Truth Behind Bars / Escuela de leyes de Berkely concepto sobre extradición de Paramilitares

8/14/2019 Truth Behind Bars / Escuela de leyes de Berkely concepto sobre extradicin de Paramilitares

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T B d BC b P L d U.S. C d

February 2010

International Human Rights Law ClinicUniversity of California, Berkeley

School of Law


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Truth Behind Bars

c l mb p m l l d u. . cu d

February 2010

International Human Rights Law ClinicUniversity of Ca ifornia, Berke ey, S hoo of Law


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INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW CLINIC, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, SCHOOL OF LAW

Te International Human Rights Law Clinic (IHRLC) designs and implements innovative humanrights projects to advance the struggle for justice on behalf of individuals and marginalized communitiesthrough advocacy, research, and policy development. Te IHRLC employs an interdisciplinary modelthat leverages the intellectual capital of the university to provide innovative solutions to emerging humanrights issues. Te IHRLC develops collaborative partnerships with researchers, scholars, and humanrights activists worldwide. Students are integral to all phases of the IHRLCs work and acquire unparal-leled experience generating knowledge and employing strategies to address the most urgent human rightsissues of our day. For more information, please visit: www.humanrightsclinic.org.


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On May 13, 2008, the U.S. Ambassador toColombia, William Brown eld, announced theextradition to the United States of fourteen lead-ers of Colombias largest paramilitary group,Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia(United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia or AUC),1 to facedrug charges.2 Tese paramilitary leaders are im-plicated in terrorizing and killing thousands of innocent civilians. As part of their e orts to seizecontrol of territory and drug routes, paramili-tary leaders targeted trade unionists and othermembers of civil society who they perceived asthreats. Ambassador Brown eld pledged that thetransfer of these individuals to the United Stateswould not interfere with Colombias e orts tohold paramilitaries accountable for mass atroci-ties in Colombia. Tirty former members of theAUC (Defendants) are currently in U.S. custody.

Despite U.S. stated goals, review of availabledata indicates that the extraditions of paramili-tary leaders have had adverse consequences for

U.S. foreign policy by undermining rule of lawin Colombia. Te extraditions have (1) substan-tially diminished Defendants cooperation withongoing human rights and corruption investiga-tions in Colombia; (2) severely curtailed access toremedies for Colombian victims; and (3) under-mined U.S. counternarcotics e orts by prompt-ing a ruling by Colombias Supreme Court toblock future extraditions of demobilized para-militaries to the United States.

Te United States should reform its policies andpractices regarding criminal prosecutions of extra-dited Colombian paramilitaries to better supportU.S. foreign policy interests by promoting Defen-dants cooperation with Colombian law enforce-ment. Active U.S. support of Colombian account-ability measures will (1) strengthen the rule of law in Colombia; (2) address unsolved murders

of Colombian trade unionists, an obstacle to se-curing a U.S.-Colombia free trade agreement;and (3) align U.S. foreign policy with inter-national law.

WE RECOMMEND THAT THE UNITED STATES:

Create an e ective and e cient procedure for judicial cooperation.Te United Statesshould establish a procedure that providestimely, consistent, and reliable access by Co-

lombian prosecutors, judges, and victims toextradited paramilitary commanders. Tisprocedure should also ensure that informa-tion obtained by U.S. law enforcement fromextradited paramilitaries is shared with Co-lombian judicial authorities.

Incentivize extradited paramilitary leaderstodisclosedetailsaboutall theircrimes andtheidentitiesoftheiraccomplicesinthemilitary, government and national and foreign

businesses.Te United States should activelyencourage extradited leaders to testify abouttheir crimes and allies by conditioning sen-tence reductions or other bene ts achievedthrough plea-bargaining on e ective coopera-tion. Possible bene ts of cooperation shouldinclude provision of visas to family membersof Defendants under threat in Colombia.

Initiate investigations for torture commit-ted by extradited paramilitary leaders.TeUnited States should hold extradited leadersaccountable for all their crimes under federallaw, including torture, and promote justice forColombian victims. orture prosecutions willalso provide additional incentives for Defen-dants to cooperate with Colombian and U.S.authorities.

executive summary


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In rod c on

On May 13, 2008, the U.S. Ambassador toColombia, William Brown eld, announced theextradition to the United States of fourteenleaders of Colombias largest paramilitary groupAutodefensas Unidas de Colombia(United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia, AUC)31 to face drugcharges.32 In total, thirty former paramilitaries(Defendants), including most of the AUCs topcommanders,33 are in U.S. custody in Florida,New York, exas, Virginia, and WashingtonD.C.34 Te AUC, formed from paramilitary

H rnn G raldo S rna was the commander of sev-eral paramilitary blocs and was one of Colombias top

ve cocaine tra ckers.3 Giraldo Serna has confessed

to murdering several public o cials.4

He is linked tohundreds of murders and is accused of ordering theforced disappearances of four government investiga-tors5 and raping nineteen women, including girls asyoung as twelve years old.6

Carlos J mn z-Naranjo, a high-ranking leader of the AUC, was the commander of the 7,000 mem-bers of theCentral BolivarBloc.7 During testimonyin Colombia, he admitted to 578 violent crimes, in-cluding over 450 murders.8 More than 16,000 peo-ple have registered as victims of crimes committed byhis troops.9 He was involved in the murder of Carlos

Castao, former head of the AUC, and is accused of plotting to kill more than 6,000 demobilized para-militaries.10

Salva or Manc so Gm zwas one of the mostpowerful members of the AUC leadership.11 Man-cuso planned and executed several of Colombiasbloodiest massacres, including the 1997 torture andmassacre of fty residents of the town of Mapirip-n.12 Mancuso has confessed to 477 crimes involving881 victims, including murders, forced disappear-ances, forced recruitment of minors and forced dis-placements.13

D go M r llo B jaranoserved as the de factoleader of the AUC.14 He has confessed to involve-ment in several massacres and has implicated Co-lombian security forces in human rights atrocities.15 Over 11,300 individuals have registered as victims

of his troops.16 In January 2008, a Colombian courtconvicted him of forcibly disappearing at least sixtyseven residents of the provincial capital, Medelln

including children as young as thirteen years old.17

G ll rmo Pr z Alza was the commander of theapproximately 700 combatants of theLibertadores delSurBloc which operated in the coca-growing zones.18 He has confessed to 120 murders19 and admitted toforcibly recruiting minors.20 Approximately 1,660individuals have registered as victims of his troops.21

Rodr go Tovar P po was the commander of the4,500 members of the AUCsNorte Bloc.22 Gov-ernment investigators have linked his troops to 768forced disappearances and 200 massacres.23 He hasconfessed to over 600 crimes, including forcibly diappearing seven government investigators and killinforty shermen.24 ovar-Pupo oversaw a campaign toexterminate union leaders in Northern Colombia.25

Ram ro Vanoy Ram r zwas the commander of the2,700 ghters of theMineros Bloc.26 He has con-fessed to participating in 235 homicides and wasaccused of several murders, kidnappings, and forcerecruitment of minors by Colombian prosecutors.27 Approximately 3,522 people have registered as victims of his troops.28

H r V loza Garcacommanded the AUCCali-

ma and BananeroBlocs, responsible for over 1,200victims.29 Veloza confessed to ordering massacres,personally killing more than 100 people, and participating in thousands of other crimes including forceddisplacements.30

groups created in the 1980s to ght left-wingguerillas, has become a powerful network of Colombian drug tra ckers and warlords. Overthe last thirty years, AUC members are alleged tohave massacred, forcibly disappeared, tortured,and raped thousands of civilians.35 By 2002, at theheight of paramilitary violence in Colombia, theUnited States estimated that the group carriedout approximately seventy percent of the killingsand forced disappearances in that country.36

At a press conference announcing the May2008 extraditions, Ambassador Brown eldpledged that the transfer of Defendants to

Colom an Param l ary Command rs n U.S. C s ody


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the United States would not interfere withColombias e orts to hold paramilitariesaccountable for their crimes in Colombia. TeUnited States will facilitate all access, all of the information, and all of the opportunitiesto the [Colombian] victims, the victims

representatives and to the [Colombian]prosecutors,37 stated the ambassador. Treeyears earlier, in 2005, Colombias Congressapproved Law 975, also known as the Justiceand Peace Law, which o ered leniency andpublic bene ts to paramilitary members inexchange for an agreement to disarm, forfeitassets, and tell the truth about human rightsabuses they committed.38 All of the extraditedAUC leaders were participants in the Justiceand Peace program, and had begun to disclosedetails about their crimes and the identities of their accomplices. Tey gave details about AUCresponsibility for crimes against civilians aswell as its role in rigging Colombian elections.39 Defendants disclosures created an opportunityto dismantle paramilitary networks by promptingdomestic investigations into AUC crimes and thecriminal investigation of elected o cials.

However, since their extraditions, the para-military leaders cooperation with Colombian

investigators e ectively has ceased. Logistical di -culties have been compounded by the absence of awritten agreement between the U.S. and Colom-bia to coordinate judicial cooperation. Colombianprosecutors and judges face limited access toDefendants in U.S. custody. U.S. prosecutors alsohave rejected the e orts of Colombian victims tointervene in U.S. prosecutions to compel AUCDefendants to divulge information about theircrimes.40

Further, the plea agreements that the Depart-ment of Justice (DOJ) has reached with thirteenof the extradited Defendants do not containincentives for Defendants to cooperate with Co-lombian law enforcement or to reveal the detailsof their human rights crimes.41 Eight Defendantshave been sentenced to terms ranging from fourto thirty-one years for drug-related crimes.42 Tepotential for AUC Defendants to help obtainconvictions of corrupt Colombian politicians,

dismantle drug tra cking networks, and reformthe Colombian military is diminishing.

In light of these developments, the InternationalHuman Rights Law Clinic (IHRLC) evaluatedthe consequences of extradition of the AUCleaders from the perspective of U.S. foreign policyinterests. Te speci c goals of this report are:

(1) o identify the impact of extraditions onColombias on-going human rights andcorruption investigations;

(2) o evaluate U.S. foreign policy interests inpromoting the cooperation of extraditedColombian paramilitaries with Colombianlaw enforcement; and

(3) o make policy recommendations tobetter utilize the U.S. prosecutions of

Colombian paramilitary leaders to advanceU.S. foreign policy interests in Colombia.In preparation of this report, we consulted

primary documents, including U.S. court recordsregarding the extradited Defendants, Departmentof State reports on human rights conditionsin Colombia, and testimony from current andformer U.S. o cials regarding Colombia aswell as the U.S. interests in promoting therule of law there. We also reviewed documentsreleased by Colombian government agencies,including the Attorney Generals O ce, theHigh Commissioner for Peace, and the NationalCommission on Reparations and Reconciliation.International legal materials were also consulted.In addition, we reviewed secondary sourcesincluding newspaper accounts from U.S. andColombian outlets, as well as documentationcompiled by international nongovernmentalorganizations (NGOs) and civil society groups inColombia.

