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Tribute to Etiopias late Prime Minister Meles Zenawi Stubborn, singleminded pursuit of “democratic developmentalism” By Charles Abugre, chair of Networkers SouthNorth, 13 sept 2012 The Dag Hammarskjöld Program

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Page 1: Tribute to Etiopias late Prime Minister - Language Powernetworkers.org/userfiles/tribute_to_etiopias_late_prime... · 2012-09-14 · ! 4! companies–anoldstylenationalistofthelikesofNyerere,Kwame!

Tribute  to  Etiopias  late  Prime  Minister    

Meles  Zenawi    Stubborn,  single-­minded  pursuit  of  “democratic  developmentalism”  By  Charles  Abugre,  chair  of  Networkers  SouthNorth,  13  sept  2012  

 

 

                                       The  Dag  Hammarskjöld  Program                                                

 

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In  life  and  in  death  Prime  Minister  Meles  Zenawi  left  no  room  for  ambiguity  –  you  love  him  or  you  hate  him  with  a  passion.  You  admire  him  or  you  loath  him  with  a  passion.  You  agree  or  disagree  with  him  with  a  passion.  You  debate  with  clarity,  purpose  and  passion.  

Upon  the  announcement  of  his  death,  an  Ethiopian  diaspora  opposition  voice,  speaking  on  BBC  radio  proclaimed  that  Meles’  passing  was  a  moment  for  celebration  –  a  collective  good-­‐riddance  by  the  people  of  Ethiopia.  Asked  why  there  was  such  a  popular  and  spontaneous  public  grief  on  the  streets  of  Addis  Abeba  if  Meles  was  so  loathed  by  his  people,  this  voice  claimed  that  far  from  being  spontaneous,  the  people  had  been  mobilized  by  the  regime  and  ordered  to  the  streets.  It  was  all  a  façade,  he  said.  Another  opposition  voice,  writing  on  his  blog  from  the  United  States  bemoaned  how  Meles  lost  the  opportunity  to  be  an  exemplary  leader  –  to  be  loved,  cherished  and  revered  by  their  people,  like  Nelson  Mandela.  In  saying  farewell  to  Meles,  he  chose  to  paraphrase  Brutus’  tribute  to  Julius  Caesar,  the  friend  he  had  slain  in  a  power  grab:  “It  is  time  to  bury  Meles  not  to  praise  him.  The  evil  that  men  do  lives  after  them”.  An  international  NGO  leader  working  in  Kenya,  writes  on  his  facebook  page:  “Ding  Dong  the  witch…well,  we  are  admonished  in  Africa  not  to  celebrate  another  person’s  death,  but  it  can  be  difficult  when  the  person  is  a  dictator  like  Meles.  

In  contrast  Susan  Rice,  The  US  Permanent  Representative  to  the  United  Nations,  speaking  at  Meles’  funeral  spoke  of  Meles  the  normal  human  being  –  loving  father  and  husband-­‐  “uncommonly  wise  and  able  to  see  the  big  picture”…”disarmingly  regular,  direct  and  unpretentious”;  Meles  the  “relentless  negotiator  and  formidable  debator”…  “remarkably  ambitious,  but  not  for  himself”  (as  is  often  the  case)  ;    Meles  was  the  almost  uncontested  intellectual  political    leader  of  Africa  (especially  after  Thabo  Mbeki’s  exit  from  power)  in  Africa  and  the  world;  a  man  “with  little  patience  for  fools  and  idiots”  and  if  I  may  add  “pin  prickers”..    

How  much  would  Meles  have  cared  for  being  a  Mandela  or  not  been  seen  as  a  Julius  Caesar?  Perhaps  not  much.  From  the  little  I  know  of  him  I  would  argue,  much  as  Alex  de  Waal  has  in  a  recent  tribute;  “He  would  have  cared  more  whether  his  ideas  and  his  programmes  were  properly  presented  ….  and  whether  history  will  prove  him  right”.    

