Türkler-Cilt-06 orta çağ (TÜRK TARiHi ÜZERiNE ÇALışMALAR VE GENEL DEĞERLENDiRMELER)

7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-06 orta a (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)

1/1649

;

\XIEDXME\ 3

AX\K K

^DG \XI^D ^K^NGEKXN

8668

KGIKXK


2/1649

8

^K^NG ITXTET


3/1649

=

LKGN@K ITXTET


4/1649

}ek` gmd}n \xi ]kgk|gg }ek`n Lgd`d D|in}n ! Vxac' Lx' Bkn` Ikxvtz Y}'=>-


6/1649

3

}igekxek Kgklaet/gtg \xi Sk|kg Bengd Ode`d}n ! Vxac' Lx' A}`kg d|ng Y}'836-832P '''''''' =P ''''''''''''''''''''''

\xin~d ]detietekx T Hd~n Ldgnzenen @db`d| Hd~ ! Vxac' Lx' @nikne Hk~xk` Y}'8>2P ''''''''


7/1649

?

]detiet ]te|kg NN' Ie Kx}ekg ! Vxac' Lx' A}`kg \txkg Y}'433-4?>P ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >2;

\xin~d ]detiet ]te|kg N' zzdllng Id~ist}/tg kb}n~d|n sd \kxnbXae ! Vxac' Lx' ]ken` IamkY}'426-42>P '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;66=

]te|kg N' Kedllng Id~ithk| Ldsxn \xin~d ]detiet \kxnbn ";886-;8=?. ! ^xl' La' Lx' D`ngdT~t`kz Y}'4>6-4>?P '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;68;

]detiet - Hnzkg} eninedxn ! ^t}tc K~g Y}'4>2-3;?P ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;6=4

î}de`d Ldsxn ]detiet-Hnzkg} eninedxn ! kbng Ie Y}'3;2-38>P '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;6??

@~xnaidvbkeag "Ikxkìhden. ]kskgg Kgklaet \xi \kxnbngldin ^dxn ! Lx' Dhxt Ke|kg Y}'3=6 -3=

-326P '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;;38

Bke Ldsed|edxn ! Hnx}de Ii}nvkbnaet Y}'32?-3>

?

Ihx} Bke Ixkee ";;>;-;. ! Lx' Dhxt Ke|kg Y}'3>4-?66P '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;8;;

A\TZKE\NGMN HE@% KGKLAET/LK \XI HDÊIEDX ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;88;

Kgklaet \xi Hd~eniedxn ! Vxac' Lx' ]ken` Iamk Y}'?6=-?44P ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;88;

Ikxk`kgateekx Hd~enn ! La' Lx' Zdxxng Ogke ldg Y}'?43-?38P '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;=86

Eklni Hd~enn ";83;-;=-?>3P '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;=2


8/1649

2

Ikxkia~tgetekx sd Hk| Kzdxhk~mkg ! Vxac' Lx' ]ed~`kg @d``dlas Y}'23>-2?8P ''''''''''''''''' ;483

Kiia~tgetekx - Kiia~tgetekxg \kxnbn ]kbgd}ngd i ! La' Lx' ebkg Dxld` - @t}|kck T~kxY}'2?=-22;P '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;4=8P ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;44;

A}`kge - ]kcds ]kskekx% @dzbdv @d}ded}n sd Kzdxhk~mkg ! Gd}nh Gd}nhen Y}'2>=-2>2P '''''' ;4?6

]kcds xkg ed Sdgdlni Mt`btxn~d|n Kxk}glkin Lnvea`k|ni eninedxd Odgde Hnx Hki ! OnaxonaXa|k Y}'2>>->63P ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;42;

A}`kge - ]kcds @mklded}ngng \avet`}ke ]agtekx ! La' Lx' ]kn` ]ksk Y}'>6?->;>P '''''' ;4>?

kb \kb`k}h/g kb}n~d|ngd Lknx ! Vxac' Lx' Ki|k~ Dcdgln~ds Y}'>86->8

84->=4P '''''''''' ;3=4


9/1649

>

A\TZIGM HE@% EI @]E@KG \XI LDSED\EDXGLD IE\XSD ]KGK\

ei @}e`kg \xi Ldsed|edxngld Ie|x sd ]kgk| ! Vxac' Lx' Ai|k~K}ekgkvk Y}';4-=2P

}|kghtegnsdx}n|d}n Dldhn~k|Ckie|d}n ! \xin~d

}e` lg~k}glk \xiedxng "D|xi. ax|k~k i`k} Cdxokgk% \kidg| sd @ksdxkggdbnx/ldg kz

}k~lk odedg \xiedxng% SNNN' ~z~eg ningmn ~kx}glk Khhk} bkencdedxngng bk}}k k}idxedxn sd ngznhk|

hnxeniedxn kxk}glk ~dx ke`kekx ned hkek` RN' ~~'/lk htgekxg }k~ekx }xk|ed kx|kxki% @t/|k}`

zk`kgglk Bk}}k axlt}tgtg |k`k` \xiedxldg `d~lkgk ode`n|nx' 2=2/ld Hklk|/g itzd~ngld%

Lnmed i~}glk @t/|k}` |kxkcglkg itxtekg ~dgn `dxidz ]k`kxxk/~k \xi `tbkcz axlt}tgtg sd

\xiedxng sd dsedxng ke }}ed`dedxngld dxn "~k|i. id}n` |dignnned ~k }skekx zdxngd |kb|k ikevekxek

~kvekg }}ed`dedx% \xi }kgk|gg }e` }kgk|gk od|nxlnn nei ~dgneniedxldglnx'

\aetgetekx sd Kbn|edxed% >4/lk NR' ~z~eg ningmn ~kx}glkg R' ~z~eg ningmn ~kx}gk iklkx

itxtekg nin \xi ldsed|n ned }e` }kgk|glk }kek` oden`dedx ae`t|tx'

Ckik| \xiedxng idgln n}|diedxn ned }e`e ikhte dlnv% ht ~dgn lng nngld% |k`k`~ek axnjngke% h~i

hnx }kgk| oden|nx`dedxn bkxdid|n K}~k/lk itxtekg @}e`kg \xi ldsed|edxn ned hkek`% htgekxg

hnxngmn}n aekg Ikxkbkgeekxzk`kgglk% }kek` |d`deedx k|e`|x'

\aetgetekx Ldsed|n Ie|x sd]kgk| "2?4>64.

Khhk} bkencdedxn zk`kgglk% @}x/lk nei hk`}z \xi }e` Ldsed|n Atz \xiedxngldg

\aetgaet Kb`dl |kxkcglkg itxte`t|tx' Bkencdeni `dxidzn ]k`kxxk/lk htetgkg Htbkxk/lkg odedg

hkhk} \aetg% Bkencd @t|k}`zk`kgglk "2==2


10/1649

;6

~elk |k`k`ekgkg "2?32?>. hg \aetg Mk`nn/gn ";88r;3/lk @d`ei]te|kg Emng/ng |k`nxngld% ke| ~kx} ikeidx |kglkg ikxd

hnx ited ned dsxne`n|nx'

hg \aetg Mk`nn h~ie% `n`kxn k}ked|n% veggg }kldenn ned =? ~e }xdg h~i hnx ldsxng

bk|xk} aekxki ~kk`ki|k sd dbnx|khea}tgt itssd|ed mkgekglx`ki|klx'

}e`/lk ~kv` |kxnbn hki`glkg hdngmn bk}|kgd~n itxkg \xi odgdxke% sdznx sd bkencd

@|dsdiine/ng ~kig la}|t Cd|b hg Bkikg/g "' 23;. lk`kl aekg \aetgaet Kb`dl 2?8 sd~k 2?=4.

hk`}zeg nekg dldxdi% gmd ax|k ]txn~d/~n sd >


11/1649

;;

e`gldg }agxk ">4>/lk e`% Iokx

itzd~ngld Kx|t/|k o`e`|x' Agtg ~dxngd Hk| Ikxkbkgeekxg hkgk oddg aet Hk|k @t}k %

H~iikkg Kx}ekg Bkg/ `ketv dldxdi% >36 ~eekxglk% h|g Ikxkbkgeekxg @}e`kg ae`k}g

}kek`|x' Ikxkbkgeekx>>>/lk Htbkxk/~ kekxki ]k`kgateekx Ldsed|n/gd }ag sdx`nedxlnx' ;63>/lkHtxk Bkg klgk% ^t}tc Bk} Bkmnv |kxkcglkg `kgzt` aekxki ~kzekg Itlk|ot Hneno ned% k~g

zk`kglk \xi ie|x |kxnbnhki`glkg ai gd`en aekg ;6?


12/1649

;8

skxlx' Ht ldsxng dg nedxn odedg `k|d`k|ni% maxkc~k onhn dn|en nen` lkeekxglk ;;6/lkg ckzek d}dxng

}kbnhnlnx'

R' ~z~elk nei ~kvekx idxvn|dg% ~ksk ~ksk |tek `n`kxn}ngd odnn o}|dx`di|dlnx' Htbkxk/gg


13/1649

;=

@tki K||kxn Mk`nn/gng htogi% 3 }|tg zdxngd gdcen veg% RNN' ~z~eg ningmn ~kx}gk%

Ikxkbkge `n`kxn}ngng dg oden`n aeltt hnx ldsxd `kedlne`di|d% h~edmd Kgklaet/lkin gdcen

mk`nedxng gm} aekxki k~x hnx gd` ikzkg`ki|klx' Htbkxk/lkin d}dxedxldg at% @tbk``dl hng

]ed~`kg Kx}ekg Bkg ";62?;;=6. |kxkcglkg ~kve`|x' Htgekxlkg hnxn aekg @d}mnln Mt`k RNN'

~z~e hkekxglk ~kve` n}d ld htogi Ikekg Mk`nn ;4;


14/1649

;3>% ;>?8 ikzekxglk ]d`dxikg|kb Zngld~aetglk ai gd`en hnx `dlxd}dgngikeg|ekxg htelt' ;633/lk \k`ok Htxk Bkg |kxkcglkg |teklkg ~kv|xe` aekg `dlxd}d% a~`k

|ti }}ed`dedxed ikvekg`|' Htxklk bdgz ii d~skgekxek


15/1649

;4

}kld oxge Hkekmn Bk|tg \xhd}n% n|dg |xa`vekx zdxngd }dinz lnen`en hnx ithhd% l|kg ;3 isx`e

vnxk`n| diengld hnx iekbek x|elx' Vax|keng nin |kxkcglk lkx sd tztg hnxdx gned |dinekglxe` aekg

mdvbdld% ~kegz }| idgkxlk% |tek bk`txtglkg lkgi hnx gd}nb in|khdldg hkik }}ed`d ~ai|tx'

Hkekmn Bk|tg/tg K~d Hnhn/gng hnx ~kig ae`k} lgedhnenx'

Ikxkbkgeekxg |xhd`n`kxn}n dg mkge aekxki htog Ixozn}|kg/lk% Cdxokgk skln}ngng lat}tgkldg zidg|/ld oxe`di|dlnx' Htxklk ~kg~kgk }xkekgkg |xhdldg nhkxd| |avetettg dg d}in sd

dg h~i ~kv}% ax|klkin |xhdldg }kldmd hnx |xa`v ned vax|keng hnx i}` k~ki|klx' Ht |xhd

Ikxkbkgeekxg h~i bi`lkxekxglkg Gk}x hng Ken/gng ;6;8 |kxnben |xhd}n aetv idgln}n Kx}ekg eno

Bkg ekikhg ke`|'K}eglk odgnenn 2'46 `' ikxd lx| ltskx zdxngd |xa`vet ithhd aekg ~kv~

;>8


16/1649

;3

Ogd~ld htetgkg gm |xhd% in|khd}ngd oxd ;;2?/ld ag k~lk |k`kèkg`|x' Htxklk lk

vax|ke gn id`dxngld htetgkg |kxnb in|khd}ngld n}n` ~kze aekg ax|k i}` ik~hae`t|tx' Mdeedllng

B}d~ng |xhd}ngldg =4 ~e }agxk ~kvekg |xhdld lnid~ bk|ekx bkin` ae`kiek hdxkhdx% ~kvgg kgk

bk|ekx agtg ldsk` oxggldlnx' Ht mdvbd dien iek}ni ae`t% hnx |kxkc|kg Kgklaet/lk ]detiet

`n`kxn}ngld lndx |kxkc|kg ]d`dxikg|kb Zngld\xhdedxngng nei ~kvekx ned \n`txet `n`kxn}ngld xae

a~gk`|x' \xhdld `n`kxn ld|k~ekx }}ed`dedx diengld lzdgedg`n aetv l|kg nd hnxhnxngn |kinv

dln~ax' \teklkg ~tskxeki id vk~dedxngng zdgong hkieksk xo}% ldxng vax|ke gnngld }|gekx

zdxngd a|txkg in|khden id`dx% ngmd isxi lkeekx% vek}|ni xt` sd vke`d|edxed zdgonged|nxne`n gd}nb

haxlx in|khdedxn ~kgglk xoe icn in|khd haxlxedxn sd lndx oda`d|xni }}ed`dedx i}k zk`kglk

h~i hnx zdgonged`d~n o}|dxn~ax' }nsxn id`dxen gned |dinekglxe` aekg ~kg mdvbd% Hkekmn

Bk|tg \xhd}n/gng k}e mdvbd gnzk`g |dixkxek`ki|klx'

]}ed`dedxng ht zdgongenngd xk`dg lndx nin |xhd~kgglk khnlds itssd|n zk~cek` aekg ht

|xhd% |kxnbngd oxd Mdeedllng B}d~ng/ng |axtgt @tbk``dl hng Gk}x/k kn| ae`kelx' \xid kl\axae Bkikg aetv% idgln}n Cdxokgk/lk bi` }x~axlt' @dxidzn zidg|/|n' ;;28/ld hk}e`

}niidedxngd hkiex}k% htglkg hnxik ~e }agxk |xhd}ngn ~kv|x` ae`kelx'

Cdxokgk/gg itzd~ngld% d}in `dxidz Ik}}kg/k ~kig ]dcnl Htekg/lk d~b Ckze \xhd}n ld

Ikxkbkge `n`kxn}ngng gdèn ~kvekxglkg hnxnlnx' \k`k`~ek |teklkg% ;< `' ha~tglk sd ik|

bkengld ~i}dedg ~kv% l|kg |xhd ned i`hd|kxk}glkin hnx ik~gk`k~ o}|dx`di|dlnx' Ihnilx|

ltskx zdxngd |xa`v heod}n aekxki }dinzodg hnx ik| sd hk}k`ki bkengld hk}i hnx iagn hnn`ngld

gnbk~d|edgn~ax' Lz |tek ~kvgg ht iklkx }kld l oxggd ikxei nn kekmki hnx }}ed`d

kbdgon o}|dxn~ax' Ithhd ned x|e n `digg ltskxekx% dngd kz xk}|ekgkg }kek` hnx `n`kxn ldiax

kgek~~ek bk~xd| t~kglx`ki|klx' Ltskxekxg ke||kg hkek~kg |ti }}ed`dedxn lnenèn ~agmk id`dx

hnn`ngld }xkekx bkengldlnx' Htglkg }agxk d|xkc icin|khdedxed dsxnen h~i }}e lknxdedx ke|dxgk|nc

aekxki lx| ~tskxeki% lx| iden lnenèdxed dsxne`n aekxki ~kg~kgk }xkekg`|x' Ltskxekxg }| idgkx

ikhkx|`k aekxki aeotg hnx ic k~d| in|khd}n itk~ek gnbk~d|edgn~ax' ^tskxeki lnenèn }nsxn hnxid`dxed

dsxnedg |xa`vekx heod}ngng }|gld ld lndx hnx ic k~d| in|khd}n laekgx' Ithhdgng nngng ld k}eglk

|ti }}ed`dedxed ikve aeltt kgeke`ki|klx'

\kxnb in|khd}n ae`k~kg d~b Ckze \xhd}n% }etv hki`glkg% zidg|/|d Gk}x hng Ken sdMdeedllng B}d~ng \xhdedxnkxk}glk% RNN' ~z~e ax|kekxgk nkxd| d|`di|dlnx'

Htgekxlkg hkik% Ikxkbkge d}dxn lkbk ag hd ~nx`n iklkx |xhd ike` ae`kiek hdxkhdx dg

ikxki|dxn}|ni hnxik |xhdldg% odgde hnx cninx dlngnedhnenx lgmd}n~ed bdv}n ld keg`k`|x'

Idxskg}kxk~ekx

\xi `n`kxn}ngld dg d}in idxskg}kxk~ekx% Ikxkbkgeekxlkg ike` aetv htgekxk Xnhk| kl

sdxne`n|nx' Ikxkbkge idxskg}kxk~ekxgg `n`kxn}n sd vekgekx lkbk }agxk% H~i ]detietekx sd

Kgklaet ]detietekxg~kv|xl idxskg}kxk~ekxlk oden|nxne`n|nx'


17/1649

;?

