Tsetseand their Impact on Development.

Part 2: Spatial EpidemiologyG. Hendrickx Avia-GIS

Tsetse and development –Part 2 –Avia-GIS

African AnimalTrypanosomosis

Impact ondevelopment

Trypanosomosisa dual problem- public health- agriculture

Sleeping SicknessTsetse and development –Part 2 –Avia-GIS

The Epidemiology ofAfrican Animal Trypanosomosis

(AAT)

Its Impact on HumanDevelopment and Poverty.

Tsetse and development –Part 2 –Avia-GIS

AfricanAnimal

Trypanosomosis

- AAT -

Facts & Figures

Tsetse and development –Part 2 –Avia-GIS

Habitat &Microclimate

Vector

Wildlife reservoirDomestic hosts

Climate & Environment

G. H.

Factors influencingthe epidemiology of AAT

Tsetse and development –Part 2 –Avia-GIS

Tsetse distributionand abundance

Anaemia

Breeds

Agriculture

Natural resourcesand Climate

Tsetse habitat

Tsetse contact

Trypanosomosis

Tsetsecontrol

Otherparasites

Parasitecontrol

Herd & pasturemanagement

Stock level

Factors influencingthe epidemiology of AAT

Tsetse and development –Part 2 –Avia-GIS

Togo

DAPAONG (0,275 - 1079)

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Moi s

050100150200250300NDVI Pluviosité

SOKODE (0,368 - 1414)

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Moi s

050100150200250300

NDVI Pluviosit é

TSEVIE (0,407 - 1043)

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Moi s

050100150200250300

NDVI Pluviosit é

1° E

11° N

10° N

9° N

8° N

7° N

Scale : 0.125 degree orapproximately 13.6 km

Mapping seasonal clusters

Clusters

DENDROGRAM

dist

ance

200

300

400

500

600

700

0

100

A B C D

North South

A

B

CD

Cluster analysis ofGM & RS variables

- humid months- dry months- temperature range- Fourier processed RSdata

Mapping vectors, cattle breeds,trypanosomes and anemia

No sedentary cattleLow High

G. tachinoides Cattle breeds Total trypsprevalence

Packed Cell Volume(PCV)

14,600 trap-days 26,400 samples4,800 herds

Fly abundance and RSvariables

0.000

0.800

0.100 0.400

NDVI Av

0.000

0.400

0.100 0.400

0.000

0.600

310 330

Channel 3 Max

0.000

0.500

310 3300.000

0.500

0 15

0.000

0.700

0 15

Price Amp1

0.000

0.700

0 150

CCD Amp

LowHigh

A.

G. tachinoides

G. p. palpalis

0.000

0.400

0 150

Mapping animal husbandry systemsCattledensity

Herd size Ownersper herd

Ruralowners

Ruralowners

being agric.

TraditionalTransitoryMarket-oriented Fertile male cattle (3X3)

Cluster analysis

y = -0.0015x + 0.3322

R2 = 0.8101

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0 20 40 60 80

% Agriculture

Abu

ndan

ce

y = 0.0002x + 0.1977

R² = 0.0412

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

% Agriculture

0 20 40 60 80

Abu

ndan

ce

Fly abundance and agricultureG. tachinoides G. p. palpalis

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0-33 33-66 66-99 100

% taurine cattle

G.t

achi

noid

esab

unda

nce

Cattle breeds and tsetse

0

5

10

15

0 1 2 3 4 5

Detransformed abundance ofG. tachinoides

Tot

alpr

eval

ence

y = 1.8697ln(x) + 10.668R=0.488, n=171, p<10-6

Fly abundance and prevalence

15

20

25

30

35

0 10 20 30 40 50

Total prevalence (%)

Ave

rage

herd

PCV

(%)

0-33 %33-66 %

66-99 %100 %

Breeds and the relationshipbetween prevalence and PCV

0-33%33-66%66-99%100%

y = -0.206x + 30.669y = -0.1509x + 29.1y = -0.1188x + 28.646y = -0.0441x + 27.56

R = 0.509R = 0.678R = 0.340R = 0.146

n = 28, p<0.006n = 27, p<10-6

n = 96, p<0.0007n = 45, N.S.

PCV classes are : <25 (n=9), 25-26 (n=14), 26-27 (n=29), 27-28 (n=63), 28-29 (n=23), >29 (n=7)

PCV and cattle density

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

Average herd PCV (%)

Catt

lede

nsit

y/k

m²

y = 2.0325x - 47.978R² = 0.9442 p = 0.0012

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

24 26 28 30

y = 2E-06e0.4028x

R² = 0.976

Average Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

Inte

grat

ion

Catt

le/

Crop

s

PCV and the integration ofcattle and crops

<26 (n=23) y = 0.0602x + 1.4335 (R = 0.367, p<0.01)26-27 (n=29) y = 0.1188x + 1.387 (R = 0.311, p<0.01)27-28 (n=63) y = 0.1324x + 0.2756 (R = 0.464, p<0.001)28-29 (n=23) y = 0.2323x - 2.3546 (R = 0.389, p<0.01)>29 (n= 7 ) y = 0.3566x + 3.5711 (R = 0.607, NS)

The epidemiology ofHuman Sleeping Sickness

(SS)

An intimate relationshipbetween vector and host.

