L I C H S I T - V A N H O A - X A H O I C H A U A U

T i l C O N G B O N G T H A N T H E P C H A U A U B E N E U - 2 7 :

Q U A T R I N H H O P N H A T C H A U A U N H I N T i f L I C H S L f

L i e n m i n h Chau A u (European U n i o n -

EU) v o i 27 quoc gia thanh vien la mot l ien

minh cua nhung y tuong, uoc m o va thanh

qua cua qua t r inh hoa giai , hop tac cua

nhung the he da tung song, tung doi dau, trai

qua hai cuoc chien tranh the g io i tan khoe

duoc bat dau t u chau A u trong nua dau the k i

X X . L i c h sir h inh thanh va phat tr ien cua

Lien m i n h Chau A u trai qua chang duong

dai, gan l ien v o i l i ch sir phat tr ien ciia chau

A u va the g io i t rong nira sau the k i X X va

thap nien dau the k i X X I .

1. Y t u o n g ve m o t chau A u h o p nha t

Y tuong ve mot chau A u hop nhat co

mot qua t r inh l i ch sir lau dai. Cac de che noi

tieng trong l i ch sir chau A u tir tho i co trung

dai den tho i can hien dai da tirng di ing chien

tranh va vu luc de thong nhat lanh tho cac

quoc gia tren luc dia chau A u va thiet lap su

thong t r i ciia minh . Ben canh do, m o uoc ve

mot chau A u hop nhat t rong hoa binh va hop

tac ci ing xuat hien tir rat som. Ngay tir the k i

X V I I I . Montesquieu da tirng noi den mot

chau A u nhu la "mot quoc gia bao gom

nhieu t inh" . Trong the k i X I X , cac nha van

P G S . T S . T r a n T h i V i n h

Khoa Sir - Dai hpc Swpham Hd Npi

Phap, Italia va Ba Lan da viet ve mot chau

A u hop nhat nhu mot giai phap de cham dirt

cac cuoc chien tranh, xung dot keo dai giua

cac quoc gia d chau A u . Dai van hao Phap

Vic to r Hugo da de cap den "mot quoc t ich

chau A u " cho cac cong dan ciia luc dia nay.

Thuat ngu " H o p chiing quoc Chau A u "

(Uni ted States o f Europe) da duoc cac chinh

t r i gia chau A u va ben ngoai chau A u de cap

den tir rat som. Sau Chien tranh the g io i t h u

Nhat, sang kien ve viec thanh lap mot l ien

m i n h toan chau A u de khang d inh su hoa giai

giua hai quoc gia Phap-Diic duoc de xuat.

N a m 1923, chinh t r i gia nguoi A o Richard

Coudenhove - Ka le rg i m o dau Phong trao

Thong nhat Chau A u (Pan - Europa

Mouvement) . Richard duoc cong nhan la

nguoi sang lap phong trao van dong cho mot

chau A u hop nhat t rong nhung nam sau

Chien tranh the g i o i t h u Nha t 1 .

David Sumler. A History of Europe in the 2(fh

Century. The Dorsey Press, Homewood, Illinois and Irwin-Dorsey Limited Georgetown, Ontario, 1973, tr. 276.

4 4 NGHIEN CUTJ CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N 0 6 (129).2011

D u an chfnh thuc dau t ien cua viec

thanh lap L i e n hiep Chau A u gan l ien v o i ten

tuoi ciia Ar is t ide Br iand (1862-1932), Ngoa i

tracing Phap rihung nam 1925-1932 va

Gustav Stresemann (1878-1929), Ngoa i

t ruong D i i c t rong r ihung nam 1923-1929. Ca

hai duoc nhan giai thuong Nobe l Hoa b inh

nam 1926. Duoc su i ing ho ciia T h i i tuong

Phap luc bay g io la Edouar Heriot , Ngoai

t ruong Phap Br iand va nguoi dong nhiem

ciia m i n h 6 D i i c , Ngoa i t ruong Gustav

Stresemann da xay dung d u an ve viec thanh

lap L ien hiep Chau A u trong boi canh chau

A u trong thap nien 1920 dang tran tre hy

vong vao mot nen an n inh tap the sau chien

tranh. N a m 1929, Ngoa i t ruong Phap Br iand

da t r inh bay truoc H o i Quoc l ien d u an ve

viec thanh lap L i e n hiep Cac quoc gia Chau

A u (Federation o f European Nations) tren co

so su l ien ket va hop tac ciia cac quoc gia

chau A u ve k i n h te, ch inh t r i , xa ho i . Cac

chuyen gia k i n h te, t rong do co Jonh M .

Keynes, da i ing ho cho y tuong nay. Ngay

trong nam sau do, Ngoa i t ruong Phap Br iand

da hoan thanh Ban ghi nho (Memorandum)

ve viec to chiic he thong L i e n hiep Cac dan

toe Chau A u . N a m 1931, cuu T h i i tuong

Phap Edouar Herr io t (1872-1957) xuat ban

cuon sach v o i tua de "Hap chiing qudc chdu

Au", i ing ho cho d u an thanh lap mot L i e n

hiep Chau A u . Tuy nhien, nhung bien dong

ciia the g io i t rong nhung nam tiep theo, cuoc

dai suy thoai k i n h te the g io i bung no, su noi

2 John McCormick. The European Union: Politics and Policies. Westview Press. An member of the Perseus Books Group, Philadelphia, 2008, tr.26.

len ciia ch i i nghTa phat x i t va nguy co chien

tranh da khien cho d u an ve chau A u thong

nhat r o i vao quen lang.

Chien tranh the g i o i t h i i Ha i ket thiic da

de lai mot chau A u hoang tan, do nat va sau

do b i chia cat thanh hai phan D o n g va Tay ke

t u k h i bat dau cuoc Chien tranh Lanh. Chau

A u mang mot dien mao chinh t r i m o i cung

v o i nhung han th i i g iua cac dan toe sau cuoc

chien tranh Ion nhat t rong l i ch su nhan loai.

Lan dau t ien sau nhieu the k i , chau A u khong

con la t rung t a m quyen luc ciia the g i o i va

tham ch i con t r o nen phu thuoc vao cuong

quoc ben ngoa i . T r o n g b o i canh do, y

t u o n g hoa g ia i han t hu , gan ket cac dan toe

v i su phuc h o i va h u n g th inh ciia chau A u

lai t ro i day.

T h i i t uong A n h W . Church i l l la mot

trong so cac ch inh khach chau A u i ing ho

cho viec thanh lap H o p chi ing quoc Chau A u

n h u mot phuong t ien de g in g i u hoa binh va

an n inh chau A u . Ngay tir nam 1930, trong

bai viet no i t ieng dang tren tap chi Saturday

Evening Post ngay 15-2, Church i l l lap luan

rang, viec thanh lap mot cong dong chau A u

thong nhat la dieu co the thuc hien duoc tren

co so su hop tac ciia cac quoc gia 6 chau A u

luc dia. Sau do, C h u r c h i l l da soan thao mot

Ban ghi nho ve H o p chi ing quoc Chau A u

nhu mot phuong t ien de g i u g in hoa binh va

an n inh chau A u . Ngay sau k h i Chien tranh

the g i o i t h i i Ha i ket thi ic , t rong bai phat bieu

tai t ruong D a i hoc Z u r i c h (Thuy ST) nam

1946, T h i i t uong A n h Church i l l mot lan nua

keu goi viec thanh lao mot "eia dinh rhau

(7uJ &p4iQ (Tfhirj \/lian &hcfi.... 4 5

A u thong nhat", mot "Chau A u H o p chung

quoc" de k i e n tao hoa b inh , an n i n h va

th inh v u o n g 6 chau A u . Ong cung dua ra

de nghi ve viec thanh lap H o i dong Chau

A u (Counc i l o f Europe) t rong bai phat bieu

cua m i n h 3 .