Kev Kx}ekg/g iz ned dsedgdg Ikxkbkge Bkikg d`} e @ei Gk}x hng hxkbn`% hnxn Htbkxk

]d`dxikg|% lndxn ]d`dxikg|Bamdg| ~aet zdxngld nin idxskg}kxk~ ~kv|x`|x' Lkbk `bn` aekg

hnxngmn khnld ;6?2?> |kxnben Xnhk| @deni% ltskx nzedxngd oxd% ikxd hnn`ngld "23r23 `'. hnx ~kv nln'

Ax|klkin ksetgtg d|xkcglk hnxhnxngd hdgzd~dg |agazet alkekx sd `digekx nin ik|e aekxki }xkekg`|'

\k`k`~ek idxvn|dg sd zdxn |tek ikvekg` ~kvlkg ~kegz ogd~ mdvbd ltskx~ek vax|ke k~ki|k

ike`|x' Idedxngld ~tskxeki |kisn~d itededxn ~dx kekg mdvbd% |teklkg% nxn ~kx` }nenglnx hnn`ngld

~nsedxed lzdgedg`n% htgekx }||d isxi }nsxn id`dxedxed ikld`den aekxki hnxhnxngd hkekg`|x' @dxs

heod}n nng ikxki|dxn}|ni aetv% ikededxld oxedg sd htxklk idxskg}kxk~k |k|hni dlnedg mdvbd `n`kxn}n%

@dxs% Bnsd sd \dx`nz/ldin k~g dineldin lndx hnx }xk bkxkhdedxng |kxnbngn ld k~lgek|`|x' Mdvbdgng

|k` ax|k}glk ~i}dedg }nsxn id`dxen vax|ke "\xin}|kg/lk Vn|ki klg kex. \xi `n`kxn}ngng ie}ni

vax|ke diengn lkbk RN' ~z~eg ningmn ~kx}glk aeotgek` bkeld o}|dx`d}n hki`glkg bk~xd|

t~kglxmlx' Vax|ke ;8r;4 `' aekxki khnlds hnx e~d skx`|x' Ltskxekxg ~i}dienn ;8 `'/lnx'

Vax|ke id`dxngn ichnx in|khd itk hdenx|`di|d% |teklkg ikhkx|`knxn ~elz bk `a|ncedxn~ed }}e sd

nin ~kglkg hat`et nc| ikske }ne`dedxed }gxekg` aekg odgn hnx lnilx|odg haxlx% ht id`dxng

d|xkcg dsnx`di|dlnx' Ht vax|ke ia`vazn}~agt% Ikxkbkgeekxlkg hkek~kxki% H~i ]detietekx%

Kgklaet ]detietekx% A}`kge sd \n`txLdsxn n`kxn}ngld d}k} ae`t|tx'

Ltskxekxg }| idgkxglk |teklkg Ckx}k ic in|khdgng hk sd }agt ik~hae`t|tx' Hkx|ael%

In|kh @aeekzkld ~kz`k}gg hnx bkn~d}ngld htgtg |kxnbngn sd ~kv|xkg bi`lkxg klg hte`t9

h~edmd in|khdgng di}niedxn k~lgekg`|x' Mdvbdgng }ae id}ngld ;4'4 `' ~i}dienngld }nenglxni

itedgng `ngkxd aeltt nedxn }xe`|x' dxdcdgng ke|glk odgn hnx in|khd itk laekg`ki|klx'

;2


18/1649

;2

Dbskg/lk Xnhk| Kgtnxskg ned hdgzdxeni o}|dxnx' ^kegz Ldbn}|kg idxskg}kxk~glk < d~skg ~dxngd

}kldmd onxn|d hnx d~skg skxlx sd htgtg agekxlkg lkbk d}in aeltt lgedhnenx'

@dxsK`te ~aetglk% Kikikedidxskg}kxk~% ikxk itèkx kxk}gk oè` sd vdi kz i}èkx

lkxlk ike`% lndx idxskg}kxk~ekx kxk}glk dg n~n}nlnx' Idxvn |tek ikx` aekg ~kv% l

oxg sd veg hki`glkg Gnkvtx@dxs ~aetglk% H~i ]detietekxg ;;;


19/1649

;>

Ag ningmn ~z~elk |tek ikvek`kekxg |tiek }skgkxki ~dgn hnx dine kel oxe`di|dlnx' Htxklkin

hnx in|khd Dhe @tzkccdx Hdbxk`kbkl ned ;;8>=6 |kxnbngn sdx`di|dlnx' Htgtg Okzgd/ldin `ngkxd~n

~kv|xkg bi`lkx ae`k} |kxnb hki`glkg lk t~otg l`di|dlnx' Bkin` \nx`nzn Mk`nn/gld ld |tek

ltskx }agxklkg RNN' ~z~e ax|kekxglk |tiek ikvekg`|x' Hdbxk`kb zk`kgglk Okzgdenedxmd }kxk~

dvd~md deldg odnxne`n|n' Bk||k RNNN' ~z~elk }kxk~g |k`k`dg ~dgnedg`d}n nng ke`kekx hkek`%

ckik| ;886/ld @aaeekxg ~k`kek`k} ned |dxidlne`n|nx'

Okzgdenedx

>??/ld Okzgd/~n `dxidz ~kvkg ]dhi \ding/ng itxltt ht \xi ldsed|n Okzgdenedxklg ke`|x'

>>2/ld ~dxngd oddg aet ]te|kg @kb`tl% ;? }dcdx }agtglk h|g Itzd~ Bngln}|kg/ cd|bdldxdi%

\xiedx nlkxd}ngld @}e`kgek|x`|x' Bkxdz` Baxk}kg heodedxngn ld n`vkxk|axettgk ik|kg

]te|kg @kb`tl/lkg }agxk aet N' @d}tl% ;6


20/1649

86

Okzgdenedxldg ikekg% `n`kxn hki`glkg ai gdèn mk`ngng Cxkg}z kxidaeat ]mbet`hdxodx

|kxkcglkg ;>4;/ld ~kvekg ikzekxek veg `d~lkgk ikg Edidxn Hkzkx Tet Mk`nn aeltt

kgeke`|x' Ogd~ Kcokgn}|kg/lk Ht}| bkxkhdedxngld h~i ik}xg ogd~ngld% Kek~ `d~lkgg

dsnxdg }tekxek lk~ke Edidxn Hkzkx Tet Mk`nn% h~i eld% nin gdcen% }kld hnx ~kvlx' 23r;6'46 `'/eni

hnx lnilx|odg hnn`ngldlnx' @nbxkv ggld oxedg lx| lni|x|odg |tek vk~d% bdxbkeld ithhd~n

|k~axlt' Htgtg nin |kxcglk }|tgekx zdxngd gdcedxng itzd~ sd ogd~ ikgkl tzkg~axlt'

]txltskx ggld nin }xk k~kiekx lnzne`n onhn hnx ltxt` skxl' ]mki nien` }dhdhn ned mk`n % kset~k

sd ~kgekxk ki|' @nbxkv g ithhd}ngng nin |kxkcglk gdcedxng gk}e xel hdeen ldnelnx' in }xk

ii ithhdedx aeltt nedxn }xe`}d ld ht |k|`ng dlnmn hnx veg dien ae`t~ax' Lz |kskg sd~k

|agazek xe`d}n nb|n`keedxngn ld lg`di ~dxngld aetx "]agxkekx% Kgklaet/lk htgk ~kig vekglk

Ke|tiet mk`nedxngld |agaz x|} oxex.' \tekekxg iken|d}n sd xo}% mk`ngng vekg RN' ^z~eg nei

~kx}glk ]te|kg @kb`tl ">>2;6=6. zk`kgglk ~kvelg o}|dxnx in ]mbet`hdxodx ld k~g

cninxldlnx'

Mk`n hnx ldck bkxkv ae`t% |k`nxld ik~haekg }}e}|tgekx ~dxngd ikhk vk~dedx iagkxki ithhd

ie|e`% d}in `nbxkhg ggd ~dgn hnx `nbxkv iagte`t|tx' Ht bken ned mk`n% ~dgnldg iteekgeli|kg

}agxk |k`k`dg |kbxnv dlne`n|nx' Hnxngmn |kbxnv sd |k`nxng Otxetekx zk`kgglk |k` ~ie`k}gg n}d

@aaeekx|kxkcglkg aeltt kgeke`|x'

Edidxn HkzkxTet Mk`nn/gng% `n`kxn oden`d hki`glkg h~i gd`n skxlx' @nbxkv ggld nin

gdc odgnenngld ithhd% H~i ]detietekxg xkg/lkin nei mk`nedxngldg gmd htxklk ax|k~k

i`ki|klx' @nbxkv ggld ithhd vxahed`ngn ded kekg mk`nveg% H~i ]detietekxek xkg/lk dn|enmk`nedxld oden|nxnelni|dg }agxk% Kx|tietekxek Kgklaet/~k sd ht ~aelkg \xi @dèiedxn~ed% Hd~hkx}

Mk`nn/gld aeltt onhn Ikbnxd/~d iklkx tzkgkg odgn sd ldskè hnx d|in o}|dx`n|nx' Ht}| /|kin id`dx

ld RNN' ~z~elkg hnx Okzgden mk`nngng onxn d~skg aekxki ikhte dlne`di|dlnx' Htog ai i| hnx

|k`nxed dien hazte`t|tx'

\xhdedx

\xhd`n`kxn}n hki`glkg Okzgdenedx% Ikxkbkgeekxg ~kgglk ai }gi ikex' Okzgd/gng 8 i`'

lat}tglk% Xkszk/lk% ]te|kg @kb`tl \xhd}n/gng% }kglke kkmglkg zdgong }}ed`den ikv ikgk|ekx%htog Ldebn @zd}n/gldlnx' ^kegz ]dgohd}|/|d K}ekg Mkznv |xhd}n% oden`n hnx `n`kxn o}|dxn~ax'

Okzgdenedxng \t} Sken}n aekg K}ekg Mkznv \xhd}n/gng ">>?;682.% laltt dbnx]dgohd}|/|d hnx xnhk|

~kv|xl sd k~g ~dxld oè aeltt \kxnbn ^d`ngn/ld hdenx|ne`n|nx' ;8'46 `/eni ikxd hnn`ngld sd

|xa`vet ithhd ned x|e |xhd% |teklkg ~kve`|x' Ltskxekx sd ithhd% |tekekxg znizki sd `dxlnsdg

hnn`ngld lnzne`d}ngldg hkik xdgien iked` nedxn~ed ld }}edg`n|nx' Ltskxekxg }| idgkxglk% ~kx`

`d|xd odgn ic hnx in|khd itk ngmd isxi lkeekxlk ai xdgien hnx zd`ng zdxngd hd~kz aekxki

~kze`|x' Ithhdgng ke|glk |teklkg id}`d ic bkxcedxed lkbk lkx ningmn hnx in|khd itk laekg~ax'


21/1649

8;

\xhdgng ~kgglk kklkg ~tikx ngmdedg% 88 `% ha~tglk% }nenglxni hnx `ngkxd skxlx% }| i}`

~ie`|x' \xhd% Kx}ekg Mkznv \t} sken}n nidg ~kve` idgln}n ld ;682/ld egmd htxk~k

o`e`|x'

Okzgdenedx zk`kgglk `dlxd}dedx ld ~kvel hnengnx}d ld% htgekxlkg hnx d}dx ike`k`|x'

|ke~kgekx |kxkcglkg ~kvekg kxk|x`kekxlk Okzgd/ld% Vnx Cdenzskg @dzkxe/glk htetg`tin|khdedxld% `dlxd}d kl od`di|dlnx' \kxnbn ^d`ng ld% Okzgden @kb`tl zk`kgglk

`dlxd}dedxldg hkb}dldx' Ckik| htgekxlkg `dlxd}d `n`kxn}n hki`glkg hnx cninx dlng`d~d n`ig

~ai|tx'

]kxk~ekx

\kxnbn Hd~bi/ldg% ]te|kg N' @d}tl/tg ";6=6


22/1649

88

k}idxn mkgekglx~axlt' K}eglk htgekx ?6 k}idxln' Cnoxedxng hkekx }neng`n% }kldmd smt|ekx

ike`|x' I~kcd|edxn dn|en à|ncedx sd mkge xdgiedxed kbkgd ikc|kgekx% ~t`tki nz`dedx sd htgekxg

zdxngd iklkx ngdg vkg|keagekxlx' Ht dn| i~kcd| Ax|k K}~k \xiedxn nng ikxki|dxn}|ni|nx' K}idxedx

kxk}glk oxedg ks itekx% lakgmekxk nkxd| dldx' A`tzekxk lk~ke hnx }nekbg ~kegz }kv ike`|x'

îg|ekx kxk}glk hnx }} }|tgmtt zdxngldin cxd}i }kek` bkeld odg hnx ng}kg hkg o}|dxnx in%

ht (k~ ~ze hkld` oze( ln~d |kggkg \xi |nvngn mkgekglx`ki|klx' Ikc|kgekx hnx id`dxed hdeldg

hkekg` sd id`dxldg kk tzkgkg ik~ekxg tmtgk eztèt d~k sd |axhkekx k}e`|x' Iaeekxlk

|nxkz dxn|edx skxlx' T~otxcxd}iedxngldg |kggkg ht dn| i~kcd|edxd% ]k`kxxk/lk \xiedxn mkgekglxkg

|k}snxedxld ld xk}|ekgx'

SNNN' sd NR' ~z~e T~otx cxd}iedxn ned Edidxn Hkzkx cxd}iedxn kxk}glkin hdgzdxeni ai ki|x' Ht

cxd}iedxldin k}idxedxng inèdx aeltt Mzmg/gng \khki| G}x kle d}dxngldin t }k|xekxlkg

kgeke~ax: (Okzgden ]te|kg @kb`tl/tg


23/1649

8=

Htgekxg |k`k` 846 `'/~n htekg 4;6 `dx`dx edsbk nln' }| idgkxekxglk ndien ic bkcedxed

ha~lkg ha~k Ckx}k hnx in|khd skxlx' Xnhk| @deni/|dg }agxk% \xi `n`kxn}ngld oxedg ht ningmn

Ckx}k in|khd% k}eglk 846 `' tztgeti|k nln in% htgtg hnx dn lkbk ~ai|tx' Ikekg nzedxldg kgekelgk

oxd% in|khdedx sd }}ed`dedx vkxeki ix`z zd`ng zdxngd ekmnsdx| xdgien nln' @dx`dx edsbkekxg ke|

idgkx% ngmd hnx dxn| bkengld xt`nedx sd isxi lkeekxek nedg`n% ~kx` `d|xdldg lkbk odgn aekg k}e

ax|k he` n}d Okzgden }kgk|glk% ikxk}|dxn}|ni lnenèn id`dxedxng nngn laeltxkg vke`d|% ea|t} sd

xt`nedxldg nhkxd| keki ikhkx|`kekxek }}edg`n|nx' lnenèn id`dxedx% ]k`kxxk|ti ikvek`kekxglk

lk oxex'

K~xmk `dx`dx edsbkekxlk isxi lkeekx kxk}glk bk~skg sd it cnoxedxn~ed }}ed`dedx ld skxlx'

Edidxn Hkzkx }kxk~ idgln ikxek|xex}k% ldsed| `dxidzngld |k`k`dg |teklkg ~kv|xe` aekg

Okzgd }kxk~gg ltskxekxlkin `dx`dx edsbkekx% vkxeki `dx`dx ld`dedx sd mdvbd}ngldin ai xdgien

}}ed`dedxed lkbk `tb|dd` sd o}|dxnen aeltt kgeke`ki|klx'

NNN' ]te|kg @d}tl% Bng| }dcdxngldg kel okgn`d|edxed }ag }ke|kgk| ~eglk hnx mk`n~kv|x`|x in

htgtg `ngkxd}n agtg klg |k~kg in|khd}n~ed k~ki|klx' ]kxk~% }te|kgg `dxidzn aetv% ikx}glkin

kx% vkzkx ~dxn% mk`n sd `ngkxd ned h~i hnx ieen~d `d~lkgk od|nxn~axlt' Ikzekx ht ieen~dgng

vegg k~lgek|khnenx' Ikzekxlk ~dne% }kx sd ikbsd xdgien aekxki |di xdgien }xek xendc bkengld ~x|m

itekx% xazd| sd ndiedxed nedg`n ngnedx htetg`t|tx in% htgekx Okzgdenedxng }ag zk`kgekxglkg "RNN'

~z~e ax|kekx. ike`|x'

]te|kg @d}tl egmd aet Kx}ekgkb% ht }kxk~ |dxi d|`n% Ldsed|bkgdldgnedg idgln }kxk~glk

|k on~nv axklk ike`|x' ;;46/ld Okzgd]kxk~ lk Otxetekxlkg Kekdllng Mnbkg}tzsd lke ikhnededxn|kxkcglkg hnx bkc|k ~k`kekgv |kbxnv dlnelni|dg }agxk ~kie`|x' Ckik| Okzgden Hdbxk`kb% bd`dg

|dixkx Okzgd/~d bkin` ae`t% }agxk ]detietekx% Otxetekx% Bkxdz`kbekx}xk ned Okzgd/~d ode`nedx%

;88;/ld Mdgonz axltekx Okzgd eid}ngn |k`k`dg ~ièkxlx'

Idxskg}kxk~ekx

Ikxkbkge xnhk|ekxglkg }agxk Okzgdenedx ld k~g n}n` ke|glk khnlds d}dxedx `d~lkgk

od|nx`nedx}d ld% htgekxg at zk`kgek ik~hae`t|tx' ]dgohd}|/|d% |xhdgng ~kgglkin xnhk| hnx

idxskg}kxk~ aekxki ~kve`|x' Htglkg hkik% ]dgohd}|/|dg hd cdx}kb `d}kcdld% \t}]dhkb}~aetglk% Okzgden ]te|kg @kb`tl% ;6>6;686/ld Xnhk| kbd kl ned hnx idxskg}kxk~ ~kv|x`|x'

Bk`lteekb @}|dscn de Ikzsg/|k% ;=


24/1649

886. ld% lkbk RN' ~z~eg nei d~xdngld% Okzgdenedx|kxkcglkg odxdied|nxne`n ae`k}lx'

D~skg id`dxedxngng nn sd ~kg ltskxekx oda`d|xni heèdx nngld vke`d| sd xt`nedxldg laeotekxek

}}edg`n|nx' Ht oda`d|xni }}ed`dedx k|ek`ke aekxki hnx idgkx ixi }dinzodgedxng id}n`d}n ned

