/she has not been convicted of reckless driving, drunk driving, or hit and- run in the last five years. (VC Section 12804.9 ).

  A farmer or employee of a farmer may drive:

any combination of vehicles with a GVWR of 26,000 lbs. or less if used

exclusively in agricultural operations and it is not for hire or compensation.

You may tow:

a single vehicle with a GVWR of 10,000 lbs. or less including a tow dolly, if used.

With a vehicle weighing at least 4,000 lbs., you may tow:

a trailer coach or 5th-wheel travel trailer under 10,000 lbs. GVWR when towing is not for compensation.

a 5th-wheel travel trailer exceeding 10,000 lbs. but under 15,000 lbs. GVWR, when towing is not for compensation and with endorsement.

      

 NOTE:

Class C licensees may not tow more than one vehicle. No passenger vehicle, regardless of weight, may tow more than one

vehicle. No motor vehicle under 4,000 lbs. unladen weight may tow any vehicle

weighing 6,000 lbs. or more gross.  (VC Section 21715) Class C does not include a two-wheel motorcycle or a two-wheel motor-

driven cycle.

Class M1. 

A two-wheel motorcycle or a motor-driven cycle. Authority to operate a vehicle included in a class M1 license may be granted by endorsement on a class A, B, or C license upon completion of an appropriate examination.

 Class M2 includes the following:

A motorized bicycle or moped, or a bicycle with an attached motor, except a motorized bicycle.

1. License Refusal

The DMV will take the strongest action possible against anyone who alters or otherwise attempts to falsify a driver's license. DMV may also refuse to issue a drivers license if you: have a history of alcohol or drug abuse, have used the license illegally, have lied on your application, do not understand traffic laws or

 

signs, do not have the skill to drive, have a health problem that makes your driving unsafe, have a failure to appear (FTA) or failure to pay (FTP) for a traffic citation on your driving record; have not complied with a judgment or order for family support payments, use a crib sheet for any examination for a license, impersonate or allow someone else to impersonate an applicant to fraudulently qualify for a license, refuse to give a thumb print, refuse to sign the certification on the application, submit a fraudulent birth date/legal presence document or social security document.

2. Violation of License Restriction 

The department may place special conditions or restrictions on your license, the most common being wearing glasses or contact lenses. The department may suspend or revoke your driver's license if you violate a condition or restriction.

 

B. NEGLIGENT OPERATOR TREATMENT SYSTEM (NOTS)

3. Effects of Convictions/CollisionsA judge may suspend the license of anyone convicted of breaking speed laws or reckless driving for up to 30 days on the first conviction, up to 60 days on a second conviction, and up to six months on a third or subsequent conviction. Suspension of a driver license by a court may also result from conviction of one of the following: driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, hit and run, engaging in lewd conduct and prostitution within 1000 feet of a residence in a vehicle, failure to stop as required at a railway grade crossing, felony or misdemeanor offense of recklessly fleeing a law enforcement officer.

Regardless of point count, many serious offenses in which a vehicle is used are punishable by heavy penalties such as fines and/or imprisonment. Examples are felony drunk driving, felony grand theft, manslaughter, and driving under the influence of narcotics or other dangerous drugs. The department usually suspends or revokes the offender's driver's license.

4. Point Count Determination

The DMV keeps a public record of all of an individual's traffic convictions and collisions. Each occurrence remains on your record for 36 months or longer, depending on the type of conviction. You may be considered a negligent operator when your driving record shows any one of the following“point count” totals, regardless of your license class:   •  4 points in 12 months 

 • 8 points in 36 months   • 6 points in 24 months

Some examples of one point violations: 

•  A traffic conviction.• An at-fault accident.

Some examples of two point violations:

• Driving under the influence of alcohol/drugs•  Reckless driving or hit-and-run driving• Driving while suspended or revoked 

If you get too many " points", you will lose your driver license. A violation received in a commercial vehicle carries one and one-half times the point count normally assessed.

SB 719- Evading a Peace Officer  

This bill enhances the penalty for evading a peace officer from imprisonment in the county jail for not more than six months to not more than one year. In addition, it also enhances the penalty for anybody who causes bodily injury while evading a peace officer to a minimum of; 3, 5 or 7 years in the state prison and 4, 6 or 10 years should they cause a death.

