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Trainer (aircraft)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Lead-in fighter trainer )
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Trainer
%lings#y -&' Firefly of the $ efence *lementary Flying
raining %chool, used for training +rmy and avy pilots
+ trainer is a class of aircraft designed specifically to facilitate in-flight training of pilots and aircres! he use of a dedicated trainer aircraft ith additional safety features .such as tandem flight controls, forgiving flight characteristics and a simplifiedcockpit arrangement.allos pilots-in-training to safely advance their real-time
piloting, navigation and/or arfighting skills ithout the danger of overe0tending theira#ilities alone in a fully featured aircraft!1citation needed 2
3ivilian pilots are normally trained in a light aircraft, ith to or more seats to allofor student and instructor! he aircraft may #e modified to ithstand the flightconditions imposed #y training flights!
Contents 1hide2
• 4 andem or side #y side
• 5 "hases
o 5!4 +# initio
o 5!5 6asic training
o 5!7 +dvanced training
o 5!8 Lead-in fighter training
o 5!9 perational conversion
o 5!& ;ulti-engine trainers
o 5!' avigation trainers
• 7 +ero#atic display teams
• 8 3om#at use of trainers
• 9 he future
• & <istorical• ' References
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Tandem or side by side[edit]
3ockpit of the +ermacchi %F!5&=! %tudent pilot or ">3 in the right seat here all primary flight instrument are!
he to seating configurations for trainer aircraft are pilot and instructor side #y side or in tandem, usually ith the pilot in front and the instructor #ehind! he side-#y-sideseating configuration has the advantage that pilot and instructor can see each other?sactions, alloing the pilot to learn from the instructor and the instructor to correct thestudent pilot! he tandem configuration has the advantage of #eing closer to the normalorking environment that a fast @et pilot is likely to encounter!
>t is no the norm for pilots to #egin their flight training in an aircraft ith side #y sideseating and to progress to aircraft ith tandem seating! his hoever has not alays
#een the case! For e0ample, it as usual to find tandem seating in #iplane #asic trainerssuch as the iger ;oth and the Jungmann, and the 6ritish used side #y side seating in
the operational conversion of some of its fast @ets such as the *nglish *lectric Lightning!Phases[edit]
<+L <J-7& @et trainer that ill replace the <+L iran aircraft of the >ndian +ir Force, together ith the <+L e@as!
Aiven the e0pense of military pilot training, air forces typically conduct training in phases to inno out unsuita#le candidates! he cost to those airforces that do notfollo a gradated training regimen is not @ust monetary #ut also in lives! For e0ample,for many years the >ndian +ir Force operated ithout a suita#le advanced training
aircraft, leading to a high casualty rate as pilots moved to high performance ;iA 54 aircraft ithout suita#le assessment of their aptitude for supersonic flight! 142
here are to main areas for instruction, flight training and operational training! >nflight training a candidate seeks to develop their flying skills! >n operational training thecandidate learns to use his or her flying skills through simulated com#at, attack andfighter techniBues!
Ab initio[edit]
"olish 7Ctrim 7C99 rener ultralight trainer!
ypically, contemporary military pilots learn initial flying skills in a light aircraft nottoo dissimilar from civilian training aircraft! >n this phase pilot candidates are screenedfor mental and physical attri#utes! +ircraft used for this purpose include the %lings#yFirefly, as at one time used #y the $nited %tates +ir Force +cademy, and the %cottish+viation 6ulldogs of the R+F! he $!%! replaced the Firefly and the *nhanced Flight%creen "rogram (*F%") ith the iamond +5= and the >nitial Flight %creening (>F%)
program!152 +t the end of this stage pilot trainees are assessed as to here their attri#uteslie, as fast @et, multi-engine or rotary ing pilots! hose @udged unsuita#le for a pilotcommission, #ut sho other attri#utes may #e offered the chance to Bualify asnavigators and eapons officers!172
%maller and more financially restricted air forces may use ultra-light aircraft, gliders
and motor gliders for this role!