`d~lkgk odedg lx|e lèdxed zidg| |xhd}ngldin à|ncedxng ldnni hnx dienlnx' D~skgekxg

laekgkg |teklkg id}`d h~i bkxcedxed ndien ic in|khd itk% ]dgohd}|% Kx}ekg Mkznv \xhd}n

in|khd}ngd hdgzd`di|d aetv% Okzgden }ethtglkglx' Edidxn Hkzkx Tet Mk`nn/gld `nbxkv g

ithhd}n% `dig nngld hdenxen hnx ~dx kekxki% xkg/lk lkbk }agxkin ]detiet mk`nedxngd hnx bkzxei

ae`t% Xnhk| @kbn hnx |kxkc|kg agekxg d~skg ithhd hnxed`d}ngd ~ae kkxidg% lndx |kxkc|kg lk

]detiet idxskg}kxk~ekxgg gm} aekxki Ikxkbkge `n`kxn}n ned ]detiet `n`kxn}n kxk}glkin

hkekg|~ |d`ng d`n|nx'

H~i ]detiet Ie|xsd ]kgk|

Lkbk gmd Oi|xiedxng |d`de tg}txtgt |dine d|`n aekg Atzekxg Igi a~`kglkg odedg

Lkiki/g aet ]deti sd |axtgekx |kxkcglkg Baxk}kg/lk ]detiet ldsed|n itxte`t|tx ";6=/d iklkx Nxki ]detietekx bin` ae`t% ;;>=/ld

]te|kg NNN' \txte/tg e`gd iklkx ldsk` d|`n|nx' Inx`kg]detietekx;8;;/ld }ag hte`t% ~dxedxngd

Bkxdz`kbekxode`n|nx' ]txn~d]detietekx lk ;;;? ldg n|nhkxdg bin`n~d|edxngn ik~hd|`nedxlnx'

Kzdxhk~mkg/lk ]detiet K|khdiedxn Gkbmnskg/lk "eldgnz. bin`n~d|n n}d ebkgeekxg itxtettgk

iklkx }x`|x'

Mk`nedx

Ikxkbkgesd Okzgden mk`nedxn |kgg`klkg gmd \xi mk`n`n`kx}n xkg/lk H~i ]detietekxek

hkek|e` sd ht ~zldg `n`kx oden`dld hnxai vxahedèdx k~lgek|ek`kl onhn% }agxklkg

ldndg dn|en bnva|dzedx ax|k~k k|e`|x' Htog `nbxkv ggld ithhd}n aekg sd hnx `dig hnxenn

o}|dxdg veg |nvngng H~i ]detietekxlkg gmd Ikxkbkge sd Okzgden `n`kx}ngld ax|k~k i| }ag

~eekxlkin kxk|x`k sdikzekxek kgeke` htetg`ki|klx'

]detietekx xkg/lk \xi `n`kx}ngld lkbk gmd hkek~kg oden`dedxn lddxedglnxdxdi h~i

eld dhnlds mk`n`n`kx}ngng |nvngn sd d`k}g ax|k~k ia~`tekx' Htglkg }agxk lk h|g xkg sd

Ax|k K}~k/lk ht veg cnixn bin` ae`t|tx'


25/1649

84

ei ]detiet mk`nn% dg `bn` i}èkx ;6?8;6>8 kxk}glk @denikb zk`kgglk ~kve` aekg

}ckbkg @d}mnln Mt`k}/lx' In|khdedxd oxd h~i `nbxkv ithhd}n~ed% htgtg |k` ikx}glk kset

lglk itzd~ldin ii ithhden `dig% lx| d~skge kset sd ithhden xdskiekxek h|g kgk bk|ekx

]detietekxzk`kgglk `d~lkgk ode`n|nx'

Htglkg }agxk mk`n RSNNN' ~z~ek iklkx% a|tzk ~kig in|khd ned hdenx|nedg tztg hnx ldsxdld dn|ennesd sd ldnnieniedxed odgned|ne`n RNR sd RR' ~z~eekxlk lk |k`nxedx odnx`n|nx' Mk`n% Bkencd @kg}tx

zk`kggk iklkx tzkgkg% ksetet |nv|d% idxvn|dg hnx Khhk} mk`nngng ~dxngd ~kve`|x' ei aekxki%

@denikb/g d`xn~ed Sdznx Gnzkèèi% agtg klgk% ;626/ld ogd~ldin h~i `nbxkv ithhd}ngn

~kv|x`|x' Lx| vk~dgng hnxed|nxne`d}ngldg `d~lkgk odedg ld`d|edx bkengld |avekg`% kx

~tskxeki vk~dedx }|gd a|txkg }dinzodg |xa`v heod}n% ag nin id~d ng|nike dldxdi htgtg zdxngd

ithhd ode`di|dlnx' Idgkxekx ;4 `8 ha~t|et hnx `dig x|dg ithhd% `nbxkv |kxkcglk ltskxk

a|tx`ki|k% }dinz h~i vk~d oxtht zdxngd sd ~kglkg laitz id`dxed mk`n~d ke`ki|klx'

Bdxbkeld nei ~kvlk htgtg nin ~kgglk gdcedx tzkg~axlt sd hdein ld htgekx% lz kbkv k| ned x|enln' Ithhdgng ggld d~skg skxl' Lkbk }agxk lx| d~skge bked od|nxnengmd ht dine ldn`n|nx'

@denikbithhd}ngld% ikxd digg Lkòkg Mk`nn/gn bk|xek|kg }ske ikeg sd kx ld`d| vk~dedxn~ed%

|xa`v heod}ngng sd ithhdgng zdgong `n`kx dineedxn kxk}glk ozd kxvkg hnx |dzk| skxlx' Htgekx

kld| hnxhnxngd hkekg`k~kg k~x k~x i}èkx onhnlnx' L |kxkc|kg |teklkg bkcnc }nsxn% ai }kld hnx

ithhd oxe`di|dlnx' \tek~kv}glk l|k lk% ke| sd }| kxk}glk oxedg ckxiekx oz ggd kegkxki

ithhdgng d}inldg ikekg ke| i}` zdxngd ~kvel nedxn }xe`|x' Ckik| in|eds hnx ke| ~kv% zdxngd

zdgong hnx |xa`v sd ithhd `n`kx}n lkbk gmd Ikxkbkgeekxg Kxkv K|k \xhd}n onhn ~kvekxglk

oxedg hnx zdeeni|nx'

Kset lglk itzd~ld htetgkg lkbk ii eldin ithhd ;622 ~eglk% @denikb |kxkcglkg%

Ikxkbkgeekxlkg Gk}x hng hxkbn`\kòk Bkg/g ";64=;632. iz aekg bkg` \dxidg Bk|tgklgk

~kv|xe`|x' I`hd|n Bkin kl~ek |kggkg ht ithhd~n ~kv|xkg% lk Gnzkèèi/g xkinhn sd agtg

e`gldg }agxk ~dxngd odedg ]detiet Sdznxn \kme @ei aetv% ithhd ik}gkglkin |tek in|khdld

@dxzdbkg nhg Bt}xds Cnxz "\kmdllng. kl sd ;622 |kxnbn ~kzelx' Ht ;; `' kvglk 88 `'

~i}dienngld ii hnx ithhdlnx' Ithhd k|lkg hkek~kxki ~tikx~k ~i}denx' @digg lkx~k

mdvbd}n ~ai|tx' Ii hnx ikv ned ikxkgei hnx iaxnlaxlkg ithhden `digk onxnenx' Hnx h|g aekxki ht

`dig ~kv} H~i ]detiet `n`kx}ngng |digni sd d}|d|ni hki`lkg dg aeotg sd hkkxe d}dxnlnx'Vavd/tg lk hdenx||nn onhn ithhdgng nngld Oa|ni `n`kx~n bk|xek|kg oxgedx skxlx' @n`kx ~kv

ii hnx `dig aeltt nng h|g ld|k~ekx~ek% h|g k}ked|n~ed ldxbke iksxkg`ki|klx' Vk~dedxldg

ithhd ik}gkgk iklkx tztg }nsxn id`dxedx% ~agmk hnn`ngld ax|k lnen`n lni }nsxn |xa`vekx sd hnx }xk

bkengld }kx% }nsxn id`dxedx lnid~ bk|ekx kxkei}z aekxki ldsk` dldx' Bkcnc% }nsxn ithhd% iebn~ed

}igd|d skxkg ai kbdgien hnx h|g `d~lkgk od|nx`di|dlnx' Id`dxedxn sd |xa`vekx |k~kg vk~dedxng

idedxn ikskeekx bkengld ~tskxek|e`|x' Ke| sd }| i}èkx kxk}glkin hnxeni% Oa|ni }n}|d`n bk|xek|~ax'

Htxklk hnx `nbxkv ~ai|tx' ^kegz ogd~ldin id`dxk}e `nbxkvek k~g di}dg zdxngldlnx' @denbkb/g

ithhd}ngldg }dinz ~e}agxk ~kvekg H~i ]detiet `n`kx}ngng ht dg ozde d}dxn% Ikxkbkge vxdg}d}nsd @denikb/g bkg` \dxidg Bk|tg/tg mk`n~d odenn sd onlnngld lngedg`d}n sd gk`kz ie`k} nng


26/1649

83

}king hnx id aekxki `d~lkgk od|nxne`n|nx' Ht oden`dgng hkekgom Ikxkbkge ithhd `n`kx}ngld

kxkgkhnenx'

Htglkg }agxk xkg/lk hnxhnxn kxik}gk lndx ]detiet mk`nedxn bkcnc }nsxn |xa`vet ithhdedxn~ed ii

eld }ckbkg @d}mnln Mt`k}/glkin nin ithhdgng ldsk` dldg skx~k}~agekx aekxki oxgxedx'

Htgekxg nein aekg Oevk~dog Mk`nn% @denikb/g aet Dht tmk @tbk``dl|kxkcglkg ";;62;;;2.

~kv|xe` aetv% idgkxekx ;6'3= `' ha~t|et hnx `dig zdxngd `tikxgk}e |xa`vekxek ai bkcnc }nsxnedg

hnx ithhdldg nhkxd||n' RSNNN' ~z~elk Ikkxekxzk`kgglk lx| d~skge mk`naekxki odgned|neln'

Aeltik h~i sd kx ikeg vk~dedx zdxngd a|tx`ki|klx' Ckik| vk~dedx odgn sd }kek` |tek

id`dxedxed hnxhnxngd hkekg`|x' Idedxldin ngmd ikskeekx ik~hae`t|tx' Ithhdgng nn oda`d|xni hnx

xgdied }}edg`n|nx' L |kxkc|kg ithhd~d odn hdeen ldnelnx% onzedg`n|nx'

]detiet ithhdedxngng lkbk }ckbkg/lk |k`k`dg oden`n aekg zdgong lzdgedxngd ikxei l

oxgedxn ithni% in|eds sd bdx dn| }}ed`dldg tzki |tek xo}gldg ~zd~edx bkengldlnx' ]detiet

ithhdedxngng ldn`d~dg l oxgedxngng itssd|n% bkcnc }nsxn ithhdedxng }kek` ihni `n`kx

~kv}glk idglngn hdeen dldx' Ihniheai zdxngld }dinzodg hnx odn heod}ngldg }agxk bkcncd }nsxnedg

ithhd }netd|n% }kek` hnx nckld itssd|n~ed ]detiet ithhd}ngn }d`haenzd dldx'

Ikzsng/ld ;;;= sd~k ;;;> |kxnben lndx hnx ]detiet ~kv} aekg @d}mnln Mt`k ikeg |tek ltskxekx

zdxngd itssd|en lz |xa`vekxek ai }kld ckik| a gn}vd||d nb|nkè hnx ithhd ~kv}lx' Lz ltskxekx

zdxngld Okzgd/ld ]te|kg @d}t| NNN' }kxk~glkg |kgl`z lnenèn id`dx dineedxngldg hnx cxnz%

htgtg ~tikx}glk% }| idgkxlk nxn bkxcedxed ndien ic in|khd itk lx| ltskx ha~tgmk

tzkg`ki|klx' Htgekx }kld `digg khnlds d|in}ngn kx|x`ki|klx' \xa`vek/lkg }agxk% ;3 ii }nsxn

id`dxithhd~d odnn |k`kè~ax' \xa`vekx heod}ngld sd ithhdld |tekekxg ldnni lnzne`d}ngldg

`d~lkgk odedg ic~kz dineedxn sd oda`d|xni xgdiedx ~zd~n mkgekglx`ki|klx' \xa`v id`dxedxngn

dsnxdg gd}nb in|khdedxld mk`ngng sd @denikb/g aet Dht mk @tbk``dl |kxkcglkg B' 466462

kxk}glk ~kv|xel kgeke`ki|klx' Oevk~dog Mk`nn sd Ikzsng @d}mnln Mt`k}n/~ed k~g |kxnbedxld

~kvekg Ikzsng Bk~lkxn~d @d}mnln% ikxd hnx `dig zdxngd }kld |xa`vet hnx ithhd ~kv}lx' ]kek`

|tek ltskxekx |kxkc|kg odgn id`dxedxed ke` aetv% ~kegz `nbxkv |kxkc ikvkelx' xoe sd

ndien ic in|khd itk% ltskxekxg }| idgkxg dsnxn~ax' Ckik| htxklk `nbxkv d|xkcglk sd htgtg

}|gldin heodld ozd kxvkg o}|dxnen |ti }}ed`dedx% `n`kx ~kvgg kxhke }ehtgk

|k`k`~ek t~otg l`d`di|dlnx'

}ckbkg~kigglk Hkx}n~kg/lk% Hdxi~kxti zk`kgglkg ikekg ;6>?>2 |kxnben `ngkxd}n~ed% ]te|kg

]dgmdxzk`kgglkg ;;=< |kxnben ]detiet ithhden `d}mnln% kb \kb`k}v N |kxkcglkg ";48


27/1649

8?

Itzd~ mdvbd}n sd ikgk|ekx k}eglk }dxhd}||n% ckik| `nbxkhg nin |kxkcglkin kieiekx sd `ngkxdgng

ltxt`t ihed ltskxgg lk ki|k aelttgt o}|dxn~ax' @ngkxd okxnv hnx dineld `nbxkv ltskxgk

hn|nni|nx sd onxn ogd~latlkin vdgmdxd~d laxt aetv 8'46 `'/~d ~kig ikeg ltskxg nngldg

`ngkxd~d ~ae ke`|x' Ithhdgng ke|glkin in|khd itk% `ngkxd in|khd}n sd `nbxkv gnngng d|xkcg

dsnxdg haxlx bdv ikxki|dxn}|ni ]detiet ic}n ned |teklkg ~kze`|x' @nbxkv haxlx in|khd}ngng

nngld n haxlx k|ek`ke aekxki hnx idgkx ixi ~kx` }dinzodgedxng `d~lkgk od|nxlnn lx|e l` sd

~elzekxlkg nhkxd| |tek }}ed`dedxld% n laeotekx% |tia aekxki lk`kxe x` vke`d| }e} ~kzekxek

nedg`n ckik| |k`k`ekg`k`|x' @nbxkv gnngng ke|odgedxldg `d~lkgk odedg oda`d|xni id

laeotekxglkg odg hnn`ngld ~kze` icKeekb iden`dedxngng }xkekg`k}~ek ai axnjngke hnx }}ed`d

ia`vazn}~agt oden|nxne`n|nx' @nbxkv `tikxgk}ekx lk oda`d|xni ~elz od`dedx% lk`kxe x`nedxed

}}e ic sd }e} ~kzekxek% ok`ke bk onhn oda`d|xni }}ed`dedxed nedg`n% `nbxkv gnn n}d |teklkg

iden sd ngmd ltskx vk~dedxn~ed hd he`d k~xe`|x'

@nbxkhg }ae |kxkcgk |dx} aekxki }agxklkg diedgdg hd k~kie nv|nlkn `nghdx zdsi}nz hnxoxg|x' Ogd~ ltskxglk% l|kg `nbxkv gnngd laxt vegk zaxek onx`n onhn oxgdg `ngkxdgng

ltxt`t kgax`kelnx' @ngkxdgng lkbk gmd ~kvev kxkzn ltxt`tgk oxd mk`ngng htgk diedg`n

ae`k}glkg nedxn ode`di|dlnx'

xkg/lk ]detiet mk`nedxngng h|g ~dgneniedxngng |di hnx veg bkengld odxdied|nxnelnn nei d}dx

Zdsskxd/ld ;;=4 |kxnben @d}mnln Mt`k/lx' Htxklk ithhd ggld `nbxkvek lx| d~skge sd `ngkxden

Ii ]detiet Mk`nn `tkzzk` hnx oden`dgng hkekgom ae`t|tx' ?'


28/1649

82

hnxn ld Kxln}bkg/lkin @d}mnln Mt`k/lx' Khhk}edxldg ike`k d}in hnx mk`ngng ~dxngld ~kve`|x'

Zdsskxd Mk`nn ned k~g eld ?'