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It  is  his  ideas  and  programmes  that  interest  me  in  relation  to  his  legacy.  It  is  the  simple  and  disarming  articulation  in  1991  of  the  singular  purpose  of  his  leadership  –  that  all  Ethiopians  can  eat  3  meals  a  day-­‐  that  reminds  me  of  his  revulsion  against  poverty  and  indignity.  I  associate  with  his  view  that  it  will  be  hard  to  keep  the  Ethiopian  state  (similar  to  many  African  states)  in  one  piece  without  urgent  and  sufficient  growth  and  transformation  in  the  economy  –  starting  with  agriculture  –  as  basis  for  shared  livelihoods,  shared  agency  and  the  resources  to  build  the  institutions  of  democracy.  I  identify  with  analysis  of  the  role  of  the  state  being  principally  to  provide  services,  play  an  active  role  in  building  a  dynamic  economy  including,  regulating  the  market  for  both  efficiency  and  public  good;  redirect  incentives  and  economic  rents  towards  value  added  activities;  enable  the  people  to  influence  and  control  political  power  by  their    ability  to  organize  as  informed  and  economically  empowered  citizens.      

I  admire  the  impressive  coherence  of  his  political  and  economic  thoughts  that  guide  his  programmes  and  the  ability  to  combine  pragmatism  with  clear  ideological  focus  –  we  could  do  with  a  few  more  leaders  who  really  care  about  clear  thinking  and  invests  in  it.  He  believed  that  theory  and  practice  must  be  rooted  in  one’s  reality  –the  Ethiopian  reality  in  historical  context  –  and  the  patience  to  analyse  that  reality.    The  guy  reads  almost  as  much  as  he  is  a  workaholic.  

I  share  his  view  that  neither  development  nor  democracy  can  thrive  on  their  own  –  both  must  be  pursued  in  tandem  an  in  an  inter-­‐connected  manner  –  the  development  process  is  democratized  if  it  is  broad-­‐based,  dynamic  and  equitable  and  the  democratic  process  is  developmental  if  the  marginalized  have  the  economic  and  social  wherewithal  to  actively  shape  politics.  He  calls  this  democratic  developmentalism.  These  together  form  the  foundations  for  enduring  human  rights.  This  way  of  thinking  cannot  be  fitted  neatly  into  the  conventional  “authoritarian  bargain  concept”  box  some  have  tried  to  fit  him  in  –  i.e.  a  South  East  Asian  model  of  exchanging  political  repression  for  “food  on  the  table”.    I  admire  the  ability  to  combine  attention  for  the  immediate  –  e.g.  feeding  people  and  preventing  starvation–  with  the  long  haul  –  building  the  structural  foundations  of  a  dynamic  economy  and  participatory  democracy.    

Most  of  all,  I  agree  with  Susan  Rice  that  Meles  was  ambitious  but  not  for  himself  (for  he  has  acquired  no  private  wealth  and  owns  no  private  

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companies  –  an  old  style  nationalist  of  the  likes  of  Nyerere,  Kwame  Nkrumah  and  Kenneth  Kaunda  who  sincerely  believed  that  power  is  about  service  not  personal  wealth).  I  admire  his  sense  of  the  certitude  of  his  ideas  for  it  is  this  attribute  that  guides  his  ability  to  take  or  reject  ideas  or  money,  to  resist  manipulation  and  to  remain  unconventional  when  it  suits.  But  I  do  not  accept  shooting  people  on  the  street  if  even  to  contain  widespread  violence  and  the  mass  arrest  of  journalists  –  the  political  reactions  to  threats  that  have  come  to  be  widely  marketed  as  evidence  of  autocratic  rule.  

So  what  is  it  about  “democratic  developmentalism  (DD)”  that  I  consider  the  legacy  that  must  not  only  endure  but  be  actively  advanced.  I  came  to  be  involved  in  discussions  about  DD  from  the  angle  of  peace  and  security  on  the  Horn  of  Africa,  a  subject  I  know  little  of,  as  an  economist  and  anti-­‐poverty  activist.  A  group  of  us  wanted  to  contribute  to  peace  and  security  in  the  Horn  of  Africa  through  an  informal  platform  to  exchange  ideas.  Meles  is  one  of  a  few  African  leaders  who  actually  make  time  to  engage  in  and  welcome  intellectual  exchange  whether  about  politics,  economics  or  social  policy.  

