tula[;k&o n~f/k vkSj foKku · tula[;k&o`n~f/k dkQh rst gks xbZ gSA fnYyh dk gh mnkgj.k ysaA ;gk¡ gj lky 20 yk[k yksx jkstxkj dh ryk'k esa xk¡oksa rFkk ckgj ds {ks=kksa ls vkdj cl

tula[;k&on~f/k vkSj foKku

fganh136

ekWM~;wy - 5 [kfoKku dh Hkk"kk&fganh

fVIi.kh

36

tula[;k&o`n~f/k vkSj foKku

Nys ikBksa dks i<+rs gq, vkius foKku ds egRo dks le>k gksxkA lkFk gh vkius;g Hkh ns[kk gksxk fd gekjs ns'k esa foKku us dkQh fodkl fd;k gSA vkt

finqfu;k esa tc Hkh dgha foKku ds fodkl dh ppkZ dh tkrh gS] rks gekjs ns'k dkuke t:j fy;k tkrk gSA ysfdu foKku ds brus O;kid Lrj ij fodkl dj ysusds ckn Hkh gekjs ns'k dk uke fodflr ns'kksa dh lwph esa ugha vkrkA vkt Hkh bldhfxurh fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa gh dh tkrh gSA D;k vkius dHkh lkspk fd bldkdkj.k D;k gS \ bldk dkj.k gS] gekjs ns'k dk fo'kky tulewg ;kuh tula[;k&c<+rhvkcknhA tula[;k vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k gj vkneh rd lgh <ax ls foKku dkykHk ugha igq¡p ikrk vkSj ;gh dkj.k gS fd gekjs ns'k dks ftruk fodkl djukpkfg, mruk ugha dj ikrkA

mn~ns';

bl ikB dks i<+us ds ckn vki

l tula[;k&o`n~f/k dk Lo:i Li"V dj ldsaxs(

l nqfu;kHkj ds ns'kksa esa gks jgh tula[;k dh o`n~f/k ds ckjs esa crk ldsaxs(

l tula[;k&o`n~f/k ds dkj.k le>k ldsaxs(

l Hkkjr esa tula[;k&o`n~f/k ds dkj.k mRiUu leL;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k dj ldsaxs(

l tula[;k fu;a=k.k dh fn'kk esa foKku n~okjk fd, tk jgs mik;ksa dh lwph cukldsaxs(

l tula[;k fu;a=k.k dh vko';drk fln~/k dj ldsaxsA

fØ;kdyki

1- vkius txg&txg ifjokj fu;kstu ds fy, yxs iksLVj vkSj foKkiu ns[ks


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fVIi.kh

§§§§§

gksaxsA mUgsa ns[k dj vkids eu esa dqN&u&dqN fopkj vo'; mHkjrs gksaxsA mUgsa,d lkQ dkxt ij fyf[k,A

2- ifjokj fu;kstu laca/kh pkj ukjs ,df=kr dj ;gk¡ fyf[k,A¼d½ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&¼[k½ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&¼x½ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&¼?k½ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

36-1 vkb,] le>satula[;k&o`n~f/k dk Lo:i

tula[;k&o`n~f/k ds Lo:i dks le>us ds fy, dqN ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa dks tku ysukt:jh gSA vkb,] igys mu 'kCnksa dh ifjHkk"kk le>rs gSaA

tUenj % izfro"kZ izfr gtkj O;fDr ij iSnk gksus okys thfor cPpksa dh la[;k dkstUenj dgrs gSaA

e`R;qnj % izfro"kZ izfr gtkj O;fDr ij e`r O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k dks e`R;qnj dgrsgSaA

;kuh ,d lky eas iSnk gq, cPpksa dh la[;k esa ls ml lky esa ejus okyksa dh la[;kdks ?kVk nsa rks tula[;k&o`n~f/k dk irk pyrk gSA

izfro"kZ iSnk gksus okys cPpksa dh la[;k & ejus okys O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k ¾ tula[;k&o`n~f/k