Our analysis is limited by the availabilityof U.S. and Colombian court documents. Tecomplete case records of U.S. prosecutions of eighteen extradited AUC leaders are not publiclyaccessible.43 Tus we were unable to verify thecurrent legal status of each of the cases againstAUC leaders including whether a Defendanthas reached a plea agreement. Similarly, o cialtranscripts of the statements by Defendants

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before proceedings conducted under the Justiceand Peace Law in Colombia are not publiclyavailable. However, Colombian newspaperspublished reports of these statements, which weconsulted. Finally, the participation of some of theresearchers in legal actions related to this report

may have in uenced the analysis.44 Every e ortwas made to minimize research bias by trainingresearchers and by consulting multiple sources.Te bene t of researcher involvement in someof the court proceedings against Defendants isa deeper understanding of the legal and factualissues involved.

Backgro ndPARAMILITARY DEVELOPMENT AND CRIMINAL

ACTIVITIES

Te extradited Defendants include most of the former leaders of the AUC.45 In the 1980s,wealthy Colombian landowners created militiasto wage a dirty war against left-wing guerillagroups and suspected sympathizers.46 Financedby the drug trade, the independent militiasformed a national network in 1997, the AUC,to advance their common goals of controllingterritory and drug tra cking routes. Often

acting with the support or acquiescence of theColombian military, the AUC used brutal andviolent methods to wrest territory from guerillacontrol. AUC combatants forcibly displaced,disappeared, tortured, and killed thousands of campesinos, Afro-Colombians, indigenous persons,trade unionists, human rights advocates, religiousleaders, and other civilians.47

AUC commanders colluded with the political,military, and business sectors to ensure control of their areas of operation. In 2000, Human RightsWatch, a U.S.-based NGO, documented that half of Colombias eighteen brigade-level army unitsregularly collaborated in paramilitary activity.48 Military personnel directly participated in severalhigh-pro le massacres committed by paramilitarygroups.49

In exchange for political protection, Colombiano cials used paramilitaries to intimidatecitizens and secure votes.50 In the 2000s, several

paramilitary leaders boasted that the AUCcontrolled thirty to thirty- ve percent of themembers of Colombias Congress.51 Internationaland domestic businesses operating in Colombiahave provided the AUC with nancial backingand logistical support.52

After the United States indicted severalAUC commanders for drug-related crimesin 2002,53 paramilitary leaders announced aunilateral cease re and entered into talks withthe Colombian government. Tese resulted in anagreement to demobilize AUC combatants.54 In2005, Colombias Congress passed the Justice andPeace Law which established a legal frameworkfor the demobilization of paramilitary memberswho had committed serious human rights abuses.Te new law o ered legal leniency and publicbene ts to any paramilitary memberfrom footsoldiers to the high commandin exchangefor an agreement to disarm, forfeit assets, andtell the truth about human rights abuses theycommitted.55 If paramilitaries ful lled therequirements of the Justice and Peace Law, theywere eligible for sentences of ve to eight yearsregardless of the severity of their crimes, or theirrank or role in the AUC.56

JUSTICE AND PEACE PROCESS

According to the Colombian government,approximately 31,000 paramilitary ghters haddemobilized by 2006.57 Of these, 3,712 appliedfor bene ts under the Justice and Peace Law.58 Applicants were required to provide informationabout the structure and hierarchy of their formerorganization, their rank and role, and to confessto their crimes. Victims of paramilitary violencewere permitted to attend the hearings and posequestions to the perpetrators.59 Te Colombiangovernment reports that as of June 2009,more than 27,000 victims had attended 1,836hearings.60

At the time of their extraditions, all of theextradited paramilitary commanders were parti-cipating in the Justice and Peace process. Mostwere revealing details about their atrocities andthe identity of their accomplices.61 (Seetext box)Because of their roles and lengthy histories with


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Impac s of Ex rad ons onColom as Acco n a l yM as r sReview of available data indicates thatthe extraditions of Defendants have had

several adverse consequences for Colombiasaccountability measures and victims rights. Teprimary e ects include: (1) the participationof Defendants in the Justice and Peace processe ectively has ceased; (2) access to remedies forColombian victims has been severely curtailed;(3) the ability of Defendants to cooperate withongoing Colombian corruption and human rightsinvestigations has substantially diminished; and(4) Colombias Supreme Court has e ectivelyblocked additional U.S. prosecutions of Colombian drug kingpins who are participating inthe Justice and Peace process.

ADVERSE IMPACTS ON JUSTICE AND PEACE PROCESS

Only ve of the thirty Defendants have continuedtheir voluntary statements at the Justice and Peacehearings from the United States.81 DefendantSalvatore Mancuso participated in fourversionlibre confession sessions from the United States,more than the other extradited leaders.82 Duringthese sessions, he detailed several massacresand trade unionist murders.83 However, onSeptember 30, 2009, Mancuso announced hisdecision to withdraw from the process.84 Hisannouncement came three days after fellowextradited AUC leader Diego Murillo Bejaranomade a similar announcement. In letters toColombian authorities,85 both Defendants citedunexplained delays,86 the inability to confer withsubordinates,87 and threats to family membersin Colombia as the reasons for their decisions.88

Colombian authorities have con rmed thedi culties in securing the Defendants continuedparticipation. Of thirty-nine hearing requestsmade by Colombian authorities during a ve-month period, only ten were satis ed.89

Te risks to Defendants relatives in Colombiaare exerting a chilling e ect on Defendantscooperation. On October 16, 2008, DefendantRamiro Vanoy Ramirez suspended his

participation in the Justice and Peace processafter four of his children were kidnapped and hisnephew was killed.90 No additional confessionsessions for Miguel Meja Muera91 andGuillermo Prez-Alzate,92 the two Defendantswho have not formally withdrawn, are scheduled.

As it stands, Defendants have little incentiveto participate in the Justice and Peace process.Te threat of extradition and the promise of reduced sentences in Colombia motivated theircooperation with the Justice and Peace processwhile they were in Colombia. Tese inducementsare irrelevant in the United States whereDefendants face prison terms for drug-relatedcrimes. U.S. prosecutors have not incentivized theDefendants cooperation through plea agreementsor by leveraging U.S. prosecutions for torture.93

ADVERSE IMPACTS ON ACCESS TO REMEDIES

FOR COLOMBIAN VICTIMS

Te extraditions of Defendants have adverselyimpacted the Colombian victims of their crimes.

o preserve victim involvement in the Justice andPeace process, Colombian and U.S. authoritiesinitially planned for Defendants to testify viavideo conference for viewing by accredited victimsin Colombia.94 In practice, however, Colombian

authorities have cancelled several transmissionsbecause of lack of funds.95 Similarly, U.S. custodyof Defendants has frustrated victims ability toquestion perpetrators directly, as stipulated by the Justice and Peace Law.96

Te extraditions of Defendants have also re-stricted Colombian victims access to reparations.Te Justice and Peace Law guarantees victimsquick and integral reparation for the harms theyhave su ered.97 oward that end, demobilizedparamilitaries are required to turn over all illegalassets to the Victims Reparation Fund (Fund).98 Ambassador Brown eld stated: [W]e want themaximum compensation, the maximum repara-tion that is possible for [paramilitary] victims.99 Te Defendants amassed great wealth throughthe drug trade and land stolen from rural peasants

eeing paramilitary violence.100 Te extraditionorders of paramilitary commanders establishedthat the United States would seek to transfer


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assets acquired from Defendants to the Fund.101 Although the United States has identi ed assetsof twenty-one of the thirty Defendants, there isno indication U.S. o cials have transferred anyof these resources to Colombian victims.102 TeFund currently contains under $4 million in para-

military assets103 to satisfy claims from more than200,000 victims.104

Further, Colombian victims have been unableto pursue economic redress against Defendantsthrough the U.S. criminal proceedings. In theory,victims are eligible to collect compensation fromDefendants and to inform the terms of a pleabargain and eventual sentence under the U.S.Crime Victims Rights Act (CVRA).105 However,U.S. prosecutors have opposed the e orts of Colombian victims to intervene106 and haverefused to acknowledge them as victims under thestatute.107 Tis approach prevents victims fromeven learning of the status of the prosecutions of Defendants.108

ADVERSE IMPACTS ON COLOMBIAN CRIMINAL

INVESTIGATIONS

Colombian investigations outside the Justice andPeace process have been stymied by the extradi-tion of Defendants. At the direction of the UnitedStates, Colombia has forwarded all requests for judicial cooperation to the justice attach at theU.S. Embassy.109 However, Colombian judgesand prosecutors report that U.S. o cials havenot been su ciently responsive. ransmission of information has been delayed and cancellations of exchanges are frequent.110 In a May 21, 2009 let-ter to a Colombian non-governmental organiza-tion, the Colombian Human Rights Unit identi-

ed fty-four unanswered requests for judicialassistance.111 Te list included several unanswered

requests to depose Defendant Rodrigo ovarPupo which had been pending for ten months.112

Colombias Supreme Court has encounteredsimilar di culties. For instance, since late 2008,the Supreme Court has made multiple requests totake statements from Defendants, including AUCleaders Carlos Jimnez Naranjo, Rodrigo ovarPupo, and Diego Murillo Bejarano. However,as of October 28, 2009, U.S. authorities had not

responded.113 On several occasions, ColombianSupreme Court magistrates have visited theUnited States to meet with U.S. o cials andDefendants to collect information.114 In October2009, Supreme Court president Augusto Ibaezled a delegation to the U.S. to meet with DOJ

o cials with the aim of improving judicialcooperation.115 Although the meeting tookplace eighteen months after the extradition of Defendants, Supreme Court Justice Ibaezdescribed the meeting as a preliminary e ort toimprove cooperation in the future.116 No concreteagreement resulted from the meeting.

ADVERSE IMPACTS ON FUTURE EXTRADITIONS

TO THE UNITED STATES

Te impact of Defendants extraditions on the Justice and Peace process has resulted in the lossof a critical U.S. strategy for combating drugtra cking. On August 19, 2009, ColombiasSupreme Court banned future extraditions of paramilitaries participating in the Justice andPeace process.

U.S. Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr.has remarked: [ ]he best way to disrupt anddismantle a criminal organization is [] to locateand extradite, when appropriate, cartel leadership

to the United States for prosecution.117

TeUS-Colombian extradition relationship hasbeen described by the United States as one of the most successful in the world.118 Since 2002,Colombia has extradited 789 narcotics tra ckersand other criminals to the United States.119 However, in 2009 the Colombian Supreme Courtfound that the extraditions of AUC members in Justice and Peace adversely impacted the rightsof victims and the Colombian public by leavingthem without the possibility of knowing the

truth and obtaining reparation for the crimescommitted by paramilitary groups.120 Te Courtfurther reasoned that extradition would violateColombias international obligations to combatimpunity with regard to crimes against humanityand undermine victims rights.121 Te SupremeCourt concluded that individuals should completetheir confessions in Colombia before beingextradited to the United States.122

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Te United States has indicted additionalparamilitary combatants participating in the Justice and Peace process and requested theirextradition. For example, Daniel and FreddyRendn-Herrera, AUC leaders currentlyparticipating in the Justice and Peace Process,

were indicted by the United States for narcoticsimportation conspiracy and material support toa terrorist group in April, 2009.123 In accordancewith the 2009 ruling, Colombias Supreme Courtis likely to deny these requests, e ectively shuttingdown U.S. prosecutions of Colombian drug lords.

