Transport Fundamentals1 Chapter 6 Transport fundamentals Transportation is a vital component in the design and management of logistics systems. About

Transport Fundamentals 1

Chapter 6 Transport fundamentals

Transportation is a vital component in the design and management of logistics systems.

About 1/3 – 2/3 of total logistics costs.The focus of this chapter

The facilities and services that make up the transportation system.

The rates (costs) and performance of the various transport services that a manager might select.


Importance of an effective transportation system

• With a poorly transportation system, the market is limited surrounding the point of production.

• EX:fresh fruits, vegetables, perishable products.

Rapid shipment.

1. Greater competition



• Wider markets can result in lower production costs.

• Inexpensive transportation permits decoupling of markets and production sites.

• EX:auto parts manufactured in Taiwan, Indonesia, South Korea, and Mexico are used in assembly operations in the U.S.A. .

2. Economies of scale



• As transportation becomes more efficient, will to reduce product prices.

• EX:Crude oil use the large supertanker.

3. Reduced price


Five basic modes(single-service choices)

RailTruckAirWaterpipeline


Transportation service characteristics1.PriceSee Table 6-1.2.Transit time and variabilitySee Figure 6-1.

3.Loss and damagemaybe to provide increased protective

packaging.


Price

• For-hire service– The rate charged for

the movement of goods between two points

– Pickup at origin– Delivery at

destination– Insurance– Preparing the goods

for shipment

• The service is owned by the shipper– Fuel– Labor– Maintenance– Depreciation of

equipment– Administrative costs


Transit Time and Variability

• The way of Measurement– Door to door

• 600 哩以上– 空運最快– 卡車整車 (TL) 其次– 卡車零擔 (LTL) 第三– 鐵路整車 (CL) 第四

• 小於 600 哩– 航空與卡車運輸不相

上下

• Average delivery time– Highest Rail – Lowest Air

• Variability relative to the average transit time ( 變動時間 / 運輸時間 )– The least dependable

Air– The most dependable

Truckload

Transit Time Variability


鐵路運輸

特徵投資成本龐大 :土地 ,軌道 ,車輛 ,終點設備 ,維護路線容量高具自動控制的能力專用路權車路一體或車路分離


鐵路運輸 (續 )

優點長途運量大安全性高運價低廉受氣候限制小


鐵路運輸 (續 )

缺點維修不易缺乏彈性緊急量小之零擔運輸路線

目標顯著易遭破壞編組費時


公路運輸

特徵車路分離富於機動性及門運送服務 (door to door service)

公共性高


公路運輸 (續 )

優點方便性高及門運輸限時或臨時急需之貨物運送短程運輸為所有運輸工具最快者

運用靈活普及性高經營容易

缺點運載量小安全性較低


企業自用車隊的優缺點優點減少運輸時間方便排定行程減少產品損壞程度增加公司競爭力提供租用車隊無法提供之服務 (司機兼推銷員 )缺點增加固定成本與營運成本


水道運輸特徵

便於利用航行速度慢國際競爭激烈具伸縮性


水道運輸 (續 )

優點運輸量大調度容易運價低廉

以單位成本而言，為所有運輸工具最低者續航力強缺點易受天候影響受港口限制速度慢

各運輸工具中速度最慢者


海運業之經營業務• 定期船業務 (liner service)

• 不定期船業務 (tramp service)

• 專用船業務 (private vessels)


定期船業務 ( 件貨運送業務 )

• 意義– 經營固定船舶、固定航線、固定船期、固定運價及

固定港埠碼頭，對公眾提供客、貨運輸服務之海運業務。

• 船舶型態– 雜貨船 (general cargo or break bulk ship)– 貨櫃船 (container ship)– 子母船 (Lighter-Aboard Ship ， LASH)– 駛進駛出船 (Roll On /Roll Off ， RO/RO Ship)( 船

背運輸， fishyback)


不定期船業務• 意義

– 經營無固定船舶、航線、船期、運價、港埠碼頭倉棧之海運業務。多使用專用散裝船為主要運送工具，並以散裝貨物 ( 如媒、糖、鹽、礦砂等 ) 為主，所承運之貨物有一定之流向與季節性，且運價較定期船為低。

