TRP Module IP Fundamentals · 2019-11-26 · IP Fundamentals Session 1 October 27, 2016 Gabriella Chan, PhD ... Introductions • Gabriella Chan – PhD in molecular diagnostics for

©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.

TRPModuleIPFundamentals

Session1October27,2016

GabriellaChan,PhD,JD


Introductions• GabriellaChan

– PhDinmoleculardiagnosticsforID(IMS)– JDOsgoode HallLawSchool

• focusonIPandbusinesslaw– PartofstartupatendofPhD– PartofwinningCanadianteamofBiotechYES

• IntensivetraininginOxford,UKonstartingcompanies– FormerVPLegalAffairs– FounderYoctoLaw– Formerlead,StartupToronto– E-mail:[email protected]



Commercialproduct

Idea

ValleyofDeath


“Ideasareeasy.Implementationishard.”

GuyKawasaki



Nineoutoftenbusinessesfail


Translation- Commercialization

Marketresearch

ValleyofDeathNearDeathExperiences



Step1:Translation

Marketresearch

HaveinventiondevelopedatUofT /Hospitals

Sellaproductbasedonthatinvention

TOOLS

ProjectDesign

Validation

GenerateIP

Regulatoryaffairs

Prototypedevelopment

Marketanalysis

User

Product

R&D

Valueproposition

PayerFinancing

ProtectIP

Iteration

Freedomtooperate

Identifyaneed

Customer


Step2:Commercialization

Marketresearch

HaveinventiondevelopedatUofT /Hospitals

Sellaproductbasedonthatinvention

TOOLS

IncorporateacompanyGenerateIP

Freedomtooperate

Regulatoryaffairs

IPportfolio

Patentstrategy

Branding

Businessmodel

Companyname

Productname

Trademarks

Valueproposition

Domainnames FinancingMarketing

Validation

InstitutionalIPPolicies

Selecting co-founders

Keylegalagreements

Licensing

ProtectIP


Logistics…• Casestudy

• Randomlyassignedtooneof3groups

• Eachgroupiscomposedof2collaboratinglabs– OneisatUofT,theotheratUHN,PMH,orSt.Mike’s

• YouareamixofUofTgraduatestudents,technicians,postdoctoralfellows,andPIs

• Developedaninventionrelatedto:• Nanomedicine:Nanomaterialsystemsfortumor-targeteddrugdelivery• Genomeediting:CRISPRCas• OrganonChip:Tissueengineering

• Goal:commercializetheinvention


Logistics…• Pre-determinedinventionforeachgroupfromrecentacademic

publicationsbyleadersintheselectedfields– Servesasbasisforyourpatent/product/company

• Setupacompany– Determineyourvalueproposition– Developabrand(company&productnames)

• DevelopanIPandcommercializationstrategy– PanelofrepsfromthetechtransferofficeatUofTandhospitals

• PresentapitchforfundingtoVCpanel


Logistics...

• Receiveaportionofthecasestudyrelevanttothetopicscoveredinthatday’slecture

• 5minutesforeachgrouptoidentifythekeyissuesinthescenariopriortolecture

• Thelecturewilladdressthetopicsatissue

• Grouptimeatendofclasstoapplythematerialcoveredtoyourcasestudy


Marking• Pass/fail–

• Attendance30pts (5pts/session)

• 4shortgroupassignments– creditforcompletion,tokeepyouontrackforfinalpresentation

– Applytopicofprevioussessiontocasescenario20pts (5pts/assignment)

• 1grouppresentation50pts (50%ofyourscore)– Overallgroupperformance25pts– Individualperformance25 pts– Mustcompleteittoreceivecredit

Need60pointstopass.


Bynextclass:• Readyourassignedpapers

• Attributecontributionsofeachgroupmembertothepaper– Assumeallgroupmemberswillbeauthorsonthepaperandthereare2co-

PIs

• Determinewhetheryouwishtoincorporateaprovincialorfederalcompany– Provideestimateofincorporationcosts– Whatisaminutebook?

• Selectacompanyandproductname– ConductaUSPTOandCIPOTMdatabasesearch

• Identifythe3marksmostcloselyrelatedtoyourselectednames

• SelectadomainnameandTwitterhandle


INTRODUCTIONTOINTELLECTUALPROPERTY


IntellectualProperty

• Intellectual– Intangibleproductofone’sbrain

• Property– Nota“thing”– abundleofpermanentortemporary rightsoverthings(tangibleandintangible) thatcanbebought,sold,licensed/leased,transferred,andenforcedoverothers


TypesofProperty

PublicpropertyAboriginalinterests

Land

RealProperty

PersonalProperty Other

Otherthanland

Choseinaction

(Intangible)

Choseinpossession(Tangible)