Pol cy Ra onal s for U.S. S pporof Colom as Acco n a l yM as r s

It is in the United States interest to reform itspolicies and practices regarding its prosecutionsof extradited Colombian warlords to bettersupport Colombias accountability e orts. UnitedStates cooperation with Colombian investigationspromotes U.S. foreign policy goals to improveaccountability, strengthen the rule of law, andcombat impunity in Colombia. In recent years,U.S. policymakers have worked with Colombiato improve protection and secure the rightsof Colombias trade unionists. By promotingDefendants participation in Colombianproceedings, U.S. o cials will also advance thisgoal. Additionally, by cooperating with on-goinginvestigations in Colombia, U.S. prosecutorswill further e orts to dismantle paramilitarynetworks engaged in the narcotics trade and havethe opportunity to hold Defendants responsiblefor the full scope of their crimes under federal law.Te United States should support accountabilitymeasures by providing Colombian judges andprosecutors access to extradited leaders andby incentivizing Defendants cooperation withColombian investigations.

PROMOTING DEFENDANTS COOPERATION

STRENGTHENS RULE OF LAW IN COLOMBIA

Te centerpiece of U.S. foreign policy towardColombia is the counter-narcotics initiativeknown as Plan Colombia. Under this assistance

package, the United States has provided $7billion in aid to Colombia since 2000,124 with asubstantial portion dedicated to strengtheningthe rule of law and human rights.125 Te UnitedStates has trained thousands of prosecutors, judges, criminal investigators, and forensic

experts;126 developed a specialized unit within theAttorney Generals o ce to investigate humanrights abuses;127 and funded the Justice andPeace process.128 Te United States conditionsaid to Colombia on several human rightsindicators, including the arrest and prosecution of paramilitary members and their accomplices.129

Te United States is at a critical juncture in itse orts to strengthen the rule of law in Colombia.Despite U.S. political and nancial support topromote an independent judicial system capableof e ectively combating narco-terrorism andcorruption, Colombian judicial institutionsremain vulnerable. With AUC leaders in custody,the United States should act in concert withColombian authorities to disrupt drug tra ckingnetworks, prevent future violence, and provideredress for past atrocities. E ective cooperationwill signal the U.S. commitment to combatimpunity at a time when Colombias oversightagencies are in urgent need of support.

U.S. investment in the Justice and Peaceprogram is in jeopardy. After ve years and receiptof substantial U.S. nancing, the Justice andPeace process is stalled. Defendants e ectivelyhave abandoned the process and consequentlyfrustrated e orts to identify accomplices anddismantle paramilitary networks. Justice andPeace courts have not issued a nal convictionin a case.130 Paramilitary leaders have refusedto turn over the bulk of their illegal assets asrequired.131 Moreover, while the extraditions mayhave ended the Defendants direct involvementin the drug trade, they did little to dismantleparamilitary structures responsible for drug-tra cking and pervasive violence. In 2008, theU.S. government estimated that ten percent (or3,000) of demobilized paramilitaries had rejoinedcriminal groups.132 In June 2009, the UnitedNations Special Rapporteur on ExtrajudicialExecutions, Philip Alston, stated that killings by


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paramilitary groups continue at a disturbinglyhigh rate across the country with an alarminglevel of impunity.133

Corruption investigations in Colombia arealso facing signi cant challenges and the UnitedStates should act to bolster Colombian corruptioninvestigations. Lead investigators are threatenedand criticized by government o cials. Colombiasintelligence agency,Departamento Administrativode Seguridad(DAS), is under investigation forsystematically and illegally conducting surveillanceof Supreme Court magistrates and prosecutorsinvolved in parapolticainvestigations.134 PresidentUribe has made several statements questioningthe impartiality of Supreme Court magistratesinvestigating these cases, going so far as to accusethem of aiding and abetting terrorism.135 In2008, the Uribe administration proposed to stripthe Supreme Court of jurisdiction to investigatesitting legislators, including cases involvingcollusion with paramilitary groups.136

As it pledged at the time of the May 2008extraditions, the United States should supportColombias accountability e orts by sharinginformation with Colombian authorities.137 Reinforcing the e orts of Colombian lawenforcement o cials to combat drug tra cking

and corruption promotes U.S. interests ineradicating narco-tra cking. o assist theirColombian counterparts, U.S. prosecutorsshould provide incentives to Defendants toreveal details about their crimes, organizationalstructure, weaponry, nances, and accomplicesin government, military, and business sectors toColombian law enforcement.138 U.S. prosecutorsare in the position to o er inducements includingsentence reductions through plea deals,139 thethreat of criminal prosecutions for torturecommitted in Colombia,140 and the o er of visasfor threatened family members to relocate in theUnited States.

If the United States does not proactively takemeasures to incentivize cooperation, Colombianinvestigations will languish or fail and U.S.inaction will ultimately undermine the impactof the extraditions on paramilitary cartels. TeDOJ has stated that it has no position on

whether Defendants should respond to requestsby Colombian authorities, e ectively concedingthat cooperation will not unduly burden U.S.prosecutions.141 Terefore the United Statesshould take a proactive posture and promoteDefendants cooperation with Colombias

accountability measures to further U.S. interestsin dismantling paramilitary cartels.

U.S. prosecutors should take advantage of existing arrangements to incentivize Defendantscooperation with accountability e orts. Inseveral cases, Defendants are already providingassistance and information to U.S. authoritieson drug prosecutions in exchange for sentencereductions.142 As part of these plea agreements,U.S. prosecutors should also require Defendantsto reveal details about paramilitary atrocities.Former AUC commanders are uniquely able toprovide information critical to on-going humanrights and corruption investigations. Informationgathered from high-ranking commanders inthe United States, especially disclosures aboutalliances with public o cials, should be usedto support e orts by Colombian authorities todismantle paramilitary networks.

PROMOTING DEFENDANTS COOPERATION ADVANCES

THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF TRADE UNIONISTS

As part of its goal to secure a free trade agreementwith Colombia, the United States has increaseddiplomatic pressure on its Latin Americanally to aggressively prosecute violence againsttrade unionists143 and increase protection forlabor leaders and human rights defenders.144 Colombia has the highest rate of trade unionistkillings in the world.145 Since 1986, more than2,700 unionists have been killed; the majority byparamilitary groups who have stigmatized union

activists as guerrilla sympathizers and viewedunion activity as a threat to their dominance.146 President Barack Obama concisely described thesituation in 2008: Te history in Colombia rightnow is that labor leaders have been targeted forassassination on a fairly consistent basis and therehave not been prosecutions.147

A recent increase in conviction rates for thesecases is due in part to testimony provided by

policy rationales for u.s. support of colombias accountability measures


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demobilized paramilitaries who have identi edperpetrators and provided details about their rolein murdering trade unionists.148 Nevertheless,U.S. congressional representatives have urged theColombian government to demonstrate greaterand sustained progress. In a September 12, 2008

letter to President Uribe, U.S. RepresentativeGeorge Miller, Chairman of the Committee onEducation and Labor, stated that impunity willpersist unless the Government of Colombia doesmore to investigate and prosecute the intellectualauthors who ordered, planned, or paid for thelow-level assassin to perpetuate the killing [of trade unionists].149

Te current prosecutions against ColombianDefendants o er the United States a uniqueopportunity to break the cycle of impunity incases of unionist murders. Intellectual authorsof violence against unionists, including AUCleaders Rodrigo ovar Pupo, Hebert VelozaGarca, and Salvatore Mancuso Gmez, are inU.S. custody.150 Colombian investigations haverevealed that paramilitary groups did not actalone but conspired with public o cials, includingthe former director of Colombias intelligenceagency, to intimidate and murder tradeunionists.151 Defendants possess information

about these networks and the identities of publico cials involved. U.S. prosecutors are able too er Defendants incentives, including the threatof additional prosecutions for human rightsviolations, to disclose information to Colombianlaw enforcement about violence against tradeunionists and any government o cials implicatedin such crimes. Resolving these unsolved murderswill promote accountability for violence againstColombian trade unionists, a primary concernblocking a free trade agreement between theUnited States and Colombia.

U.S. POLICY ON COOPERATION WOULD FURTHER

COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL LAW

On October 6, 2009, Lanny A. Breuer, the headof DOJs Criminal Division, testi ed before theSenate Judiciary Committee that [b]ringing theperpetrators of human rights and humanitarianlaw violations to justice is a mission of immense

importance.152 Te signi cance of this missionderives from the United States interests insignaling its commitment to rule of law andhuman rights, its treaty obligations and its moralobligation to victims.

U.S. policy toward extradited Defendantsshould be guided by these same considerations.In this instance, U.S. international obligationsare informed by the internationalduty to extraditeor prosecuteperpetrators of gross violations of human rights.153 For example, pursuant to theU.N. Convention Against orture, which the U.S.has rati ed, the State Party in whose territoryan alleged torturer is found has a duty to eitherextradite that individual, or to submit the caseto its competent authorities for the purpose of prosecution.154 Tis duty is also supported byU.S. domestic anti-torture legislation.155

In cases in which gross human rights violatorsare present in the jurisdiction of another State,the duty to extradite or prosecute implies a dutyto cooperate among States to bring perpetratorsto justice.156 In the present situation, the dutyto extradite or prosecute should be understoodas the duty on the part of the United States tocooperate with pre-existing Colombian e ortsto investigate and prosecute human rights

violations.157International law supports U.S. cooperation

with Colombia because the U.S. has custodyof individuals alleged to have committedserious violations against Colombian victims,including torture, extrajudicial killing, and forceddisappearances. Consistent with internationallaw, a U.S. policy of judicial cooperation shouldadopt the following priorities: (1) human rightsprosecutions should take priority over othercriminal prosecutions; (2) extraditions shouldnot serve as a mechanism for facilitating oraiding impunity; (3) extraterritorial proceedingsshould not interfere with domestic human rightsinvestigations or diminish the rights of victims;and (4) the United States and Colombia shouldestablish an e ective mechanism for judicialcooperation.158 Multilateral treaties on extraditionand transnational criminal cooperation rati ed


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11

by both Colombia and the United States supportthese conclusions.159

Finally, the duty to investigate and prosecutegross violations of human rights, as well as thecorresponding duty to cooperate, is buttressed bythe international obligations to protect the rightsof victims to learn the truth about the abusesthat occurred,160 and to provide victims access to justice and reparations for the violations they havesu ered.161 In his testimony before the Senate,Breuer noted that the Department of Justicehas played a leading role in seeking justice forthe victims of human rights violations and warcrimes for well over six decades.162 Te UnitedStates should honor this tradition by e ectivelycooperating with Colombian accountabilitye orts, in accordance with its internationalobligations.