Tsetse and development –Part 2 –Avia-GIS

Sleeping Sickness Facts & Figures(WHO)

•36 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa•55 million people at risk•3.5 million (6.4%) people currently included

in surveillance schemes•400,000 people currently infected•30,000 cases declared annually•100 people die daily of the disease

Tsetse and development –Part 2 –Avia-GIS

T. b. gambiense“dormir avant de mourir”

T. b. rhodesiense“mourir avant de dormir”

Tsetse and development –Part 2 –Avia-GIS

T. b. gambiense“dormir avant de mourir”

•G. palpalis & G. tachinoides•Mainly peridomestic disease•Long incubation and chronic progressover 2-10 years = human reservoir (fit tocarry the disease)•Animal reservoir may not be essential

for the maintenance of SS

Tsetse and development –Part 2 –Avia-GIS

T. b. rhodesiense“mourir avant de dormir”

•G. morsitans, G. pallidipes,G. swynnertoni and G. fuscipes•Mainly “sylvatic”disease•Kills human host very rapidly•Animal reservoir is necessary for the

maintenance of SS

Tsetse and development –Part 2 –Avia-GIS

Epidémiologiespatiale de la

TrypanosomoseHumaine en Côte

d’Ivoire

Paysagesépidémiologiques en

milieu forestier.

J.P. Hervouët

Tsetse and development –Part 2 –Avia-GIS

Côte d’Ivoireen Afrique de l’Ouest

Equipe P. Solano et al.Infographie : Ives Bambara

IRD –Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire

Epidémiologiemoléculaire etspatiale de la

TrypanosomoseHumaine

Africaine dans lefoyer de Bonon

Tsetse and development –Part 2 –Avia-GIS

6°546°546°546°546°546°546°546°546°54

6°50

6°09 6°07

6°526°526°526°526°526°526°526°526°52

7°007°007°007°007°007°007°007°007°00

6°586°586°586°586°586°586°586°586°58

6°566°566°566°566°566°566°566°566°56

6°05 6°03 6°01 5°59 5°57 5°55

0 1

2 Km 3 Km

Echelle :

4 KmZegata

Ver

sD

aloa

Ver

sD

aloa

Ver

sD

aloa

Ver

sD

aloa

Ver

sD

aloa

Ver

sD

aloa

Ver

sD

aloa

Ver

sD

aloa

Ver

sD

aloa

BlanflaBlanflaBlanflaBlanflaBlanflaBlanflaBlanflaBlanflaBlanflaBiegonBiegonBiegonBiegonBiegonBiegonBiegonBiegonBiegon

KangretaKangretaKangretaKangretaKangretaKangretaKangretaKangretaKangreta

BONON VILLEBONON VILLEBONON VILLEBONON VILLEBONON VILLEBONON VILLEBONON VILLEBONON VILLEBONON VILLE BlablataBlablataBlablataBlablataBlablataBlablataBlablataBlablataBlablataGobazraGobazraGobazraGobazraGobazraGobazraGobazraGobazraGobazraDabouzraDabouzraDabouzraDabouzraDabouzraDabouzraDabouzraDabouzraDabouzra V

ers

Bou

aflé

Ver

sB

ouaf

léV

ers

Bou

aflé

Ver

sB

ouaf

léV

ers

Bou

aflé

Ver

sB

ouaf

léV

ers

Bou

aflé

Ver

sB

ouaf

léV

ers

Bou

aflé

Forêt classéeForêt classéeForêt classéeForêt classéeForêt classéeForêt classéeForêt classéeForêt classéeForêt classée

ParcParcParcParcParcParcParcParcParcNationalNationalNationalNationalNationalNationalNationalNationalNational

Densités etinfections deG. p. palpalis

Villages (7)

Forêt

Forêt classée (1)Parc National (1)

Cours d'eau

Principal (27)Secondaire (875)

Réseau routier

Goudron (1)Piste principale (45)Piste secondaire (1365)

DAP cumulée nov/jan

5 et plus (85)1 - 5 (126)moins de 1 (107)

Présence/absence de glossine infectée

Pièges avec glossines infectées (98)Pièges sans glossines infectées (93)non disséqués (127)