D;k vki tkurs gSa fd nqfu;k esa lcls vf/kd rsth ls tula[;k&o`n~f/k dgk¡ gksrh gS\th gk¡! Hkkjr esaA iwjh nqfu;k esa gj lky 8 djksM+ dh tula[;k&o`n~f/k gksrh gS] ftlesals 2 djksM+ dh o`n~f/k vdsys Hkkjr djrk gSA ;kuh iwjh nqfu;k dh dqy tula[;k&o`n~f/k dk ,d pkSFkkbZ fgLlk vdsys Hkkjr djrk gSA Hkkjr esa izfr feuV 52 cPps iSnkgksrs gSaA blh rjg tula[;k dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr nqfu;k dk nwljk lcls cM+k ns'k gSAigys LFkku ij phu gSA fdarq {ks=kQy dh n`f"V ls nqfu;k esa Hkkjr dk lkrok¡ LFkkugSA ;kuh {ks=kQy ds vuqikr esa Hkkjr dh tula[;k dbZ xquk vf/kd gSA blhfy, ;gk¡tula[;k&o`n~f/k ds dkj.k tuthou ls tqM+h vusd ijs'kkfu;k¡ iSnk gks xbZ gSaA

Hkkjr dh 70 izfr'kr tula[;k xk¡oksa esa jgrh gSA ogk¡ Bhd ls tula[;k fu;a=k.kds mik;ksa dk iz;ksx u gks ikus ds dkj.k tUenj vf/kd gSA fdarq 'kgjksa esa jkstxkjdh ryk'k esa xk¡o ds yksxksa dk rsth ls iyk;u gksrk gS] ftl dkj.k 'kgjksa esatula[;k&o`n~f/k dkQh rst gks xbZ gSA fnYyh dk gh mnkgj.k ysaA ;gk¡ gj lky 20

yk[k yksx jkstxkj dh ryk'k esa xk¡oksa rFkk ckgj ds {ks=kksa ls vkdj cl tkrs gSaAyxHkx ;gh fLFkfr eqacbZ] csaxywj rFkk nwljs egkuxjksa esa Hkh gSA bl rjg xk¡o ls yksxksads 'kgjksa esa vkdj clrs pys tkus ds dkj.k ogk¡ jgus ds LFkku dh deh] ihus ds ikuhdh leL;k] fctyh rFkk ;krk;kr dh leL;k c<+ tkrh gSA blds lkFk gh Hkkjh ek=kkesa dpjk iSnk gksrk gS] ftlls rjg&rjg dh chekfj;k¡ iSnk gksrh gSaA


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fVIi.kh

36-2 fo'o esa tula[;k&o`n~f/k dk Lo:i

nqfu;k dh dqy vkcknh Ng vjc ls Hkh vf/kd gSA vki Åij i<+ pqds gSa fd vkBdjksM+ izfr o"kZ ds fglkc ls nqfu;k dh vkcknh c<+ jgh gSA /;ku nsus dh ckr rks;g gS fd bl c<+rh vkcknh dk lcls vf/kd fgLlk fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk gSA tgk¡vesfjdk] Ýkal] fczVsu] teZuh vkfn tSls fodflr ns'kksa esa tula[;k&o`n~f/k dh nj0-1% gS] phu lesr vU; fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh vkSlr tula[;k&o`n~f/k2-0% gSA bl c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k esa vf/kdka'k ;ksxnku vÝhdh vkSj ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksadk gSA 1900 ls ysdj 1975 rd nqfu;k esa gqbZ dqy tula[;k&o`n~f/k dk 80%

fgLlk fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk jgk] tks vc c<+dj 98% rd igq¡p x;k gSA

vÝhdh ns'kksa esa tula[;k&o`n~f/k dk vkSlr nj 2-5% gSA bZjku] bjkd] dqoSr];eu] vkseku] drj] lhfj;k vkfn eqfLyens'kksa esa tula[;k&o`n~f/k dh vkSlr nj 2-2%