R omm nda ons

Te U.S. government has a special interest indismantling the paramilitary networks that haveterrorized Colombia for three decades. It hasrecognized the danger posed by paramilitarygroups to Colombias democracy and rule of law,and supported the investigation and prosecution

of paramilitary members in Colombia. Yetmore should be donein the United States, whereparamilitary leaders are in custody, to promoterule of law in Colombia. In particular, the UnitedStates should1. Createane ectiveande cientprocedure

formutualjudicialcooperation.Te UnitedStates should establish a procedure thatprovides timely, consistent, and reliableaccess by Colombian prosecutors, judges,and victims to extradited paramilitarycommanders. In addition, this process shouldensure that information obtained by U.S. lawenforcement from extradited paramilitaries isshared with Colombian judicial o cers. TeUnited States should review current policyto identify the cause of delays in respondingto requests for cooperation. New proceduresshould ensure that U.S. authorities shareinformation with and respond to requests

by Colombian authorities in a timely mannerto minimize any impact of the extraditionson open investigations in Colombia. TeUnited States should also explicitly agree torepatriate extradited leaders to Colombiaonce they complete their prison terms in the

United States and to transfer seized assets toColombias Victims Reparation Fund.

2. Incentivizeextraditedparamilitaryleaderstodisclosedetailsabouttheircrimesandtheidentitiesoftheiraccomplicesinthemilitary,government,andnationaland foreignbusinesses.Te United States shouldactively encourage extradited leaders to testifyabout their crimes by conditioning sentencereductions or other bene ts achieved throughplea agreements on disclosure of details abouttheir human rights crimes in Colombia.Prosecutors also could condition the provisionof visas to relocate family members underthreat in Colombia to the United States inexchange for Defendants cooperation. TeU.S. Department of Justice should reverseits current policy of taking no position onwhether Defendants should cooperate withColombian authorities.163 U.S. foreign policyinterests lie in helping Colombia succeed in

dismantling paramilitary cartels, prosecutingthose responsible for trade unionist murders,and removing corrupt politicians and militaryo cers. DOJ should use this opportunity toreinforce Colombias accountability measuresthrough e ective cooperation.

3. Initiateinvestigationsfortorturecommittedbyextraditedparamilitaryleaders.TeUnited States should hold extradited leadersaccountable for all their crimes under federallaw, including torture. Te United States shouldplay a leading role in seeking justice for victimsof human rights violations and violations of humanitarian law by moving swiftly to initiateinvestigations and prosecutions for torture.164 Te United States also should leverage thepossibility of long prison terms for torture toincentivize extradited paramilitaries to testifyabout these crimes.

p licy r ti le f r u. . upp rt f c l bi cc u t bility e ure


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t uth behi b

Jhon EidelberCano Correa, a/k/a Flechas,or Santiago

USA v. Bustamante, et al., Case #: 2:02-cr-01188-JS (E.D. New York (Brooklyn)

FredyCas llo Carrillo, a/k/a Pinocho

USA v. Giraldo-Serna, et al.,Case #: 1:04-cr-00114-RBW-15 (District of Columbia(Washington, DC))

Jaime ArturoGam z Moreno, a/k/a Jimmy

USA v. Figueroa et. al., Case #: 1:02-cr-00940-RPP (S.D. New York)

Gerardo G lv s Castro, a/k/a Diomedesor El Cantante

(case sealed)Case #: 07-cr-300 (District of Columbia (Washington, DC))

Nodier G raldo Giraldo

USA v. Giraldo-Serna et al., Case #: 1:04-cr-00114-RBW-7 (District of Columbia(Washington, DC))

Hernn G raldo Serna, a/k/a El Patrn


Edwin MauricioGm z Luna


Huber Anibal Gm z Luna, a/k/a El MelloRico, Hector, or Repetido

USA v. Giraldo-Serna, et al., Case #: 1:04-cr-00114-RBW-10 (District of Columbia(Washington, DC))

Pleaded guilty on April 29, 2008.Information about current status of proceeding is unavailable.

Information about current status of proceeding is unavailable.

Case records sealed.




Information about current status of

proceeding is unavailable.


September 22,2006

September 22,2006

September 1,2008

March 24,2009

May 13, 2008

May 13, 2008

May 13, 2008

September 22,2006

ppe ixch t ext icte e e t 165

(Defendants listed alphabetically by their rst, last name)

D f ndan & Cas Nam Da of E rad on Cas S a s


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Information about current status of proceeding in Washington D.C. isunavailable.

Te Defendants initial appearance in theFlorida proceeding is scheduled onFebruary 22, 2010.

All hearings and conferences terminated onNovember 3, 2008.


Pleaded guilty June 17, 2008. Sentenced to375 months on April 22, 2009.

Plea hearing took place on September 30,2008. Information about current status of proceeding is unavailable.

Pleaded guilty on May 28, 2008 in bothproceedings and sentenced to 70 months(credited 48 months for time served) onSeptember 28, 2008.

May 7, 2008

May 13, 2008

March 4, 2009

May 13, 2008

February 22,2007

February 23,2007

ch t ext icte e e t (c t )

D f ndan & Cas Nam Da of E rad on Cas S a us

ppe ix

Carlos Mario J mn zNaranjo, a/k/aMacacoUSA v. Naranjo, et al., Case #: 1:05-CR-00235-RMC (District Court of Columbia(Washington, D.C.))

USA v. Naranjo, et al., Case #: 8:02-cr-00482-JDW-EAJ-1 (Middle District of Florida ( ampa))

SalvatoreMan uso Gmez

USA v. Castano-Gil, et al., Case #: 1:02-cr-00388-ESH-2 (District of Columbia(Washington, DC))

Miguel AngelM jaMuera, a/k/a Elmellizo, Pablo Arauca, or El loco

USA v. Mejia-Munera, et al., Case #:1:00-cr-10171-WPD-1 (Southern Districtof Florida (Miami))

Diego FernandoMur lloBejarano, a/k/aDon Berna

USA v. Murillo-Bejarano, et al., Case #:1:03-cr-01188-RMB-1 (Southern Districtof New York (Foley Square))

Alvaro AntonioPad llaMelendez,a/k/a El opo

USA v. Vengoechea-Mendez et al., Case #:1:05-cr-00341-RMU (District of Columbia(Washington, DC))

AlvaroPad llaRedondo

USA v. Padilla-Redondo, Case #: 8:04-cr-00282-SDM- GW (Middle District of Florida ( ampa))

USA v. Padilla-Redondo, CASE #: 8:07-cr-00528-SDM- GW-1 (Middle District of Florida ( ampa))


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t uth behi b

GuillermoPr z Alzate, a/k/a PabloSevillanoUSA v. Perez-Alzate et al., Case #: 8:02-cr-00482-JDW-EAJ-1 (Middle District of Florida (Tampa))

Jhon AlexanderPosada Vergara

USA v. Barros-Gomez, et al., Case #: 5:05-cr-00039-OC-10GRJ (Middle District FloridaFlorida (Ocala))

Norberto Q rogaPoveda, a/k/a Cincocinco, 55, Beto or Beto Quiroga

(case name sealed) Case #: 07-cr-300(District of Columbia (Washington, DC))

Hector IgnacioRodrg zAcevedo a/k/aNacho Rodrguez

USA v. Rodrguez-Acevedo,Case #:1:05cr20443-PCH-1 (Southern DistrictFlorida (Miami))

Diego AlbertoR zArroyaveUSA v. Varela et al., Case #: 4:02-cr-00714-6 (Southern District of Texas (Houston))

Luis CarlosRop roDiaz, a/k/a Santos

USA v. Medina et al., Case #: 1:06-cr-00232-RCL (District of Columbia(Washington, DC))

Juan CarlosS rraRamrez, a/k/a El Tuso

USA v. Castano-Gil et al., Case #: 1:02-cr-00388-ESH-3 (District of Columbia(Washington, DC))

Jos GregorioT rn Vsquez,a/k/a El Pipon

Pleaded guilty on October 27, 2008 andsentenced to 210 months on August 17,2009.

Pleaded guilty on January 9, 2007 andsentenced to 87 months imprisonment onAugust 14, 2007.


Pleaded guilty on March 27, 2007 andsentenced to 50 months on June 18, 2007.Released on March 09, 2009

Pleaded guilty October 6, 2008 andsentenced to 90 months on June 6, 2009.

Pleaded guilty on November 30, 2009.

All hearings and conferences terminatedNovember 3, 2008.

No information available about proceeding.

May 13, 2008

September 22,2006

March 18,2009

February 14,2007

May 13, 2008

December 3,2008

May 13, 2008

November 20,2008

ch t ext icte e e t (c t )

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ppe ix

Manuel EnriqueTorr grosa Castro

USA v. Villarreal-Archila et al., Case #:5:07-cr-00019-WTH-GRJ-2 (MiddleDistrict of Florida (Ocala))

RodrigoTovar Pupo, a/k/a Jorge 40


RamiroVanoy Ramrez, a/k/a Cuco Vanoy

USA v. Bernal-Madrigal, et al., Case #:0:99-cr-06153-KMM-24 (SouthernDistrict of Florida (Ft. Lauderdale))

Eduardo EnriqueV ngo h aMola


MiguelV llarr alArchila a/k/a Salom,El Flaco

USA v. Villareal-Archila et al., Case #:5:07-cr-00019-WTH-GRJ (Middle Districtof Florida (Ocala))

Herbert V lozaGarca, a/k/a DonHernan, Mono Veloza, Ever Veloza-Garcia, Hernan Hernandez, Cara dePolla or HH

USA v. Garcia, Case #: 1:07-cr-00274-WHP-1 (Southern District of New York(Manhattan))

Francisco JavierZuluaga Lindo, a/k/aGordo Lindo

USA v. Bernal-Madrigal, et al., Case #:0:99-cr-06153-KMM-24 (SouthernDistrict of Florida (Ft. Lauderdale))

Pleaded guilty on May 15, 2009. Noinformation available about sentencing.


Pleaded guilty on July 29, 2008 and

sentenced to 293 months on October 9,2008.


Pleaded guilty on June 19, 2009. Statusconference scheduled for April 30, 2010.

Status conference scheduled for January29, 2010. According to government ling,parties are negotiating resolution of matter.

Pleaded guilty on July 29, 2008 andsentenced to 262 months on October 9,2008.

May 13, 2008

May 13, 2008

May 13, 2008

May 13, 2008

September 1,2008

March 5, 2009

May 13, 2008

c t ext icte e e t (c t )

D f ndan & Cas Nam Da of E rad on Cas S a us


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truth behind bar

No s

1 In 00 , the Unite States assi e the AUC asa nar o-terrorist organization, an in i te severa of its ea ers.SeeU.S. D p S , 2 1 R p F O ( 00 ). Te U.S.Dr g Enfor e ent Agen y e nes nar o-terroris as as set of terroris , in whi h terrorist gro s, or asso i-ate in ivi a s, arti i ate ire t y or in ire t y in the

tivation, an fa t re, trans ortation, or istri tion of ontro e s stan es an the onies erive fro these

a tivities. F rther, nar o-terroris ay e hara terize ythe arti i ation of gro s or asso iate in ivi a s in tax-ing, rovi ing se rity for, or otherwise ai ing or a etting

r g tra king en eavors in an e ort to f rther, or f n ,terrorist a tivities.Drugs, Money and Terror(A r. 4, 00 )(testi ony of Asa H t hinson, A r of the Dr g Enfor e-

ent A in. efore the Ho se Int Re ations Co ).2 SeeA assa or Wi ia Brown e , Re arks at a

Press Conferen e in Bogota (May 3, 008) [hereinafterBrown e Press Conferen e],available athtt :// ogota.

se assy.gov/ _00 _ 305 008.ht .3 Jose h Contreras,War Without End, N ,May , 00 , htt ://www.newsweek. o /i /79457?ti =re ate ;see alsoGovts Motion for PretriaDetention at 3, Unite States v. Gira o Serna et a , No. 04-00 4 (D.C. May 5, 008).4 El Patrn, Hernn Giraldo Serna, ro e, V d dAb , (Co o .), htt ://www.ver a a ierta. o /vi ti arios/ os-jefes/683- er - e-hernan-gira o-serna-a ias-e - atron ( ast visite Jan. , 0 0).