StocksharesDebtinstrumentsIntellectualProperty

Chattlesreal

Chattlespersonal

Leases


TypesofIntellectualProperty

• Patents• Industrialdesign• Trademarks• Copyright• Plantbreeders’rights• Integratedcircuittopography

• TradeSecrets/CI


IPPolicyRationale• Pro

– Fuelprogress• withoutprotection,peoplewouldnotletthepublichavethebenefitofthe

goodideastheyhadthoughfearofcompetitionfromimitators– IncentiveforR&D

• withoutIPrights,researchandcreativitywouldnotbecarriedonandwouldnotbefinancedbycapitalists

– Rewardforintellectualeffort• apersonshouldhaveanaturalrighttotheproductofhis/herbrain• shouldrewardpersonswhohaveproducedsomethingusefulforsociety

– Promotessharingofknowledge(vs Tradesecret)

• Con– Stiflescompetition– Promotesexploitationofsmallcompaniesbylargecorporations(with

deepcoffers)andpatenttrolls


IPRights(IPR)• Asetoflegalinstruments

• IP=contractbetweenthecreatorandthestate(representsthepublic)– Themonopolygrantedforaninventionisofferedinconsiderationofpublicdisclosureofaaninvention(asopposedtokeepingitasatradesecret)

• IPR/IPlaw=devicetobalanceowneranduserinterests– Don’twantIPRtobecomeinstrumentsofoppressionandextortion


WhyshouldyoucareaboutIP?• Intangibleassets=80%+ofacompany’svalue• Inglobaleconomy,knowledge/intangibleassetsà vitalsourceofcompetitiveadvantage

• inventionsà patents• brandnamesà TM• knowhowà tradesecret/confidentialinformation• customerrelationships/listsà confidentialinformation• creativeworks,websitecontentà Copyright

• Leverageitwellà strategicmanagementofassetsà wealth


IPTerritoriality

• CanyoupracticeaninventioninCanadathatispatentedintheUSwithoutpenalty?

– Maybe• TheremustnotbeanequivalentpatentinCanada• Ifthereisnot(anditoftenhappens),youmaybeabletopracticeit,assumingitdoesn’treadonanotherCanadianpatent


IPTerritoriality

• IPthatrequireregistration(i.e.Patents,Trade-marks,copyright)isonlyvalidinthejurisdiction/countrywhereitwasregisteredorissued.

• Ifwantbroadcoverageinmultiplecountriesàmustregister(thetrade-mark)orbeissuedapatentineachjurisdiction

• PCT- patents• MadridProtocol– trademarks


TRADEMARKSWhatistheessenceofa

TradeMark?


Goodwill

• The“property”behindtrademarks

• Keycomponentofthevalueofacompany

• Packagedinto“thebrand”


Whatisabrand?

• Apromise/relationshipbetweenmarketerandconsumer

• Indicatorofquality


Forbes2016:TheWorld’sMostValuableBrands


BrandValue

Forbes2016:TheWorld’sMostValuableBrands


BrandValue


Naomi Klein: No Logo“No Choice, No jobs, Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies,” © 2000, Random House

• Brandtranscendence

– Nolongeraboutproducingaproductà intotheculture/idea ofthebrandàmustbefedtosustainit

• Nike:runningshoesà sportsà buyingentiresportingevents

– Logo=mainattraction• “themetaphoricalalligator…hasrisenupandswallowedtheliteralshirt”

– “Fullfrontalbranding”ofcityscapes,music,art,films,communityevents,magazines,sportingevents,andschoolsà “everythingisatableauxforthebrand”


TradeMarks

• Rootedincommerce– profitmakingcharacter

• Intendedtodenotethesource,origin,andqualityofgoodsandservices

– Nowlogos/marks=productsintheirownright,indicatorsofstatus,preferences,andaspirationsofthewearer

• Changinglandscapeà law/policymustkeeppace


TradeMarks• Trademarksandtradenamesprotected

– AtCL(™)• Regionalprotection• DefendedthroughlawofPassing-off

– RegisteredundertheTradeMarksAct(®)• Nationwideprotectionunderthestatute

• Currently15yearterm(soon10yearterm,BillC-31)renewableindefinitely

• Norightsflowdirectlyfromthecreationofamark– Onlyuse ofthemarkcreatesrights


TradeMarks• Rightsmaybelostif:

• Marknotusedfor3years• Islicensedwithoutdirectcontrolbyowner• Changesitscharacter(i.e.whatitrepresents)• Becomesgeneric(e.g.Thermos,Escalator)


TMCategories• Ordinary/Classicmarks

– Words/symbolsthatdistinguishwares/servicesofaspecificfirm/individual• Descriptiveà onlyifsecondarymeaning• Suggestiveà yes• Arbitrary/fancifulà inventedsolelyforuseasmark

