Transportation Lecture 2 (19!02!2013)

Transportation Engineering

Akhtar Abbas Assistant Professor

The University of Lahorewww.uol.edu.pk/ce

Department of Civil Engineering, (10-02-2012)

Transportation Engineering

• DefinitionApplication of technology and scientific

principles to the planning, functional design, operation, and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods.

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Mode of Transport

• Railways SurfaceUnder GroundElevated

• Road Transport• Air Transport

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Mode of Transport

• Water Transport

• Rope ways

• Pipelines

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THE IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION

• All human beings are interacting over distance and time for

1. Food2. Shelter3. Work4. Business5. Recreation

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THE IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION

6. Security7. Equipments8. Agriculture9. For Industrial Raw Material Products

are needed to transport from one place to other

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NEGATIVE EFFECTS

• Transportation accounts for almost two-third of the petroleum consumption

• Transportation is a major contributor of environmental problems such as air pollution, noise, and destruction of natural habitats

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IMPORTANCE OF ROAD TRANSPORTATION

• Importance of Road transportation over other modes

1.Low capital investment2.Flexible Service3. More freedom to users while

travelling4.Ability to accommodate various type

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IMPORTANCE OF ROAD TRANSPORTATION

5. Quick and assure door to door service

6.Faster and cheaper service particularly for short distance travel

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Development of Highway

1. Ancient Roads• Origin before recorded history, even

before invention of wheel i.e 10,000 years ago

• Stone paved streets of Ur in the Middle East was constructed ca. 4000 BC.

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• Brick paving in India started ca. 3000 BC.

• In Europe wooden and stone pathways were constructed ca. 2000 BC.

• Streets of the city of Babylon were paved as early as 2000 B.C.

• Roads for Pyramid of Egypt 3000 years B.C.

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• The greatest road network was constructed by Romans. Roads were commonly constructed at least 4.25 m wide. It was common practice to reduce gradients by cutting tunnels. The roads were built on embankments 1 m to 2 m high.

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Later European Development

• Interest in the art of road building was revived after Romans in Europe in the late eighteenth century. During this period, French Engineer, advocated a method of road construction utilizing a broken stone base, covered with small stones.

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• The regime of Napoleon in France (1800 – 1814) gave a great impetus to road construction, chiefly for military purposes, and led to the established of a national system of highways in the country.

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• At about the same time in England, two Scottish engineers, Thomas Telford and John L. McAdam, developed similar type of construction. Telford urged the use of large pieces of ledge stone to form a base with smaller stones for the wearing surface

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• . McAdam advocated the use of smaller broken stones throughout. This later type of construction is still in extensive use, being the forerunner of various types of modern macadam bases and pavements.

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Principles Used for Construction McAdam Road

1. Raise the foundation above the surrounding ground so that ground water will not soften the sub-grade

2. crown the earth sub-grade and drain the surface water into side ditches

3. Use clean, free draining stone, which will drain the water and not be affected by frost

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4. construct the roadway to suit the anticipated traffic loadings (AASHTO, 1952).

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• All the modern components of modern highway design were being utilized by 1320 in England. Telford used a masonry surfacing and lateral drains every one hundred feet while McAdam used a one size stone wearing surface. The use of these principles rapidly spread to the United States with construction of the Boonesborough Turnpike road in 1823.

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MOTORWAYS

• The Motorways of Pakistan are a network of high-quality, international-standard 'limited access' highways in Pakistan, which are maintained and operated by the National Highway Authority.

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MOTORWAYS

• Pakistan's motorways are either six-lanes or four-lanes and are 'limited-access' with a minimum speed limit of 80 km/h and a maximum speed limit of 120 km/h. They have a central median and are fenced on the outside for safety and to prevent unauthorized access.

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MOTORWAYS

• By February 2010, operational motorways in Pakistan had a combined length of 632 km with another 233 km under construction and further planned.