29/1649

8>

D~skgg odgnenn ;='46 `'% ldxngenn 8?'>6 `'/lnx' Kxik ltskxglk `nbxkhg }aetglk hnx ikv

ke`|x' @nbxkhg ~g ld ~kge|x' K~xmk d~skgg nin ~kgglk% kxiklkg hnx iaxnlaxek hkekgkg }|

ik| `kbcneedxn skxlx' Mk`n`n`kx}ngld okxnv aekg ht oxgedx% d~skgg lkbk gmd `dsmt| lndx hnx

~kv~k hke aekxki vegekglg hdeen dldx' \kxnb ik~gkiekxk oxd% ;8;6 ~eglk% Inx kg d~ked|n%

Bkxzd`kbek |kxkcglkg cd|bdlnengmd% Bkxzd`kb Kedllng @db`d| hng \did ";;>>;88;.

zk`kgglk% Isk`dllng @d~~dl de @ei Dhthdinx hng Ken Zdszdg% ht dbxd sken ae`t sd Zdszdg/ld

`tkzzk` hnx }kxk~ ~kv|x`|x' @nbxkhg ~kgglkin ikv sd }| `kbcneedxng ltxt`t% }kxk~g% mk`ngng%

kxik}glk aelttgt o}|dxn~ax' D~skgg |agazt i`|x' Htgtg ~dxldg ~i}dienn 86 `' iklkxl'

\agaztg }| mdvbd}n ned hnxeni|d d~skgg ~i}dienn =6 `'/~n htet~axlt' @tb|dd` hnx oxg skxl'

Mk`ngng k}e gd`en |kxkc ngn}}ed`dedxnlnx' Emnsdx| sd cnxtzd ngnedx% odgn eld iteekge` aetv nin

xdgien ngn }}ed`dedxng xkg/lk ]detiet Ldsxn/gldg ikekg dg d}in khnld}nlnx'

D~skgg kxik ltskxglk ;= `' tztgeti sd 4 `' odgneni|d% vd`hd |tek ltskx zdxngld emnsdx| sd

cnxtzd }xe `klke~agekx% in|khdedx sd lndx }}ed`dedxed kbkgd hnx vkga tzkg`ki|klx' Emnsdx| }xeicin|khd% aitg`k} o hnx ~kzlx% ckik| htgtg }agtglk htetgkg gd}nb ~kz ned |kxnb in|khd}n ;8;>

|kxnbngn ]te|kg \didzk`kgg o}|dxnx'

RNNN' ~z~e hkglk sd ]detiet odedgdngng ldsk` aekxki% ckik| nin d~skge mk`n |nvngld

Baxk}kg/lk ~kvekg ht d}dx% Kgklaet]detiet ngn}kgk| hki`glkg lk }kek` nvtekx sdx`di|dlnx'

@aae |kbxnhngldg itx|tekg hnx khnld aekxki }kek` nvtekx sdx`di|dlnx'

@aae |kbxnhngldg itx|tekg hnx khnld aekxki xkg/lk ]detiet ngn }kgk|gg hnxai zdeeniedxngn

ldsk` d||nx`d}n hki`glkg Kgklaet/lkin nei ngnen khnldedxed vkxkede hnx ltxt`t skxlx'

Htglkg hnxkz lkbk }agxk Baxk}kg/g itzd~ngld% Caxt`kl dbxngld lkbk ii eld htgtg

hdgzdxn veglk lndx hnx nin d~skge mk`n lkbk ~kve`|x' ]detietekxlkg }agxk ]txn~d/ld% Zdgoedx

zk`kgglk sd Kgklaet/lk nin d~skge `dlxd}dedx ai ~kve`|x' Ht mk`nedxld ld k~g vegg

lddxedglnxnelnn oxe`di|dlnx' Bkxonx| @dlxd}d}n/gng lx| d~skgglkg nin}n keg` sd mk`n aekxki

lzdgedg`n|nx' Ie}ni ]detiet mk`nedxngld d~skg ithhden `digek hnxed|nxne`n|nx' Odxn ]k}kg

}kxk~ekxglk htgtg lkbk d}in xgdiedxn `dsmt| n}d ld% Oalkxl/g n}khd|ed hdenx||nn onhn }e`ei

ldsxngld% ]detietiekxlkg gmd gd Lat gd ld hk| xkg/lk |di hnx xgdi oxe`d`n sd ]detietekx

htgt ~dgnldg hte`tekxlx'

@denikb zk`kgglk lx| d~skge `dlxd}d dien }ckbkg/lk |k|hni dlne`n ht veg d|in}n~ed lx|

d~skge mk`n~kxk|e`|x' Oden`dld |khn aekxki mk`n ithhden `diggg ggd `dlxd}dgng ogd~

d~skg ode`n sd h~edmd ax|k~k ikg lx| d~skge ie}ni ]detiet mk`nn \n`txet Ldsxn/gldg

hkek~kxki% xkg/g odxdi lat}tglk odxdi hk|}glk h|g n`kxld bin` ae`t|tx'

@ngkxdedx

Ikxkbkgeekx% Okzgdenedx sd Ldebn It|tv @ngkx/lk oxl`z onhn \xiedxdn|en ngkxd dineedxngnldgdlni|dg }agxk ]detietekx xkg/lk ngmd tztg% }nenglnxni `ngkxdedxn odgn eld ~dxed|nxdxdi idgln


30/1649

=6

zdsiedxngd dg t~otg dien hte`tekxlx' N}ckbkg ~kigglk ;;88 |kxnben% ke||k }dinzodg% }||d ikeg

}nenglnx hnnèn Mkx @dgkx sd ;;8> |kxnben ]ng `ngkxd}n onhn hkz n}|n}gkekx lglk% vaenoag sd~k lx|

iden ke| i}` |k`k`dg ik~hae`t|tx'

Htgekxg dg d}in}n Lkòkg @d}mnln Mt`k}/glk lkbk \txte Hd~ zk`kgglkg ike`k ;642

|kxnben% ~tikx~k laxt ngmdedg ~i}di dglkè% }nenglnxni ]detiet `ngkxd}nlnx' Ax|klk odgn hnx in|khditk sd ai ngmd lndx hd itkiek hdenx}nz dineld heèdxd k~xe`kiek hdxkhdx% itssd|ed ~tikx

~i}den~ax' Htgtg lglk lz }nenglnxni osld ~kegz |tekekxg lnzne`d}ngldg `d~lkgk odedg

hkiekskekx sd oda`d|xni xgdi sd hnx ld ngmd icikhkx|`k ngnin|khd itkgg ki `ksn sd~k cnxtzd

}xekg`k}~ek }}edg`n|nx' ]detietekxg nei ngnen `n`kx d}dxn ae`k} hki`glkg lk ht `ngkxdgng k~x

hnx ~dxn skxlx' Htog ~ie` aekg dxdcd ai ~tikxlk htetgt~axlt' ]ksd /ld @d}mnln @d~lkg

`ngkxd}n ;636 |kxnbngld htglkg bd`dg nin ~e }agxk ningmn ]detiet `ngkxd}n aekxki% ~ngd \txte Hd~

zk`kgglk ~kve`|x' Zdsskxd veg gd`}nz sd ]detiet ke ikhkx|`kekx zdxngd ebkge ke

}}ed`dedxn ikvekg` aekg @d}mnln V`dgx/g ;632> |kxnben zkxnc }nenglnxni `ngkxd}n n}d Kevkx}ekgzk`kgglkg ike`|x' \tekzdxngd a~`k% xt`nedxed }}e ic in|khd itk Lkòkg `ngkxd}ngldg

}agxk ningmn ]detiet in|khd}nlnx' @ngkxdgng osld}ngld htglkg hkik }}ed`d ~ai|tx' ]kld |tek

lnzn}n bkengld ~i}denx' dxdcd}n ~ie`|x'

xkg/lk RN' ~~' }agtgk iklkx ~kv|xekg lndx ]detiet `ngkxdedxnIdkg/lk ;6?= |kxnben @d}mnln

Mt`k `ngkxd}n~ed% N}ckbkg ~kigglk Hkx}n~kg @d}mnln Mt`k}/gg ;6>? |kxnben `ngkxdedxnlnx' RNN' ~'~'

ha~tgmk sd lkbk }agxkekx kx|i ]detietekxg ~dxed`n aekg ht }nenglnxni zkxnc `ngkxdedxn oden|nxnenv

zdgonged|nxnedxdi ldsk` d|`n|nx'

@dzkx Kg|ekx! \xhdedx sdI`hd|edx

H~i ]detietekx zk`kgglk mk`nedxld aeltt onhn% |xhdedxld ld oden`d Ikxkbkgeekxk sd

Okzgdenedxd hkekg`ki|klx' ei ~eekxlkg \txte Hd~ zk`kgglkg nin `dzkx kg| ike`|x' Htgekx%

N}ckbkg/g ogd~ngld Khkxib/lk I`hd|n Ken sd Lkòkg/lk Mnbne Ltb|dxkg "Ixi Izekx. kle

i`hd|edxlnx' Bdx nin}n ld ;643 ~eglk ~kve`|x' Khkxib/lkin i`hd| hnxai hkièkxlkg lkbk

gmd xkg/lk ~kve` i`hd|edxldg ckxielx' Htxklk% ~zd~edxn l`lz keki }dinzodg osld zdxngd

bkedg ithhd ned x|e hnx ~kv ned ikxek~axtz' KxkvK|k \xhd}n sd lndx Ikxkbkge ~kvekxglkg

|kgl`z |xa`v dineedxngd hdgzdx `tikxgk}ekxlkg zdgon sd odgn hnx ve}|ni itki% }| idgkxg

d|xkcg dsnx`di|dlnx' Htgtg ke|glk lk ngmd hnx icin|khd itk skxlx' Ithhdgng }|gld k}eglk

}dinzodg hnx vnxk`n| ieb aetv ae`kl id}ngenied hdeen ldneln' xkg/lkin lndx i`hd|edxng bdv

|teklkg ~kve` ae`k}gk ikxei I`hd|n Ken/gng |k|kg hnx khnld ae`k} neon dinmnlnx' RN' ~~'/g nei

~kx}glk Bkzkx ldgnzn ogd~ngld ikekg Ekmn`% Xd}od| sd Hk| Xklokg/lkin i`hd|edx onhn% lndx

`dzkx kg|ekx ~tikx laxt ngmde`d~dg lz }nenglnx hnn`ngld |tek ~kvekx aetv% khnlds ikxki|dxedxn

zk~c|x' Htgk ikxei I`hd|n Ken lkbk keki osld}ngd xk`dg }||din nxn `tikxgk} cxnzn sd in|khd

itk~ek |k`k`dg khnlds hnx d|in t~kglxx' \txte Hd~ zk`kgglkg ikekg ningmn `dzkx kg|%

Lkòkg/lk Mnbne Ltb|dxkg "Ixi Izekx |teklkg }nenglnxni osld zdxngd iagni iebe hnx i`hd||nx'Lz aekxki ~i}dedg |tek osldgng }| idgkxglk odgn hnx ic in|khd itk htgtg ke|glk sd


31/1649

=;

}|gld |tekekxg ldnni lnzne`d}ngldg `d~lkgk odedg hnxdx oda`d|xni itki sd ~tikx~k laxt

idgkxekx |k|kgnc| inxvn cxnzn sd hkiekskekxlkg nhkxd| ngmd hnx itkiek iagni k|~k ng|nike d|`di|dlnx'

Ht i`hd|% k~g dbnxld lkbk gmdldg ;68? |kxnben Vnx Ked`lkx I`hd|n /gd hdgzd`died hdxkhdx%

agtg }dx| sd `aga|ag l oxg ~dxngd aeotg gn}vd|edxed lkbk khnlds hnx d|in ikzkg`ki|klx'

]detietekxek `dzkx kg|ekx `n`kx}ngld ai h~i sd vkxeki hnx oden`d ae`t|tx' ]ag ~eekxlkin

kxk|x`k sd htetekx ht ltxt`t mkge aekxki hdenx|`di|dlnx'

Ikzsng sd Bd`dlkg kxk}glk sd \kbxkg/g hk|}glk Bkxdig "Ikxkkg. ldgnedg heodld

]detietekxlkg ike`k nin kbkgd i`hd| idcdlne`n|nx' Htgekx% hnxhnxngldg 8> `' kxkeiek lz hnx

kekglk ~i}dedg i`hd|edxlnx' ^i}dieniedxn ;= `'% kvekx ;; `' aetv }dinzodg hnn`ngld sd

|k`k`~ek |teklkglxekx' I`hd|edxng }| nc| ithhd ned x|elx' L ithhdedxng ~iekg ~dxedxn

ke|glkg n ithhdedx oxg`di|dlnx' Idedxld% k~g hnn` sd kv|kin }nenglnxni itededxldg hnxngmn

i`hd||d nin% ningmn i`hd||d hnx itedgng nngld `dxlnsdgedx skxlx' Htgekx lndxedxngldg lkbk odgn|nx'

Lndx itededx `k}nc|nx' Htgekx% |kisn~d itededxn aetv l itededxng }dinz ikhtxok} bkengld ldsk`d|`di|dlnx' Bdx nin i`hd| in|khden sd ai zdgong dn|en |tek }}ed`dedxed ikvelx' Ckik| ht

}}ed`dedx% `n`kx tg}txekx hkkx ned sd ee hnx nckld ned hdenx|`di|dlnx'

Latlk ikekg hnxngmn i`hd|ng icin|khd}n onxn mdvbd}ngng }| i}`glk sd l ithhdld ldnni

hnx lzdgld ic aekxki ~kze`|x' Htgk oxd% i`hd|% ;63?2 |kxnben aetv Kev Kx}ekg zk`kgglk sd

@kekzonx| @tbkxdhd}n/gldg gmd ~kve`|x' @n`kxg kl Zngmkge @tbk``dl hng @dii aekxki

~kzex' @dxlnsdgen itededx onxn mdvbd}ngng }aetglkin ningmn mdvbd~n dsxded`di|dlnx' \tek }}ed`dedx

bdv mdvbdld ldn`di|d sd ngkge`kz hnx zdgongeni o}|dx`di|dlnx' in ited ~i}di xe~dcen aetv

in|khdedxng }|gldin cxnzld zidg||xhdedxngldg hkek~kxki% odxdi `n`kxld odxdi ngnedxld Kgklaet

]detietekxgk iklkx \xi }kgk|glk }i }i oxedg n nd od`n ke|odgedxldg `d~lkgk odedg

}}ed`dedx ozd kxvkx' I`hd|ng nn ld }dinzodglnx' ]nsxn id`dxen gnedx dg hdenx}nz dineld ithhd~d

odnn }kekx' Htxklk k~g zk`kglk ]detietekxlkg ike`k dg d}in iked` nedxn n ltskxekx

ikvek`ki|klx' Ithhdgng nn ld iked` nedxn ned}}edg`n|n% ckik| }skekxek hnxeni|d htgekx lie`|x'

]dinz ltskx ~zgldg bdx hnxngld ke||kg ~i}de|ne`n% ixi }nsxn hnx id`dxng |dvd}ngldg kk~k zngmnxed

k}e hnx ikglne xd}`dlne`n|nx' Ikglneedx zdxngld R' ~z~e ic}n~ed (Hdxdiden }kbnhngn( ~kzelx'

Ikglneedx hdj hnx zd`ng zdxngd }n~kb% ikbsdxdgon iag|txek nzne`n|nx' Ikglneedxng }|gld mdvbd% hnx

}nsxn id`dxed gnbk~d|edgn~ax' Htgekxg ax|k}glkin lknxd `klke~agekx nngld |kst} itekx% ~elzekx onhn}}ed`dedx oxex' Htgekxg xdgiedxn `ksn% ki ~dne% vd`hd% ikbsdxdgon sd ia~t }n~kb|x' Ithhdgng

ke| idgkxglk lk ndien ic in|khdedxldg ikeg|ekx oxex'

Ht iklkx dxidg hnx |kxnb|d ]detietekxg% h~ed}ngd khnlds sd zdgong hnx `dzkx kg| `d~lkgk

od|nx`dedxn kgmki \xiedxld% iiedxn ai ldxng dzkx kg| cnixngng vkxeki hnx oden`d}n aekxki oxedhnenx'

Ht lkbk }agxk N}ckbkg @d}mnln Mt`k}/glk% I`hdln Bkin/ld oxedg d}nz `n`kx aeotgettg%

i`hd| aekxki hnx bkhdxmn}nlnx' ^kx` ~z~e nngld hk}n| itededx diengldin ai }kld i`hd|edxldg

hkek~kxki ]detietekx zk`kgglk oden`dgng gdxd~d skxl Bkxdig I`hd|n/gld kik

hdenx`di|dlnx' ingmn i`hd|ng ic |kxnb in|khd}n hd }k|x bkengld ikvgg zdxngldlnx' Htglkg


32/1649

=8

i`hd|ng ;6>= |kxnbngld% Gk}xllng @kb`tlzk`kgglk Zngmkge Dhe @dken hng @diin klglk hnx

`n`kx |kxkcglkg Dhn @kg}tx Hdi De}n hng \ding nng ~kvel kgeke`ki|klx' Lndxedxngldg 83 ~e

}agxk ~kvekg ht i`hd|ng `n`kxgg klglkg% nin i`hd| `n`kxekxgg ikxld sd hkhk ate aeltiekx

ikhte dlnedhnenx'

Ht i`hd| lkbk kz bkxkv|x' Mdvbdedxldin |tek }}ed`dedx k~g zdgongeni sd ldnnieni|dlnx'\tekekx lkbk ikhkmk% ckik| }kek` aekxki lnzne`n|nx' Hnxngmn i`hd||dg lndx hnx ckxi ndxdg

ltskxekxg veki |tek bkengld }sk}z hxkie`k} sd ihed mdvbd}ngld ~agmk id`dxen |tek }}ed`den

~kx` ike` hnx `nbxkhg htetg`k}lx' Htgtg lglk i`hd|ng nn |k`k`dg lz |tek ltskxlx' L

~zld |tekekxg ldnni lnzne`d}n~ed }}ed`dodedgdngng dg hkkxe d}dxedxngldglnx' Hnxngmn i`hd||d

~nx`nldg ckzek htxklk n}d deenldg ckzek ldnni }}ed`d oxe`di|dl nx'