Cac nha lanh dao chau A u luc nay cung

nhan thuc duoc su can thiet cua viec thanh

lap H o i dong Chau A u n h u mot buoc k h d i

dau cho qua t r inh hop nhat chau A u . N h a m

muc tieu do, nam 1948, cac chinh t r i gia va

nhung nha nghien cuu hang dau chau A u da

tien hanh mot cuoc hoi thao tai Hague, Ha

Lan de thao luan ve viec thanh lap H o i dong

Chau A u . Ngay 5-5-1949, H o i ddng Chau

A u chinh thuc thanh lap v o i su tham gia cua

10 nuoc chau A u thong qua viec ky ket Hiep

uoc London. M u c t ieu hoat dong cua H o i

dong Chau A u nham vao viec bao ve nen

dan chu va nhan quyen theo nhung gi da

duoc xac d inh trong Cong uoc Chau A u . H o i

dong Chau A u bao gom 10 nuoc sang lap:

B i , Dan Mach , Phap, Ireland, Italia,

Luxembourg, Ha Lan, N a U y , Thuy Dien,

A n h va cac nuoc tham gia sau do, dua tong

so len to i 47 thanh vien t inh den nay. H o i

dong Chau A u la mot to chuc ngoai L ien

minh Chau A u ( E U ) , danh sach cac nuoc

thanh vien H o i dong Chau A u khong hoan

toan giong cac nuoc thanh v ien E U va hoat

dong cung khong giong nhau. Tuy nhien, cac

hoat dong duoc phoi hop v o i nhau nham

3 John McCormick. The European Union: Politics and Policies. Sdd, tr.28.

muc t ieu duy t r i hoa b inh , dan chu va nhan

quyen d chau A u .

2. C o n g d d n g T h a n T h e p C h a u A u -

nen m o n g d a u t i en cua qua t r i n h h o p nha t

chau A u

Y tudng thanh lap Cong dong Than

Thep Chau A u gan l ien v d i ten tuoi cua Jean

Monnet (1888-1979), chinh t r i gia ngud i

Phap, ngudi dung dau H o i dong Ke hoach

k inh te Phap sau Chien tranh the g id i t h u

Hai . Ngay tir nam 1943, kh i con la thanh

vien cua U y ban Gia i phong dan toe thuoc

Chinh phu Phap T u do, Monnet da xay dung

mot ke hoach ve tuong lai cua chau A u hop

nhat sau chien tranh. N a m 1949, xuat phat tir

quan diem cho rang, d iem mau chot tao nen

su cang thang t rong quan he giua Phap va

Due bat dau tir van de k i e m soat vung Ruhr,

v i ing cong nghiep than, thep quan trong d

chau A u , Monne t de xuat mot ke hoach hop

tac giua hai nude de k i e m che mau thuan,

tranh nguy co bung phat chien tranh. Y

tudng cua Monnet da nhan duoc su ung ho

ciia Ngoa i t rudng Phap luc do la Robert

Schuman (1886-1963). K e hoach hop tac

giua hai nude mang ten Schuman duoc soan

thao. Ngay 9-5-1950, Ngoa i t rudng

Schuman, duoc su dong y ciia T h i i tudng

Cong hoa L i e n bang D i i c Kondrad

Adenauer, da long t rong doc Tuyen bo ve

Sang kien hoa giai giua hai nude lang gieng

th i i d ich va viec thanh lap mot co chd hop tac

giua Phap va D i i c t rong nganh cong nghiep

than va thep, n h u mot nguon luc chi i yeu cho

cong cuoc tai thiet dat nude sau chien tranh.

NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N 0 6 (129).2011 4 6

Tuyen bo Schuman da m a duang cho viec

thanh lap Cong dong Than Thep Chau A u

nam 1951.

Ngay 18-4-1951, Hiep uac Paris gom

100 dieu khoan dugc k y ket v a i noi dung

thanh lap Cong dong Than Thep Chau A u

(European Coal and Steel Communi ty -

ECSC) v o i su tham gia ciia sau nuac chau

A u : Phap, Tay D i i c , I tal ia, B i , Ha Lan,

Luxembourg. ECSC chinh thiic hoat dong t u

thang 8-1952 v a i 4 ca quan chuc nang chinh

la U y ban T o i cao ( H i g h Au tho r i t y ) bao gom

dai dien cao nhat ciia cac nuoc thanh vien,

H o i dong cap Bo t ruong (Counci l o f

Ministers) , H o i nghi Toan the (Common

Assembly) va H o i dong Phap luat (Court o f

Justice). Cac nuoc thanh vien tham gia se co

mot th i t ruong chung ve than va thep dat

duoi su k i em soat ciia U y ban T o i cao ( H i g h

Author i ty ) , Monnet la Ch i i t i ch dau tien ciia

U y ban nay. M u c t ieu ciia ECSC la tao ra

mot ca che hop tac chung nham thiic day san

xuat phat tr ien, tang them viec lam, nang cao

miic song nguai dan va m a rong su hop tac

giua cac nuac thanh vien. T h i t ruong than

chung da dugc m o ngay 10-2-1953 va sau do

thi t ruong thep chung m d ciia ngay 1-5-

1953. M y la nuac dau t ien cong nhan ECSC

(8-1952) va m o van phong dai dien hop tac

ciia m i n h a Brussels. De doi la i , Monnet da

m o van phong dai dien dau t ien ciia ECSC 6

th i i do Washington D .C .

Viec thanh lap ECSC da co tac dong

dang ke doi v a i su phat t r ien k inh te va

thuong mai cua cac quoc gia thanh vien va

chau A u no i chung. T h u o n g mai giua cac

nuoc tang gap 10 lan Uong thap nien 1950

do viec do bo cac hang rao thue quan, gia

thanh ha va tiet k i e m chi ph i san xuat 4 . Viec

U y ban T o i cao t r g giup tai chinh cho cac mo

than da tao them 100 nghin viec lam moi ,

giai quyet van nan that nghiep sau chien

tranh va nang cao m i i c song nguo i dan. Mac

du ECSC con chua dat dugc mot so muc tieu

de ra nhu ngan chan anh huong ciia cac doc

quyen than thep Ion t rong viec d inh doat gia

ca th i t ruong , cung n h u chua hoach dinh

dugc mot chuong t r i nh phat t r ien nang luong

thich hop, nhung ve ca ban, su thanh lap to

chuc nay la mot buoc dot pha trong tien trinh

hop nhat chau A u .

ECSC la to chuc quoc te dau tien tren

the g io i dugc thanh lap dua tren nguyen tac

ciia chu nghia sieu quoc gia

(supranationalism) va san sang m o ciia cho

su tham gia ciia cac nuac chau A u khac. Su

thanh lap ECSC tao ra mot chuyen bien

mang t inh each mang trong t ien t r inh hop

nhat chau A u , b o i v i cho den tha i diem nay,

l i ch su the g i a i con chua chung kien su ton

tai mot mo h i n h hop tac quoc te nao dua tren

co so viec chuyen giao mot phan chi i quyen

quoc gia cho mot the che sieu quoc gia. Sir

4 David Sumler. A History of Europe in the 20,h

Century. The Dorsey Press, Homewood, Illinois and Irwin-Dorsey Limited Georgetown, Ontario, 1973, tr. 289.