5 Fabio Luis Coley y Jorge Luis de la Rosa, Investigadoresdel CTI [Fabio Luis Coley and Jorge Luis de la Rosa, CTI Investigators], El mp (Co o .), J y 9, 007,availableat htt ://www.e tie o. o /ar hivo/ o ento/CMS-3630864.6 Acusan a Hernn Giraldo de Violar a 19 Nias[HernnGiraldo Accused of Raping 19 Girls], V d d Ab , J y7, 009,available athtt ://www.ver a a ierta. o /j sti ia-y- az/ 403-a san-a-hernan-gira o- e-vio ar-a- 9-ninas.7 Press Re ease, De t of J sti e, Co o ian Para i itaryLea er Extra ite to the Unite States to Fa e U.S. Dr gCharges (May 7, 008), htt :// ia i.f i.gov/ oj ressre /

ressre 08/ 0080507a.ht ;see alsoGovern entsDetention Me oran at , Unite States v. Ji enez-Naranjo, No. 05-00 35 (D.C. May 3, 008).8 La Paradoja de Macaco[ e Paradox of Macaco],S m (Co o .), May 0, 008,available athtt ://www.se ana. o /noti ias-na ion/ ara oja- a a o/ 69 .as x;see alsoRo erto L anos Ro a o,Mandos medios de lasAutodefensas estremecieron por la crudeza de sus testimonios [Shaken by the Harshness of Testimonies by Mid-RankedCommanders], El mp , De . , 007,available athtt ://www.e tie o. o /ar hivo/ o ento/CMS-3855378.

9 La Paradoja de Macaco, supranote 8.10 El Nuevo Ventilador de los Paras[ e New ParamilitaryConfessor], S m , Mar. 0, 008,available athtt ://www.se ana. o /noti ias-on- ine/n evo-venti a or-

aras/ 0 4.as x.11 Govts Motion for Pretria Detention & Pro oseOr er at 3, Unite States v. Castao-Gi , No. 03-00388

(D.C. May 0, 008).12 Mancuso Supera 500 Muertos En Confesiones [Mancuso Exceeds 500 Dead in Confessions], El mp ,De . 0, 007,available athtt ://www.e tie o. o /ar hivo/ o ento/MAM- 773 07;see alsoIn i t entof Sa vatore Man so G ez, May 0, 008 (F c lG l U d d N c l d D c Hum

D c I c l Hum ) [AG l O c N l U Hum R

d I l Hum L ] (No. 784C UDH-DIH) (Co o .) (on e with a thors) (a singDefen ant of ho i i e, aggravate ki na ing, ons ira yto o it a ri e, an terroris in the ase of theMassa re of Ma iri n); Case of the Ma iri n Massa rev. Co o ia, Inter-A . Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 6 (Se t. 5,

005).13 SeeC m N c l d R p c R c c l c [N l. C mm . R p R c c l ] [ CNRR] (Co o .), A

l L d Ju c P [P Ju cd P c L ] ( 009), htt ://www. nrr.org. o/ nrr/

n ero 0/CNRR_ o etin 0j sti iay az. f.14 In i t ent at 3, No. 03-0 88, Unite States v.M ri o-Bejarano (S.D.N.Y. J y , 004).15 See, e.g.,A l L d Ju c P ,supra note 3, at ;Don Berna Volvi A Sealar a Montoya yGallego[Don Berna Once More Implicates Montoya andGallego], V d d Ab , J ne 3, 009, htt ://www.ver a a ierta. o /j sti ia-y- az/extra ita os/ 370- on-

erna-vo vio-a-sena ar-a- ontoya-y-ga ego.16 Don Berna, Diego Fernando Murillo Bejarano,ro e,V d d Ab , htt ://www.ver a a ierta. o /vi ti arios/ os-jefes/7 5- er - iego-fernan o- ri o-

ejarano-a ias- on- erna ( ast visite Jan. , 0 0).17 Senten e of Diego Fernan o M ri o Bejarano,Fe . 6, 008 ( Ju d c P l d C cuE p c l d d M d ll ) [ d C m lC u Sp c l d C cu M d ll ] (No.

006-0 4 (Fis a a 30 )) (Co o .) (on e with a thors)(senten ing the Defen ant to 6 years for aggravateho i i e, for e isa earan e, for e is a e ent, an

ons ira y to o it a ri e);see alsoInstit to Po ar eCa a ita in,El Terror, Mecanismo de Dominacin de DonBerna[Terror, Don Bernas Mechanism of Domination],S m , J y 6, 007,available athtt ://www.se ana.

o /wf_InfoArti o.as x?i Art= 05030.18 Ju C l G , Fu d c S u d d D m c c (Co o .), D m l c d l Bl qu


23/36

17

L b d d l Su d l Bl qu C l B l[D m b l S u L bBl c B l C l B c] 1 (2005),availableat htt ://www.seg ri a y e o ra ia.org/ o s/ f/

on i toAr a o/ arasBo var. f.19 Alias Pablo Sevillano reconoci 120 asesinatos[A iasPablo Sevillano Recognizes 120 Deaths], El mp , Jan.

22, 2007,available athtt ://www.e tie o. o /ar hivo/o ento/CMS-3929237.20 Pablo Sevillano, Guillermo Prez Alzate,ro e,V d d Ab , htt ://www.ver a a ierta. o /vi ti arios/ os-jefes/665- er -g i er o- erez-a zate-a ias- a o-sevi ano ( ast visite Jan. 21, 2010).21 Id.22 Govts Motion for Pretria Detention at 4, UniteStates v. Gira o Serna et a , No. 04-00114 (D.C. May,15, 2008);see alsoI -Am. C mm HumR , R p Impl m Ju c dP c L 2007 (esti ating that Ro rigo ovar ha

4500 troo s n er his o an ),available athtt s://www. i h.oas.org/ o ntryre /Co o iaAUC2007eng/Co o ia es ovi iza ion2007.eng.ht .23 Ro erto L anos Ro a o,40 Solo Record a 7 de 768 Desaparecidos[40 Only Remembered 7 of 768Dissappearances], El mp , J y 7, 2007,available athtt ://www.e tie o. o /ar hivo/ o ento/MAM-2565769.24 Jorge 40, Rodrigo Tovar Pupo,ro e, V d dAb , htt ://www.ver a a ierta. o /vi ti arios/

os-jefes/691- er -ro rigo-tovar- o-a ias-jorge-40 ( astvisite Jan. 21, 2010).

25 El Computador de Jorge 40[Jorge 40s Computer]S m , Se t. 2, 2006,available athtt ://www.se ana.o /noti ias-na ion/ o ta or-jorge-40/96785.as x.

26 Press Re ease, De t of J sti e, For er Co o ianPara i itary Lea ers Senten e (O t. 9, 2008), htt ://www.j sti e.gov/ sao/ s/PressRe eases/081009-02.ht ;see alsoI l C G up, C l mb :

d Ju c d P c ? 23 (2006).27 Imputan 33 cargos a Cuco Vanoy en EEUU [CucoVanoy Indicted on 33 charges in the United States], V d dAb , May 20, 2009, htt ://www.ver a a ierta. o /

ara o iti a/1263-i tan-33- argos-a- o-vanoy-en-

ee ; Letter fro Car os A erto Marn, De ty Dire tor,Co o ian Co ission of J rists, to Mi hae M kasey, U.S.Attorney Genera (O t. 7, 2008) ( iting to re ort that Vanoyha onfesse to 235 ho i i es) (on e with a thors).28 Cuco Vanoy, Ramiro Vanoy,ro e, V d dAb , htt ://www.ver a a ierta. o / o onent/

ontent/arti e/36-jefes/688- er - e-ra iro-vanoy-a ias-o-vanoy ( ast visite Jan. 21, 2010).

29 H.H, Jos ver Veloza,ro e, V d d Ab ,htt ://www.ver a a ierta. o /vi ti arios/ os-jefes/658-

er -jose-ever-ve oza-a ias-hh ( ast visite Jan. 21, 2010).

30 Chris Kra ,Colombia Hands Ex-paramilitary LeaderOver to U.S.,L A l m , Mar. 06, 2009,availableat htt ://arti es. ati es. o /2009/ ar/06/wor /fg-

o o ia-extra ite6.31 See2001 R p F O ,supranote 1;Drugs, Money and Terror,supranote 1.32 SeeBrown e Press Conferen e,supranote 2.33 Co o ia has extra ite eight AUC o o an ersan the ajority of the AUCs r ing o n i to the U.S.,in ing Hernn Gira o Serna, Car os Ji nez Naranjo,Sa vatore Man so G ez, Diego M ri o Bejarano,G i er o Prez A zate, Ro rigo ovar P o, Ra iroVanoy Ra irez, an He ert Ve oza Gar a.34 Beginning in 2006, Co o ia egan extra iting for erAUC e ers to the Unite States to fa e harges of r gtra king, oney a n ering, an terroris .SeeA en ixfor ist of extra ite AUC e ers.35 SeeU.N. E on. & So . Co n i [ECOSOC],Co ission on H an Rights, High Co issionerfor H an Rights,Report of the United Nations HighCommissioner for Human Rights on the Human RightsSituation in Colombia, 76, U.N. Do . E/CN.4/2002/17(Fe . 28, 2002) ( ase on infor ation fro the Co o iangovern ent esti ating that in 2001 ara i itaries

o itte 89 assa res in whi h 527 eo e ost theirives). Te J sti e an Pea e Unit of the Prose tor

Genera is investigating 246,000 ri es attri ta e toara i itary gro s.Ex paras con esan 21.000 homicidios

[Ex-Paramilitaries Confess to 21,000 Homicides], A cF c -P , Se t. 14, 2009.See alsoi os Pena esRe resentativos en He hos En n ia os [Re resentative

y es of Cri es in Revea e Fa ts], i os Pena esRe resentativos en He hos Confesa os [Re resentative

y es of Cri es in Confesse Fa ts], CNRR, htt ://www.nrr.org. o/new09/vjr/he hos2.ht ( ast visite Jan 15,

2010).36 Press re ease, De t of J sti e, Co o ian erroristsArreste in Co aine-for-Wea ons Dea (Nov. 6, 2002),available athtt ://www.j sti e.gov/ ea/ s/ ressre /

r110602.ht (the AUC is onsi ere y internationah an rights gro s an the U.S. De art ent of State to

e res onsi e for 70% of the h an rights vio ations inCo o ia).37 Brown e Press Conferen e,supranote 2.38 SeeJ sti e an Pea e Law 975, art. 10, 11, DiarioO ia No. 45.980 (2005),available athtt ://www. s a ia.gov. o/j sti ia az/Do entos/LEY_975_ on or a a. f ( ast visite Jan. 23, 2010).39 SeeC p c Nu A c I [NR b C p.] (Co o .), P p l c : L ud l p p m l l cu dp l c [P p l c : R u P m lE p d P l c l D l ] (2 e . 2007) for

notes


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18

truth behind bars

a is ssion of the AUCs a ian es with o iti ians at aregiona eve ,available athtt ://www.n evoar oiris.org.

o/sa / es/ i ros/Li ro_ ara o iti a. f;see alsoHumR W c , B G p Ob cl Ju c P m l M C l mb 8(2 8) [hereinafter B G p].40 Te Internationa H an Rights Law C ini

(IHRLC) re resents the fa i y e ers of severa vi ti sisa eare an r ere y extra ite ara i itaryea ers in onne tion with Defen ants r g ons ira ies.