Commercial Drivers- Effective January 1, 2007  CVC 15300 States that a driver of a commercial vehicle may not operate a commercial motor vehicle for one year for the first conviction of specified offences, including DUI, hit and run or vehicular manslaughter, while driving any vehicle, not just a commercial vehicle. CVC 15302 provides for permanent disqualification of a commercial driver for two or more convictions of specified offenses, while driving any vehicle.

Commercial Drivers Conviction Reporting- Effective January 1, 2007

CVC 15215 Requires the DMV to report each conviction occurring within California of a person holding a commercial driver's license from another state to the licensing authority of the home state of the licensee.

5. Actions

Drivers lose their driving privilege if they accumulate too many points.  All

motorists are entitled to a hearing if requested before the effective date of the suspension or revocation date.   

(a) Probation (CVC 14250)  

Whenever by any provision of any code the department has discretionary authority to suspend or revoke the privilege of a person to operate a motor vehicle, the department may in lieu of suspension or revocation place the person on probation, the terms of which may include a suspension as a condition of probation, issuing a probationary license with such reasonable terms and conditions as shall be deemed by the department to be appropriate.

 

 (b) Suspension (CVC 13102)  

When used in reference to a driver's license "suspension" means that the person's privilege to drive a motor vehicle upon a highway is temporarily withdrawn.  The department may before terminating any suspension based upon a physical or mental condition of the licensee, require such examination of the licensee as deemed appropriate in relation to evidence of any condition which may effect the ability of the licensee to safely operate a motor vehicle.

Assembly Bill 3049- Requires the provisions of the Vehicle Code Section 1808.3 or 42005 to be considered before the court could dismiss a complaint due to completing a traffic violator school course (Operative September 20, 2005) (re: CVC 42005- excerpt taken from the legislative analysis)

 

(12) Under existing law, a person may have a complaint relating to the safe operation of a vehicle dismissed with a copy of that dismissal forwarded to the department after a person attends a licensed traffic violator school, licensed driving school, or other court-approved program of driving instruction. Existing law prohibits a court from ordering a person to attend traffic violator school in lieu of adjudicating an offense if the person was issued a notice to appear for a serious traffic violation, as defined, that occurred in a commercial motor vehicle, as defined. This bill would recast and revise these provisions to provide that, in lieu of adjudicating a traffic offense committed by a person who holds a noncommercial class C, class M1, or class M2 driver's license, and with the consent of the defendant, a court may order that person to attend a licensed traffic violator school, a licensed driving school, or any other court-approved program of driving instruction.

 

The bill would prohibit a court from ordering or permitting a person who holds a class A, class B, or commercial class C driver's license to complete a licensed traffic violator school, a licensed driving school, or any other court-approved program of driving instruction in lieu of adjudicating any traffic offense committed by the holder of a class A, class B, or commercial class C driver's license. This bill would also prohibit a court from ordering or permitting any person, regardless of the driver's license class, to complete a licensed traffic violator school, a licensed driving school, or any other court-approved program of driving instruction in lieu of adjudicating an offense that would be considered a serious

 

traffic violation under statutes governing a commercial motor vehicle. (c) Revocation (CVC 13101)

When used  in reference to a driver's license, "revocation" means that the person's privilege to drive a motor vehicle is terminated and a new driver's license may be obtained after the period of revocation.

 

 Assault and Battery on Highway Workers -SB 1509 Adds Penal Code Sections 241.5 & 243.65 

241.5. (a) When an assault is committed against a highway worker engaged in the performance of his or her duties and the person committing the offense knows or reasonably should know that the victim is a highway worker engaged in the performance of his or her duties, the offense shall be punishable by a fine not to exceed two thousand dollars ($2,000) or by imprisonment in a county jail up toone year or by both that fine and imprisonment.

(b) As used in this section, "highway worker" means an employee or contractor of the Department of Transportation who does one or more of the following:

   (1) Performs maintenance, repair, or construction of state highway in frastructures and associated rights-of-way in highway work  zones.

   (2) Operates equipment on state highway infrastructures and associated rights-of-way in highway work zones.

   (3) Performs any related maintenance work, as required, on state highway in frastructures in highway work zones.

243.65. (a) When a battery is committed against the person of a highway worker engaged in the performance of his or her duties and the person committing the offense knows or reasonably should know that the victim is a highway worker engaged in the performance of his or her duties, the offense shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment.

(b) As used in this section, "highway worker" means an employee or contractor of the Department of Transportation who does one or more of the following:

(1) Performs maintenance, repair, or construction of state highway in frastructures and associated rights-of-way in highway work  zones.

(2) Operates equipment on state highway infrastructures and associated rights-of-way in highway work zones.