(Jit Qjp4ig oTdnq Qluttt &kefi... 4 7

thanh lap ECSC co tac dong chinh t r i - xa

hoi to Ion trong viec tao dung mot chau A u

hoa giai , hop tac va hoa binh. Y tuong thanh

lap ECSC cua Monne t va Schuman bat dau A

sir hop tac giua cac nuoc chau A u t u mot

ITnh vuc cu the se la k h o i nguon cho mot su

hop tac a cap do cao hon, tren rihung ITnh

vuc rong Ion hon va cuoi cung se dua den

mot chau A u hop nhat nhu m o uoc ciia

nhung the he t ien boi t rong l i ch su chau A u .

Trong y nghia do, Monne t va Schuman duoc

danh gia la nhung kien tn ic su dau t ien ciia

Lien m i n h Chau A u .

3. T i r H i e p udc Paris den cac H i e p

uoc R o m a : qua t r i n h t h a n h lap C o n g

ddng K i n h te C h a u A u ( E E C ) va C o n g

dong N a n g l u o n g nguyen t i r C h a u A u

( E A E C )

Sau kh i Cong dong Than Thep chau A u

thanh lap, cac nuac thanh v ien tiep tuc day

manh va m a rong qua t r inh hop tac tren cac

ITnh vuc an n inh va chinh t r i . Ngay 27-5-

1952, Cong dong Phong th i i Chau A u

(European Defence Communi ty - E D C )

dugc thanh lap v a i muc tieu thiet lap quan he

hgp tac an n inh quoc phong giua cac nuoc

chau A u va tao dieu k ien de cac nuoc thanh

vien co the k i em soat Tay Di i c ve quan su

trong he thong phong th i i chung ciia chau

A u . Dong tha i , d u an ve viec thanh lap Cong

dong Chinh t r j Chau A u (European Poli t ical

Communi ty - EPC) cung dugc cong bo. Tuy

nhien, su k ien Quoc hoi Phap bac bo viec

nude Phap tham gia E D C vao nam 1954

cung nhu d u an thanh lap EPC da khien cho

ca hai ke hoach deu khong dugc thuc t h i .

Dong tha i , de phan do i cac d u an nay, Jean

Monnet , dai dien ciia nuac Phap tai U y ban

T d i cao ECSC da t u chuc Chu t i ch ECSC va

chuyen sang viec thiet ke cac d u an thiet lap

cac cong dong khac dua tren nen tang k i n h

te. That bai ciia viec thanh lap Cong dong

Phong th i i Chau A u cung nhu d u an day

tham vong ve viec thanh lap Cong dong

Chinh t r i Chau A u cho thay nhung y tuong

dua chau A u d i qua xa trong tha i d iem chua

thich hop se khong the t ra thanh hien thuc.

Trong thap nien 1950, nhung sir k ien

Ion ciia t inh h inh the g ia i va khu vuc, co l ien r ' A

quan den hai cuong quoc d chau A u la Phap

va A n h , da t r d thanh nhung tac nhan quan

trong doi v d i qua t r inh hop nhat chau A u .

Trong so do can phai ke den hai cuoc khi ing

hoang da lam thay doi chau A u : that bai ciia

thuc dan Phap d Dong D u o n g (1954) va

cuoc khi ing hoang kenh dao Suez d A i Cap

(1956). Trong sir k ien t h i i nhat, chidn t h i n g

Dien Bien Phii ciia nhan dan Vie t N a m (5-

1954) da kdt thiic cuoc chidn tranh D o n g

D u o n g v d i that bai ciia quan do i v ien chinh

Phap. Sau D i e n B ien Phii , phong trao giai

phong dan toe lan toa nhanh chong nhu mot

phan ung day chuyen bao hieu sir sup do

khong the cuu van noi ciia thuc dan Phap. Su

suy giam uy t i n va nhung kho khan ciia Phap

sau k h i mat D o n g D u o n g da tao ra ca hoi co

mot khong hai cho su hien dien ciia M y d

khu vuc D o n g N a m A .

Hai nam sau, t rong sir k ien t h i i hai, ket

cue ciia cuoc kh i ing hoang kenh dao Suez

4 8 NGHIEN Ct fU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N 0 6 (129).2011

nam 1956 eta l am thay do i can can quyen luc

a Trung Dong , kh ien cho A n h mat d i vai tro

ciia mot cuong quoc hang dau the g i o i t rong

viec giai quyet cac van de quoc te. K e n h dao

Suez, noi l ien B ien D o va D i a Trung H a i , la

con duong hang hai co v i t r i chien luoc

khong the thay the ca ve giao thuong lan

quan su nam tren lanh tho A i Cap. T u sau

kh i kenh dao Suez khanh thanh nam 1869,

A n h va Phap nam quyen khai thac kenh dao

huyet mach nay va thu ve nhung m o n l o i

khong 16. Chinh v i vay, quyet d inh quoc huu

hoa kenh dao Suez ciia Chinh phu A i Cap

Nasser thang 7-1956 da khien cho A n h va

Phap bat b inh. De tra dtia, A n h va Phap

khong chi ho t r g cho Israel tan cong A i Cap

(10-1956) ma con dua quan vao chiem dong,

thiet lap v i ing dem 16 k m a khu vuc kenh

dao. Viec L ien X o dung ve phia Chinh phi i

Nasser va de doa tham chien da khien cho

cuoc khi ing hoang kenh dao t ro nen nghiem

trong. D u o i ap luc ciia L i e n hop quoc va M y ,

nguy co bung no xung dot giua hai phe da

dugc ngan chan. T u y nhien, cuoc khi ing

hoang da giang mot don manh vao nhung

tham vong va uy t i n ciia A n h va Phap 6

Trung Dong, m o duong cho M y dam nhan

mot v i t r i noi bat t rong k h u vuc mang tam

quan trong chien luge tren the g io i .

N h u n g gi dien ra 6 D o n g D u o n g va

kenh dao Suez da khien cho Phap lo ngai

hon luc nao het ve su m o rong anh huong

ciia M y cung n h u nhan thi ic ro hon ve tain

quan trong ciia mot chau A u hop nhat va doc

lap de doi pho v o i M y . D o i v o i A r m , cuoc

khi ing hoang kenh dao Suez da tac dong

khong nho den ch inh sach do i ngoai ciia

nuoc nay. T i r cho tap t rung nhieu vao cac

khu vuc t ruyen thong n h u Austral ia , Canada

va N e w Zealand, A n h bat dau tang cuong xu

the huong ve chau A u luc dia. Cuoc khiing

hoang kenh dao Suez da tac dong t ich cue

den qua t r i nh hop tac chau A u va khong co

gi dang ngac nhien k h i cac Hiep uoc Roma

dugc ky ket nam 1957.