In oo eration with o- o nse , Wi son Sonsini Goo ri h& Rosati, IHRLC has etitione the De art ent of J sti e(DOJ) to re ognize Co o ian vi ti s stat tory rights as

ri e vi ti s n er the U.S. Cri e Vi ti s Rights A t.Te DOJ has ref se vi ti s arti i ation, arg ing thatCo o ian vi ti s of ara i itary vio en e are not ire tan roxi ate vi ti s of extra ite ara i itaries r g

ons ira ies. Govts Me oran of Law in O ositionto Ms. A a Ines Ren on Ga viss Motion P rs ant to theCri e Vi ti s Rights A t at 7, Unite States v. DiegoFernan o M ri o Bejarano, No. 03-011 (S.D.N.Y. Fe .

7, 009) [hereinafter Govts Me oran of Law];Letter fro Kenneth A. B an o, De ty Assistant AttorneyGenera , De t of J sti e, Cri ina Division, to RoxannaA tho z, Asso . Dire tor, Int H an Rights C ini , anA ena Berna e , Int Attorney, Center for J sti e &A o nta i ity (De . 19, 009) (on e with a thors).41 SeeA en ix. Te exa t n er an ontent of ea

ea s is nknown as any Defen ants infor ation haseen taken o t of the i o ain. However, avai a e

ea ea s o not in entivize Defen ants oo erationwith Co o ias a o nta i ity e orts.See, e.g.,P ea

Agree ent (Ra iro Vanoy Ra irez), Unite States v.Berna -Ma riga , et a , No.99-06153 (S.D.F.L. J y 9,00 ); P ea Agree ent ( Javier Z aga Lin o), Unite

States v. Berna -Ma riga , et a , No.99-06153 (S.D.F.L. J y9, 00 ); P ea Agree ent (Man e Enriq e orregrosa

Castro), Unite States v. Vi arrea Ar hi a et a ., No. 07-00019 (M.D.F.L. May 15, 009); P ea Agree ent (Mig eVi arrea Ar hi a), Unite States v. Vi arrea -Ar hi aet a , No. 07-00019 (M.D.F.L. May 1 , 009); J an A.Lozano,Colombian Paramilitary Leader Sentenced in Texas,A c d P , J ne , 009, htt ://a news.go. o /US/wireStory?i =773 93 ( ast visite Jan. 15, 010).42 SeeA en ix.43 SeeA en ix an infra text a o anying note 10 .44 See supratext a o anying note 40.45 A or ing to a 009 re ort y a Co o ian h anrights organization, on y ve ara i itary ea ers re ain inCo o ia, in ing L s E ar o Cif entes, Ra Has nMen oza, Ra n Isaza Arango, Ivn Laver e Za ata,an Fre y Ren n Herrera. C p c C l cd Ab d J Al R p [LC ll c C p. J Al R p ] (Co o .)Ob cul l Apl c c d Ju c [Ob cl

Appl c Ju c ] 41 ( 009) [hereinafterOb cul l Apl c c d Ju c ], htt ://www.

o e tivo ea oga os.org/IMG/ f/o sta os1o t 009.f. A or ing to the U.S. State De art ent, eighteen

ara i itary ea ers re aine in Co o ian sto y asof May 31, 00 . U.S. S D p ., M m dum

Ju c C c Hum R

C d R p c A c C l mb A m d F c 37 (n. .),available athtt :// j stf.org/ es/ ri ary o s/09090 ert. f.46 Cl R b d S l Ju S. B l,C l R c S c , C l mb : I u

C 6 (Jan. 1 , 009),available athtt ://f .state.gov/ o ents/organization/11676 . f.47 SeeBu u D m c c , Hum R , dL b , U.S. S D p , C u R p Hu-m R P c c , C l mb ( 00 ), htt ://www.state.gov/g/ r /r s/hrr t/ 001/wha/ 3 6.ht (statingthat [t]hro gho t the o ntry, ara i itary gro s ki e ,tort re , an threatene ivi ians s s e te of sy athiz-ing with g erri as in an or hestrate a aign to terrorizethe into eeing their ho es, to e rive g erri as of ivi -ian s ort an a ow ara i itary for es to ha enge theRevo tionary Ar e For es of Co o ia (FARC) an theNationa Li eration Ar y (ELN) for ontro of nar oti s

tivations an strategi a y i ortant territories.).48 Hum R W c , B d:C l mb d M l -P m l L Vo .1 , No. 1 (B) (Fe . 000),available athtt ://www.hrw.org/ ega y/re orts/ 000/ o o ia/#SUMMARY% 0AND% 0RECOMMENDA IONS.49 See, e.g.,Case of the It ango Massa res v. Co o ia,Inter-A . Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 14 (J y 1, 006); Case of the 19 ra es en v. Co o ia, Inter-A . Ct. H.R. (ser. C)No. 109 (J y 5, 004); Case of the Ma iri n Massa re v.Co o ia, Inter-A . Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 134 (Se t. 15,

005); Case of the Ro he a Massa re v. Co o ia, Inter-A . Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 163 (May 11, 007).50 L u d l p p m l l

cu d p l c ,supranote 39.51 Habla Vicente Castao,S m , J ne 5, 005,available athtt ://www.se ana. o /noti ias- orta a/ha a-vi ente- astano/ 76 .as x.See alsoEnriq e RivasG., Salvatore Mancuso dice que Lo ideal es crear una guardia

nacional[Salvatore Mancuso says, e Ideal is to Create aNational Guard], El E p c d (Co o .), A g. 7, 005,available athtt ://www. ere hos.org/nizkor/ o o ia/

o /sa vatore3.ht .52 For exa e, in 007, Chiq ita Bran s ea e g i tyin U.S. o rt to rovi ing $1.7 i ion in ay ents to theAUC. Press Re ease, De t of J sti e, Chiq ita Bran s Inter-nationa P ea s G i ty to Making Pay ents to a Designateerrorist Organization An Agrees to Pay $ 5 Mi ion Fine

(Mar. 19, 007), htt ://www.j sti e.gov/o a/ r/ 007/Mar h/07_ns _161.ht . Te Organization of A eri an


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States has a se the o any of sing its o ks to s g-g e ar s for ara i itary gro s. Org. of A . States,Reportof the General Secretariat of the Organization of AmericanStates on the Diversion of Nicaraguan Arms to the United De- fense Forces of Colombia,OEA/Ser.G/CP/ o . 3687/0329( Jan. 6, 2003), htt ://www.oas.org/oas age/ni- oar as/ni- oeng ish3687.ht ;See alsoSteve Kroft, e Price of

Bananas: How Colombian Paramilitaries Landed a U.S.Corporation in Hot Water,CBS 60 M u , A g. 9, 2009,htt ://www. snews. o /stories/2008/05/08/60 in tes/

ain4080920.sht ?tag= ontentMain; ontentBo y. Para-i itaries have i i ate ozens of o esti sinesses.

See, e.g., Isis Be eo,Explosivas Declaraciones del Sobrino deHernn Giraldo[Explosive Statements from Hernn GiraldosNephew], Int Pea e O servatory, J ne 16, 2007, htt ://www. ea eo servatory.org/es/7992/ex osivas- e ara io-nes- e -so rino- e-hernan-gira o.53 Attorney Genera John Ash roft, AUC In i t entPress Conferen e (Se t. 24, 2002), htt ://www.j sti e.gov/ar hive/ag/s ee hes/2002/092402a in i t ent ress onf eren e.ht .54 A er o e Santa Fe e Ra ito ara Contri ir a

a Paz e Co o ia [Santa Fe e Ra ito Agree ent toContri te to Pea e in Co o ia] (Co o .) (J y 15,2003), htt ://www.a to o isiona o ara a az.gov. o/we /a er os/j _15_03.ht .55 J sti e an Pea e Law 975, arts. 10, 11, Diario O iaNo. 45.980 (2005),available athtt ://www. s a ia.gov. o/ j sti ia az/Do entos/LEY_975_ on or a a. f ( astvisite Jan. 13, 2010).56 Id. at art. 29.57 SeePro eso e Paz on as A to efensas [Pea ePro ess with the Se f-Defense [For es]], htt ://www.a to o isiona o ara a az.gov. o/we /g_a to efensa/

ia ogos.ht ( ast visite Jan. 17, 2010).58 SeePost a os a a Ley 975/05 [A i ants to theLaw 975] (2005), htt ://www. s a ia.gov. o/j sti ia az/Do entos/Post a os975. f ( ast visite Jan. 17, 2010).59 Vi ti s have ire t y q estione Defen ants ringthe onfession sessions, often req esting infor ation a o tthe fate or the o ation of the re ains of a ove one.See,e.g., Vctimas y verdugos cara a cara va satellite[Victims andExecutioners Face to Face Via Satellite], S m , J y 28,2008,available athtt ://www.se ana. o /noti ias-on-

ine/vi ti as-ver gos- ara- ara-via-sate ite/113997.as x.60 SeeCNRR-Versiones Li res Progra a as [CNRR-P anne Confessions], htt ://www. nrr.org. o/new09/vjr/veresta.ht ( ast visite Jan. 14, 2010).61 Infor ation a o t the stat s of ea h extra ite

ara i itary in the J sti e an Pea e ro ess is avai a e at asear h engine o ate on the we site of Co o ias AttorneyGenera , htt ://www. s a ia.gov. o/j sti ia az/Versiones.as ( ast visite Jan. 17, 2010).62 Para i itaries are res onsi e for the vast ajority

of the 70,000 ki ings of ivi ians sin e the 1980s ani ions of for e is a e ents.Colombian Terrorists