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Basic training[edit]
+fter the a#-inito phase a candidate may progress to #asic trainers/primary trainers!hese are usually tur#oprop trainers like the "ilatus "3-D and *m#raer ucano! ;oderntur#o-prop trainers can replicate the handling characteristics of @et aircraft as ell ashaving sufficient performance to assess a candidate?s technical a#ility at an aircraftcontrols, reaction speed and a#ility to anticipate events! "rior to the availa#ility of high
performance tur#oprops, #asic training as conducted ith @et aircraft such as the 6+3Jet "rovost, -7' eet, and Fouga ;agister ! hose candidates ho are not suita#le tocontinue training as fast @et pilots may #e offered flying commissions and train to flymulti-engined aircraft e!g! transport and tanker aircraft!172
Fouga ;agister @et trainer of the 6elgian +ir Force! he ;agister first fle in 4D95 ithdeliveries #eginning in 4D9&
Advanced training[edit]
hose that progress to training for fast @et flying ill then progress to an advancedtrainer, typically capa#le of high su#sonic speeds, high-energy manoeuvers, andeBuipped ith systems that simulate modern eapons and surveillance!182 *0amples ofsuch @et trainer aircraft include the supersonic -7E alon, the 6+* <ak , theassault/ornier +lpha Jet, the +ero L-7D and the akovlev ak-47=!
*ffective com#at aircraft are a function no of electronics as much as if not more sothan the aero#atic a#ility or speed of an aircraft! >t is at this stage that a pilot #egins tolearn to operate radar systems and electronics! ;odern advanced trainers feature
programma#le multi-function displays hich can #e programmed to simulate differentelectronic systems and scenarios! ;ost advanced trainers do not have radar systems oftheir on, #ut on#oard systems can #e programmed to simulate radar contacts! Withdatalinks and A"% virtual radar systems can #e created ith similarly eBuipped aircraftrelaying to each other their positions in real time and on#oard computers creating aGRadar displayG #ased on this information!192 he aim of programma#le displays is tospeed pilot training #y replicating as far as possi#le the systems a pilot ill find in anoperational aircraft!
+ F;+ >+ &7 "ampa advanced trainer of the +rgentine +ir Force
Lead-in fighter training[edit]
Lead-in fighter training (L>F) utilises advanced @et trainer aircraft ith avionics and
stores-management capa#ility that emulate operational fighter planes, to provideefficient training in com#at scenarios ith reduced training cost compared to movingstraight to operational conversion!1&21'21E2 he on-#oard avionics system may #e linked toground-#ased systems, and together they can simulate situations such as infrared orradar guided missile, interceptors, air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles, anti-aircraft
#atteries, radars, chaff and flare countermeasures and collision arnings, in lo ordense electronic arfare environments! %ystems may also #e a#le to re-enact true-to-lifecom#at situations!1D2
+ akovlev ak-47= to-seat military trainer aircraft of the Russian +ir Force
Oerational conversion[edit]
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+ $% ;arine 3orps +-8F, a to seat com#at capa#le training version of the normallysingle seat +-8 %kyhak !
;ost military ground-attack or interceptor aircraft have to-seat trainer versions! heseare com#at capa#le operational conversion aircraft types to provide Gon the @o# trainingGto pilots ho have graduated to this level, and are usually availa#le ith little
conversion in times of emergency to a reconnaissance or com#at role! here ould #elittle point in having operational training aircraft that do not replicate fully the a#ilitiesof the operational aircraft, and most operational conversion aircraft retain the fullfunctionality of the operational version ith slight degradations to performance due toincreased eight and drag, and possi#ly reduced range due to a reduced internal fuelload!
>n some to seat fighter aircraft such as the ornado, the 3$ aircraft can #e created #yduplicating flight controls in the rear cockpit! >n normally single seat aircraft a secondcockpit can #e #uilt #ehind the original cockpit (e!g! the +-8% variant of the +-8%$%uper %kyhak ) or the cockpit can #e e0tended to place the instructor in a second seat
#ehind the pilot! nce they have Bualified in #eing a#le to fly a specific type of aircraftand have learned to use these aircraft to #est effect, pilots ill continue ith regulartraining e0ercises to maintain Bualifications on that aircraft and to improve their skills,for e0ample the $%+Fs Red Flag e0ercises! eployments of small flights of aircrafttogether ith support staff and eBuipment to e0ercises conducted #y other nations can
#e used to develop fighting skills and interservice and inter unit competitions in #om#ing and gunnery #eteen units can also #e used to develop those skills!
he to seat aircraft may itself #ecome the #asis of an operational aircraft, the secondseat #eing used to create a eapons officer /navigators station in aircraft ith originallyonly a pilot, for e0ample the F-49* %trike *agle is a development of the F-49 hich isa to seat training version of the F-49 *agle!