N h a m muc d ich tang cuong su hgp tac / A

k i n h te giua cac nuoc chau A u , trong cuoc

gap ciia ngoai t r uong 6 nuoc thanh vien

ECSC tai H o i nghi Messina (I tal ia) thang 6-

1955, cac ben da thong nhat ve ke hoach

phat t r ien mot the che chung trong mot lien

m i n h thue quan, thiet lap mot th i truong

chung cho cac nuoc chau A u tren co so su

dong thuan va v i nhirng l g i ich k inh te

chung. M o t uy ban t ru b i cho viec thuc hien

ke hoach nay dugc thanh lap, d img dau la

Ngoa i t ruong B i Paul-Henri Spaak (1899-

1972). U y ban Spaak da t ien hanh cac buoc

d i can thiet de xay dung mot bao cao hoan

chinh, dugc goi la Bao cao Spaak, tao co so

cho cac vong dam phan giua cac nuoc ve

mot th i t ruong chung. Ci ing v o i su dong gop

ciia nha k i n h te hoc Thuy D i e n Ber t in Ohl in

(1899-1979), cac van ban nen tang cho viec

xay dung mot l ien m i n h thue quan (customs

union) va mot th i t ruong chung da dugc soan

thao. N a m 1956, d u o i su dieu hanh ciia

Ngoa i t ruong Spaak, H o i nghi l ien Chinh

phi i ciia sau nuoc thanh v ien ECSC dien ra

tai lau dai V a i Duchesse ( B i ) da ban thao v

(Jit (&}4Uf. (T()4iq (Jkan ( J h d f i . . 4 9

nhurig noi dung cu the chuan b i cho viec ky

ket hai Hiep uac Roma vao ngay 25-3-1957,

thanh lap Cong dong K i n h te Chau A u

(European Economic Communi ty - EEC) va

Cong dong Nang lugng Nguyen tir Chau A u

(European A t o m i c Energy- E A E C hoac

Euratom). V a i nhung dong gop mang t inh

nen tang cho viec h inh thanh EEC, Spaak

dugc v inh danh la mot trong so nhung ngudi

co cong lao sang lap L ien m i n h Chau A u

ngay nay.

Sau kh i cac Hiep udc Roma co hieu luc,

tren thirc te da ton tai ba cong dong chau A u :

Cong dong Than Thep, Cong dong K i n h te

va Cong dong Nang lugng nguyen tir. Ve the

che, Cong dong K i n h te Chau A u va Cong

dong Nang lugng nguyen tir Chau A u bao

gom cac ca quan chirc nang ca ban ciia Cong

dong Than Thep Chau A u nhu U y ban T o i

cao, H o i dong Bo t rudng , H o i nghi Toan the

va H o i dong Phap luat. U y ban T o i cao va

Hoi dong Bo t rudng dugc m d rong ve so

lugng cac thanh v ien va co quyen luc l dn

han trudc. H o i nghi Toan the dugc thay the

bang H o i nghi Quoc hoi (Parliamentary

Assembly - A P ) , v d i sir tham gia ciia 142 dai

bieu den tir cac nude thanh vien. N a m 1962,

Hoi nghi Quoc hoi dugc doi ten thanh Quoc

hoi Chau A u (European Parliament). H o i

dong Luat phap ci ing dugc m d rong, bao

gom cac tham phan den tir cac nude thanh

vien va hoat dong t rong nhiem ky sau nam.

Tuy nhien, viec tang cuong quyen luc cho

cac co quan dieu hanh da khien cho Chinh

phi i Phap e ngai va t i m each han che quyen

lire sieu quoc gia ciia cac to chuc nay, v d i

mong muon cac cong dong chau A u se phat

tr ien theo hudng t rd thanh cac to chuc l ien

chinh ph i i nhieu han la mot to chuc sieu

quoc gia.

4. Q u a t r i n h m d r o n g cac cong d o n g

chau A u

Ci ing v d i Cong dong Than Thep, su

thanh lap EEC va E A E C da thiic day k i n h t l

va thuong mai cac nude thanh vien phat

tr ien. Cong dong K i n h te Chau A u nhanh

chong m d rong cac hoat dong ciia m i n h va

t r d thanh cong dong quan trong nhat t rong

cac cong dong chau A u . Mac d i i viec xay

dung mot th i t rudng chung chau A u da

khong dugc thuc hien di ing thd i han 12 nam

nhu Hiep udc Roma quy dinh, nhung viec do

bo cac hang rao thue quan mot each nhanh

chong da cho phep sau nude thanh v ien

(Phap, Tay D i i c , I tal ia, B i , Ha Lan,

Luxembourg) ciia EEC tidn t d i ky ket mot

hiep udc l ien m i n h ve thue quan vao thang 7-

1968, dong thd i cac han ngach vd xudt khdu

hang cong nghiep ci ing dugc d d bo. N h d do,

san xuat cong nghiep cung nhu thuong mai

giua cac nude thanh vien tang len nhanh

chong. Thuong mai noi khd i EEC tang gdp

ba lan so v d i thuong mai giua cac nude EEC

v d i ben ngoai t rong nhirng nam 1958-1965.

Toe do tang t rudng ciia san xudt cong nghiep

ciia sau nude thanh v ien dat mi ic trung b inh

5,7%, mi ic tang thu nhap quoc dan binh quan

dau ngudi tang 4 ,5% trong thap nien 1960 va

dau thap nien 1970. Ve nong nghiep, viec

thuc hien chinh sach nong nghiep chung tir

5 0 NGHIEN CU"U CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N 0 6 (129).2011

nam 1968. t rong do co mure gia chung cho

cac san pham nong nghiep. da thuc day san

xuat nong nghiep phat tr ien. Cac nha k i n h te

hoc cho rang, day la " tha i ky tang t ruong

vang"' cua cac nuac EEC.

Su phat tr ien va m a rong quan he hap

tdc giua cac nuac thanh vien da dat ra nhu

cau hop nhat cac cong dong chau A u trong

mot thiet che chung. Sau qua t r inh dam phan,

cac nuac thanh vien da t ien hanh k y ket Hiep

uoc Hop nhat (Merger Treaty) hay con goi la

Hiep uoc Brussels ngay 8-4-1965. Hiep uac

Hop nhat co hieu luc tir ngay 1-7-1967, theo

do, ba cong dong ECSC. E A E C va EEC hop

nhat trong mot thiet che dieu harm chung cua

cac cong dong chau A u (European

Communit ies) . U y ban EEC va H o i dong

EEC se tro thanh ca quan dieu hanh chung

cua ca ba cong dong. Viec ky ket Hiep uac

Hop nhat da danh dau mot buoc t ien m a i cua

qua t r inh hop tac chau A u . Mac d i i cac cong

dong chau A u van tiep tuc ton tai nhu nhirng

to chuc doc lap hop phap. nhung viec ci ing

nhau chia se mot ca quan thiet che chung da

tao dieu kien thong nhat hanh dong v i muc

tieu chung la day manh qua t r inh hop tac va

hoi nhap ciia cac thanh v ien tren cac ITnh vuc

khac nhau. Tren thuc te. cac cong dong chau

A u con tiep tuc ton tai t rong l ich sir phat

trien ciia qua t r inh hop nhat chau A u nhu

mot trong ba t ru cot ciia E U ngay nay (hai

tru cot con lai ciia E U la Chinh sach D o i

ngoai va Chinh sach A n ninh chung

(Common Foreign and Security Pol icy) .

Cong ddng Than Thep (ECSC) chi giai the

vao nam 2002, Cong ddng K i n h te Chau A u

(EEC) dugc thay the bang Cong dong Chau

A u (EC) nam 1993.