Arrested in Cocaine-for-Weapons Deal, supranote 36. Yeta or ing to the Co o ian govern ent, ara i itarieshave re o nte etai s of ess than a thir of these r ers.SeeA l L d Ju c P ,supranote 13, at1. A or ing to NGO re orts, on y 300 AUC e ers

have rovi e s stantive infor ation a o t ara i itarystr t re an ri es thro gh the J sti e an Pea e ro ess.B G p,supranote 39, at 34. Neverthe ess,state ents a e y for er ara i itaries in the J sti ean Pea e ro ess have i i ate 140 e ers of thear e for es in ri ina a tivities.Colombias paramilitaries:Militias march again, Ec m , O t. 31, 2009, at 3,available athtt ://www.e ono ist. o /wor /a eri as/

is aystory. f ?story_i =14744897. Teir testi onieshave e to the re eration of the re ains of 2,164 vi ti s.O Am c S (O.A.S.), D c m

c I m m l d l S c G ll C P m S b l M d Ap

l P c d P C l mb [m R p S c G l P m C u c l Supp M P c P c C l mb ] 7, (O t. 22, 2009),availableat htt ://www. nrr.vision ire ta. o /09e/IMG/ f/infor eMAPP13. f.63 Seethe stages of the J sti e an Pea e ro ess, J sti e an Pea e Law 975, Diario O ia No. 45.980(2005),available athtt ://www. s a ia.gov. o/j sti ia az/Do entos/LEY_975_ on or a a. f ( ast visite Jan. 23, 2010). A or ing to Arti e 17 of Law 975, the J sti e an Pea e Law req ires vo ntary testi ony y

efen ants, q estioning y rose tors of the efen ant,an the efen ants o it ent to forfeit asset for vi ti sre arations.Id. at art. 17. Prose tors then iss e a fa t ain i t ent to whi h the efen ant st ea g i ty inor er to q a ify for ene ts n er the J sti e an Pea e Law.Id. at arts. 18 & 19. Te J sti e an Pea e o rt then wiassess re aration ai s s itte y vi ti s an whetherthe efen ant has satis e the req ire ents of J sti e anPea e an is e igi e for an a ternate senten e, i.e. a risonter of 5 to 8 years.Id. at art. 29.64 Sa vatore Man so G ez, Power Point Presentation

ring J sti e an Pea e esti ony (2007),available athtt ://www. i o .org/? =338 ( ast visite Jan 17, 2010).65 B G p,supranote 39, at 37-39.66 SeeC uc P l c d C l mb 1991 art.235.3 (a en e y De ree 1500, 2002).67 SeeOb cul l Apl c c d Ju c ,supra note 45.68 Co aint fro C ara L ez O regn, to L is Ca i oOsorio, Attorney Genera of Co o ia ( J ne 9, 2005),htt ://www. ara o ez.net/C ara o ez/Co nas/nota1.ht .69 See Fue Mancuso y no De la Espriella quien revel el

notes


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truth behind bars

Pacto de Ralito[It Was Mancuso and Not De la EspriellaWho Revealed the Pact of Ralito], El E p c d , De . 17,2008,available athtt ://www.e es e ta or. o /i reso/ j i ia /arti oi reso99941-f e- an so-y-no- e-es rie a-q ien-reve o-e - a to- e-ra ito;Texto originaldel Acuerdo de Ralito[Original Text of Ralito Accord],El P (Co o .), Jan. 19, 2007,available athtt ://www.

ere hos.org/nizkor/ orr / o /ra ito1.ht ; Jos AntonioSn hez an Car os Ca a ho Marn,As Se Teji elPacto Secreto del 2001 entre Polticos y Paras, en Santa FeRalito[How Tey Wove the Se ret Pa t of 2001 BetweenPo iti ians an Para i itaries in Santa Fe Ra ito], El

mp , Jan. 20, 2007,available athtt ://www. ere hos.org/nizkor/ o o ia/ o / az/ra ito3.ht ;El Acuerdo deRalito fue un pacto con el diablo[ e Ralito Accord Was aPact With the Devil], S m , Jan. 21, 2007, htt ://www.

ere hos.org/nizkor/ orr / o /ra ito.ht .70 See ist of Me ers of Congress eing investigate ,a or ing to arty a iation, www.ver a a ierta. o(sear h Congresistas e egi os en e 2006 ro esa os or

ara o ti a) A r. 1, 2009.71 Ob cul l Apl c c d Ju c ,supra note 45, at 12-14.72 H an Rights Wat h Co ents to the O e of theU.S. ra e Re resentative Con erning the U.S.-Co o iaFree ra e Agree ent (Se t. 15, 2009) [hereinafterH an Rights Wat h Co ents] htt ://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/09/15/h an-rights-wat h- o ents-o e- s-tra e-re resentative- on erning- s- o o ia-fr#_ftnref14; Ob cul l Apl c c d Ju c ,supranote 45, at 14. For exa e, Mario Uri e, Presi entUri es se on o sin an ose a y, was arreste in

2008 for o sion with ara i itaries. Ju S. B l,C l R c S c , C l mb :I u C 13 (Nov. 13, 2009),available athtt ://assets.o en rs. o /r ts/RL32250_20091113.

f;see alsoJ an Forero,Colombian Senator: DeathSquads Met At Uribes Ranch,A r. 18, 2007,availableat htt ://www.washington ost. o /w - yn/ ontent/arti e/2007/04/17/AR2007041702007.ht .73 Patri k Markey,Colombia Probes Vice President overMilitia Ties,R u , Mar. 19, 2009, htt ://www.re ters.

o /arti e/i US RE59I4 O20091019.74 Sa vatore Man so has rovi e infor ation

regar ing AUC invo ve ent in Uri es 2002 e e tion.Debate celebrado el 17 abr 07 en el Senado de la Repblicade Colombia sobre el paramilitarismo en Antioquia[Debate on April 17 07 in the Senate of the Republic of Colombia Regarding Paramilitarism in Antioquia], R dN (Co o .), A r. 26, 2007,available athtt ://www.ra ionizkor.org/ o o ia/in ex.ht # e ate2;Fiscal Dice que No Haba Razones para Extraditar a JefesParamilitares[Prosecutor Says ere Were Not Reasons toExtradite Paramilitary Leaders], V d d Ab , May29, 2009, htt ://www.ver a a ierta. o /j sti ia-y- az/

extra ita os/1300- s a - i e-q e-no-ha ia-razones- ara-extra itar-a-jefes- ara i itares;Don Berna Asegura queAUC Apoy a Campaa de Uribe en 2001[Don BernaA rms that the AUC Supported Uribes 2001 Campaign]S m , A r. 22, 2009,available athtt ://www.se ana.

o /noti ias- on i to-ar a o/ on- erna-aseg ra-a -a oyo- a ana- ri e-2001/123142.as x;Conmigo

extraditaron la verdad: Salvatore Mancuso en EntrevistaExclusiva[With Me ey Extradited the Truth: ExclusiveInterview with Salvatore Mancuso], C mb (Co o .),May 28, 2009,available athtt ://www. a io. o .

o/ orta a a io/830/AR ICULO-WEB-NO A_IN ERIOR_CAMBIO-5289247.ht .75 See El Computador de Jorge 40 Puede Ser el Inicio deUn Nuevo Proceso 8.000[Jorge 40s Computer Could Bethe Start of a New Process 8,000], S m , O t. 10, 2006,available athtt ://www.se ana. o /wf_InfoArti o.as x?i Art=97456; Ob cul l Apl c c d Ju c ,supranote 45. Hernn Gira o Serna, Sa vatoreMan so G ez, Diego M ri o Bejarano, Ro rigoPrez A zate, J an Sierra Ra rez, Ro rigo ovar P o,an He ert Ve oza Gar a have a rovi e testi onyin the ara o iti s investigation as to their a ian es withCo o ian o iti a g res. Ob cul l Apl c cd Ju c ,supranote 45, at A en ix II.76 See id.at A en ix II 16-17.77 See id.at A en ix II 16, 27.78 See, e.g.,Senten e of Diego Fernan o M ri o Bejarano,Fe . 6, 2008 ( Ju d c P l d C cuE p c l d d M d ll ) [ d C m lC u Sp c l d C cu M d ll ](No. 2006-0241 (Fis a a 2302)) (Co o .) (on e witha thors) (senten ing Defen ant to 26 years for aggravateho i i e, for e isa earan e, for e is a e ent,an ons ira y to o it a ri e); Convi tion of Hernn Gera o Serna, Jan. 21, 2009 (Ju d P ld C cu E p c l d d S M )[C m l C u Sp c l d C cu S M ] (RAD:47001-3107-001-2007-00068)(Co o .) (on e with a thors) (senten ing Defen antto 38.5 years for for e isa earan e); In i t ent of Sa vatore Man so G ez, May 20, 2008 (F c lG l U d d N c l d D c Hum

D c I c l Hum ) [AG l O c N l U Hum R

d I l Hum L ] (No. 784C UDH-DIH) (Co o .) (on e with a thors) (a singDefen ant of ho i i e, aggravate ki na ing, ons ira yto o it a ri e, an terroris ).79 SeeF c l G l d l N c [AG l N ], I m R d c dCu 2008-2009 [Acc u b l R p 2008-2009], 77-80 (2009) (Co o .)available athtt ://fgn.

s a ia.gov. o:8080/Fis a ia/ar hivos/Ren i ion eC enta/infor e_ren i ion_ e_ entas. f.


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80 Id.81 On y Sa vatore Man so G ez, Mig e MejiaM nera, Diego M ri o Bejarano, G i er o Prez-A zate,an Ra iro Vanoy Ra irez arti i ate in onfessionsessions in a or an e with the J sti e an Pea e ro essafter their extra ition. Te s he e of testi onies of extra ite ara i itary ea ers in the J sti e an Pea e

ro ess is avai a e at a sear ha e ata aseavailable athtt ://www. s a ia.gov. o/j sti ia az/Versiones.as ( astvisite Jan. 29, 2009).82 htt ://www. s a ia.gov. o/j sti ia az/Deta eVersion.as ? e=6892624 ( ast visite Jan. 21, 2010).83 See, e.g., Homicidios selectivos en Crdoba Fueronla Mayora de los Casos Imputados a Mancuso[SelectiveHomicides in Crdoba were the Majority of the CasesAttributed to Mancuso], J ne 24, 2009, CNRR, htt ://www.

nrr.vision ire ta. o /09e/s i . h ?arti e1665&var_re her he= an so;Los Guardados de Mancuso[MancusosHidden Cards], V d d Ab , Nov. 22, 2008,

htt ://ver a a ierta. o /j sti ia-y- az/versiones/47-extra ita os/563- os-g ar a os- e- an so.84 Letter fro Sa vatore Man so G ez, for er AUC

o an er, to Mario Ig aran, Attorney Genera et a .(Se t. 30, 2009) [hereinafter Letter fro Man so G ez]htt :// a azen o o ia. ogs ot. o /2009/09/ arta-a ierta- e-sa vatore- an so.ht .85 Id.; Letter fro Diego Fernan o M ri o Bejarano,for er AUC o an er, to Magistrates, Co o ianS re e Co rt (Se t. 17, 2009) [hereinafter Letter froM ri o Bejarano] htt ://stati 2.e es e ta or. o / es/7260e93 4630a 1 55729 676e36e18. o .86

For exa e, ti e hearings invo ving Defen antsSa vatore Man so an Ro rigo ovar P o were an e eor e aye e to ogisti a i ties or y U.S. o ia s.SeeGu G ll G. Yu L m, C l m.C mm Ju (Co o .), Ac u l c b l

u c d l p m l d dd C l mb E d U d [Upd S u P m l L d E d d

m C l mb U d S ] 4 (2009)[hereinafter Ac u l c b l u c dl p m l ].See also Solo Tres Jefes ParasHan Vuelto A Responder ante Justicia y Paz Un Ao Despusde Su Extradicin[Only ree Paramilitary Leaders Have

Returned to Appear Before Justice and Peace a Year Aftereir Extradition], El mp , May 5, 2009, [hereinafter

Solo Tres Jefes Paras] available athtt ://www.e tie o.o / o o ia/j sti ia/so o-tres-jefes- aras-han-v e to-

a-res on er-ante-j sti ia-y- az- n-ano- es es- e-s -extra i ion_5133135-1.See also Ordenan libertad de KarellyLara [Release of Karelly Lara Ordered], El E p c d ,Mar. 12, 2009,available athtt ://www.e es e ta or. o /noti ias/j i ia /arti o126768-or enan- i erta - e-kare y- ara.