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MOTORWAYS

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M4 Faisalabad to Multan Access Controlled / Planned

M5 Multan to Dera Ghazi Khan Access Controlled / Planned

M6 Dera Ghazi Khan to Ratodero Access Controlled / Planned

M7 Ratodero to Karachi Access Controlled / Planned

M8 Ratodero to Gwadar 4 Lanes / Access Controlled / Under Construction (2 lane road completed and operational)

M9 Karachi to Hyderabad

138 km / 4 Lanes / Access Controlled / Operational

M10 Also referred to as the Karachi Northern Bypass


M11 (LSM) Lahore to Sialkot 6 Lanes / Access Controlled /

Under Construction

MOTORWAYS

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List of Pakistan's Motorways

Sign Name Route Details

M1 Peshawar to Islamabad


M2 Lahore to Islamabad


M3 Pindi Bhattian to Faisalabad (linking M2 to Faisalabad)


MOTORWAY HISTORY

• The construction of motorways in Pakistan was first proposed by the former Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif when he called for a motorway between Lahore and the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The idea behind a motorway was supported by many in the country, however, Nawaz Sharif was criticized for the plan.

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MOTORWAY HISTORY

• Instead, many wanted the first motorway to be built between the two largest cities in Pakistan (Lahore and Karachi).

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MOTORWAY HISTORY

• However, the plan went ahead and Pakistan's first motorway, the M2, was completed in 1997 and was the first motorway to be built in South Asia. The contract was awarded to the Korean firm Daewoo. It has six-lanes and links the federal capital Islamabad with Punjab's provincial capital Lahore and its length is 367 km.

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MOTORWAY HISTORY

• Since then, the network has been further extended to Sargodha and then to Faisalabad with the M3, which has four-lanes and a length of 53 km. The M1 from Islamabad to the NWFP's capital Peshawar was completed in 2007. It has six-lanes and a length of 154 km

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MOTORWAY HISTORY

• More motorways are being planned in Pakistan and some are also being built by local as well as foreign firms. M8 will link Gwadar with other central and South Asian countries. M9 will link Hyderabad with Karachi.

• Since then the M3, M9, M10, and M1 has become operational. The M8 will continue to be built up until late 2010.

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NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

• N-5

• Extends from karachi to Torkham via Hyderabad, Multan, Lahore, Rawalpindi and Peshawar.

• Lahore Peshawar section also known as GT or Grand Trunk Road.

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NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

• The British-built GT Road also extends east to the Indian border (and subsequently continues all the way to Calcutta which is near Bangladesh).

• Total length = 1819 km.

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NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

• N-10

• Extends along the Arabian Sea coast from Karachi to Gwadar

• Also known as Makran Coastal Highway.

• Total Length = 653 km.

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NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

• N-15

• Extends from Mansehra to Chilas via Naran and Jalkhand

• Total Length = 240 km

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NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

• N-25

• Extends from Karachi to Chaman via Bela, Khuzar, Kalat and Quetta.

• Also known as RCD Highway.

• Total Length = 813 km.

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NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

• N-35

• Also known as the Karakoram Highway.

• Total Length = 806 km

• Extends from Hasan Abdal to Khunjerab via Abbottabad, Thakot and Gilgit.

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NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

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N-50

Extends from Kuchlack to Dera Ismail Khan via Zhob

Total Length = 332 km

N-55

Extends from Karachi to Peshawar via Kotri, Shikarpur, Dera Ghazi Khan and Kohat

Also known as the Indus Highway. Total

Length = 1264 km

N-65

Extends from Sukkur to Saryab via Sibi


N-70

Extends from Qila Saifullah to Multan via Loralai and Dera Ghazi Khan


NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

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N-75

Extends from Islamabad to Kohala via Satra Mile, Lower Topa and Murree

Also known as the Murree Expressway.


N-80

Extends from Tarnol to Kohat


NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

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N-90

Extends from Kwazakhela to Besham via Alpuri


N-95

Extends from Chakdara to Kalam via Mingora, Manglour, Kwazakhela, Madyan and Bahrain-


NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

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S-1 Extends from Gilgit to Skardu


S-2 Extends from Kohala to Muzaffarabad


S-3 Extends from Muzaffarabad to Chakothi


NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

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E-3 Extends from Wazirabad to Pindi Bhattian


E-4 Extends from Faisalabad to Khanewal


E-5 Extends from Khanewal to Lodhran


NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

•N-5 National Highway

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NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

• The National Highway 05 or the N-5, part of the Grand Trunk Road, runs from Karachi to Torkham. It is 1819 km in length[1] and runs north from the port city of Karachi located in Sindh province to Hyderabad, Moro and Khairpur before crossing into Punjab province where it passes through Multan, Sahiwal, Lahore, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Jhelum and Rawalpindi.