Tuy nhien, con duong phat t r ien ciia cac

cong dong chau A u t rong buoi ban dau cung

khong hoan toan em a. T rong tha i gian nay,

cac nuoc thanh v ien phai doi mat v o i "cuoc

khi ing hoang ghe t r ong" ("the empty chair

crisis") dien ra tir thang 6-1965 den thang 1-

1966. Cuoc kh i ing hoang bat nguon tir rihung

bat dong xung quanh viec thuc hien cac bien

phap tai t r g cho Ch inh sach N o n g nghiep

chung ( C o m m o n Agr icu l tu re Pol icy - CAP)

giua Chinh ph i i ciia T h i i tuong Phap Charles

De Gaulle (1874-1970) vcri cac nuoc thanh

vien EEC. Cac dai dien ciia Phap da phan

ung bang each khong tham gia bat c i i cuoc

hop nao va n i t ra k h o i cac co quan dieu hanh

EEC, gay nen cuoc k h i m g hoang Ion nhat

trong l i c h sir phat t r ien ciia cac cong dong

chau A u . Cuoc kh i ing hoang cho thay chii

nghTa dan toe va nhung mau thuan ve l g i ich

dan toe la nhirng rao can cho qua t r inh ma

rong hap tac chau A u . Cuoc kh i ing hoang chi

ket thiic k h i Thoa uoc Lucxembourg ( 1 -

1966) giua sau nuoc dugc k y ket, theo do

cac nuoc thanh v ien dugc su dung quyen phii

quyet de bao ve l g i i ch quoc gia. Viec ky ket

thoa uoc nay, tren thuc te, da han chd quydn

luc ciia U y ban EEC va tang them quydn luc

cho nhung thanh v ien ciia H o i dong EEC.

Qua t r inh ho i nhap ciia cac nuoc chau

A u ve co ban khong vap phai su can t ra nao

(Jit Q&nq, itatiu (JIUJUL ( J f a ' f i . . 5 1

tu phia M y . Viec M y thuc th i K hoach

Marshall nham tai thiet chau A u sau chien

tranh va thanh lap To chuc Hiep uac Phong

thu Bac Dai Tay D u o n g ( N A T O ) nam 1949

da tao ra nhung co so thuan l o i cho qua t r inh

hoi nhap cua chau A u . Tham chi , nam 1962,

Tong thong M y John F. Kennedy con bay to

thien chi kh i nh in nhan su hop tac cua chau

A u va i "n iem hy vong va su nguong m o " 5 .

Ve hinh thuc, M y coi EEC nhu mot doi tac

binh dang va t iem nang. Dong tha i , M y con

hy vong su hoi nhap cua Tay Due vao mot

EEC lan manh se gay ra ap luc lan cho Dong

Due va Lien X o trong boi canh Chien tranh

Lanh dang tiep dien. Tuy nhien, tren thuc te,

sir noi len cua mot chau A u hop nhat cung

tao ra ap lire canh tranh ve k i n h te - thuong

mai cung nhu chinh t r i doi v o i M y .

Ve phan minh , mac du con le thuoc vao

M y ve k inh te va chinh t r i , cac nuoc EEC to

ra khong ung ho M y trong viec M y tham gia

Chien tranh Tr ieu T ien (1950-1953), trong

each thuc giai quyet cuoc khi ing hoang ten

li ia 6 Cuba v o i L i e n X o nam 1962 bo qua vai

tro ciia EEC, t rong viec t ien hanh leo thang

va m o rong chien tranh 6 Vie t N a m trong

thap nien 1960, cung nhu viec chinh quyen

N i x o n tuyen bo tha noi dong dola M y nam

1971, gay kho khan cho thuong mai chau A u

va the g io i . Viec M y co nhung quyet dinh

5 John McCormick. The European Union: Politics and Policies. Westview Press. An member of the Perseus Books Group, Philadelphia, 2008, tr. 125.

chien luge khong can bao truoc cho cac

nuoc thanh v ien EEC, tham chi cho ca

nhung lanh dao than M y ciia EEC, da gop

phan thiic day cac nuoc chau A u tang cuong

qua t r inh l ien ket de co tieng noi chung, co

trong lugng hon tren t ruong quoc te trong

viec bao ve l g i ich ciia chinh minh .

Sau k h i A n h va cac nuoc Dan Mach ,

Ireland, N a U y nop don x i n gia nhap EEC

nam 1967, cac cuoc thuong luong dugc tien

hanh ke tir nam 1969, k h i Tong thong

Georges Pompidou (1911-1974) len cam

quyen a Phap. Sau cac cuoc dam phan, don

x i n gia nhap EEC lan t h i i ba ciia A n h da

dugc chap thuan ci ing v o i cac nuoc Dan

Mach , Ireland va N a U y . Trong cuoc thuong

thuyet keo dai 12 g io dong ho v o i T h i i tuong

A n h Edward Heath (1916-2005), T6ng th6ng

Phap Pompidou cho rang viec chap thuan

nuoc A n h cung nhu cac quoc gia khac gia

nhap EEC xuat phat tir l g i ich khong chi ciia

rieng nuac nao ma la v i l g i ich ciia toan chau

A u . Sau k h i cac hiep uoc gia nhap dugc ky

ket, thang 1-1973, A n h , Dan M a c h va

Ireland chinh thi ic t ro thanh thanh vien ciia

EEC (ngoai t r i r N a U y k h o n g gia nhap do

n g u a i dan bo ph ieu chong t rong cuoc

t r u n g cau dan y thang 9-1972) . D o t m o

rong E E C lan t h u nhat v o i khong it nhung

trac t ro, cuoi c i ing da hoan tat, dua EEC-6

t ro thanh EEC-9.

D o t m o rong EEC lan t hu hai va lan t h i i

ba dien ra vao thap nien 1980, huong vao cac

quoc gia 6 khu vuc N a m A u bao gom H y

Lap, Bo Dao Nha va Tay Ban Nha. Trong

5 2 NGHIEN CDU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N 0 6 (129).2011

cto, H y Lap la nuac da co y d inh tham gia

EEC ngay t u thap nien 1950. Tuy nhien, do

nen k inh te H y Lap con a muc kem phat

trien so v a i cac nuac Tay A u va dac biet la

nhung bat 6n ve chinh t r i dan t a i cuoc dao

chinh quan su thang 4-1967 da ngan can qua

t r inh hoi nhap chau A u cua nuac nay. Sau

khi chinh phu dan su t ra lai cam quyen nam

1974, H y Lap nop dan x i n gia nhap EEC.

Truac su lo ngai cua U y ban EEC ve viec

nen k inh ie H y Lap con qua yeu, Chinh phu

H y Lap cam ket vuc day nen k inh te cung

v o i viec thuc day qua t r inh dan chu hoa. Qua

tr inh dam phan gia nhap bat dau t u nam 1976

va den thang 1-1981, H y Lap chinh thuc t ra

thanh thanh vien t h u 10 cua EEC.

Bo Dao Nha va Tay Ban Nha da bat dau

kha i dong qua t r inh hoi nhap chau A u t u

nam 1962. Tuy nhien, che do doc tai ton tai

a ca hai nuoc neu tren da can t ra qua t r inh

gia nhap EEC cua ho. Mac du Hiep uac

Roma khang dinh, bat cu quoc gia nao a

chau A u co nguyen vong deu co the t ra

thanh thanh vien cua EEC, tuy nhien, tren

thuc te, nen dan chu la dieu kien t ien quyet

de gia nhap EEC. Chi sau kh i che do

Caetano a Bo Dao Nha sup do nam 1974 va

sau cai chet cua Franco a Tay Ban Nha nam

1975, dan x i n gia nhap EEC cua hai nuac

m a i chinh thuc dugc xem xet. Bat chap

nhung kho khan ve k i n h te cua Bo Dao Nha

va Tay Ban Nha cung nhu x u huong d i

chuyen cua luc luong lao dong o hai nuac ve

Tay A u de k i e m viec lam, EEC da chap

thuan don x i n gia nhap cua hai nuoc nay.