 

(3) Performs any related maintenance work, as required, on state highway infrastructures in highway work zones.This new law provides an increased penalty for assault and battery crimes committed against highway workers engaged in the performance of his other.

                                                                      New Laws for 2010

Amends Penal Code Sections 241.5 & 243.65

SUMMARY: Expands the definition of a highway worker to include employees of a city, county, or city and county who perform specified activities related to local streets and roads. Additionally, this law includes in the definition of a highway worker, employees of a contractor while working under contract with the Department of Transportation, contractors and employees of contractors while working under contract with a city, county, or city and county, and volunteers.

 

Vehicle Code Section 21809

(a) A person driving a vehicle on a freeway approaching a stationary authorized emergency vehicle that is displaying emergency lights, or a stationary tow truck that is displaying flashing amber warning lights, or a stationary marked Department of Transportation vehicle that is displaying flashing amber warning lights, shall approach with due caution and, before passing in a lane immediately adjacent to the authorized emergency vehicle, or tow truck, or Department of Transportation vehicle, absent other direction by a peace officer, proceed to do one of the following; (1) Make a lane change into an available lane not immediately adjacent to the authorized emergency vehicle, or tow truck, or Department of Transportation vehicle, with due regard for safety and traffic conditions, if practicable and not prohibited by law.

(2) If the maneuver described in paragraph (1) would be unsafe or impracticable, slow to a reasonable and prudent speed that is safe for existing weather, road, and vehicular or pedestrian traffic conditions.

 

 Vehicle Code Section 27602  

SUMMARY: Allows a person to drive a motor vehicle with a television receiver, video monitor, television or video screen, or any other similar means of visually displaying a television broadcast or video signal, if the equipment is designed, operated, and configured in a manner that prevents the driver of the motor vehicle from viewing the television broadcast or video signal while operating the vehicle in a safe and reasonable manner.

 

 Vehicle Code Section 23700  

 

SUMMARY: Establishes a four-county pilot program in the Counties of Alameda, Los Angeles, Sacramento, and Tulare to assess the effectiveness of Ignition interlock device (IID) installation in reducing driving under the influence violations in those counties. This law requires first-time and repeat driving under- the-influence (DUI) offenders to install an IID for a term ranging from 5 months to 36 months for various DUI violations and for a term ranging from 12 months to 48 months for various DUI violations involving an injury. This law requires the DMV to study the effectiveness of IID’s to reduce the recidivism rate of DUI offenders and report their findings to the Legislature.OPERATIVE: July 1, 2010

     

 

Fee Changes : Effective July 28, 2010. 

Makes technical corrections to Vehicle Code provisions subjecting various DMV fees to annual Consumer Price Index adjustments to eliminate a disparity in the fees for renewal of commercial driver licenses renewed by mail as opposed to in person renewals. Adds the fees for special firefighter equipment driver licenses to those subject to CPI adjustments.  

 This bill also: 

 Increases the fee for an original Class C or Class M driver license to $31*; 

Increases the fee for renewal of a Class C or Class M driver license to $31*;

Increases the fee for a duplicate driver license or name change application to $25*;   

Increases the fee for an original or renewed firefighter equipment driver license to $39;   

Increases the fee for a California Identification Card to $26;   Increases the fee for a duplicate firefighter equipment driver license to

$29;    Increases the fee for an original Class A or B commercial driver license to

$66;  * Includes $1 CPI adjustment. Increases the fee for the renewal of a commercial driver license to $39; Increases the fee for an original Class C commercial driver license to $39;

and, Increases the fee for a duplicate commercial driver license to $29. 

Operative July 28, 2009.

 

 Vehicle Code Section 21204   

SUMMARY: Provides an exemption to the prohibition of allowing a person from operating a bicycle on a highway that does not have a seat, if the bicycle is

 

specifically designed by the manufacturer to be ridden without a seat. 

Applicable vehicle code sections follow;

 

21204. (a) A person operating a bicycle upon a highway shall not ride other than upon or astride a permanent and regular seat attached thereto., unless the bicycle was designed by the manufacturer to be ridden without a seat. (B) An operator shall not allow a person riding as a passenger, and a person shall not ride as a passenger, on a bicycle upon a highway other than upon or astride a separate seat attached thereto. If the passenger is four years of age or younger, or weighs 40 pounds or less, the seat shall have adequate provision for retaining the passenger in place and for protecting the passenger from the moving parts of the bicycle.