• 營運方式– 論程傭船 (voyage charter)– 論時傭船 (time charter)– 光船租賃 (bare boat charter)


論程傭船 ( 航次傭船 )

• 船貨雙方多經由經紀人 (broker) 或代理商 (agent) 之媒介，洽訂書面協議，規定船東應負責按照運送契約之規定條件及運費，以船舶貨櫃之一部分或全部，供給傭船人裝運指定貨物，由一港或數港裝運約定噸量之貨物，運往約定港口或區域交貨，其運費係依照實裝或實卸貨物重量或體積計算。 ( 叫客式計程車 )


論時傭船 ( 定期傭船 )

• 在約定時間內，將船舶貨艙全部租予傭船人營運使用，由其在約定範圍內自行抉擇航線及貨運業務，然其船長及船員由船東指派，船員人數須充足且資格符合規定，傭船人有權更換不適任之船長或高級船員。傭船人還船時須保持交船時之原狀，交船、還船均應由公證人檢查船況及油水。 ( 承租遊覽車 )


光船租賃 ( 空船出租 )

• 由船東將未配備船員及供應品之光船或空船，在約定時間內由租船人自行營運使用，並由其指定船長、僱用船員、支付薪給 ; 並由租船人供應配備，且負擔全部運轉費用，支付全部支出款及有效修護船體及機器，通常實際船東對於船舶營運範圍或載運之貨物，均不予限制，但東仍有權要求租船人更換船長或高級船員。 ( 租車公司之租車 )


專用船業務• 公司自行擁有船舶或長期租賃船舶用以

運輸貨物。


權宜船籍 (Flag of Convenience)

• 船舶所有人為求降低船運成本，而將其船舶選在稅低、無海員工會及限制較少的非本國籍之國家入籍。


航空運輸

特徵飛機與機場分離遠距速達用途廣泛不受地理環境影響


航空運輸 (續 )

優點速率高不受地形限制航線選擇自由缺點運費高運量受限可及性較差受天候影響


管道運輸特徵

生產與運銷一元化及門服務高度專業化作業自動化不需包裝


管道運輸 (續 )

優點輸送量大不受天候影響運費低缺點易遭偷竊限運液 ,氣體貨物維修不易速度慢


運輸方式的比較


複合運輸 (Intermodal Transportation)

定義貨物從託運人到收貨人的運輸過程中，經由兩種以上的運來承運，但卻採用單一費率或採聯合計費，並且共同負擔運送責任之服務方式。目的使貨物在起訖點的流程中，以最短的時間及最經濟的方式來達成。


複合運輸的型態


Trailer on flatcar (piggyback)

• rail and truck combinations

• A blend of the convenience and flexibility of trucking with the long-haul economy.

• The rate is usually less than for trucking alone.

• Rail can share in some traffic

• door-to-door



複合運輸的經濟效益總體經濟效益降低道路的負荷降低政府對鐵路業的補貼節省能源安全性較高個別廠商效益節省人力貨物的聯運費用 ,往往比公路貨運收費低減少搬運成本及貨物損失降低運輸時間


Containerized freight

standard container8 by 8 by 20 feet (Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit ，

TEU)8 by 8 by 40 feet

• container on flatcar ， COFC

• water-truck service

• air-truck service


貨櫃運輸的經濟效益屬於託運人的經濟效益節省包裝費用節省倉儲費用貨物運送較為安全 ,可節省保護費用節省運費支出縮短運輸時間


貨櫃運輸的經濟效益 (續 )

屬於運送人的經濟效益裝卸迅速且運量大節省管理費用較為安全 ,可節省理賠費用節省港埠費用增加營運收益


Agencies

Own little or no line-haul equipmentHandle numerous small shipmentsConsolidationPickup and delivery service


Transportation agenciesTransportation agencies11

1.Freight forwarder for-hire carriers of freight. for pickup and delivery operations. Advantage ： small shipment with lo

wer price2. Shipper’s associations

Nonprofit basisDesigned to perform services similar

to those of freight forwardersAct as a single shipper in order to ob

tain volume rates


Transportation agenciesTransportation agencies22

3. Transport brokers bring shipper and carriers together by providing timely information about

rates, routes, and capabilities.