Cac nha lanh dao U y ban EEC hy vong rang,

v o i viec t ra thanh thanh v ien EEC, Bo Dao

Nha va Tay Ban N h a se co dieu k ien de thuc

day nen dan chu, 6n d inh k i n h te va x i ch lai

gan hon v o i Tay A u va N A T O . Cac cuoc

dam phan gia nhap dugc bat dau nam 1978

v a i B 6 Dao N h a va nam 1979 v o i Tay Ban

Nha. N a m 1986, hai nuac chinh thiic gia

nhap EEC, dua tong so thanh vien EEC len

12 nuac.

Viec nhan do i so l uong thanh vien da

khien EEC t ro thanh mot kho i k i n h te lan

nhat tren the g i o i , co anh huong k inh te va

chinh t r i ngay cang Ion tren t ruong quoc te.

N a m 1990, sau k h i b i ic tuong Ber l in sup do,

lanh tho ciia EEC dugc m o rong do ket qua

cua qua t r inh thong nhat nuac D i i c . Ci ing vai

viec thiic day k i n h te va thuong mai phat

tr ien, t rong tha i gian nay EEC chi i t rong vao

viec tao dieu k ien cho viec thu hep khoang

each phat t r ien k i n h te giua cac nuoc chau

A u , tao co ho i cho cac nuoc ngheo d khu

vuc D i a T r u n g H a i ho i nhap va phat trien

trong nen k i n h te toan cau. Hang loat cac du

an cai thien ket cau ha tang, ho t r g viec lam

dugc thuc hien nham muc tieu huong ta i su

phat t r ien can bang ve k i n h te giua 12 nuac

thanh vien. D o n g tha i , EEC da tien hanh

cuoc bau c i i N g h i v ien true tiep dau tien nam

1979 v o i 410 dai bieu dugc lua chon t u cac

nuoc thanh vien . Ch i i t i ch N g h i v ien dau tien

ciia EEC la ba Simone V e i l , chinh t r i gia,

luat su, dong tha i la Bo t ruong Y te Phap.

N h a m huong to i su m d rong hop tac da

dien ciia cac quoc gia thanh vien, thang 2-

c7' (&}41U it04lQ (JIlXUL (Th/fL... 53

1986, Dao luat chung Chau A u (Single

European A c t - S E A ) dugc ky ket tai

Luxembourg va bat dau co hieu luc t u thang

7-1987. N o i dung ciia SEA tap trung vao

muc t ieu hoan thanh viec xay dung mot th i

truong chung trong tho i han cuoi cung la

ngay 31-12-1992, dong tho i cac nuoc thong

nhat ve van de cai each the che, m o rong su

hop tac tren cac l i nh vuc m o i t ruong, nghien

cuu va phat tr ien cung n h u cac van de ve

chinh sach khu vuc. Dao luat chung chau A u

dua ra nhung quy d inh m o i ve cuoc hop cap

cao ciia dai dien chinh phi i cac nuoc thanh

vien cung v o i H o i dong Chau A u , ve viec

tang cuong hop tac t rong chinh sach doi

ngoai, tang them quyen lire cho Toa an Chau

A u cung nhu hang loat nhung quy dinh ve

viec xoa bo chii nghia bao ho mau dich, ve

hai quan, ngan hang, v ien thong. . . Dao luat

nay danh dau mot buoc t ien m o i ve mat the

che trong qua t r inh hop nhat chau A u nham

xay dung mot kho i k i n h te, mot thi t ruong

chung Ion nhat the g i o i . SEA da dat nen

mong quan trong cho viec k y ket Hiep uoc

Maastricht nam 1992.

Nhung thanh t uu ciia qua t r inh m o rong

hgp tac chau A u co phan dong gop dang ke

cua nhung nguo i cheo lai cac co quan trong

bo may lanh dao, dac biet la vai tro cua

Jacques Delors, nguyen Bo t ruong Tai chinh

Phap, Chi i t ich U y ban EEC trong ba nhiem

ky vao nhung nam 1985-1994. D u o i su dieu

hanh ciia ong, U y ban Delors da tien hanh

nhung buoc di quan trong t rong viec cai each

the che, xi ic t ien viec ky ket va thuc thi Dao

luat chung Chau A u , de xuat viec thuc hien

dong t ien chung chau A u va thuc hien hang

loat rihung cuoc dam phan ve viec m o rong

hop tac da dien giua cac nuoc thanh vien.

Jacques Delors la mot trong so nhung Chi i

t ich H o i dong Chau A u thanh cong nhat, ong

dugc coi la mot trong nhung nguoi sang lap

ra dong Euro va la bieu tugng cho qua t r inh

l ien ket chau A u trong thap nien 1980.

5. T i r C o n g d o n g C h a u A u den L i e n

m i n h C h a u A u (EU-27 )

Tren nen tang ciia Dao luat chung Chau

A u , ngay 7-2-1992, Hiep uoc Maastricht

(con dugc goi la Hiep uoc ve L ien m i n h

Chau A u - Treaty on E U , T E U ) dugc k y ket

tai Ha Lan sau qua t r inh dam phan giua cac

nuoc thanh vien duo i su dieu hanh ciia U y

ban Delors. M u c t ieu chu yeu ciia Hiep uoc

Maastricht la m o rong qua t r inh hop nhat

chau A u , t ien t o i thanh lap L ien m i n h Chau

A u ( E U ) tren co so l ien m i n h k i n h te - t ien te

v o i dong t ien chung (Euro) va l ien m i n h

chinh t r i bao gom viec thuc hien mot chinh

sach doi ngoai chung va an ninh chung. Hiep

uoc Maastricht lan dau t ien chi ra ba t ru cot

(three pil lars) ciia L i e n m i n h Chau A u , do la:

- Tru cot thu nhdt: Cong dong Chau

A u (EC) , la sir tiep tuc cua Cong dong K i n h

te Chau A u (EEC) , nhung tir " k i n h te" dugc

loai bo de the hien sir hgp tac da dien tren

cac ITnh vuc k i n h te, xa hoi va mo i t ruong

giua cac nuoc thanh vien.

- Tru cot thu hai: Chinh sach D o i

ngoai va A n n inh chung ( C o m m o n Foreign

5 4 NGHIEN CU*U CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N 0 6 (129).2011

and Security Pol icy - CFSP) bao gom sir

phoi hop trong viec hoach d inh va thirc th i

chinh sach doi ngoai va an n inh cua cac nuac

thanh vien tren ca sd bao dam chu quyen

quoc gia.

- Tru cot thu ba: Ch inh sach H o p tac

ve N o i vu va T u phap (Police and Judical

Co-operation in Cr imina l Matters - PJCC)

the hien sir hgp tac t rong cac ITnh vuc xet

x u toi pham. g ia i quyet cac van de t i nan.

nhap cu va hgp tac t u phap t rong cac van

de dan su.