>n some air forces that have a mi0 of high and lo performance aircraft, pilots can #efirst #e assigned to aircraft ith a loer level of performance #efore moving on to themost demanding aircraft! For e0ample in the >talian +ir Force a pilot may #egin hisservice career on the +;C attack aircraft, and as his e0perience gros progress to morecapa#le aircraft such as the ornado >%! ther air forces, such as 3anada, do not dothis and assign first-tour pilots to aircraft such as the 3F-4E <ornet!
!"lti-engine trainers[edit]
$% avy -88+ "egasus trainer, used to train pilots of multi-engined aircraft
hose pilots ho are destined to fly transports, tankers and other multi-engine aircraft #egin ith small multi-engine aircraft such as the -88+ "egasus variant of the6eechcraft ing +ir ! nce they have mastered this they may #egin to fly in the righthand seat of an operational type! %ome airforces ill seek to use a restricted num#er ofmulti-engined aircraft, ith the derivatives of a #asic aircraft filling different roles sothat a pilot Bualified on one of its types can easily convert to others in the same family!For e0ample the 6oeing '=' as a popular airliner for conversion to tanker, transportand *L> variants #y numerous air forces!
#avigation trainers[edit]
+ minority of military training aircraft, such as the Hickers Harsity, <aker %iddeleyominie or 6oeing -87 ere developed from transport designs to train navigators andother rear cres operators! +s these navigational trainees are normally learning ho to
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navigate using instruments, they can #e seated at consoles ithin the aircraft ca#in anddo not reBuire a direct vie of the landscape over hich the aircraft is flying! heoperators of air#orne eapons or radar -related systems can #e similarly trained, eitherin training aircraft or in an operational aircraft during training flights!
Aerobatic dislay teams[edit]%ome @et trainers, such as the +ermacchi ;6-75&, 3asa 3-4=4, Folland Anat, Fouga;agister and 6ritish +erospace <ak , are used #y national formation aero#atic teams!*arly @et aero#atic teams tended to use com#at types such as the <aker <unter ,*nglish *lectric Lightning, and orth +merican F-4== %uper %a#re! +s air forces?com#at fleets ere scaled-don, it made sense for most national display teams tochange to lighter training types! + fe modifications may #e needed to ena#le colouredsmoke to #e emitted during displays, #ut essentially these airframes can still performtheir pilot training function!
Combat "se of trainers[edit]
+ustrian "3-' in 3> configuration
>n smaller air forces #asic trainers, in addition to #eing used for training, are used ascounter insurgency, air#orne F+3 and in the light strike/3> role!
;ost advanced trainers are capa#le of carrying and delivering ar loads! <oever mostof these aircraft do not have the counter measures and sensors to survive alone in amodern high intensity ar fighting scenario, for e0ample #eing vulnera#le to;+"+s! <oever they may still have a ar fighting role in lo intensity theatres,and if they operate in con@unction ith more capa#le aircraft!
<istorically many @et trainers ere marketed ith specialised attack variants e!g! the6+3 Jet "rovost/6+3 %trikemaster and the 3essna -7' eet/+-7' ragonfly!*specially against opponents operating ithout a fighter screen or an effective anti-aircraft capa#ility, such trainer derived attack aircraft could perform adeBuately! Fore0ample >mpala aircraft derived from the +ermacchi ;6-75& trainer formed the mainstrike strength of the %outh +frican +ir Force in its 6ush ar ,14=2 and aircraft such as the<ongdu JL-E are #eing acBuired for the attack role in lo intensity theatres! 14421452
espite their vulnera#ility even small num#ers of com#at-eBuipped trainer aircraft inlo-intensity theatres can have a disproportionate effect due to the surprise and shock of coming under air attack, especially hen the attacked side #elieves itself to have amonopoly on air poer!1472 Forces that have used light trainer aircraft to great effectinclude the 6iafran use of ;F>-Ds 1482 and the Li#eration igers of amil *elam use ofcovertly acBuired light aircraft!1492
>n high-intensity conflicts, advanced trainer type aircraft can have a military utility ifthey operate ithin a frameork of other assets! For e0ample the Aerman and Frenchassault/ornier +lpha Jets had anti-shipping and light strike roles operating under anair um#rella provided #y other aircraft, hile the R+F planned to use pairs of gun- and+>;-D %ideinder -armed <ak trainers in the point defence role! *ach pair of <aksas to #e teamed ith a "hantom FAR!5, in effect using the "hantoms as an +ir#orne*arly Warning and 3ontrol system! +lthough never tested it as #elieved that the<ak, com#ined ith +>;-DL and flon #y some of the #est pilots in the R+F
including those from the Red +rros, ould have made a via#le air defence fighter!14&2
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The f"t"re[edit]
he demonstrator for the %iss designed and manufactured "ilatus "3-54 trainer landsat R>+ 5==E, *ngland!