Htgekxk hdgzdx hnx }ev o}|dxdg gm hnx i`hd| Ld`ksdg|/|d aetv% idedxn ~tskxeki

vk~dedxed |kisn~d dlne n% '>6 `' ~i}dienngld }dinzodg hnx ited diengld aetv }|

vnxk`n| k| x|elx' Ikv% |k`nx d}gk}glk ~dgn ~kve`% htgtg zdxngld ~kg~kgk nin `nbxkv gnn%

lkbk ~tikxlk lx| ~elz sd htgekx hkek~kg bk dineedxn~ed nin he` ~dx ke`|x' Lndx idgkxekx lk

dx he`d k~xekxki hnxhnxngldg ckxie zdgong |tek }}ed`dedxed ikvekg`% |tek bd` `kezd`d bd`

ld }}ed`daekxki iteekge`|x' n% }nenglnxni sd ithhden aetv% ithhdld |tekekx hkei }x| lnzne`n|nx'

I`hd|ng in|khd}n ~ai|tx' Bkei htgt% Ldsk`dg| Sken}n dvb nhen/~d `ke dldx}d ld% idgln}n >36 |kxnben Gk~ng Mk`nn/gn tzki|kg bk|xek|x' Ht }}ed`dedx sd `tb|dd` ndien

ic in|khdedx% RN' ~~' }agekxgk onx`di|dlnx'

Okzgdenedxng in|khdedxngd t~otg hnx }evekx skxlx' @nbxkvid`dxngn sd iknld}ngn dsnxdg in|khdld

`n`kxg kl @n`k k`ded dht Gk}x @db`dl hng Kb`dl de bkggk de \nx`nzn aekxki \nx`nzen Kb`dl kl

sdxne`di|d sd `n`kxg Ikxkbkgeeid}ngldg odelnn ld h~edmd kgeke` ae`ki|klx'


33/1649

==

Lndx in|khd% ltskxekxg }| idgkxg odgn hnx itki bkengld dsnxn~ax' Keekb kl% xoe ~elze sd

dn|en ic ~kzekxek hkik hdgzdxn ae`k~kg hnx axnjngkeeni|d ~kze` aetv% ht in|khd% `nbxkv

d|xkcglkingldg lkbk }|g iken|denlnx' Htxklk Okzgdenedxldg }agxk% R' ~~' }agtglkg dg aeotg ndien

ic in|khd ned ikxek`ki|k~z' \xhdgng }| n nd id`dxedx diengld ldnni |xa`vekx zdxngd hnx

ithhd ned x|elx'

]kxn Vte/tg ; i`' iklkx hk|}glk htetgkg lndx ]detiet zn~kxd|n `k` Ikekgklg |k~ax' K~g

dineld idxvn~kv aetv in|khdedxn sd }}ed`dedxn ld aeltik bkxkv|x' ggldin lni|x|odg i}`lkg%

ithhden `digk o|xdg id`dxld Gd}nb ~kz ned hnx in|khd skxlx' Ckik| ht bkxkv in|khdld ~kegz (Cn

dbxn kbkg |n}/k'''( aitgkhnen~ax' Htxklk Gd~ng Mk`nn/gn sd Zdsskxd @d}mnln Mt`k `nbxkhg

bk|xek|kg `nbxkv% |ti% }}ed`dedxn aeltik bkxkv|x' Htxklk gd}nb ~kze in|khd% ]detietekxlk

oxedg dg d}in xgdi|nx' Okzgdenedxld ]te|kg hxkbn`zk`kgglk ";64>>>.% Okzgd khnldedxngld ic

~kz ned hnxeni|d sd~k k~x aekxki gd}nb in|khdedx skxlx' H~i ]detietekxlk nei ldck }ckbkg /lk Mnbne

Ltb|dxkg `ngkxd}ngld ;;62/ld oxex' `k` Ikekg in|khd}ngld > xkik`g 46> B' aekxki ikhtedldx}di ht |xhd~n ld ;;;? |kxnbedxngd ia~`ki ez` odenx'

H~i ]detietekxzk`kgglk Baxk}kgheod}ngldin |xhdedxld }n}|d`en% hnx oden`d idglngn hdeen

d|`di|dlnx' RN' ~z~e }agtgk `ke dlnedhnedg ]dxkb}/|k Dhe Ckze sd @nbgd/ld Dht ]knl \xhdedxn~ed%

~ngd ]dxkb} ~kigglk ;6>2 |kxnben ^kx| I`hd|% Sdine Hkzkx/lk Khlteekb hg Hxd~lk \xhd}n%

K}|kgkhkhk/lk Ked`hdxlkx \xhd}n% @dxs/ld ;8' ~z~e hkglkg ;;;8 |kxnben @tbk``dl hg Zd~l

\xhd}nht oden`dgng dn|en hk}k`kiekxg o}|dxnx'

Htgekxlkg ]dxkb} ~kigglk htetgkg ^kx| I`hd|;8r;8 `'/~d skxkg aeltik h~i eld hnx~kv aetv% KxkvK|k \xhd}n/gldg odedg ~agmk hnn`ngld |xa`vekx sd zdgong `n`kx }}ed`dedxn~ed

lniik|n didx' Ltskxekx ikld`den gnedxed |dine|ekglxe` aetv% onxn mdvbd}n "ogd~.% ~kx` }nenglnxni%

kxik mdvbd}n n}d lni idgkxe id itededxn~ed |kisn~denlnx' Htgk ~kig eld Ked`hdxlkx \xhd}n

"K}|kgkhkhk/lk. |xa`vet ithhd}n% ikld`den gnedxed |dine|ekglxe` mdvbdedxn sd id ithhdedxn~ed

k~g oxthk onx`di|dlnx' Lkbk ii ae`kiek hdxkhdx% `n`kx }}ed`dedxn ai zdgong aekg Khlteekb

hg Hxd~lk "Mkx \ki. \xhd}n ld Sdine Hkzkx/lklx' Htxklk Edidxn Hkzkx ]kxk~/gg ithhdedxngldg

|kgl`z hk}k`kie |xa`vekxg |dixkx iteekge`k} ikxki|dxn}|ni|nx' K~xmk mdvbdld sd ndxnld

ltskxekxg }|gldtzkgkg |tek sd~k |tilkg icin|khdedx sd |tek }}ed`dedxed RN' ~z~e }agtglkgikxki|dxn}|ni hnx ~kvlx' dxld bkcnc }nsxn gn id`dxedxngn dsxded~dxdi ltskxekxg }| idgkxg laekgkg

nxn ic in|khd itk lk`kxe x`nedx sd isxi |ti }}ed`d bkengld ndien ic in|khdedxng dxidg

xgdiedxngldg hnxnlnx'

RNN' ~z~e hkglkg @dxs/ld ;;;8;= |kxnben @tbk``dl hg Zd~l |xhd}n n}d |teklkg bkxcedxed

ndien icin|khd}n sd ldnni lnzne`n |tekekxlkg "hkei }x| s}'. }}ed`dedxn~ed k~g oden`d~n ldsk`

d||nxnx'


34/1649

= ~eekx kxk}glk' @aaeekxg dbxn ~i`k}glkg kz gmd}ngd iklkx htxklk

htetgkg ^kit|/k oxd% cnxtzd xdgon~ed "}gxe |tek. inea`d|xdedxmd tzki|kg ozd kxv~axlt' \teklkg

8? `' idgkxe odgn ikxd heai zdxngld% ;< `'/~d iklkx ithhd ~i}de`di|dlnx in% htogi bkeld% odgde

~i}dieni 8? `'/~n hte`ki|klx' 3 `' onhn ngkge`kz hnx ikegegk skxkg ltskxekx n|dg% bdx lz

idgkxlk hnxdx gned bkcnced|ne`n% lat sd hk|lk htgekx onxn bkengld ke`|x' \xa`vekx zdxngd a|txkg

ithhd% ikhtxokekxek xedxdi zdgonged|nxne`n|nx' @n`kxgng d}ked|n sd }ehtgtg h~ie n

`digg }kldenngld idglngn o}|dx`di|dlnx' L |kxkc|kg ithhd% hnx lkx hnx odgn ae`ki zdxd

ke|dxgk|nc id`dxen okedxnedx sd idedxld oda`d|xni |tek }}ed`den vk~dedxed ld}|diedg`n|nx'

L oxg hki`glkg ]te|kg ]dgmdx |xhd}ngng Iokxheod}ngld @axn|n` }|tvk}~ek% Lat

\xin}|kg/lk Ki}t }|tvk} kxk}glkin hdgzdxeni ozldg ik`~kmki iklkx ki|x' Odxn }|tvknn laet%

`k}nc hnx ~kvlx% ckik| nn ha aekg }|tvkekx lk ~kve`|x' Ithhd ik}gkiekxgg n~nmd ~i}de|ne`d}ngld

ld }eèi|kg gmd \xiedxng lngn aekg Htlk |kvgkiekx% }|tvkekxg d|in}n ngix dlned`dz' ]te|kg

]dgmdx\xhd}n/gld l okedxn% ithhdgng ~i}dienngn kx|x`k ~aetglk hnx kl`lx' ]agxklkg itedskxn%

~i}de|ne`n ik}gkiekx zdxngd ithhd ned x|e |xhd |nvedxn \xiedxed hk|~k lk ~k~e` sd @}x/lk

@dèi `n`kx}ngng ~kxk|`kekx~ek Ax|k k Ikbnxd}n/gd ~dv~dgn hnx dbxd sdx`n|nx' ]d`dxikg|/|k

kbzngld ldgnedg |xhdedx oxtht ned% Ikbnxd/ld Bkencd `dzkxekx ln~d |kggkg @dèi |xhdedxn

kxk}glkin ~kig hdgzdxeni% h|g mkgee ned htgt ki}d||nxnx' kbzngld |xhdedxn kxk}glk dg o}|dxnen

aekg Htx}k/lkg onldg h~i \xi `k|d`k|ni sd k}|xaga`n ken`n Iklzkldn Xt` kl ned |kggkg

@t}k Vkk/gg ";==?;


36/1649

=3

odxdied|nxned`d`n|nx' Htglk lk Kgklaet \xi `n`kx}ngng d|inedxngn bd}khk ik|`ki ez` odenx'

Ithhd vxahed`n ~kegz Kgklaet/lk \xiedx|kxkcglkg |k` hnx bin`n~d|ed% dn|en ~gedxn~ed ded keg`

sd }ag n`igekxgk iklkx oden|nxne`n|nx'

H~i ]detietekxzk`kgglk |xhdedxng ht oden`d}n ~kgglk% i`hd|`n`kx}ngld ld RNN' ~z~e

ha~tgmk hnxai ~dgneniedx ae`t|tx' xkg/lk ]detietekxg nei ldsxngld% lkbk \txte Hd~ zk`kgglkN}ckbkg/g ogd~ngld Khkxibdbxngld ;643 |kxnben I`hdln Ken/ld dg }kld dien~ed }dinzodg oslden

i`hd|edxng hkekgomg ox`di|d~nz' xkg/lk ]detiet mk`nedxngng ithhdedxn ld odgdeenied l|kg

}dinzodg hnx iknld zdxngd a|tx`ki|klx' Htglkg }agxk RN' ~z~eg }agtgk iklkx }dinzodg i`hd|

dien H~i ]detietekxlk Bkxdig I`hd|edxn sd Ld`ksdg| I`hdln onhn dg zdgong sd oden`n

khnldedxld ldsk` dln~ax% ~kegz htgekxlk idedx }nenglnxni vk~dedx bkengld ~tskxek|e`|x'

I`hd|edxng }}ed`dedxngld ld RN' ~z~e }agtgk iklkx% oda`d|xni dineedxng bkin` aeltt oxex'

RNN' ~z~elkg Xd~/ld ;;=> |kxnben kgagn` i`hd|% |teklkg }nenglnxni hnx ~kv aetv% id}ing idgkxe

`tikxgk}ekxek gnbk~d|edgn~ax% ckik| htgekx KhkxibI`hd|n/gd oxd ai }klded`n% ve}|ni itssd|edxn

zk~cek|e`|x' Htgtg }|% bdx bkeld% klx hnn`ngld% ixagni hnx iebek x|e nln' @tikxgk}ekx sd

htgekxg }|gld ~nsedxldg lkx itki iagni k|gg skxegk nkxd| dln~ax' Ckik| ht ~ie`% ~kegz

osld}n k~ki|k ike`|x'

Kzdxhk~mkg heod}ngld% @dxkok/lk ;;


37/1649

=?

I`hdln/gd hdgzdx dineld ~kvekg ht i`hd|h|g ~zd~edxngn ikvek~kg ai zdgong% ~elz od`d

hnn`ngld }}ed`dedxed lniik|n didx' Idedx% }nenglnxni vk~dedxed ~tskxek|e`% htgekx }||dg

`tikxgk}e }nsxn id`dxen gnedxed hnxhnxngd hkekg`|x' Lkbk ~tikxlk ic in|khd itk sd vnxk`n|

k|~k |k~kg `tikxgk} cxnzn ~dx ke`ki|klx' Cnxtzd ngnedx% xdgien i`hd|ng l oxggg

zdgongenngn h}h|g kx|x`ki|klx' L|kin ic in|khdedxd ikxei% ndxnld ithhdgng ke| idgkxglk%

ikhkx|`k bkxcedxed gd}nb hnx in|khd itk ozd kxvkx' Kzdxhk~mkg i`hd| `n`kx}ngng

`dxidzedxngldg hnxn aekg @dxkok/lkg }agxk ~ngd Kzdxhk~mkg/lk Tx`n~d oegg hk|}glk%

}gxekx`zk ~kig Tx`n~d "n`ln Xzkn~d. ld ;;2< |kxnben ]d I`hd| % @dxkok/lkin ;;3? |kxnben

~tskxeki i`hd|ng hnn`ngd |k`k`~ek t~otg hnx ~kvlx'

^kegz htxklk i`hd|ng l|kg }nenglnxni ae`k}gk ikxei% n `dig ikxd hnn`ngldin sd |xa`vet

hnx ithhd ned x|elx' @tikxgk}e vax|ke gnn oda`d|xni od`dedxldg zdgong }}ed`dedx sd }||d ic

hnx in|khd ned n~nmd hdenx|ne`n aetv% osldgng lndx |kxkcekx }kld hnx |tek xo}gldg nhkxd||nx' ^ngd Hk|

xkg/lk% Bd`dlkg/lk% RNN' ~z~e }agtglkg I`hdln Kedsn~kg ikxd hnn`ngld ithhden hnx ~kv aetvIkxkbkgeekxg zidg||xhdedxngng mdvbd `n`kx}n odedgdngn ~dgnldg mkgekglx`ki|x' Htxklkin |ti

}}ed`dedx h|g xkg/lk oxedgedxng dg zdgong sd oden`n dineedxngn hnxkxk~k |avek`ki|klx' @nbxkv

ltskxglk htgekx kld| }dxhd}| ve}|ni oxgedx bkengld oden`n sd lkbk }agxk Lnsxni Tet

Mk`nn/gld oxdmdn`nz |k nedxngng gmedxngn `d~lkgk od|nx`n|nx' ]detiet mk`nedxngld oxl`z

|ti }}ed`dedx htxklk kx|i oden`d}ngng }ag itssd|n ned ax|k~k i`ki|klx'

Ogd~ Kzdxhk~mkg/lk @dxkok onhn% Itzd~ Kzdxhk~mkg/lk Gkbmnskg/lk% `dzkx kg|ekx% i`hd|edx

hki`glkg ai zdgong hnx `dxidz aekxki lniik|n didx' Ht nin `dxidzng% `n`kx hki`lkg h~ed

vkxeki hnx oden`d o}|dx`d}n% ;;


38/1649

=2

I`hdln/gng gd`n hnx ik| lkbk kx|kx' Ikxkbkgeekxlk% K~d Hnhn\xhd}n/gld% mdvbdgng nin |kxkcglk

idedxldin `ngkxdedxldg }agxk Kzdxhk~mkg ~aet ned ht odedgdi Kgklaet/~k ode`n sd dg h~i

d}dxedxngn axklk sdx`n|nx'

Kzdxhk~mkg/lk i`hd|edx h~ed% vkxeki hnx oden`d o}|dxnxidg xkg/g lat}tglk Baxk}kg/lk

\xiedxng xkg/k od|nxlniedxn lndx i`hd||nvedxn a|kekxg |teklkg khnldedx bkengld dhdlned`n dineedxn

aekxki ikx`zk i`ki|klx' Htgekxlkg Xklikg"Lat. lk% @nen Xklikg kl~ek |kggkg i`hd|% 88

`' ha~tglk }nenglnxni sd iagni k|e |teklkg hnx ~kvlx'

Ag nin iden keki hnx iknld zdxngld =3 ~tskxeki vk~d ned ~nsedg`n }nenglnxni osld zdxngld

iagni k|~ |k`ki|klx' |dg ithhd ned x|elx' Iagni ieb% cnxtzd xdgien lnilx|odg ngndxed

ikvelx' Osldgng }| idgkxglk lk cnxtzd ngnldg id}ne`n icbkxcedxed ;'46 `' odgneni|d hnx in|khd

itk laekg`ki|klx' Htgtg }xekx% ai ~dxld lie` hkz ~dxedxld ike`% in|khdgng ~kxlkg

ckzek} lk }neng`n|nx' Htgtg ke|glk ~tskxeki vk~dedxd laxt }kxikg% }kki à|ncedxngn kglxkg hnx

vke`d| cxnzn% vk~dedxng }| idgkxg ha~lkg ha~k dsnx`di|dlnx' ^tskxeki vk~dedx zdxngld kklkg

~tikx~k iklkx oda`d|xni hkiekskekx diengld }xkekg` cnxtzd ngnedx ozd kxvkx'