Viec thiet lap ba t ru cot neu tren the

hien mong muon cua cac nude thanh vien

trong qua t r inh m d rong cac ITnh vuc hgp tac,

tao ra ca sd cho viec h inh thanh L ien m i n h

Chau A u . Dong tha i . Hiep udc Maastricht

cung dua ra 16 t r inh cho viec xay dung dong

tien chung chau A u - Euro va Ngan hang

Trung uong Chau A u ( E C B ) . N h u n g dieu

kien de tham gia vao l ien m i n h k inh te - t ien

te cung dugc chi ro. do la: T i le lam phat

thap. khong vugt qua 1,5% so v d i muc trung

binh cua 3 nude co muc lam phat thap nhat;

Tham hut ngan sach khong vug t qua 3%

GDP. ng nha nude dud i 6 0 % GDP va bien

do giao dich t i gia giua cac dong t ien on dinh

trong hai nam theo ca che chuyen doi

( E R M ) ; Lai suat khong qua 2 % so v d i muc

trung binh cua 3 nude co lai suat thap nhat.

Hiep udc Maastricht m d rong trach

nhiem cua E U tren cac ITnh vuc m d i nhu

chinh sach bao ve ngud i t ieu dung, cham soc

y te. giao thong van tai , nghien cuu, giao due

va cac chinh sach xa hoi khac. Dong tha i ,

Hiep udc con bao g o m cac quy che ve phoi

hop harm dong t rong cac hoat dong t u phap,

chinh sach nhap cu . quyen cu t ru . th i thirc

cung nhu viec thanh lap quy t r g giup doi vdi

cac nude thanh v ien co t r inh do phat trien

k i n h te d muc thap hon. Theo Hiep udc

Maastricht, cong dan chau A u dugc co them

nhung quyen han m d i , theo do, tat ca cong

dan cac nude thanh v ien deu co quyen di lai,

t u do c u t ru tren lanh tho cac nude thanh

vien va co quyen bau cu trong cac cuoc bau

cu cua dia phuong va cua E U .

Hiep udc Maastr icht danh dau mot budc

ngoat quan t rong tren budc dudng nhat the

hoa chau A u , hien thuc hoa nhung ITnh vuc

hgp tac m d i cung n h u de ra 16 t r inh de dat

dugc muc t ieu hgp tac t rong cac ITnh vuc cu

the, dac biet la t rong viec thiet lap dong euro.

Tuy nhien, mot so nude thanh vien, nhat la

A n h to ra nghi ngai ve kha nang m d rong

quyen luc cua cac thiet che trong E U va van

de chu quyen quoc gia cua cac nude thanh

vien. M o t so nha nghien cuu con cho rang

Hiep udc Maastr icht la "su t u nguyen tir bo

chu quyen quoc gia chua t irng co trong lich

sir" va no i dung cua no "g iong mot dieu luat

t rong H i e n phap han la mot hiep udc quoc

te" 6 . Ch inh v i vay, qua t r inh phe chuan Hiep

udc Maastricht dien ra day kho khan, nhat la

d cac nude A n h , Phap va Dan Mach . Ci Dan

Mach , t rong lan t rung cau dan y dau tien

dien ra thang 6-1992, cac cir t r i da bac bo

Hiep udc nay. Gan mot nam sau, cuoc t rung

6 John McCormick (2008). The European union. Politics and Policies. Sdd, tr.92.

(Jit Qpiicj. tto4iq. CThajL (Jkep,... 55

cau dan y lan t h u hai m a i dat dugc chap

thuan cua da so cir t r i v a i 4 ITnh vuc bao luu ,

trong do co viec Dan M a c h chua gia nhap

khu vuc sir dung dong euro. Ta i Phap, cuoc

trung cau dan y doi v a i Hiep uac Maastricht

dien ra thang 9-1992 cung chi dat dugc t i le

phieu thuan sit sao la 51,04%. Trong k h i do

a A n h , de Hiep uac nay dugc phe chuan,

Chinh phi i cua Dang Bao thu, d img dau la

Thi i tuong John M a j o r , da phai kien t r i dau

tranh de vuot qua phe chong doi trong Ha

vien A n h .

Sau kh i dugc 12 quoc gia thanh vien

phe chuan, Hiep uoc Maastricht chinh thirc

co hieu luc tir thang 11-1993. Trong qua

trinh thuc hien, Hiep uoc Maastricht dugc

sira chua va bo sung bang mot so hiep uoc

khac nhu Hiep uoc Amsterdam va Hiep uac

Nice:

- Hiep uac Amsterdam (ky thang 2-

1997, co hieu lire thang 5-1999) co nhirng

sua doi va bo sung nhung dieu khoan ciia

Hiep uoc Maastricht ve quyen co ban ciia

cac nuoc thanh vien, ve t u phap va noi vu , ve

chinh sach xa hoi , viec lam va ve chinh sach

doi ngoai va an ninh chung.

- Hiep uoc Nice (ky thang 2-2001, co

hieu luc 2-2003) bao gom nhirng dieu khoan

bo sung ve cai each the che de don nhan

nhirng thanh vien m o i , ve viec tang cuong

quyen luc cho N g h i v ien Chau A u va viec

thanh lap lire luong phan ung nhanh cua E U .

Sau kh i Hiep uoc Maasticht co hieu luc,

nhirng tien bo ve the che va chinh sach da

tao dieu kien thuan l g i cho viec m d rong cac

ITnh vuc hop tac va m d rong so lugng cac

thanh v ien m d i cua E U . Dau thap nien 1990.

v d i su k ien nude Due thong nhat, lanh tho

ciia E U dugc m d rong, mac d i i so lugng

thanh v ien khong tang len. Sau kh i Chien

tranh Lanh ket thiic, co i t nhat 18 nude chau

A u co nguyen vong gia nhap E U , trong do co

7 nude D o n g A u , 6 nude cong hoa thuoc

L ien X o c i i va 5 nude thuoc L ien bang N a m

T u ci i . Lan song cac nude co nguyen vong

tham gia E U dang cao da dat ra yeu cau xem

xet lai ve mat the che rihung t ieu chi gia

nhap E U . Trong cuoc hop ciia H o i dong

Chau A u tai Copenhagen thang 6-1993, cac

nude thanh v ien da thong qua Cong udc

Copenhagen v d i cac dieu kien tieu chuan de

gia nhap E U . Theo do, cac nude muon t rd

thanh thanh v ien E U phai dat dugc 3 t ieu chi

co ban:

- Ve chinh tri: Phai la nude dan chi i ,

ton trong nhan quyen va luat phap quoc te.

- Ve kinh te: Phai co nen k inh te th i

t rudng t u do va co t iem nang vugt qua

nhirng ap luc ciia canh tranh k inh te t u ban

chi i nghia.

- Ve tu phap: Co nang luc dap ung

nhirng nghTa v u va yeu cau ciia he thong luat

phap do E U qui d inh.

Qua t r inh dam phan gia nhap E U ciia

cac nude thanh v ien Hiep hoi M a u dich t u do

( E F T A ) dugc bat dau tir nam 1990. Tuy

nhien, sau k h i cac cuoc dam phan ket thiic

vao dau nam 1994, chi co 3 nude la A o .

Phan Lan, Thuy Dien gia nhap E U vao thang

1-1995. Day la lan m d rong t h i i nam, dua so

thanh vien E U len 15 nude, v d i dien t ich

56 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N 0 6 (129).2011

lanh tho dugc m a rong them 1/3 va lan dau

tien trong l i ch su, E U co duang bien g ia i

chung v a i nuac Nga.