 

Presidents  Salva  Kiir  of  South  Sudan,  Mwai  Kibaki  of  Kenya  and  Meles  Zenawi  of  Ethiopia  signed  an  accord  in  March  2012  following  a  ground  breaking  ceremony  of  an  ambitious  port,  railway  and  refinery  project  in  Kenya's  resort  town  of  Lamu.  

We  believed  that  Ethiopia  was  crucial  to  this  for  several  reasons:  it  is  the  largest  country  by  population  in  the  region;  relatively  the  most  stable;  relatively  the  most  democratic;  with  the  most  dynamic  economy;  with  a  lot  to  lose  if  war  broke  out  across  several  boundaries  and  the  most  to  gain  with  peace;  and  relatively  the  most  trusted  by  international  powers.  Above  all,  the  person  of  Meles  commands  the  most  respect  internationally  for  his  

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intellect  and  negotiating  ability  and  not  least  because  he  is  seen  as  a  person  whose  word  you  can  trust-­‐  love  him  or  loath  him.  He  could  afford  more  magnanimity,  more  patience  and  more  sacrifice  relative  to  the  rest.  So  initially  we  spoke  about  dialogue,  bringing  young  people  together  across  boundaries,  making  overtures  to  belligerent  neighbours,  avoiding  the  use  of  Ethiopia  as  a  centre  for  organized  opposition  for  regime  change  of  neighbours  etc.  

All  well  and  good,  but  how  in  the  long  run  can  peace  be  sustained  and  entrenched?  Does  peace  and  the  lack  of  thereof  depend  on  individuals  in  power  or  is  there  more  to  it?  Is  armed  conflict  sustained  merely  by  political  motives  or  is  there  an  economic  motive?  Do  people  fight  simply  because  they  hate  each  other  or  is  there  more  to  it.  As  we  mauled  over  these  issues  over  time,  one  thing  became  increasingly  clear  –  we  need  to  think  about  peace  and  security  in  our  continent  in  a  long-­‐term  manner.  Relative  peace  is  ultimately  built  on  shared  prosperity,  shared  opportunity,  mature  institutions,  greater  choices  and  effective  voice  for  people  and  a  serious  attention  to  inequalities  especially  geographical  and  group-­‐based  inequalities.    

Meles  argued  that  sustaining  peace  and  security  in  Ethiopia  and  the  region  will  require  us  to  think  about  how  to  shape  the  economy  to  provide  enduring  benefits  for  all  the  people  and  address  poverty,  how  to  shape  politics  to  make  it  inclusive  of  all  the  diversities  and  how  to  build  institutions  that  promote  genuine  democratic  inclusion.  This  calls  for  a  clear  understanding  of  the  structural  realities  of  economies  and  the  institutions  in  it  (public  and  private);  the  nature  of  political  organization  and  the  attitude  towards  genuine  democracy  and  inclusive  and  dynamic  economic  development,  and  how  these  issues  interlink.  The  task  is  to  simultaneously  build  institutions  for  both  genuine  democracy  and  genuine  development.  He  believed  that  the  Ethiopian  state  is  at  risk  of  disappearing  unless  these  tasks  are  accomplished.  This  task  is  daunting  for  a  poor  economy  because  poverty  itself  results  from  and  contributes  to  weak  institutions  necessary  to  provide  and  regulate.    

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To  square  these  brackets  Meles  argued  for  a  clear  ideology,  contrary  to  Susan  Rice’s  assertion  that  Meles  was  merely  pragmatic,  not  ideological.  Indeed  he  believes  that  not  only  should  the  state  be  guided  by  a  clear  ideology  but  that  ideology  should  he  hegemonic  in  a  Gramscian  sense.  The  ideology,  he  called  “democratic  developmentalism”  (DD)  –  the  task  is  to  build  a  democratic  developmental  state.  To  make  this  ideology  hegemonic  requires  a  political  vehicle  –  a  party  totally  committed  to  the  ideology  and  driving  it  through  society  through  education,  policy  and  organization.  Meles  believed  in  his  party,  fought  his  battles  within  it,  dedicated  his  life  to  it,  survived  by  it  and  saw  himself  as  an  integral  part  of  it  and  died  serving  it.  