\di}|ne ikxki|dxn% odxdi ht }kki à|ncngld odxdi lndx }}ed`dedxld sd h|ggld kik hdeen

ae`ki|klx' I`hd|edxd xgdi aekg ht a|kekx Xthxt}t}% ;84=/|d Ikxkitxt`/lk @go Ikkg/

zn~kxd| d||nn zk`kg ox` sd }d~kbk|gk`d}ngld kgek|`|x' Htgekx |didxedi zdxngld% lknxd

hnn`ngld }xkekg` kk lnxdiedxed itxte`t sd xdgien it`kekxek x|e`|' }|edxngldin iddldg

iagni k|ekxg ax|k} bksk sd i ldenn% k~g zk`kglk hkmk aekxki ki hxkie`|x' Ht klxekxlk

Xklikg I`hd|n/gng dien kik oxe`di|dlnx' Hnxai i}èkx }neng`n aekg in|khd}ngld |kxnb aekxki~kegz ]n||d @nd "366. aitg`ki|klx' @kr skg Hdxmbd`htgt ha ikekg ~dxd oxd dg ~kig nb|n`ke

aekxki (n}gd~g( ned |k`kèk~v% 368 ~eg ikx`k~ t~otg hte`t|tx in% ;8643 |kxnbngd

xk}|ek`ki|klx' \nx`nz/ld Ikxkbkgeekxg ;;62 |kxnben Mkx Itxokg `ngkxd}ngld% lkbk RNN' ~~' hkglk

htgtg dien ax|k~k i` htetgt~axlt' Ldebn/ld lndx hnx \xi Bi`lkx aekg It|hdllng K~hd~/ng

;866 |kxnben It|th @ngkx/glk ~nsedg`n osldgng bd` ~tskxeki% bd` lni idgkxe nin dien ld RNN'

~z~eg }ag }dgd}ngld idglngn o}|dxnx' Htgk oxd% Xklikg I`hdln/gng RNNN' ~z~e hkekxglk

~kve` ae`k}% }ev sd |kxnb oden`d hki`glkg kiek ~kig ode`di|dlnx'

^ngd Lat xkg/lk Baxk}kg/lk% In`kx I`hd|n% klx hnn`ngn |teklk |dixkxek~kg ningmn khnldlnx'

Lx| `d|xd~n htekg ag nin idgkxe hnx iknld zdxngld ~i}dedg }nenglnxni osld% ;2 `' ha~tglklx' Ht

ldck ~nsedx% hnx ~tskxeki hnx lni idgkxe aekxki ldn`di|dlnx' Htgekxg zdxngld ~ngd a~te`t bkeld%

hkieksk à|ncedxngng ax|kekxgg ldengdxdi cnxtzd ngnedxed xdgiedglnxne`d}ngldg `d~lkgk odedg hnx ldiax

skxlx' Ikv zdxngldin }nsxn id`dxen kegeg nin |kxkcglk i}k }k|xei gd}nb hnx ~kz ned in|khd}ngld

|kxnb i}` aitgk`k`ki|klx' Ckik| }ev hki`glkg In`kx I`hd|n lkbk }agxkin hnx ldsxn

o}|dx`di|dlnx' It|tv @ngkx% ;866/ld% bdx nin ~ns diengn ckik| k~x k~x ik|ekxlk o}|dx`di|dlnx'

Okzgd/ld RNN' ~z~e hkglkg% ]te|kg @d}t| NNN' sd Hdbxk` kb`ngkxdedx ld% ke| ik||k }nenglnxni osld

d|xkcglk lni idgkxe ~nsed`dedxed ozd kxvkx' In`kx I`hdln/gng htgekxlkg lkbk }agxkin hnx |kxnb|d~kve` ae`k} odxdi`di|d sd RNNN' ~z~e ax|kekxgk% hdein ningmn ~kx}gk nkxd| d|`di|dlnx' RNNN' ~z~e


39/1649

=>

ha~tgmk sd ebkgeekx zk`kgglk% ]detiet i`hd| `n`kx}ngld ckzek hnx ldnnieni ae`k`% k~g

i`hd| |nvedxn ii ckxiekxek ldsk` d|`n|nx' @d}de% @dxkok/lk ebkge Ldsxn/gld ~kve` aekg

I`hdln Mkcdxn~d ";=;3=3.% lkbk gmdin I`hdln ]txb/tg bd`dg bd`dg |k` hnx hdgzdxnlnx' ^nsen

sd~k lz }nenglnxni osld zdxngd iagni k| }i }i oxedg hnx i`hd| dien aet~ax' Gkbmnskg

heod}ngldin i`hd|edx ht iagtlk sd \xi i`hd| `n`kx}ngng }agxkin oden`d}n hki`glkg hnzd n~n

hnx cninx sdxdhnenx' Gkbmnskg/g Mtok i~gld RNNN' ~z~elkg ike`k zdgong ned`den% id}`d |k|kg

~kve` i`hd|% k~g zk`kglk Kgklaet ]detiet `n`kx}n ned ld hkz ~kigeiekx o}|dx`di|dlnx'

Idedxn lzedg`n% ikxd hnx iknld zdxngld ag nin iden aekxki ~i}dedg i`hd|ng agninodg sd~k

vnxk`n| k|} ~ie`|x' Ag nin ~zd~ldg bdxhnxn oda`d|xni ~elz sd od`dedxldg ldnni hnx a~`k

}}ed`dned nedg`n|nx' Ik~}dxn/ld ;8?3 |kxnben Lgdx I`hd|/d aekg hdgzdxenn ozldg ik`kz'

^ngd Itzd~ Kzdxhk~mkg/lk Hdxld dbxngld ;=88 |kxnben i`hd|ng `n`kx Gkbmnskge Kb`dl hng

D~~h kle hnx t}|klx' Id}`d |k|kg% keki hnx iknld zdxngld% |teklkg ;< `' ha~tglk }nenglnxni

osld itssd|ed ~i}de`di|dlnx' H|g osld zdxngld ic~kz ned Keekbkl |dixkxekg`|x' Iagni k|~ie`% }| idgkx dsxded~dg odgn in|khd itklkg kgmki hkz bkxcedx ike`|x' Vax|ken dsxded~dg

haxlxedxld ngn}}ed`dedx sd ngn in|khd ozd kxv~ax'

]nsk}/|k Dx|dgkateekxglkg ike`k Oli @ngkxd kl~ek |kggkg ;=


40/1649

6 m`' odgneni|din in|khd itkgg

ke| ~kx} ~kz% }| ~kx} xt` sd vke`d|edxldg }}ed`dbkengld aetv% bkxcedxng iaeekx% nin i}` hnxhnxngd

hkek`ki|klx' ai ikhkxi aekg in|khd% |tek zd`ngldg 2;6 m`' iklkx ~i}de`di|dlnx' In|khdgng

h~i i}` sd |kxnbng ~kze aeltt }agt ik~hae`t|tx' In|khdgng ikekg i}` ~dxngldg }ie`

aetv% n`ln \kbxkg@zd}n/gld htetg`ki|klx'

;>=?/ld Xd~/ld `d~lkgk ikxekg ningmn lx| d~skge ]detiet `dlxd}d}n @denikbzk`kgglkg

ike`k hnx ~kvlx' Zdgong |ti }}ed`den `nbxkh% itzd~ogd~ d~skgekx% lathk| d~skgekxglkg

lkbk ii sd hnxhnxngd dn| aekxki ~kve`|x in% ht t`t` iknld~d k~ixlx' @dlxd}dgng ltskxekxg

ikve~kg }}ed`dedxldg hnx i}` ike` aetv% htgtg d}in nb|nk` bkiiglk cninx sdx`di|dlnx'

Oda`d|xni he`edx nngld lk`kxe xt`nedx% vke`d|edx sd isxi lkeekxlkg nhkxd| }}ed`dedx kxk}glk%

ikxeie nin }eg mkgekglxkg cnoxe hnx }}ed`dld lniik|n di`di|dlnx'

Mxd}wdee htgtg hnx ds aelttgt nedxn }x`di|dlnx' \kedhd bmxdedxn ld ~ai|tx' Ckik| `nbxkh

dsxded~dg ic in|khdedx% htgtg ds ae`k} cnixngd t~`kz' ]detiet `n`kxn}ngld lx| d~skge veg

diengng mk`nedxldg gmd `dlxd}dedxld ax|k~k i|% `denikb zk`kgglkg ikekg ht nin `dlxd}dld

kik oxe`di|dlnx' Ht veg lkbk }agxk ~ngd ]detietekx |kxkcglkg mk`nedxd |k|hni dlnedxdi lx|d~skge mk`n veg ~kxk|e`|x' Ht veg diengn ]detietekx% Ikxkbkge sd Okzgden `n`kxn}ngldg


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43/1649

88'

K~lg]k~e9 (Ax|kk Hnen` sd \dcdiixgld \xiedxng ~dxn(% Dxld`% N!;% ;>24% } ;?6'

K~lg]k~e9 (Mdg|xke K}ndg Mag|xnht|nag |a |bd Dkxendx Vbk}d} ac |bd Ba}vn|ke Htnelngo} Km|nsn|nd}

ng N}ek`(% Dxld`% ; Amki ;>2?% }' ;;3;% \xid}n ;=4;


44/1649

84% }' ;;=3% }' 824=6>'

]atxlde\ba`ngd% J: (E/Kxmbn|dm|txd }ek`t{td ld N/Nxkg(% Kx| d| en|' dg xkg% }' ??>84' "Vxavedkg Itg}|od}mbnm|d S'.'

Oxthd% Dxg}|: \bd _axel ac N}ek`% Gdw ^axi% ;>3?'

Ikcd}aet hxkbn`: ]detiet \kxnbn% }|kghte ;>?8'

Ibgde% Dxg}|: (Lnd }ek`n}mbd Itg}|( K' ]vxngodx% Bkglhtmb ldx Itg}|od}mbnmb|d SN' Lnd

Kt}}dxdtxavln}mbd Itg}|' Ednvzno% ;>8>% }' =3>43>% }' ;;=;=>'

Ke|tg Kxk: (@kxlng/ld in Kx|tiet@dlxd}d}n( ]kgk| \kxnbn ^ee% NNN' ;>3>?6% }' 84=83='

Hkixdx% `x: (Kgklaet/lk RNNN' ^z~e \tek@ngkxdedxngng Iagt`% dine% @kezd`d sd \dz~ngk|

xgdiedxn( "K' ]|tl~ ag |bnx|ddg|b mdg|tx~ hxnmi `ngkxd|} ng Kgk|aenk. Skicekx Ldxon}n% NR% ;>?;% }' ==?

=34 "}' =3=34 og' zd|.'

Deld`% Bkene Dlbd`: Kgklaet ]detietekx Ldsxngld @n`kxn sd \dz~ngn ]kgk|ekx' Kgikxk "|' }'.

"\xi \kxnbngng Kgk Bk|ekx% ]dxn N% Ga' 33(% Kxmbkdaeaon}mbdx

Kgzdnodx% ;>3>%


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34% }' ;


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49/1649

\xi Dsn% }aikiekx zdxngld% hkbd ltskx ned }aiki|kg k~xe` hnx kset}t aekg nin ik|e hnx

iagt||tx' Dsedxng zd`ng ik|ekx kbx% ldva% inedx aekxki iteekgex' Hnx kbkv `dxlnsdged iekg hnxngmn ik|

d}k} ~kk`k kekglx' D}k} ik||k% }ack sd }ack~k kekg alkekx htetgtx'

Alk: Ds ndxn}ngld hnxai cagi}n~agk }kbnv idgln hkekxgk ~kk`k hnxnèdxnlnx' A|tx`k% ~d`di

~d`d% ~k|`k% ke`k onhn ok~dedxng odxdied|nn hnx ax|k`lx'

Onxn|d }dinke|vkhteti% }din}|ax|k `dikg% }dlnxedx% amki% vdgmdxdedx|kskg }| x|% ~iei

ot}ebkgdedxlnx'

Htxklk d`k|ni hnx nznèd klxalk hdgzdxenngn ded keke` "Iidx`kg% ;>22% 38.'

\xi Alk}gg klxek hdgzdxenn "Iidx`kglkg.

]ack: Alkekx kxk} neninedxng }kekgl hnx ax|ki kekglx' Dsedx gk}e hnx }aikk ke~ax}k% ds

nngldin bdx hnx alk lk }ack~k kex "klxekxg aet|txltt kset.' \xi dsngng ht dineld kset}ack~k

hke nd lgi ikxki|dxn dsedxldg hkik dlxd}d% idxskg}kxk~ \xi ~kvekxglk lk oxex'

zd|ed~dmdi aetx}ki ht lgd` `n`kxn}ngld% |avki ds \xi dsngd "alk}gk. ik~gkiei d|`di|dlnx'

klxekxg kxk}glkin kset \xi dsngldin }ackgg gm `dikglx' \avki ds k~xmk hnn` aekxki

|xhdedxd hdgzd`di|dlnx' Itxokgekx n}d cagi}n~ag aekxki |xhdedxng mdgkzdeni ik|g `d~lkgk

od|nx`n|nx'

Ht lgd` bd~ide% xd}n` sd de }kgk| xgedxn itxokgikzekxglkg deld dlne`n|nx' Hk|k Vkzxi%

Gangtek sd D}ni ae`ki zdxd hnxai itxokg htetg|t}tgtg ax|ki zdeenn Bk~skg }ethtglk

}}edg`n d~kekxg htetg`k}lx'

Bk~skg }etht% dn|en bk~skg à|ncedxngn sd bk~skg `mkldededxngd iagt kekg }|nenzd sd gk|xken}|

aekxki odxdied|nxnedg atgetiek on~}nedx% iat` |kièkx sd ogldeni d~k zdxngld t~otekgkg hnx

bd~ide% sd xd}n` }kgk|lx' Bk~skg }ethtgtg gdèn htetg|tekxg Btgitxokgekxglk ox`di|d~nz'

Btgekxk kn| hnxai itxokglk% ogei d~k% lngnd~kekx sd iat` |ki` zdxngld ht }ethtg ldnni

t~otek`kekxgk ~dx sdxne`n|nx'

; @kezd`d: Kbkv% `d|ke% ldxnsd |di}|ne xgedxnlnx'

8 Bk~skg }ethtglk |k}snxedx odgdeenied dxn id}n` ~zd~}de a~`k sd~k kvenid |dignngld

~kve`ki|klx' \z ldlnn`nz klx lnxdiedxngd sd~k }kgmki }avkekxgk |kiekg bd~idemniedxldg hkik

ht iagtekxg nedglnn sd ha~t|et bd~ided vdi xk}|ekg`kz' Kgmki hkz ii coxedx htetg`t|tx'

= \k}snxedx }|nenzd sd gk|xken}| aekxki odxdied|nxne`n|nx'


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51/1649

4;

}e` gmd}n \xi }kgk|glk bkiiglk dg ckzek hneon sd d}dx aekg T~otx}kgk|lx' T~otxekxh~i

idg|edxld ~kklekx' @n`kxeikekgglk ai }k~lk ~kv |d}vn| dlne`n|nx' gmdedxn @kgn lngngng }agxk lk

Htlnz`n ikhte d||nedx' Ht lngedxng d|in}ngld bd~ide sd xd}n` }kgk|glk gd`en d}dxedx ax|k~k

iag`t|tx'

@n`kxn

Htln}| `kgk}|xekx `dxidzn `dikg |k}kx` sd hnx kset d|xkcglkin alk lnznedxn ned `dlxd}d

~kvekxgk ik~gki o}|dxne`n|nx'

T~otxLgd`ngng `dln|k}~ag ~kvkg Htlk cnoxedxn hklk itx`t ng}kg cnoxedxn aekxki% dengld

klki ndiedxn~ed |kvgkk onldg skicekx n}d }|tia bd~ide aekxki }e`n lgd`ld ikx`zk ikx'

]|tia Bd~ide xgdiedxngng kzegk xk`dg lngn sd }nsne `n`kxnld ke ikhkx|`kekx }}ed`dedxd

odgn ~dx sdxne`n|nx'

Cnoxe ]}ed`d

Btg sd Oi|xilgd`ngld bk~skg }ethtglk ~dx kekg ldnni bk~skgekx% ikhkx|`k sd bd~ide

aekxki }e`n lgd` ~kvekxglk% x|dg% iag}ae sd ldnni ikhkx|`kekxlk% ia`vazn}~agekxlk ~dx

kexekx' Dxztxt` D`nx ]ke|ti I`hd|ngld ;8 Bk~skge \xi \kisn`ngldg keg` |k}snxedx% Kbek| @dzkx

|kekxglk djldxedx% itx| hkekx9 ikx|ke sl' bk~skg ikhkx|`kekx ax|ki a|ncedxlnx'

Xd}n`

T~otx cxd}i sd `ng~k|xedxngng }e` }kgk|g% ]detiet `ng~k|xg tztg }xd d|inedlnngn

ox~axtz' Khhk}n Ldsxn% ikhkx|`k% `ng~k|xsd }dxk`niedxngld T~otx xd}`ngng d|in}n kik oxex'

]detiet Ldsxn `ng~k|xedxngld "Skxik sd Oe}kblk. ltskx ngnedxngld "Ithkl Khkl. T~otx

cxd}iedxngng zdeeniedxn htetgtx' Bk~skg }etht d|inedxn ngn sd `ng~k|xedxldin bk~skg |k}snxedxn ned

~kk|e`k~k ldsk` dldx' T~otx zdeeniedxn tztg }xd \xi `ng~k|x ]kgk|glk d|inen ae`t|tx' ~edin

Ck|nb Keh` aekxki hnengdg @t}|kck ]n~kb Iked`d kn| `ng~k|xedx ;


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kekgglk idgln lg~kekxgk zo ~kvekx odxdied|nxlnedx' Mk`nedx% idxskg}kxk~ekx% `dlxd}dedx%

|xhdedx }e` lg~k}gk ]detietekx |kxkcglkg kx`kkg dlne`n|nx "Kxi% ;>?3% 2;3.'