gSA Hkkjr] ikfdLrku] Jhyadk] vQxkfuLrku]caxykns'k] usiky vkSj HkwVku tSls n{ksl ¼lkdZ½ns'kksa esa vkSlr tula[;k&o`n~f/k dh nj 1-9%

gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bUgha ns'kksa esa csjkstxkjh]fuj{kjrk rFkk Hkz"Vkpkj tSlh tfVy leL;k,¡gSaA

lu~ 2000 rd Hkkjr dh dqy vkcknh c<+dj1 vjc gks xbZ FkhA bl n`f"V ls nqfu;k dkgj 60 ok¡ O;fDr Hkkjrh; gSA vkt 2007 esaHkkjr dh tula[;k 1,02,87,37,436 gSAftuesa 53,22,23,090 iq#"k rFk 49,65,14,346 efgyk,¡ gSaA tula[;k&o`n~f/k ds dkj.k Hkkjr nqfu;k ds dqN leL;kxzLr ns'kksa esa ls ,d gSA ;gk¡ tUenjrFkk e`R;q nj esa yxHkx 4 xqus dk varj gSA ;fn Hkkjr esa tula[;k&o`n~f/k ijfu;a=k.k ugha fd;k x;k rks ;g orZeku tula[;k dqN gh n'kdksa esa nks xquh gkstk,xh vkSj vuqeku gS fd 2025 rd vkrs&vkrs [kkn~;kUu rFkk ihus ds ikuh dkHk;kud ladV iSnk gks tk,xkA

ikBxr iz'u 36-1

dks"Bd esa fn, fodYiksa essa ls lgh fodYi Nk¡V dj fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,A1- tula[;k&o`n~f/k dgrs gSa ------------------------------------

¼d½ e`R;qnj rFkk tUenj ds ;ksx dks

¼[k½ tUenj rFkk e`R;qnj ds varj dks

¼x½ izfro"kZ izfr gtkj O;fDr ij iSnk gksus okys cPpksa dks ]

¼?k½ izfro"kZ izfr gtkj O;fDr ij e`r O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k dks

fp=k % tula[;k on~f/k dk Lo:i


fganh 139


fVIi.kh

2- Hkkjr esa izfro"kZ ----------------------------------dh tula[;k&o`n~f/k gksrh gSA

¼d½ 1 vjc ¼x½ 2 djksM+

¼[k½ 8 djksM+ ¼?k½ 10 djksM+

3- tula[;k dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr nqfu;k dk ------------------------ lcls cM+k ns'k gSA

¼d½ igyk ¼x½ rhljk

¼[k½ nwljk ¼?k½ pkSFkk

4- Hkkjr esa tUenj rFkk e`R;qnj ds chp dk varj yxHkx -----------xquk gSA

¼d½ 2 ¼x½ 4

¼[k½ 3 ¼?k½ 5

36-3 tula[;k&o`n~f/k ds dkj.k

gekjs ns'k esa tula[;k&o`n~f/k ds vusd dkj.k gSaA mUgha dkj.kksa esa ls ,d dkj.k ;gHkh gS fd rjg&rjg dh nokb;ksa] fpfdRlk in~/kfr;ksa rFkk oSKkfud midj.kksa dh[kkst o iz;ksxksa ls foKku us e`R;qnj ij rks vo'; fu;a=k.k ik fy;k] fdarq tUenjdh o`n~f/k ij fu;a=k.k u ik ldk ftlds pyrs ,dne ls tula[;k esa o`n~f/k 'kq:gqbZ] tks vkt rd tkjh gSA