87 D ring a Nove er 2008 e osition fro theUnite States, Sa vatore Man so was na e to answersevera q estions ose y vi ti s for a k of a ess to hiss or inates.See Solo Tres Jefes Paras, supranote 86.Seealso J an Forero,As Colombian War Crimes Suspects Sit inU.S. Jails, Victims Kin Protest,W . P , O t. 4, 2009,available athtt ://www.washington ost. o /w - yn/

ontent/arti e/2009/10/03/AR2009100303001.ht .Te efense for Sa vatore Man so a so o aine thatU.S. o ia s on s ate o ents Man so ha re arefor a s he e hearing, whi h res te in the an e ation oone of the hearings. Ac u l c b l u cd l p m l ,supranote 86, at 4-5.88 Letter fro Man so G ez,supranote 84; Letterfro M ri o Bejarano,supranote 85.89 Ac u l c b l u c d l p m l ,supranote 86, at 5.90 See Cuco Vanoy No Colaborar Ms con la Justicia enColombia[Cuco Vanoy Will No Longer Collaborate with

Justice in Colombia], S m , O t. 17, 2008,available athtt ://www.se ana. o /noti ias-j sti ia/ o-vanoy-no- o a orara-j sti ia- o o ia/116697.as x;O cina deEnvigado Secuestr a 4 Hijos de Cuco Vanoy para PresionarEntrega de Caletas y Tierra[Envigado O ce Kidnapped4 Sons of Cuco Vanoy in Order to Pressure the Handoverof Cash and Land], El mp , Jan. 17. 2009,available athtt ://www.e tie o. o /ar hivo/ o ento/CMS-4759874;Noticias breves de justicia: Asesinan a otro familiardel ex para Cuco Vanoy[ Justice Briefs: Additional FamilyMember of Ex-paramilitary Cuco Vanoy Assassinated],El mp , Jan. 27, 2009,available athtt ://www.e tie o. o / o o ia/j sti ia/noti ias- reves- e-

j sti ia_4778034-1.91 Seehtt ://www. s a ia.gov. o/j sti ia az/Deta eVersion.as ? e=16627309 ( ast visite Jan. 20,2010). Mig e Meja M era has riti ize the e e tivenessof J sti e an Pea e ro ess sin e his extra ition.Letter fro Mig e Meja M era to the InternationaCo nity an P i O inion (2000), htt :// j sti iay az o o ia. o /IMG/ f/ arta_ e izo. f ( ast visite Jan. 29, 2010).92 Seehtt ://www. s a ia.gov. o/j sti ia az/Deta eVersion.as ? e=71646827 ( ast visite Jan. 20,2010).

93 Defense attorneys is o rage extra ite ea ers frorovi ing state ents that o ex an their ri inaia i ity in the Unite States, whi h f rther n er ines

Defen ants oo eration. Fu d c Id p l P[F u d Id P c ] (Co o .), Te Uses anA ses of Extra ition in the War on Dr gs 5 (2009).94 See Han negado 11 audiencias con paras en EstadosUnidos[Eleven Hearings with Paras Have Been Denied inthe United States], El mp , A g. 7, 2009,available at htt ://www.e tie o. o /ar hivo/ o ento/CMS-

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truth behind bars

4432427;Hernn Giraldo Ser el Primer Para Extraditadoque Declarar desde E.U. en Casos de Parapoltica[HernnGiraldo Will be the First Extradited Paramilitary Who WillTestify from the U.S. in Parapolitics Cases], El mp , J ne5, 2008,available athtt ://www.e tie o. o /ar hivo/

o ento/CMS-4235348.95 SeeAc u l c b l u c d l

p m l ,supranote 86, at 4-5 ( iting etterfro Co o ian o rt ex aining the an e ation of hearing invo ving Sa vatore Man so for a k of f n s fortrans ission to Co o ia fro Unite States).96 De ree No. 315, e 7 e fe rero e 2007, art. 2,available athtt ://www. s a ia.gov. o/j sti ia az/Do entos/De reto_315-07_ if si. f.97 J sti e an Pea e Law 975, art. 37, Diario O ia No.45.980 (2005),available athtt ://www. s a ia.gov. o/ j sti ia az/Do entos/LEY_975_ on or a a. f ( astvisite Jan. 23, 2010).98 Id. at arts. 42, 54.99 Brown e Press Conferen e,supranote 2.100 SeeB G p,supraat note 39, at 3( ara i itaries an their ronies have a q ire assivewea th an o iti a in en e, s verting e o ra y anthe r e of aw). Minority Rights Gro Internationanotes that Co o ian ara i itaries ontro 40% of theara e an in Co o ia. M R G upI l, W ld D c M

d I d u P pl C l mb (2008),availableat htt ://www. nh r.org/refwor / o i /4954 e5 .ht .101 See, e.g.,Diego Fernan o M ri o Bejarano Extra itionOr er, U.S.-Co o ., May 12, 2008, 8 (on e with

a thors).102 wenty-one of the Defen ants in i t ents in eforfeit re a egations. Te in i t ents of Diego M ri oBejarano, Ra iro Vanoy Ra irez, an Fran is o Z agaLin o o not in e forfeit re a egations. We are na eto verify whether the in i t ents of Jai e Ga ez Moreno,Gerar o Ge ves Castro, A varo Pa i a Re on o, G i er oPrez A zate, No erto Q iroga Pove a, an Jose eranVasq ez in e forfeit re a egations e a se we i nothave a ess to the in i t ents.103 Te Nationa Co ission for Re on i iation anRe aration re orts that ro gh y $4 i ion in assets have

een t rne over to the Vi ti s Re aration F n . A l L d Ju c P ,supranote 13, at 1. Tisin es $592,000 in ash, in a ition to ro erty assets.Fon o ara a Re ara in e as V ti as [Re aration F nfor Vi ti s], htt ://www.a ionso ia .gov. o/ onteni o/

onteni o.as x? atID=455& onID=1667 ( ast visite Jan. 21, 2010). Tese g res a e in o arison to thenear y $150 i ion in the F n as a res t of internationa

onations.See El 2010 Ser el Ao de la Restitucin de Bienes[2010 Wi e the Year for Pro erty Restit tion], CNRR,De . 11, 2009, htt ://www. nrr.vision ire ta. o /09e/

s i . h ?arti e2332&var_re her he=2010;Disponibles Fondos parReparacin de Vctimas en Colombia[F n s Avai a e for Re aratiof Co o ian Vi ti s], S m , Se t. 14, 2009,available athtt ://www.se ana. o /noti ias-na ion/ is oni es-fon os- ara-re ara ion-vi ti as- o o ia/128697.as x.104 CNRR-Versiones Li res Progra a as,supranote 60.105 Vi ti s of ara i itary vio en e q a ify as CVRA vi tithey e onstrate that the har s ere was the ire t an roxires t of a Defen ants r g-tra king ons ira y. 18 U.S.C. (2009). Vi ti s, in ing the fa i y e ers of an environ ena tivist assassinate y an extra ite ara i itary ea er foro osing o a-growing in his area of o eration, have etitioneDe art ent of J sti e to re ognize their stat tory rights as ri evi ti s.106 Te CVRA was asse in 2004 to roa en the rights of

ri e vi ti s y rovi ing vi ti s of a fe era o ense the rightto e noti e of a i o rt ro ee ings, to e hear y

o rt efore it a e ts a ea or i oses a senten e, an to rerestit tion. U.S. govern ent g i e ines for CVRA re ognize tha

stat te ay en o ass non-U.S. itizen vi ti s of ri es o ita roa that are eing trie in U.S. o rts.See generallyU.S. D p Ju c , A G l Gu d l V c m

W A c (2005),available athtt ://www.j sti e.gov/o / f/ag_g i e ines. f.107 B an o etter to Roxanna A tho z,supranote 40; GovtsMe oran of Law,supranote 40. Un ess the DOJ o i y is

hange i e iate y, Co o ian vi ti s wi ose their o oto arti i ate in the ro ee ings. CVRA rovi es the ossi i iintervention y vi ti s, t a etition to re-o en a ea or sente

st e e within 14 ays or it e o es inva i , 18 U.S.C. 3771( )(5)(B) (2009), th s vi ti s st e re ognize eforef rther Defen ants rea h ea agree ents or re eive their senten108 P i a ess to ase re or s re ating to the U.S. ri ina

ro ee ings of eighteen extra ite ara i itaries has een restrAs a r e, the i has a ess to ri ina ase re or s in thStates n ess j ges exer ise the is retion to a e infor atio

n er sea . Nixon v. Warner Co ni ations, In ., 435 U.S. 589599 (1978) (the e ision as to a ess is one est eft to the so

is retion of the tria o rt, a is retion to e exer ise in ighthe re evant fa ts an ir stan es of the arti ar ase). a ess to ase re or s, Co o ian vi ti s are na e to verifystat s of U.S. r g rose tions in ing whether AUC earea he ea ea s with U.S. rose tors. For exa e, Co onews a ers re ort that Sa vatore Man so has rea he a ea

with U.S. rose tors. Tese re orts are i ossi e to verify ease re or s a o t Man sos U.S rose tion are not avai ai .See Mancuso Negocia Preacuerdo en Estados Unidos[Mancuso

Negotiates Plea Deal in the United States], S m , J y 21, 2008,available athtt ://www.se ana. o /noti ias-on- ine/ an so-nego ia- rea er o-esta os- ni os/113822.as x.109 Te ro e res for trans itting o ia req ests are governe

y the Inter-A eri an Convention on M t a Assistan e in CriMatters, an agree ent that rovi es a fra ework for transnationa

oo eration in ri ina rose tions. Inter-A eri an Convn. oM t a Assistan e in Cri . Matters, A r. 14, 1996, O.A.S. .S. N


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75. See alsoLetter fro Wi ia R. Brown e , U.S. A assa orto Co o ia, U.S. De t of State, to Car os Hog n Sar i, Minister,Co o ias Ministry of Inter

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