Hdgzdx ldnn` sd lg`% bd~ide% ikhkx|`ksd }}ed`dld ld ox~axtz' Bk~skg }ethtgtg%

zde kgek` ~iedg`n ~x|m bk~skgekx dbened`n sd }e`ned`n aekxki% hnx |kxnik|g sd~k |di idgng

}d`hae ae`tekxlx' Ikx|keekx% k}ekgekx% od~niedx% djldxedx ]detiet }te|kgekxgg |avet`tgbkin`n~d|edxngng lt~ot sd lgmd lg~k}gg }nòdedxn bkengd oden~ax' Onldxdi ht cnox lg~k}

oda`d|xni sd hn|in}de dineedxed ~dgn kgekèkxk tek~ax "@ek~n`% ;>>>.' \xi ]kgk|glk bk~skg

à|ncedxn% ht à|ncedxng ldnn` sd odenn`n }kgk| |kxnbn`nzn gdèn iagtekxgg hkglk oden~ax'

H~edenied }kgk| |kxnbn`nz% |kxnbn }xd ndxn}ngld ng}kg`zg lt~ot sd lgmd lg~k}gk% |avet`}ke

|kxnbd |kgiei dln~ax'

KXNI% @' A'% Dxidg Ldsnx Kgklaet\xi @n`kxn}ngld \xhdHnnèdxn% Kgklaet% ]k~: RN% Kgikxk%

;>3>% }' 4?;66'

KXNI% @' A'% }e` @n`kxn}ngd \xiedxng Od|nxlniedxn% }e` @n`kxn}ngld \xiedx% }|kghte% ;>?3%

}' 223'

K]EKGKVK% A'% \xi ]kgk|% }|kghte% ;>2?6'

HT]]KOE% @'% Mdg|xke K}nkg Vkng|ngo% Eaglag% ;>?2'

MDZZKX% @'% Kgklaet gmd}n \xiedxld dbnx sd @n`kxei% }|kghte% ;>??'

L^KXHDIXE% G'% Btg]kgk|% }|kghte% ;>?3'

L^KXHDIXE% G'% }ek`n~d||dg gmd \xi ]kgk|% Hkekgomglkg Htogd \xi ]kgk|%

Kgikxk% ;>>=% }' ;3?8'

GKE% O'% \xi}e` @ng~k|x ]kgk|% Kgikxk% ;>?3'

GKG% K' I'% D}in \xi Lngn% }|kghte% ;>?3'

JD\\@KX% I'% \bd Kx| ac |bd ]|dvvd}% Gdw âxi% ;>3?'

ITHKG% L'% Hk|~k Og ]kgk|}ke Dsxdedxn% }|kghte% ;>>='

IIDX@KG% '% \xi Dsn% }|kghte% ;>22'

@EK^@% ]'% Ldnn`ng \kgiekx Ax|kk \xi ]kgk|glk ]}ed`d sd iagaoxkcn% }|kghte%

;>>>'


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4=

@EK^@% ]'% ]detiet \avet`tgtg iagaoxkcni Bkczk}% Kg|ke~k NS' ]detiet ]d`ngdxn

"Hnelnxnedx. ;=;< @kx| ;>>8% Kg|ke~k% ;>>=% }' 383>'

ODE% H'% }e`n~d||dg gmd \xi Ie|x \kxnbn% Kgikxk% ;>2


54/1649

4 `d}mn|edxed ~kvekg ikxek|x`k k~g zk`kglk lk

Hne~kxlkin sd lndx Hteokx kbkv `d}mn|edxngldin ng|dx~dxn ~dgnldg aet|tx`klk ~kxl`m ae`ki|klx'

Ke|gaxlt Haeokx dbxngng% |k `n`kxn}ngld ht iklkx ki hnx hnn`ld ax|k~k ikg Kgklaet

]detiekxned aekg ie|x hkekxgg @aae Lgd`ngldg lkbk gmd lalttgt lg`d`nz nng hkz

ikg|ekx skxlx' Ht |x hkekx% Hne~kxlkin nei mk`n% ieen~d `d}mnlngng ~dgnldg ~kvekg`k}glk lk

ox`di|d~nz'

Bkcncd |xkvdz diengld aekg }keag% > dn| itki|kg aetkg 3 tztgek`k}gk }kbglkg nhkxd||nx'

]keagtg ax|k}glk% }|tgekxg hdngmn sd ~dlngmn }xkekx kxk}glk% zdxngld ie d`dgng itxteltt

bkstz htetg`t|tx9 `nbxkhg ikx}glkin kekg lk k~xe`|x "`nbxkhg ikx}glk }|tg

htetg`k`ki|klx.' Ht |kxzlkin kekg lzdged`d}n% zdeenied Ii K}~klkin bd` |k|kg% bd` ld

kk|kg }|tget mk`nedx nng oddxenlnx' gi% ~dxen `n`kxekx% Kgklaet lkekxgg k~kze iekxg

bd}khk ik||iekx nng% ^kig Lat mk`n`d}mn|edxngng ikge`kz tg}txt aekg odgn kset ~kv}glkg

skzod`di zaxtglk ikeèkxlx'

Lndx lddxen ldiaxk|nc hdgzdxeniedx% nhkld| dlnedg }keag `n`kxn}ngldin `nbxkv sd `nghdxng ld

kbkv|kg ~kvekhne`d}nlnx'=6 Ht iagtlk hdenx|`d`nz odxdidg gdèn gai|k n}d hnengdg ai kz kbkv

`nbxkv Ax|k K}~klk "}ialkx% @ksdxkggdbnx n}ikgekx% NR'R' ~~'. sd Kgklaetlk "Lk`}ki~% Ax|k

Kgklaet% RNS' ~~'g hkekx. ~kve` aelttltx'

Gd ~kzi in% kxidaeajni kxk|x`kekxg }agtekx% Hteokx`n`kx ldiaxk}~agtgtg xdvdx|tskxg |k`

aekxki mkgekglxkhne`d nìkgg sdxd`d`di|dlnx' Ht haett% @aae Lgd`ngd iklkx Hne~kx

dbxngld vdgmdxd mkèkxgg iteekgelgk lknx hneonedx i}`dg laeltx`ki|klx' \di |nven ln}i "it|xt ;2

86 m`'. diengldin hnxai hteotgtg nngldg "htgekxg ~dxen xd|n` aeltt |kb`ng dlnedhnenx. Ikcik}zkgkk| `dxidzedxngd=; zo aekg mk` cxko`kgekxg k~x| d|`di `ìglx' Ht n|bke mk`% ke|odgen


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36

oed% ~elz% xa` dineedxngldin dn|en xae~dcen oda`d|xni ned`dedxed ikvelx' @d~lkgk odenn n|nhkx~ek%

]detiet Lgd`ngld ~k~og hnx dineld odendg idxvnldiaxekxek ~kvekxk lk~kgkg nc| |kxkce gki

dien% RN' ~~'lkg n|nhkxdg lkbk ai Ax|k K}~k% g sd ^kig Lat }ek` eidedxngd zo `n`kx

ldiaxk}~agt |dine d|`di|dlnx' Ikcik} mkèkxgg htetg`k}% lne Hteokx Ldsed|ngng odgn |nmxn

hkekxk }kbnv aelttgk nkxd| d|`di|dlnx=89 xdgien sd sn|xng mkèkxgg htetg`k} n}d "Lat Ksxtvk

nng ht dgldx hnx aek~l.% ~i}di dbnx ie|xgg htetglttgt sd Hk| Ksxtvk ned odgn |nmkxn sd

ie|xde hkekg|ekxg aelttgt ikg|ek`ki|klx'

Hne~kx ik`t hngkekxgg ldiaxk}~agtglk ldnni ~g|dèdxd ld xk}|ek`ki `ìglx' K~xmk

nhkld| }keagtglkin |k lnxdiedxng tmtglk |k|kg ~kvekg n}|keki|n| `kjn}ieedx "lnxdi hkekx.

htetgt~axlt'== Hne~kxlkin idxvn hngkgg ltskxekxgg n ~z vxz}z hnx dineld }skg`

aelttgt% `tbkckzk dlne`n cxko`kgekxk hkiekxki gki ~kzekxek ikvekglg }~ed~dhnenxnz'=< Ax|k

k Hteokx Ldsed|ngld% RRNNN' ~~'ekxk kn| |avek` ~dln |kgd idxvn ds hneng`di|dlnx' Htgekxlkg

Hne~kxlk% nin}n Saeglk "]k`kxk mnskxglk. sd hnxdx |kgd ld ]tskxsd Btekilkin "lne. ik}khkekxlkhtetg`ki|klx' ^kve zdeeniedxn k}glk htgekx kx|e aekxki nin |nvd k~x`ki `ìglx'=4

Hnxngmn}n% lnilx|odg dineen% }kld% ig|e oxgd sd nin alk~k }kbnv|n' Alkekx n nd lnzne`n|n'

Ht }mkieg l alklkg n alkekxk% "~kgn }|m }ahk~k. laxt kx||g o}|dxn~axlt' Ht |x ~kvekx K'

V' ]`nxgas sd S' C' Ikbas}in~ |kxkcglkg "Btek. ik}khk}glk kxk|xe` sd RNN' ~~'k kn| aekxki

|kxnbedglnxne`n|nx'=3

ingmn}n% ikxd dineen sd ai alkelx' Ht |x ~kvekx gmdinedxldg lkbk ikx`ki vekge nln% ckxi n}d

gmdingld oxedg n nd lnznend di hnx i}`g diedg`n ae`k}lx' Kxk|x`kekxk oxd%=? Hne~kxlkinidxvndsedxng ht |nvn lkbk ki hnx dineld gn|dedglnx`di|dlnx' Hnxik kbkv ~kvlkg aetkg% nhkld| nng

sd inn}de k`ke aekxki lk iteekgekg ht ~dx% oxggd hkiex}k odgn ia`vedi}n ned d}k} idxskg

}kxk~ekxlkg hnxn ae`t|tx' dbxng gdèn onxnedxngldg hnxn ggldin ii |dvd zdxngld ~dxeddg ht

ia`vedi}% ~dxd kie` ikziekx sd bdgldiedxed dsxne`n|nx' H|g kset kkek ldg`n% ine ned

}skg`|x' Idxvn% ~kv "e} ;3'62r;82;>8>% lndxn O' ' @k|sddskgg ikz}glk ;>?=. sd

]k`kx}ik~k Etiklk ]tskx dbnx "mnskxglklx. ikeg|}glk=> ht |x hngkekx kxk|xe`|x' Hkz

hngkekx idglnedxngd zo ~kv zdeeniedxngd }kbnv|n' xgdi aekxki Saeg dbnx ikeg|}glk kxk|xe`

aekg bk`k` |d`dengng ngk}glk idxvn ned hdxkhdx inxd |kekx


61/1649

3;

bk`k`g ~kve`k}glk "RRSNN' ikz. idxvn|dg n}|nckld dlne`n|nx' Htgk lk~kgkxki ht hngkgg @aae

gmd}n lgd`ld ~kvelg lg`d`nzn }kekx'


62/1649

38

R' ~~'g ningmn ~kx}% RN' ~~'g hk Hteokx}kgk|glk }kgk|}ke lne sd nòdedxngng aett` lgd`n

aekxki ikhte dlnedhnenx' A lgd`ld Hteokx Ldsed|n dbnxedxngld it~t`mteti% hxagz sd hkix zkgkk|

ax|k~k ikx sd oden`d~d hkekx' D~k sd }kgk| xdvdx|tkx sd }etv hdenxedgnx% ld}dg sd gd}gdedxng

hnnèdxngld Hteokx odedgdiedxn hnnèdgnx' Hteokxekxg xd||nn d~kekx eidld ~k~ogekkxki ogei

~kk` nb|n~kekxg gdèn eld ikxek`k~k hkekx' Lkbk lddxen sd n|nhkxe ogei ~kk` d~kekx

htgekxg lglklx' K~g zk`kglk Hteokxekx |nmkxn gdbnx sd ikxk |nmkxn ~ae kg odgn hnx dineld

iteekgkxki xd||niedxn d~kekx "ogei d~kekx% }} sd zmkmn~d% d~kekx k~gk% ikv ikki s}'. Ax|k lne

sd }| Ik`kgg odgn kekgglk ~k~~axekxl'


63/1649

3=

Bk~skgekxg cnoxedxn }|k|ni sd ldiaxk|nc oxg`di|dlnx' ^zd~n at zk`kg lknxd dineen ld}dged

ikvekg` ht |x inen|edx hnenglnn onhn% }ek` ed`ngld ai ~k~ogl "Itzd~ Kcxniklkg Bkxdz`d iklkx.'

Ht lk Hteokx Ldsed|ngng hnxai ldsed|ed odgn neninedx nngld aelttgtg gd`en hnx o}|dxod}nlnx'

Inen|edxng hkzekx od|nxne`n% hkzekx n}d ~dxen t}|kekx |kxkcglkg ~kve`|'

^kig Latlkg od|nxnedg d~kekx kxk}glk }nenglnx hnn`ngld hxagz hnx inen|ld skxlx' Ht inen|ngzdxngld Kxkvk% Dht Hdinxng aet Kb`d|ng nnlnx' Dhdln kg sd btztx laet hkkx ned bdxd~n

ikv}k~kg t|eteti }kbnhngng ae}tg% ;;


64/1649

3 Hkix

zkgkk| R' ~~'g ~kx}glkg n|nhkxdg% Lat "Kxkv}ek` ked`ngng ]k}kgnedxng. |dignn sd dineedxngng

d|in}n ke|glk oden`d~d hkek`|x' Hteokxekxlk hkixmei odedgdn% hkix edsbklkg ~kve` ii

bkmnèn ikzkgekxek hkek`ki|klx' RRN' ~~'ekxg }agekxglk n}d% kx|i }ek` eidedxngldin% zdeenied

ix`k% a~`k% ha~k`k onhn ~dgn hkixmei ~g|dèdxn hdgn`}dgnx' Hteokx dbnxedxngld ikv ikmki

k|e~dedxn ax|k~k ikx' Hkix sd hxagzlkg ~kve` dn|en ogei bk~k||k iteekgekg "|dgmdxdedx%

hkxlkiekx% }} d~kekx sh'. sd zde gn|denien "o` sd~k ke|g ikvek`ke ikv ikmki sh'. `k`teedxn

hdenxen hnx i}` htxkekxlkg }| Ik`k sd Hk| ]nhnx~k~k lk ~k~e`|x'?6 Ht xgedxng gki sd

ldiaxekxgg à|ncedxn aeltik dn|enlnx' Htgekxg kxk}glk ki hnx dineld Lat |xd}ngd kn| "}skxn%

kxik}gk lgdxdi ~k~g odx`n }skxn ait% kxkhd}i gki sh'. à|ncedxd ld% odedgdi}de Cng Toax

"~x|m bk~skgekx |kxkcglkg }xe` od~ni% ~x|m bk~skgekxg sd itekxg o}|dxn ~x~% ~x|m

bk~skgekxek itk|e` ng}kg sh'. |k}snxedxngng }|nenzd dlnenngd ld xk}|ek`ki `ìglx'?; Hteokx

Ldsed|ngld zdeenied `dxk}nèdxld sd }} aekxki iteekgekg o` kgki èdiedxng gdèn i}`gg%

@kmkxekxg Lat Ksxtvklk htetgltt zk`kg ikv ikmk ln~d gn|dedglnxnedg zde ogedx nng

~kve` o` ikv ikmkg gdèn hnx i}`gg zdeenied Hteokx Ldsed|ngld ~kvel lk

`tb|d`delnx'?8 RN' ~~'lk n}d Hteokx t}|kekx% bd` idgln iteekgèkx% bd` ld }| Ik`k% Txkemnskx sd

Hk| ]nhnx heodedxngd }k|`ki k`km~ek dn|en `k`teedxn bkzxekxidg kx|i gdèn ldxdmdld hnx

tz`kgek% |digni ìd``deend tekèkxlx'

Id`ni A~`k: }kgk| lk d}in odedgdi}de }kgk|ekxlkg hnxn }k~ex' Hteokx zkgkk| t}|kekxgg

iteekgliekx `kezd`dedxng kxk}glk% dsmne bk~skgekxg id`niedxngng ~kg }xk% xdg od~nn ned `t}tg

ha~gtzekx lk htetg`ki|klx' Ax|k kekxlkin ~kzkxekxg hneonedxngldg% Hteokxekxg ksmeiek txk|g%

àxjekxg sd `kàg|ekxg id`niedxngn nedlniedxngn ld xdg`di|d~nz' Hnxai idxd Hteokx Ldsed|ngld

htetgkg deOkxgk|n% ^dx ke|glk n}d cneedxng ikx onhn hd`hd~kz itxtgiklkx kx lnedxn htetg`ki|klx'Htgekxg bkgon bk~skglkg ixe` aeltt hneng`n~ax' Htgekx Bkxdz` ned Baxk}kgk od|nxn~axekx'


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Agekxlkg cne |kxkiekx% mdskbnx it|tekx sh' d~kekx ~kve`ki|klx% kgmki htgekx cne id`nngldg ~kvekg

d~kekxlkg lkbk }kek`lxekx% ixe`~axekx diengld hnzn% ht iagtlk hneonedglnx`di|dlnx'?=

Hne~kxid`ni a~`k k|e~dedxngd kn| xgedxng htetg`k} "l`dedx% ikv }kvekx% ai tekx% |aikekx%

|kxkiekx% cnedx% }k|xkg cnoxedxn sh'.% agekxg htetgltiekx n dbxng nin `kbkeed}ngld eaikenzd d|`d~n

}kekl'?< ^x|m it okok}gk hdgzd~dg n| }kvekx idglngd zo dineedxn~ed k~x| dlnenxedx' Hnx ld

id`nien sd vxk|ni|d k~g aekg hxagz d~kekx lk htetg`t|tx'?4 Oxgd oxd% htgekx }dxn xd|nedg

d~kekxlx% htgekxlkg hnxn}ngng idgkx hk}n| lknxd diengld hdzdiedxed ikvelx'?3

Aitgtg }ae hnedngn iaxt`ki nng id`ni|dg ~kvekg k}|kx zde }kgk|}ke zdeeniedxn~ed lniik|

di`di|dlnx' "@nee @zd V\.' A aske hnx died }kbnv aetv vxacnen ha~tgmk dni|nx' Id`dxedxn hkek`ki

nng ~kvekg lx| nc| ldeni|dg sd idgkxekxk id}ne`n cag zdxngld }kx`ki cnenz à|ncen haxlx

}i|xe`|x' K}|kxg |` }| i}`g% nin |kxkcglk ha~tgekxg ~tikx laxt tzk|kg sd vdgdedxngld

od~ni ~ksxt}tgtg hkg |t|kg ~x|m itekxg htetgltt oslden kk|k a|txkg vtbt itt

diengldin aeltik ikx`ki hnx ia`vazn}~ag |dine d|`di|dlnx'

Ia`vazn}~ag aeltik bdldcedgdmdi% ki hnx dineld nckld dlne`n|nx sd ske~d ie|x ned

vt|vdxd}|eni à|ncedxngn hnxed|nxdg Hteokx dxedxngng k}idx o}|dxn ia`vedi}edxngd sd xn|deedxngd

t~`ki|klx'

K}idxn ~kk`g lndx d~kekx lk k~g dineld }n|need`n|nx' xgdng% d~dx ikg }}ed~dg dni

edsbk diengldin id`ni vkxk} k|hkekx ned }}elx' gmd tzk|e` edsbkgg ~zd~n bkcncd a~`ke

ned`dedxed ikvelx' in ixi nzon% ~zd~n% xa`h diengldin heod~d k~x`ki|klx' Ht heodedx% lndx

Hteokx d~kekxglkg |kgl`z cnenz "Hnzkg} }l. à|ncn~ed }}edg`n|nx' @dxidzngld% gai|k aekg

lknxd diengldin Hteokx id`ni a~`kekxgk zo à|nc sd ia`vazn}~agtg l` gai|kekxgg xn|`ni

stxotekx hdenx|nedxdi ~dxed|nxne n|nx'??