• Servicemarks– AnyactivitybenefittingotherinCanadapotentiallyqualifiesasaservice

• Certificationmarks– Don’t’distinguishproductsfromoneanother– Distinguishesproducts/servicesbasedondefinedstandards

• CSAapproval– CanadianStandardsAssociation• EnergyStar

• Officialmarks– Crests,emblems,logos


WhatcanTMsprotect?• Words,phrases,logos,symbols

• Distinguishingguise/tradedressà thelookofaproduct

• Colors – forsurfaceofconsumerproductandperseafterC-31– PurpleàCadburychocolatepackaging

• NotallowedinUK– Orangeà ImperialTobaccoProducts– Yellow,brownàM&M’s– Red(US)à redsolesof(non-red)ChristianLouboutin shoes

• Sound– HarleyVroom– MGMRoaringLion(took20yearstogetit!)– Trazan screamà forslotmachinesandtoyactionfigures– inapplicationstage– Fightbell(boxing)

• Smell (new)- mustbeabletoberepresentedgraphically,bywayofaconcise,writtendescriptionofthescentandhowitwillbeapplied


WhatisNOTregistrable

• Amarkthatisconfusingwitharegisteredtrademark

– PinkPantherforbeautyproducts(SCC,1998)• SuedbyUnitedArtistsà lost

– Clicquot forwomen’sclothing(SCC,2006)• SuedbyVeuve Clicquotà lost

– Barbie’s Restaurant(SCC,2006)• SuedbyMATTELà lost

– ScreamingEagleforclothing(FC,2014)• SuedbyHarleyDavidson’sScreamin’Eagleà won


InfringementSelectedgrounds:

– S.12• Name/surname- 12(1)(a)• Descriptive/misdescriptive - 12(1)(b)• Confusionw/registeredmark-12.(1)(d)+s.6(5)• Obscureorimmoral– 12(1)(e)• Acquiredsecondarymeaning– 12(2)

– S.16– notentitledtoregister• Confusionw/existingmark- 16(1)(a)• Prioruse– subjecttolimitationsof-17(1)and(2)• Madeknown- subjecttolimitationsof- 17(1)and(2)


Confusion=essenceofinfringement• theinherentdistinctiveness ofthetrade-marksortrade-namesandtheextenttowhichtheyhave

becomeknown;à strengthofthemark• Inherentdistinctiveness– referstheconsumertoasinglesourceà strongerprotection• Acquireddistinctiveness– maybecomeastrongmark(e.g.Coca-Cola)

• thelengthoftime thetrade-marksortrade-nameshavebeeninuse;

• thenatureofthewares,servicesorbusiness;• Relevantfactorsinclude: generalclassofgoods,qualityandpriceofthegoods(spendmoretimeon$$$goods/services)

• thenatureofthetrade;• Riskofconfusiongreaterwheredissimilarwares/servicesaredistributedinthesamechannels• Wares/servicesareofthesamegeneralcategory• natureandkindofcustomers

• thedegreeofresemblance betweenthetrade-marksortrade-namesinappearanceorsoundorintheideassuggestedbythem

• Ifmarksaresimilarà assessimpressionmadeonthepublic• Mustassessintheirentirety,butcanfocusonparticularfeaturesofdeterminativeinfluenceonpublic’sperceptionof

mark

• allthesurroundingcircumstances• Allowsflexibility/discretionforthejudgetoaccountfor“anyfactpeculiartothesituationathand”

– historyofcompetitionbetweenthemarkwithoutresultinginconfusion– fameofthemark


Pharmaceuticals• Selectionofbrandnameforadrug:Catch22

– Trademarkregistration– HealthCanadanameapproval

• Approvalofnamebyonedoesnotfollowthatitisregistrable/acceptedbytheother– Sanofi-Aventisv.GSKBiologicals (2010)

• PACIRIXandPLAVIXà TMOBfoundconfusiondespitedifferentpreparationsanduses

• HealthCanada’sconsiderations:– Drugnameconfusionà safetyissueremedicationerrors– Look-alike/Sound-alike(LA/SA)HealthProductName revised

guidelines(Feb.2013)forproposednames• Searchengine


TradeMarkSearches

• TMdatabases:

– CanadianIntellectualPropertyOffice(CIPO)– UnitedStatesPatentandTrademarksOffice(USPTO)


COPYRIGHTWhatcomestomind?