He  was  clear  that  the  economic  development  task  of  DD  is  to  build  a  capitalist  economy  based  on  the  reality  of  the  Ethiopian  economy  –  an  essentially  agricultural  economy  dominated  by  small  holder  farmers  facing  unstable  and  hostile  local  and  international  markets  and  small  modern  sector  benefitting  largely  from  unproductive  and  “pervasive  rent-­‐seeking”.  By  rent-­‐seeking  he  meant  economic  agents  seeking  ways  to  maximize  returns  without  adding  value.  This  includes  corruption  in  public  and  private  places  as  well  as  kickbacks,  land  speculation,  tax  dodging,  asset  price  manipulation,  speculative  financial  transactions  etc.  The  task  is  to  guide  economic  agents  towards  value  added  activities,  including  innovation  and  productive  investments  and  to  discourage  unproductive  rent  seeking  activities.  But  some  economic  rents  are  high  not  simply  because  of  manipulation  and  bad  behavior  of  economic  agents  but  arise  from  low  competition  (few  entrants  into  sectors  at  relatively  low  cost  and  high  returns).  In  these  areas,  he  believed  that  the  role  of  the  state  is  to  participate  in  these  markets  to  share  the  returns  or  redirect  them  through  taxation.  To  be  able  to  guide  the  private  sector  towards  value  addition,  necessitates  a  degree  of  independence  of  the  state  from  the  private  sector.  It  means  actively  discouraging  political  leadership  from  also  being  enmeshed  in  private  business,  in  order  to  minimize  conflict  of  interest.  This  does  not  of  course  preclude  jointly  investing,  as  is  the  case  of  the  burgeoning  shoe  industry.  It  is  in  this  context  that  the  Ethiopian  state  actively  participates  in  or  even  dominates  large  corporations  such  as  the  telecommunications,  heavy  industry  and  the  thriving  EFFORT  (the  Endowment  Fund  for  the  Rehabilitation  of  Tigray)  group  of  companies  and  areas  they  consider  necessary  to  stimulate  or  to  capture  and  redirect  rents..  It  is  also  the  reason  why  Ethiopia  refuses  to  establish  a  Stock  market  seeing  

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them  largely  as  instruments  for  speculation  rather  than  development  financing.  Ethiopia  also  does  not  open  its  banks  to  foreign  participation.  This  approach  is  largely  derived  from  the  practice  of  the  middle  income  countries  of  Asia  and  Latin  America,  and  to  some  extent  South  Africa  and  his  views  about  the  role  of  he  state  in  the  economy  is  more  akin  to  the  German  school  economics  with  its  emphasis  on  innovation  and  technology.  He  came  to  dislike  neoliberalism  with  passion.    Meles  may  have  been  be  promoting  a  version  of  capitalism  but  he  did  not  come  to  accept  capitalism  lightly.  He  was  afterall  a  Marxist  Leninist  and  continued  to  be  influenced  by  its  analytical  power  even  to  his  death.  He  came  to  this  view  largely  from  a  pragmatic  stand  point  –  the  world  has  moved  on  and  a  smarter  strategy  is  required.  “You  need  to  pick  your  fights  cleverly”  he  will  say,  conscious  of  the  relative  powerlessness  of  Ethiopia  as  an  aid  and  food  dependent  economy.    

Clever  picking  of  fights  has  enabled  Meles  to  basically  effectively  manage  aid  inflows  even  during  times  of  political  tensions  and  policy  disagreements  especially  with  the  World  Bank,  the  IMF  and  some  bilateral  donors,  although  it  must  be  said  that  over  the  past  2  decades  Ethiopia’s  aid  receipt  has  been  below  the  sub-­‐Saharan  African  average  in  per  capita  terms.  Yet,  many  would  say  that  they  (together  with  Rwanda)  have  made  the  best  use  of  aid  of  any  country  –  another  reason  for  keeping  aid  flowing.  Meles  would  severely  critique  aid  not  in  order  to  reject  it  but  in  order  to  soften  the  terms  and  access  more.  Meles  is  comfortable  with  foreign  direct  investment  although  he  will  argue  that  development  is  not  about  capital  accumulation  but  innovation,  technology  and  organisation.  Indeed,  with  the  financial  crisis  leading  to  low  investment  absorption  in  matured  economies  and  average  wages  rising  in  China,  Meles  has  been  arguing  strongly  for  foreign  capital  flows  to  Africa,  presenting  it  as  the  next  source  of  global  demand  capable  of  lifting  the  global  economy.  And  he  has  not  failed  in  his  pursuit.  60%  of  Chinese  and  Turkish  investments  to  Ethiopia  are  in  manufacturing  and  these  investments  are  growing.  