It~t`mteti Zkgkk|: Hteokxia}|`gd zo ld|k~ekxg nngld iklgekxg% hagmti% o` kiki

k}iekx% ivd% hnedzni sd ~zi onhn }} d~kekxgk lniik| di`di odxdinx' Htgekx dn|en i~`d|en ld`nx

sd kekèkxlkg "ke|g% o`% ckxie hxagz dn|edxn. dn|en zkgkk| |dignn sd ~g|dèdxngng

iteekge`k}~ek ~kve~axlt'

Dg kgekè}% o`|dg "dgldx aekxki ke|glkg. ~kvekg kiki k}iekxlx'?2 Hdeen in% htgekx iklg

kvik}gk sd~k hk hkgk ~kv|xekxki nc| dineld |kg`ki|k~l' Odgdeenied k}iekx "kv 4 m`

iklkx.% zdxngd }kek` dinxldi|dg id`dxed k~xe` nin vkxklkg aetkg hnx sd~k vkek`t|dineen nn

ha hagmti |kgdedxngng odnxnelnn h~id hnx ~zd hdgzd`di|d~ln' K~g zk`kglk% k}iekxg ke|

hagmtk |t||txtekg dien n|nhkx~ek hnxhnxngd hdgzd~dg }xk bkengld vkxkgg diedglnn xgdiedxngd ld

xk}|ekg`ki|klx' Htgekxg bdv}n ngmd skxki o`|dg% ke|g sd~k hxagz kekèkxglkg ~kve`ki|k9

~zd~edxn n}d hkzdg edbnèdg`n ii zdxxdedx diengldin vnxk`n|niedxed }}edg`di|d~ln'

Hteokxt}|kekxgg dg ge d}dxedxn% ax|k}glk cnenoxkglkg ~kve` }|nenzd dlne`n it cnox "xldi~k lk ikz1. htetgltxkg kiki k}iekxlx' It ~kx ki okok}glk% ii hagmti |kgd}n |t|`ki|klx


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"hkzdg ht hagmti |kgd}n okoklk htetgkg ~zi|dlnx.' Ke| hagmtk% k~g dineld ii vkxkmiekxlkg

aetkg vnxk`n|niedxed }}edg`n% vkek`t| dineen zngmnxen k}iekx |kie`|x' Hdgzdxn }}ed`dedxng

kgek`g kiek~kg hnxik bnva|dz htetg`ki|klx: Iazàoagni "xldi% ~dx ixdgng ~kxk|m}lx.%

|nen|dx "xldi kned `t|etettgtg% bk~xg }d`haelx. sh' Bdxbkeld% htgekx }a~et bkg`dcdglnedx

|kxkcglkg ~k~og aekxki iteekgekg aldxg zn~gd|edxldgln sd n~nenng }d`haenzd d|`di|d~lnedx'

Izekxk kn| zn~gd|edx kxk}glk% }k hkekx klg sdxlnn`nz }k zn~gd|edxngng xae gdènlnx' Htgekx

aeltik dn|en aetv% hxagzlkg sd~k hkix vkxkekxlkg ~kve~axlt' Hdgzdxn zn~gd|edxn% tekx xldi

vdgdedxn~ed }|nenzd dlne`n "4?. zngmnxed lagk|e` lz lie` }kei` k}iekxlx' Ht k}i% kvik~k

nv sd~k zngmnx kxkme~ek }k xo}g ni`ke dldmdi dineld |kie~axlt' Htgekx zde iz zn~gd|edxnlnx'

gi dsedg`n iklgekx }kekxg x|~ax sd ckxie zn~gd|edx |ki~axlt' Ckxie ~kgekxk dsxne`n nin k|

diengldin }k hkekx lk aeltik axnjngkelnx' Ht |x }} dien a lgd`ld ckzekmk ~k~og aetv% |nvaeajni

sd }|nen}|ni hki`lkg aeltik ldnni hnx d~k aekxki ikx`zk i`ki|klx' Odedgdi}de aekxki htgtg

onhn zaaàxcni "bk~skg dineen. }}ed`dedx SNNNNR' ~~'lk Saeok Txke heod}n Lat Cng sd Toaxbkeiekxgg iklg i~kcd|edxngng Lkbklkin }} vkxkekxg |dine d|`di|d~ln'?> Kgmki R' ~~'lk htgekxg

xd|n`n Hteokx dbnxedxngld "Xt}~klk lk aeltt onhn26. aeltik n~nmd hdgn`}dg`n|nx' Ht zn~gd|edx

Hteokx Ldsed|ngldg% |avet aekxki Ax|k lnesd }| Ik`k}kingedxngd tek~axlt'

Hteokx Ldsed|ngld de zn~gd|edxngldg% lz nzon% edsbk sd xo dineedxngldin hnedzniedx aeltik

~k~ogl' Htgekxlkg dg ai |dxmnb dlnedgedxn edsbk diengldin hnedzniedxln gi% htgekxg ~kv` iaek~

sd zdxedxngd a~`k ned`dedxngng ~kve`k} nng aeltik t~otglt' Ht hnedzniedxng ~kgglk hk}n| ekiagni

xe~dcen ned`den hnedzniedxd xk}|ekgl onhn% Hnzkg}]l à|ncngng ldnni dineedxn~ed% hn|in gkiekx

sd lknxdedxed }}edg`n aekgekxgk lk xk}|ekg`ki|klx' K~g zk`kglk Itxkg }txdedxngldg kegkg

Kxkvk ~kzekxek sd kxkhd}ied }}edg`n aekg hnedzniedxd ld xk}|ekgx' ^kveliekx `klldedxd

hkielglk o` sd o` kek`lkg ~kve`


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\d`dengn ~dxde ineedxng aet|txltt }dxk`ni i|ededxn hnxik oxthk k~xex'2< Hteokx èdinedxn

èdi ~kv`glk ai ckxie dineedxld sd idglnedxngd zo hnx ~g|d` iteekgèkxlx' Ine i|ed}ngldg

~kvekg }nmnèdxn }vnxke dineld ~dxed|nxnv lkbk }agxk èdin lknxd}ngld tzk|èkxlx' Ht

èdiedxng htglkg }agxkin ~zd~ nedèdxn n}d t dineldlnx% ine }i }i èdin lknxd}ngld

lglxev% it`k ldxn vkxk}% kk% hki sd~k deed lzde|nedxdi hae hae mnekekgx' eong|nx in |d}|nedx

}vnxke }nmn` ~kv|x`k |dignn ned lkbk hk}n| dineen ikv ikmkiekx% cngmkgekx% i}dedx% }ki}ekx n}d vkxk

vkxk }vnxken`}n ~kv|x`k |dignn ned ~kve~axlt' @t|cki ikv ikmkiekxgg h~i i}` hdzdenlnx'

Lkeokenzonen% znizki oxgè hdzdedx% vxzedx% |kxki nzedxn% idx|niedx hnx ld kxkei}z lnid~ sd~k

~k|k~ mnekekxek ckxie hnxednèdxld ikx`zk ikx'24

@aae gmd}n Hteokxekxg èdineni kekgglk iteekgl% |digni ~g|dèdx "èdin amkgg

dn|en |nvedxngng iteekg` lk htgk lkbnelnx. sd dn|en ked|edx "hkiekx% ixdiedx% mnek cxk} sh'. Lat

Ksxtvk% Ax|k K}~k sd Ikzkin}|kglkin ht zkgkk|kekggg oden`d}n~ed ~kiglkg hkekg|elx' Lat

heodedxn~ed aekg }i neninedx% dn|en }xekxg li }mkiei|k khti vn`d |digaeajn}n sd ~g|d`ngdAx|k K}~k |digaeajn}ngng diedg`d}ngldg ax|k~k i`|x'23

Hne~kx dbnx ikeg|ekxgg kxk|x`kekx~ek hnengdg ]xe }dxk`ni xd|n`n% Hteokxekx |kxkcglkg R'

~~'g ningmn ~kx}glk hdgn`}dg`n|nx'2? \d}|nedx% ikvekx% kgkiekx% ek`hkekx% odgdeenied ia~t ~dne

xdgon~ed% |d`deld }x}z èdineni }dxk`nngd zo hnn`n `tbkckzk d|`di|d~lnedx' Hteokxekx zde

ltxtèkx nng lge` ht ikvekx ~kzekxek }}ed`d`nedxlnx9 xe~dcen gki% }xek ikvekg`k` aekg

bdgz itxt`k` ine ~zd~d ~kve`|x% ht lk ~g|d` aekxki `k`teedxng ldiaxtgk ~kiglx' Gkiekx%

}nsxn sd id}ing gd}gd~ed% ngmd hnx dineld |d}|ngng osld}ngd a~tekxki nzne`n sd~k zde hnx ked|ed

hk}ekxki ine osldld bkcnc id}niedxed }kld cnoxedx aet|tx`t|tx' Hteokx ikvekxgg% xe~dcen ~kve%

agekxg ~i}di hakzekx sd cnoxe itevekxgk ~kv|xe` ine |deedxldg aekg ikhkx|`k }nenglnxedxed

kx||x~axekxl sd d~kekxlkg hkzekx a~`ke titxekxk }kbnv|n' Itxke aekxki% osldgng ax|k sd hakz

i}`glkin ldiaxekx% xn|`ni aekxki }xkekgkg tg}txekxek }}edg`n ckxie dgldin nzonedxldg

aet`ki|klx9 ht nzonedxn ld `t}% ia% k~ onhn bk~skg ikckekxg }|nenzd dldg cnoxe iaeekx

|k`kèk`ki|klx'

Hdenx|`di odxdinx in% @aae gmd}n Hteokx }dxk`ni }kgk|% xd|n` |digaeajn}ngld aeltt onhn dine

sd ldiaxk|nc xdvdx|tskxglk lk |k` hnx kxikni ikxki|dxd }kbnv|nx' ^dxde }dxk`ni xd|n`n }dxn hnx dineldae`k}gk ikxg% ni|nlkx hkglkin z`xdedxng iteekgliekx }dxk`ni bdx bkeld n|bkeln' Kxidaeajni

`kezd`dedxng kxk}glk @ksdxkggdbnxldg% g sd ^kig Latlkg od|nxne`n vaenixa`ni ikv ikmki lk

~k~og aekxki htetg`ki|klx'22 }ek` ed`ngng lndx heodedxngldg od|nxnedg }dxk`ni ikv ikmki lne

Hteokxekxgg }dxk`ni xd|n`ngn laxtlkg d|ined`d`n|nx' \digaeajngng odenn`ngldin ckxie }dsn~d ld

htgk nìkg |kg`k`|x' Kgmki htgekx% zdeenied `|dkinv lgdèdxld lndx zkgkk| kekgekxglkin

dn|en à|nc sd dineedx nng hnxdx ik~gki ae`t|tx' Ax|k K}~klk RN' ~~' khnldedxn~ed neonen vkxeki hnx

oden`d ik~ld|`d`nz `n`kxn }dxk`nd% lkbk zn~kld a~`ke vn`n ined odengmd% Hteokxekxg ngkk|

ie|x zdeeniedxn k~g zk`kglk% nien` kx|ekx agtg "hngkekxg l ldiaxk}~agtglk. iteekge`k}gk nzng

sdx`d`n|nx'


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K|dd lk~kgie ineldg ~kve` iagni ~zd~en ikvekxlk }ek` lg~k}glkin Ax|k kdbnxedxngng

kxidaeajni kxk|x`kekx }xk}glk htetg`t axnjngke d~kekxlkglx X' @' Lmkgvaekl~kgg ckxie dineld

hdenx||nngd oxd% ht |x ikvekx% odgn hnx kekglk @}x% g sd Ii K}~k% xkg % Ax|k K}~k Ikcik} sd

Itzd~ Ikcik}|k% Ix`sd lneha~ekxglk2> oxe`di|dlnx' Iagni ~zd~en ikvekxk Hteokxdbnxedxngldg

htetgkg ikeg|ekx kxk}glk lk aeltik }i xk}|ek`ki|klx9 zdeenied Hne~kxlk ai htetg`t|tx'>6

Htgekxg gdxdld gnng iteekgel iagt}t n}d |kx|`kelx' }vk| dg oe aekg ox% htgekxg }s

`d|keedxng "mnsk. |kg`k} sd `tbkckzk dlne`d}n nng zkgkk| kekgglk iteekgellx' Hne~kxlkin

`d|kexjn k|e~d heod}ngld% ixi sd h|g aekxki 466 iagni oxgè d~kgg htetg`t ae`k} lk

|d}klc ldnelnx'>; Htgekxg hnxatglk% hkz nkxd|edx "Inxne keckhd}ngldin }ae |kxkcglkg it~xtiet _

bkxcngd hdgzdx nkxd| sd ~k|k~ dineldin O bkxcngd hdgzdx ok`ke bk diengldin nkxd|.

htetg`t|tx'>8 Htgekxlkg hnx i}` "_ bkxcngd hdgzdx aekg. K' B' Bkenias |kxkcglkg

Heokx!Haeokx diengld aitg`t|tx' Ht onhn ikvekxg Hteokx dbnxedxngld ~kve` ae`k} sd

htetg`k}% htxklk oden`n zkgkk| aelttgtg ~kg }xk Lat eidedxn~ed }xdien sd aeltik bkxdid|en

|nmkxn hkekg|ekx htetglttgk lk nkxd| d|`di|dlnx'

H~edmd% Hteokx Ldsed|ngld Ax|k k |avet`tgtg% dbnx ie|xgg `d~lkgk ode`d}n sd

oden`d}n% }e` }kgk|gg axnjngke hnx kekggg aett`tgk gdldg ae`t|tx' Hteokx }kgk|% d~k

|nvedxngng ai dn|enenngng ~kg }xk% gkiekxg }|nen}|ni sd cax` hki`glkg lk aeltik zdgong aelttgt

ikg|ek`ki|klx' Ckxie |digni sd ldiax ~g|dèdxngn n~n hnx dineld hnedg Hteokx t}|kekxgg xgedxngld%

hk}n| nzonen sd lknxd dineen gkiekxlkg ndien hn|in}de sd bk~skg à|ncedxngd iklkx ldnni ldiax

dineedxn ~k~og hnx hnn`ld iteekge`|x' Htgtgek hnxeni|d |` ht à|ncedx% }kldmd `n|aeajni |k}snxedx

sd~k `n|edxng kiek`k} ae`k`% gki xdvdx|tskxgg hnx i}`g |dine d|`n% kx`k }d`haeedxn xaeg

ld a~gk`|x' R'RNNN' ~~'ekxlkin Hteokx }kgk| sd ie|x |kxnbngng kxk|x`kekx o}|dxn~ax in% ht

lgd`ld% }ek`g vt|vdxd}|ed`d}n ldne% ki}ngd Hteokx odedgdiedxngng sd ie|xgg

}ekèk|xe k} sd Ax|k k ie|xgg aet|txte`k} }xdmn odxdied`n|nx'

RRNNN' ~~'g nei ~kx}glk lne Hteokx Ldsed|ngldin ikx`ki |avet`tg }kgk|% kx|i R'

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Türkler-Cilt-06 orta çağ (TÜRK TARiHi ÜZERiNE ÇALışMALAR VE GENEL DEĞERLENDiRMELER)