Small-shipment service

Parcel post – U.S.A. Postal service - United Parcel Service (UPS) - Federal Express (FedEx) specialize in small-shipment services.


Company-controlled transportation1

• Company ownership of equipment or contracting for transportation services.

• Break–even analysis.

TR=P*Q

TVC=FC+V*Q

FC

$

Q

BEPContract;buy

ownership;make


Company-controlled transportation2

• Shipping volume is high

• Special requirements– Fast delivery with very high dependability– Special equipment not generally available– Special handling of the freight– A service that is available when needed


Transport cost characteristics• Fixed cost:roadway

acquisition, maintenance terminal facilities, transport equipment, carrier administration.

• Variable costs(line-haul costs):fuel, labor,equipment maintenance, handling, pickup and delivery.


Transportation rates1.Volume-related rates2.Distance-related rates a.uniform rates b.proportional rates c.tapering rates d.blanket rates3.Demand-related rates See Box6.5 Example.


Volume-Related Rate

• Quote directly on the quantity shipped.– Small shipment: minimum charge or any-quantity

(AQ) rate.

– Large shipment (less than a full-vehicle-load quantity): less-than-vehicle-load

– Large shipment( equal or exceed the designated vehicle-load quantity): vehicle-load rate.

• Quote a shipper special rates on particular commodities. (high volume)


Distance-Related Rates — Uniform Rates

• When the delivering cost are not distance related.


Distance-Related Rates — Proportional Rates

• This method does adversely discriminate against the long-haul shipper in favor of the short-haul shipper.

• Terminal charges are not recovered on the short haul.

• Truckload rates can have this characteristic because handling costs are minimal.


Distance-Related Rates — Tapering Rates

• A major reason for this shape is that with increased distance of the shipment, terminal costs and other fixed charges are distributed over more miles.


Distance-Related Rates — Blanket Rates

• Single rates that cover a wide area at the origin, destination, or both.

• To meet the rates of competitors and to simplify rate publications and administration led carriers to establish blanket rate structures.


Line-haul rates

• Refer to the charges incurred between origin and destination terminals, or door-to-door in the case of truckload motor carrier service.

• Classified by: 1. product2. Shipment size3. Route4. miscellaneous


Line-haul rates — By Product

• Class Rates (table 6-5) (See Box 6.6)• Contract Rates

– Contract rates are meant to take precedence over the more general class rates.

– These may be special, one-of-a-kind rates that reflect individual shipping situations. (See Box 6.7)

• Freight-All-Kinds– Carriers quote single rates for a shipment

regardless of the classification of the commodities that make up the shipment.


Line-haul rates — By Shipment Size

• See Table 6-6, Box 6.8Other Incentive Rates

In-Excess RateTime-volume Rates


Line-haul rates — By Route

• When shipments involve full vehicle load movements, carriers use a per-mile charge to compute total shipping expenses. (See Box 6.9)


Line-haul rates — Miscellaneous Rates

• Cube Rates– When articles are very light and bulky.

– Cube rates are based on space occupied rather than weight.

• Import-Export Rates• Deferred Rates

– At times the shipper is willing to accept the possibility of increased delay in delivery compared with regular service in exchange for lower rates. The shipper is promised that delivery will be made no later than a given date.


Line-haul rates — Miscellaneous Rates

• Released Value Rates– Unlimited liability– Limited liability (released value rates)– Released value rates are particularly useful

when the actual value of the goods is difficult to estimate.

• Ocean Freight Rates– Quote either on a space or a weight basis.


Special service chargesSpecial line-haul servicesDiversion and reconsignment (example 6.10)

When the commodities are perishable or the carrier’s equipment can be used as a warehouse.

The shipper can gain flexibility in meeting dynamic market conditions at a nominal charge per carload.

Transit privilegesStop-off privilege to complete loading (example 6.11)

Stop-off privilege to partially unload (example 6.12)

Protection — such as damage-free cars, refrigerated cars and heaters

Interlining


Special service charges

Terminal servicesPickup and delivery

Switching

Demurrage and detentionStraight plan

Average plan

Documents

Transport Fundamentals1 Chapter 6 Transport fundamentals Transportation is a vital component in the design and management of logistics systems. About