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:

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?

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(native copper)

Copper oxide

malachite, azurite

10000 BC

5000BC Asia Minor

http://www.free-definition.com/image-info/Azurite.jpg

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450 C

(natural

alloy) arsenic

()

(Copper Age/ Chalcolithic Period/ Eneolithic Period)

Nebra sky disc

.30 cm.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Nebra_Scheibe.jpg

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:(Copper alloy)

Sumer 3500 BC

(11-14%) Sumer 2500BC

(Flat axes)

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1 2

3

1. .2-3 .

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6c/Tin-ancient-sources.svg

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(Bronze Age)

(Subsistence)

(Alloy)

( )

http://gallery.nen.gov.uk/imagelarge63201-.html

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(Bronze Age)

(Subsistence)

(elites)

(, )

(Craftsman)

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(Bronze Age)

(Social Organisation) (Chiefdom)

(Complex Chiefdom)

/ (Chieftain)

Linear B

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European Bronze Age

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Solvogn.jpg

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European Bronze Age

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Greek Bronze Age

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Chinese Bronze Age

() (Oraclebone) Shang

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Shang-Orakelknochen_excerpt_adjusted_for_contrast.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Liu_Ding.jpg

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(ca.1500500 BC)

.

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() (-)

(ca.1500500 BC)

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(Food surplus) (Craft specialisation) (Social complexity) (Trade/ Exchange) (Complex economy) (Social differentiation)

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Shang

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:

(1100 C)

4,000 BC Summer

Anatolia 3,000-2,000 BC

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(Iron Age)

(Social Organisation) (Complex

Chiefdom)

/

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(Dong Son Culture)

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:

(Long-distance trade)

(Sa Huynh)

(Etched beads)

.

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.

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.

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(Emergence of Early States)

(State/ Urban)

/

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V. Gordon Childe (1892-1957)1. (cities)2.

(Craft specialisation)3.

(Food surplus)4. (Monuments)5. (Ruling class)

6. () (Writing system)7. ( , , ,)8. 9. (Long-distance trade)10. ()

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(Early Civilisation)

Tribe Chiefdom State

Urban State

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THE END