Copyright

• Businesscontext:– Bookindustryà digitizationproject– Music/movieindustryà filesharing– TheArts– Gamingindustry– Apps– Websitecontent


Copyright• EmergedoutoftheprotectionistbendofLondon’sbooktrade– early1700’s– ClassifiedasabasichumanrightafterFrenchRevolutionof1789

• GovernedbytheCopyrightAct

• Protectsoriginalworksexpressedinreproducibleform– Automaticallysubsistsinawork,butcanberegistered(createsapresumptionofvalidityinlitigation)

– Notideas,schemes,systems,artisticstyle– Term=lifeofauthor+50years


Whatdoescopyrightprotect?• Original expression inworks

– Originality – Keyrequirement• minimaldegreeofskillandjudgmentà intellectualeffort• Notnecessarilynew,butworkoriginatesfromtheauthor

– Expression/Fixation• intangible/non-evanescentformà adlibperformances/liveevents/

unstructuredremarksnotprotectedunless….?

– Works– subjectmatter• Literary,dramatic,musical,artistic• Graphic,photographic,choreographic,cinematographic• Computerprograms• Collectivework(writtenbydifferentauthors)• Compilation(resultofarrangementofselectionsofworks)


Rightsin/useofwork• Firstpublicdistribution/righttodistribute

– authorhastherighttodistributeanunpublishedcopyofaworktothepublic,butnocontroloverdistributionofsubsequentcopiesofthework

• Reproduction– Aslongasthereproductionoftheworklookslikeitssource,inwhateveralternatemedium,itisstillacopy

– OKiftheauthorreproduces,infringementifothersdoso

– Significantchallengeswithreproductionsofdigitalworks• Reproductionmybevisuallydifferentbuttheunderlyingcodeisthesame


Rightsin/useofwork

• Publicperformance– mustberecorded

• Broadcasting orcommunication tothepublic

• Translation

• Adaptation– booktoscreenplayormovie

©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved. Snowv.EatonCentre,1982


Moralrights• Authorofaworkretainstherighttoobjectiftheintegrityoftheworkis

compromised

• Rights:

– Attribution – entitlementtoremainanonymous,beID’d bynameorbyapseudonym

– Integrity – preventsdistortion,mutilation,ormodificationofaworkIFitprejudicestheauthor’shonororreputation

– Association – controloverassociationofworkwithproducts,services,cause,orinstitutions

• Maynotbeassigned(stayswiththeauthor)butcanbewaivedinalicense


Essenceofinfringement• Copyingasubstantialpart

– Significanceofwhatwascopied– Qualityoverquantity

• Hawkes&Sonv.ParamountFilmService(1934)

• Filmswasshotasa“news”ofPrinceofWhalesvisittonavalschool

• LatershowninatheatrewheretheColonelBogeymarchwasoverlaidwiththestudentmarchbeforethePrince

• used20sclipoftune• Isitasubstantialpart?


Defence toinfringement• Fairdealing

– Useworkforpurposeof• Privatestudy• Research• Criticism– mustreferenceauthor’snametoqualify• Review- ibid• News– ibid• Politicalads

• InUS– fairuse– Forpurposeof“criticism,comment,newsreporting,teaching,scholarship,orresearch”

– Noattributionrequirements


INTERNETCONTENTCONVERGENCEOFTRADEMARKSANDCOPYRIGHT


Internet• Domainnames(DN)andTMs

– DNregisteredonfirstcomefirstservedbasis– Clearlydescriptive,genericwordsareregistrable– Notnecessarilylinkedtoanyspecificwaresorservices

• Use– Displayoftrademarkonwebpagecanconstituteuse– Useoftrademarkasemailaddressmaynotconstituteuse

• Regulatorybodies– USRP/CDRP


Misappropriationofwebsitecontent

• Scraping– Systematiccopyingofcontent(text,images)

• Framing– Displayingcontentofawebsiteintheframeofanothersite

• Misleading

• Metatags– Wordidentifiersforwebcontent– Unauthorizeduseoftrademarksastags


Misappropriationofwebsitecontent

• Cybersquatting– Registeringadomainnamecontainingatrademarktowhichtheregistrantdoesnothaverights

• www.victoriassecret.ca– Badfaith

• Parking– Simple/Monetized(pay-per-click)

• Drivestraffictopayingwebsite/competitor– Typovariants – commoninversions/misspellingofactualDN


Bynextclass:• Readyourassignedpapers

• Attributecontributionsofeachgroupmembertothepaper– Assumeallgroupmemberswillbeauthorsonthepaperandthereare2co-

PIs

• Determinewhetheryouwishtoincorporateaprovincialorfederalcompany– Provideestimateofincorporationcosts– Whatisaminutebook?

• Selectacompanyandproductname– ConductaUSPTOandCIPOTMdatabasesearch

• Identifythe3marksmostcloselyrelatedtoyourselectednames

• SelectadomainnameandTwitterhandle

Documents

TRP Module IP Fundamentals · 2019-11-26 · IP Fundamentals Session 1 October 27, 2016 Gabriella Chan, PhD ... Introductions • Gabriella Chan – PhD in molecular diagnostics for