E U tiep tuc m a rong ve phia Dong trong

thap nien cuoi cung ciia the ky X X va hoan

thanh qua t r inh nay vao nhung nam dau the

ky X X I . Cac cuoc dam phan gia nhap E U

ciia cac nuac D o n g A u dugc bat dau t rong

nhung nam 1998-2000. Ve ca ban, qua t r inh

dam phan ket thiic vao thang 12-2002. Thang

10-2004, dot m a rong l an nhat trong l i ch sir

E U dien ra v a i viec ket nap cung mot luc 10

thanh vien m a i . D o la 8 nuac Dong A u

(Cong hoa Sec, Ba Lan, Hungary, Slovakia,

Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia , Lithuania) va 2

nuac thuoc Dia Trung Hai (Cyrus va Mal ta) .

Hai nuac Bungari va Rumani mac du da

dugc E U chap thuan nhung gia nhap muon

han, vao thang 1-2007. L a n song m a rong ve

phia Dong la dot m o rong l an nhat ciia E U

ve so lugng thanh vien, tang them 20% dan

so, nhung neu xet ve k i n h te, GDP chi tang

them 5%. Qua t r inh hucmg Dong ciia E U da

dat dau cham het cho su chia cat chau A u

keo dai tren niia the ky do cuoc Chien tranh

Lanh gay ra. Thuat ngu chau A u (European)

da mang mot y nghia m a i . Neu nhu truac

day, t rong l i ch sir the g ia i tha i ky Chien

tranh Lanh, chau A u dugc hieu la kho i cac

nuac Tay A u t u ban chi i nghia, doi lap v a i

cac nuac Dong A u xa hoi chi i nghia ve he

thong k i n h te, chinh t r i -xa ho i , th i ngay nay

chau A u dugc nhin nhan la kho i thong nhat

bao gom ca D o n g A u va Tay A u duo i mai

nha chung E U .

Trong l i ch sir phat t r ien ciia m i n h , EU

hoat dong theo nhung the thirc dugc quv

d inh tai cac hiep uac, b i t dau v a i 6 nuac

thanh v ien d i n nay da len t a i 27 nuac. Nhu

cau cai each the che E U dugc dat ra va ngay

cang t ra nen cap bach truac nhung bien

chuyen nhanh chong ciia t i nh h inh chau A u

sau Chien tranh Lanh ci ing v a i qua t r inh ma

rong E U . Thang 12-2007, tai H o i nghi

Thuong d inh E U a L isbon , Hiep uoc ve

Hien phap Chau A u sira doi va n i t gon, dugc

goi la Hiep uoc Lisbon , da dugc ky ket. Tuy

nhien, Hiep uoc L i sbon can phai dugc 27

nuoc thanh v ien E U phe chuan de t ro thanh

hien thuc. Tra i qua cuoc hanh t r inh gian nan

keo dai hai nam (2007-2009), vugt qua

nhung tho i d iem tuong chirng nhu hoan toan

be tac, cuoi c img, ngay 3-11-2009, Cong hoa

Sec, mot t rong so nhung nuoc thanh vien

cuoi ci ing t r i hoan viec thong qua Hiep uoc

Lisbon do lo ngai ve ch i i quyen quoc gia, da

quyet d inh phe chuan Hiep uoc nay. Hiep

uac Lisbon, bat dau co hieu luc tir ngay 1-

12-2009, m o ra mot giai doan phat trien moi

v o i nhung thay do i quan t rong ve the che va

phuong thirc hoat dong ciia EU-27 trong the

k i X X I .

Qua t r inh hop nhat chau A u tir y tuong

den hien thuc gan l ien v o i nhung thang tram

ciia l i c h sir chau A u no i r ieng va the g ia i l ich

sir the g i a i no i chung. Tra i qua 60 nam phat

tr ien, chau A u da t ien mot buoc dai tren con

duong nhat the hoa, v u o t qua mong dai ciia

nhung nguo i sang lap ra no. Cho den nay,

xet tren cap do l ien ket khu vuc, E U dugc

(Jit djp4up (td*iXf\ (JfaatL CJhJjft,.. 5 7

danh gia la mot mau h inh hop tac thanh cong

nhat tren the g io i . K h a i dau tir mot cong

dong hop tac khu vuc chi g ia i han trong ITnh

vuc than thep v a i 6 nuac thanh vien, sau qua

trinh phat tr ien v a i 6 dot m a rong, Cong

dong Than Thep Chau A u (ECSC) da phat

trien thanh EU-27 v o i so dan 500 tr ieu nguai

(2009) va GDP tuong duang 1/3 tdng GDP

toan cau. T r d thanh mot sieu cuong k inh te,

thuong mai toan cau, E U dong tha i la mot

thirc the co tam anh hudng quan trong trong

nen chinh t r i quoc te, dong gop 70% vien t ra

nhan dao cho the g i d i . C img v d i viec noi len

nhu mot trong nhung thuc the co dong gop

nhieu nhat cho ky nguyen hien dai, E U da va

dang no lire xay dung cac gia t r i va nguyen

tac chung cua m i n h nhu de cao dan chu va

quyen con ngud i , t u do ngon luan va ton

giao cung nhu xay dung nhung nguyen tac

ve mau dich t u do phi bien g id i ma cac quoc

gia tren the g id i t i rng m a udc. Nira the k i

trudc, nhirng ngudi m o mong nhat cung

khong the h inh dung ve mot chau A u khong

bien g id i v d i mot dong tien chung duy nhat

cho phan ldn cac nude chau A u . Sir h inh

thanh va phat tr ien ciia E U la mot trong

nhung sir k ien ldn nhat ciia l i ch sir nhan loai

thd ky X X , dem lai rihung thay doi to l dn

tren ban cd chinh t r i quoc te, dong tha i m d ra

thdi ky hoa binh dai nhat t rong l i ch sir chau

A u hien dai. De co duoc thanh qua hop nhat

trong suot 60 nam qua, van de co t inh

nguyen tac hanh dong ciia E U la hop tac va

lien ket v i l o i ich chung ciia cac dan toe, v i

hoa binh, dan chi i va phon v i n h ciia chau A u .

Ddng tha i , mo i nude thanh v ien deu co dong

gop ciia r ieng m i n h vao qua t r inh hop nhat

chau A u , vao sir dn d inh ci ing nhu nen dan

chu va th inh vuong d k h u vuc nay.

T a i l i eu t h a m khao

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Economy Since 1945: Coordinated

Capitalism and Beyond. Princeton, NJ ,

Princeton Univers i ty Press Inc., 2007.

2. B i l l Emmot t . 20:21 Vision.

Twentieth- Century: Lessons for the Twenty-

First Century. Farra, Straus and Giroux,

N e w Y o r k , 2003.

3. C o l i n Croach. Social change in

Western Europe. O x f o r d Univers i ty Press

Inc., N e w Y o r k , 1999.

4. Dav id Sumler. A History of Europe

in the 20th Century. The Dorsey Press,

Homewood, I l l ino i s and I rwin-Dorsey

L imi t ed Georgetown, Ontario, 1973.

5. Daniel R. Brower . The World in XX

Century: From Empires to Nations. Upper

Saddle River, N e w Jersy 07458, 2002.

6. Duroselle J.B. Lich sic ngoai giao (tu

1919 den nay). Hoc v ien Quan he Quoc te,

Ha N o i , 1994.

7. Geir Lundestad. The United States

and Western Europe since 1945. O x f o r d

Univers i ty Press Inc., N e w Y o r k , 2003.

8. John M c C o r m i c k . The European

Union: Politics and Policies. Westview

Press. A n member o f the Perseus Books

Group, Philadelphia, 2008.

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