Meles  passionately  believed  in  democracy  and  human  rights  –  both  civil/political  and  social  economic  rights  –  contrary  to  popular  belief.  Two  things  are  critical  for  democracy  in  a  democratic  developmental  state:  the  need  to  address  the  powerless  of  the  “atomized  peasant”  by  enabling  the  peasants  to  organize  not  for  organizing  sake  but  to  acquire  economic  power,  for  example  through  cooperatives  in  order  to  access  technology  or  

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to  address  pricing  problems.  Organised  wealthy  peasants  are  crucial  not  only  for  the  fight  against  poverty  but  for  effective  voice  in  political  contestation  –  the  avoidance  of  elite  capture  of  politics.  The  second  task,  he  would  argue  is  the  need  for  a  hegemonic  party  not  only  to  support  this  process  of  organizing  for  economic  participation  and  value-­‐added  growth  but  also  to  educate  in  order  to  advance  the  hegemonic  ideology  not  by  force  but  by  gradual  internalization  of  its  tenets.  In  the  context  of  electoral  politics,  such  a  strategy  –  linking  political  organisation  with  economic  power  –  cannot  escape  the  charge  that  the  ruling  party  is  using  incumbency  and  the  monopoly  over  state  resources  to  entrench  the  party  in  power.  Meles  does  not  contest  this  charge  per  se,  merely  arguing  that  this  is  what  needs  to  be  done.    

Besides  theory,  Meles  also  emphasises  the  quality  of  practice:  when  you  think  and  plan  big,  then  be  sure  to  deliver:  when  you  promise  be  sure  to  fulfill;  when  you  decide,  be  sure  to  stick  by  your  decision.  The  evidence  of  these  dictums  are  clear  for  all  to  see  –  poverty  is  reducing  at  one  of  the  fastest  rates  in  the  world,  Ethiopia  is  industrializing;  rural  incomes  are  rising;  revenue  allocation  to  ethno-­‐linguistically  divided  states,  using  distributive  justice  as  the  main  principle  is  helping  convergence  among  nationalities  and  providing  services  that  some  communities  had  never  afore  experienced.  The  economics  of  democratic  developmentalism  has  clear  fruits  in  Ethiopia.  South  Africa  declared  itself  as  a  developmental  state  partly  thanks  to  the  friendship  between  Thabo  Mbeki  and  Meles  and  cooperation  between  their  respective  parties.  The  Economic  commission  for  Africa  has  taken  the  first  steps  to  encourage  intellectuals  discourse  on  DD.  Time  will  tell  if  they  will  sustain  it.  Ethiopia  may  well  sustain  the  programmatic  dimensions  of  DD.  Only  time  will  tell  where  the  politics  of  DD  will  go,  with  new  leadership.  Meles  may  well  have  been  dictatorial.  Even  that,  Africa  has  lost  an  intriguing,  even  enigmatic  leader  and  spokesperson.  This  loss  will  be  hard  to  replace.    

 

     Nairobi,  13  september  2012  ,  by  Charles  Abugre,  chair  of  Networkers  SouthNorth  and  currently  head  of  the  UN  millennium  campaign  for  Africa  –  Africa  offices.  Abugre  writes  this  article  in  his  personal  capacity  and  views  expressed  here  should  not  be  attributed  in  any  other  way  to  the  United  Nations.      

This  tribute  is  printed  in  forthcoming  New  Africa,  Sep  2012.     Front  page:  Meles  with  Chinese  leader  Hu  Jintau