+s the capa#ilities of front line aircraft have increased this has #een reflected inincreasingly sophisticated advanced trainers! +s the costs of developing ne aircrafthave risen in real terms, it has #ecome more likely that feer aircraft ill #e designedspecifically for the training role! he advanced trainer as often seen as a steppingstone #y most nations in developing a fast @et design and manufacturing capa#ility! Withincreasing costs, even ma@or air forces ill have difficulty reaching the economies ofscale to @ustify development of ne advanced trainers! ations ill #e reBuired tocontinue to push the modernisation of e0isting aircraft (some such as the <ak datingfrom the 4D'=s)14'2 or co-operate in the development and procurement of advancedtraining aircraft! Furthermore they must #etter utilise funding availa#le #y developingaircraft ith an enhanced com#at capa#ility #y producing operational single seatvariants, and #etter utilise aircraft on inventory incorporating operational systems eitherithin the aircraft or as e0ternal pods!14E2
he trend of programma#le electronic systems and datalinks is likely to continue iththe possi#ility that ground #ased radar systems and processing systems ill alloadvanced training aircraft to function as if they truly had on#oard radar systems, iththe cockpit closely replicating the look and feel of an air forces more capa#le aircraft for ma0imum familiarity!14D2 "rogramma#le engine management and fly-#y-ire flightcontrol systems ill allo an aircraft to mimic the flight characteristics of frontlineaircraft15=2 ith actual performance #eing restricted to a pilot?s level of a#ility, ith more
poer and greater agility #ecoming availa#le as a pilot?s skill improves!
raining is no also carried out on ground-#ased simulators!1542
$istorical[edit]
3lassic training types ere the e <avilland iger ;oth, the orth +merican e0an (<arvard in many countries) and the e <avilland 3hipmunk !
%eferences[edit]
1. &"m " ' %harma, Ravi (June 57 I July =&, 5==4)! Gn a crash courseG! Frontline (magazine) (he <indu Aroup)! Retrieved 5==E-=&-7=! 3heck date values in: |date= (help)
2. &"m " ' Wants3heck!3om ;ilitary Flight "lanning
3. Jump up to: a b raining
4. &"m " ' "hases of ;ilitary "ilot raining
5. &"m " ' >+R-DD3 %oim Lead >n Fighter Jet rainer +ircraft, Romania
6. &"m " ' Lead-in fighter trainers - necomers take on the old guard
7. &"m " ' >+R DD
8. &"m " ' 97&' - Lead->n Fighter "ro@ect
9. &"m " ' *l#it +3%
10. &"m " ' he 6order War, %++F museum
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11. &"m " ' 3hang, +ndrei (%eptem#er 4', 5==E)! G3hina e0ports attack craft to %udanG! $nited"ress >nternational! Retrieved 48 ovem#er 5==E!
12. &"m " ' illey, Ryan (5D ;ay 5==5)! Ghe ?trainer? @et the $ loves to hakG! bbc.co.uk (663)! Retrieved 48 ovem#er 5==E!
13. &"m " ' G%ri Lankan re#els launch air raidG! bbc.co.uk (663)! 5& ;arch 5=='! Retrieved 48
ovem#er 5==E!
14. &"m " ' G<o to 6uild an >nstant +ir ForceG! Time (magazine) (ime >nc!)! June &, 4D&D!Retrieved 48 ovem#er 5==E!
15. &"m " ' 6uerk, Roland (5& ;arch 5==')! Gamil igers unveil latest tacticG! bbc.co.uk (663)! Retrieved 48 ovem#er 5==E!
16. &"m " ' hetford, en (4DD9)! Aircraft of the Royal Air Force ince !"!8! "utnam! pp! 4=EI4=D! >%6 =-E94''-E&9-E!
17. &"m " ' Lead->n Fighter "ro@ect
18. &"m " ' ;-78& +dvanced fighter trainer
19. &"m " ' ;+ advanced trainer and light attack aircraft
20. &"m " ' ak 47= 3om#at trainer
21. &"m " ' Ge simulators, online courses change face of flight trainingG
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