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NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

• At Rawalpindi, it turns eastwards and passes to Attock before crossing the Indus River into North-West Frontier Province where is passes through Nowshera and Peshawar before reaching the border town of Torkham. It's total length is 1819 km, 1021 km in Punjab, 671 km in Sindh and 127 km in NWFP. It is managed by National Highway Authority of Pakistan. 60

NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

• The N-5 is built on the ancient Grand Trunk Road (commonly known as G.T. Road). After the partition of India, a vast portion of the Grand Trunk Road came under Pakistan. Thus developments of this road took place and in 1990's, the road was converted in an international standard highway.

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NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

•Makran Coastal Highway

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NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

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N10 (Makran Coastal

Highway)

Length 653 km

Lanes 2

Direction East/West

Start Karachi

Important destinations

Lyari, Ormara, Pasni

End Gwadar

Construction dates

2001 - 2003

Highway junctions N25

Owner NHA

Operator NHA

NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

• The Makran Coastal Highway is located primarily in Balochistan, Pakistan. It follows the Arabian Sea coast from Karachi to Gwadar. It is also referred to as National Highway 10 or N10.

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NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

Coastal Highway History• Previously there was a muddy track

linking Karachi with the town of Gwadar. Journeys between the two could take several days as the safest route was to travel via Quetta. The journey time has now been reduced to six or seven hours with the construction of the new Makran Coastal Highway (National Highway N10).

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NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

• The highway was built as part of an overall plan to improve transport facilities in southern Balochistan; other parts of the plan include the new seaport and international airport at Gwadar and the construction of a road linking Gwadar to Khuzdar.

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NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

• In the coastal areas of Balochistan, the main livelihood is fishing. The catch could not be sold in Karachi because the fish would rot by the time they reached Karachi. However, the new highway has improved people's livelihoods by giving them the opportunity to sell fish in major markets in Karachi.

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NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

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TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Karakoram Highway

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NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

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N35 (Karakoram Highway)

Length

1300 km / 806 km in Pakistan, in China 494 km

Lanes 2

Direction north-south

Start Hasan Abdal

Important destinations

Hasanabdal, Abbottabad, Thakot, Chilas, Gilgit, Karimabad, Sust, Khunjerab Pass, Kashgar

End Kashgar

Construction dates 1966 - 1986

Highway junctions N5, N15

Owner NHA, SASAC

Operator NHA

NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

The Karakoram Highway (KKH) ( را ہشا ہChinese: 中巴公路 ,قراقرم ) is the highest paved international road in the world. It connects China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range, through the Khunjerab Pass, at an altitude of 4,693 m/15,397 ft. as confirmed by both SRTM and multiple GPS readings

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NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

It connects China's Xinjiang region with Pakistan's Northern Areas and also serves as a popular tourist attraction. It is also referred to as National Highway 35 or N35. Due to its high elevation and the difficult conditions in which it was constructed, it is also referred to as the "Ninth Wonder of the World."

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History Karakoram Highway

• The Karakoram Highway, also known as the Friendship Highway in China, was built by the governments of Pakistan and China, and was completed in 1986, after 20 years of construction. 810 Pakistani and 82 Chinese workers lost their lives,[1] mostly in landslides and falls, while building the highway. The route of the KKH traces one of the many paths of the ancient Silk Road.

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• On the Pakistani side, the road was constructed by FWO (Frontier Works Organization), employing the Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers. Presently, the Engineer-in-Chief branch of the Pakistani Army is working on a project documenting the history of the highway.

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• It is being written by Brigadier (Retired) Muhammad Mumtaz Khalid, who oversaw its construction.

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Karakoram Highway

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Karakoram Highway

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Karakoram Highway

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TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

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Documents

Transportation Lecture 2 (19!02!2013)