Tsetse and development –Part 2 –Avia-GIS

Ver

sD

aloa

Ver

sD

aloa

Ver

sD

aloa

Ver

sD

aloa

Ver

sD

aloa

Ver

sD

aloa

Ver

sD

aloa

Ver

sD

aloa

Ver

sD

aloa

Zegata

BONON VILLEBONON VILLEBONON VILLEBONON VILLEBONON VILLEBONON VILLEBONON VILLEBONON VILLEBONON VILLE

BlablataBlablataBlablataBlablataBlablataBlablataBlablataBlablataBlablata

DabouzraDabouzraDabouzraDabouzraDabouzraDabouzraDabouzraDabouzraDabouzra

BlanflaBlanflaBlanflaBlanflaBlanflaBlanflaBlanflaBlanflaBlanfla

KangretaKangretaKangretaKangretaKangretaKangretaKangretaKangretaKangreta

BiegonBiegonBiegonBiegonBiegonBiegonBiegonBiegonBiegon

GobazraGobazraGobazraGobazraGobazraGobazraGobazraGobazraGobazra Ver

sB

ouaf

léV

ers

Bou

aflé

Ver

sB

ouaf

léV

ers

Bou

aflé

Ver

sB

ouaf

léV

ers

Bou

aflé

Ver

sB

ouaf

léV

ers

Bou

aflé

Ver

sB

ouaf

lé

KouamekroSaakroSaakroSaakroSaakroSaakroSaakroSaakroSaakroSaakro

Ham.2 CôtesHam.2 CôtesHam.2 CôtesHam.2 CôtesHam.2 CôtesHam.2 CôtesHam.2 CôtesHam.2 CôtesHam.2 CôtesTiegbekroTiegbekroTiegbekroTiegbekroTiegbekroTiegbekroTiegbekroTiegbekroTiegbekro

6°566°566°566°566°566°566°566°566°56

6°586°586°586°586°586°586°586°586°58

7°007°007°007°007°007°007°007°007°00

6°506°506°506°506°506°506°506°506°50

6°546°546°546°546°546°546°546°546°54

6°526°526°526°526°526°526°526°526°52

6°096°096°096°096°096°096°096°096°09 6°076°076°076°076°076°076°076°076°07 6°056°056°056°056°056°056°056°056°05 6°036°036°036°036°036°036°036°036°03 6°016°016°016°016°016°016°016°016°01 5°595°595°595°595°595°595°595°595°59 5°575°575°575°575°575°575°575°575°57

Echelle :0 2 4 Km

Forêt classéeForêt classéeForêt classéeForêt classéeForêt classéeForêt classéeForêt classéeForêt classéeForêt classée

Parc NationalParc NationalParc NationalParc NationalParc NationalParc NationalParc NationalParc NationalParc National

Taux de fréquentation desmalades de Bonon-ville

20 et plus10 à 19

5 à 92 à 4

moins de 2

Réseau routier

GoudronPiste principalePiste secondaire

Village

Malades hameaux/campements

Etude des déplacements des malades résidant en ville:Les déplacements des malades, couplés à la distribution de Glossina palpalis palpalis, principal vecteurde la zone, et à celle des trypanosomes pathogènes pour l’homme identifiés par biologie moléculaire(PCR), permettra la localisation précise des points épidémiologiquement dangereux au sein du foyer(Solano et al. 2001).

Déplacementsdes malades

urbains

Tsetse and development –Part 2 –Avia-GIS

Ham.2 Côtes

Kouamekro

Tiebekro

DabouzraDabouzraDabouzraDabouzraDabouzraDabouzraDabouzraDabouzraDabouzra

BONON VILLEBONON VILLEBONON VILLEBONON VILLEBONON VILLEBONON VILLEBONON VILLEBONON VILLEBONON VILLEBlablataBlablataBlablataBlablataBlablataBlablataBlablataBlablataBlablata

GobazraGobazraGobazraGobazraGobazraGobazraGobazraGobazraGobazra

BlanflaBlanflaBlanflaBlanflaBlanflaBlanflaBlanflaBlanflaBlanflaBiegonBiegonBiegonBiegonBiegonBiegonBiegonBiegonBiegon

KangretaKangretaKangretaKangretaKangretaKangretaKangretaKangretaKangreta

Zegata

0 2

Echelle : 4 foretclassee par Type_nom

Forêt classée (1)Parc National (1)

Village (7)

Réseau routier

Goudron (1)Piste principale (45)Piste secondaire (1365)

grilles_500m par freq_campmts

10 - 20 (2)5 - 10 (6)2 - 5 (67)1 - 2 (28)

PCR_tb

1 (5)

DAP novembre 2000

Moyenne Dap >= 5

Malade campement

Déplacements des malades des campements

Tsetse and development –Part 2 –Avia-GIS

Selected references

de La Rocque, S. et al. (2001) Du satellite au microsatellite: Le risquetrypanosomien.

Hendrickx, G. (1999) Georeferenced decision support methodologytowards trypanosomosis management in West Africa.

Leak, G.A. (1999) Tsetse Biology and Ecology.

Molyneux, D.H. et Ashford R.W. (1983) The Biology of Trypanosomaand Leishmania.

Penchenier, L. et Laveissière, C. (2000) Manuels de lutte contre laMaladie du Sommeil en Afrique centrale et occidentale.

Rogers, D.J. & Williams, B.G. (1993) Monitoring trypanosomiasis inspace and time.

Solano, P. et al. (2001) Epidémiologie moléculaire et spatiale de laTrypanosomose Humaine Africaine dans le foyer de Bonon (Côted’Ivoire), résultats préliminaires.

Tsetse and development –Part 2 –Avia-GIS

Tsetseand their Impact on Development.

END Part 2G. Hendrickx Avia-GIS

Tsetse and development –Part 2 –Avia-GIS