tula[;k c<+rh xbZ vkSj yksxksa us rsth ls vius fodkl vkSj thou esa lqfo/kkvksa ds[;ky ls oSKkfud midj.kksa dk va/kk/kaq/k iz;ksx 'kq: dj fn;k ftl dkj.k i;kZoj.kiznw"k.k] vkstksu ijr esa Nsn dh vk'kadk] yksxksa dk thou;kiu ds fy, 'kgjksa dh rjQiyk;u] ihus ds ikuh dh leL;k] xjhch] csjkstxkjh] ikfjfLFkfrdh; leL;k rFkk,M~l tSls Hk;kud jksxksa dh leL;k mRiUu gks xbZA bl rsth ls c<+rh tula[;kds dkj.k u flQZ gekjs ns'k esa cfYd iwjh nqfu;k esa ladV xgjk x;k gSA vki Hkhv[k+ckjksa esa i<+ dj Vsyhfotu rFkk jsfM;ks ij ns[k&lqudj bu leL;kvksa ls dqN gnrd ifjfpr gks x, gksaxsA

ysfdu ,slk ugha gS fd tula[;k&o`n~f/k vkSj blls mRiUu leL;kvksa dks c<+kus esafoKku dk gh gkFk gSA tula[;k&o`n~f/k dks jksdus esa foKku dh dkQh cM+h HkwfedkgSA ftu ns'kksa esa tula[;k&o`n~f/k fcYdqy lkekU; gks xbZ gS mu ns'kksa esa foKku]fodkl dk;ks± esa Hkh yksxksa dh dkQh enn dj jgk gS vkSj ftu ns'kksa esa tula[;k&o`n~f/k ls T;knk leL;k,¡ iSnk gks xbZ gSa mu ns'kksa esa bu leL;kvksa ls fuiVus esa HkhfoKku lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gSA

gekjs ns'k esa tula[;k&o`n~f/k ds vusd dkj.kksa esa ls izeq[k dkj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa&

1- csgrj fpfdRlk lqfo/kk

igys mfpr fpfdRlk lqfo/kk,¡ miyC/k u gksus ds dkj.k yksx NksVh&eksVh chekfj;ksaesa viax gks tkrs Fks vFkok e`R;q dks izkIr gks tkrs FksA fdarq foKku dh rjDdh ds


fganh140


fVIi.kh

lkFk&lkFk oSKkfudksa us eysfj;k] dkyk&vtkj]Vh- ch-] fVVusl] iksfy;ks tSlh vke rFkkHk;kud chekfj;ksa ij rks fu;a=k.k ik ghfy;k] LokLF; laca/kh vU; ijs'kkfu;ksa dkmipkj Hkh <+w¡<+ fy;kA rjg&rjg ds fpfdRlkmidj.kksa dk fodkl gqvkA ns'k ds dksus&dksusesa vLirky [kksys x, rFkk eq¶r fpfdRlklqfo/kk,¡ miyC/k djokbZ xb±A vkneh dhvkSlr mez igys ls c<+ xbZA bl rjge`R;qnj esa dkQh deh vkbZ] fdarq tUenj ijbruh rsth ls fu;a=k.k ds mik; ugha fd,x,] ftldk urhtk ;g fudyk fd ns'k esa tula[;k&o`n~f/k rst gks xbZA

gekjs ikl vktknh ls igys dk tks vk¡dM+k miyC/k gS] mlls irk pyrk gS fdvktknh ls igys gekjs ns'k esa tula[;k&o`n~f/k dh nj cgqr de FkhA vktknh dsigys tks tula[;k 32 djksM+ ds vkl&ikl Fkh ogh vktknh ds ckn ,dne lsc<+uh 'kq: gqbZ vkSj vkt yxHkx rhu xquh gks xbZ gSA

2. vf'k{kk

vkt Hkh gekjs ns'k esa vk/ks ls vf/kd yksx fuj{kj gSaaA tks i<+s fy[ks gSa muesa ls HkhT;knkrj yksxksa dh i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ Bhd ls ugha gqbZ gSA bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk gSfd yksxksa ds eu ls va/kfo'okl ugha fudy ik, gSaA yksxksa dks ns'k dh c<+rh gqbZtula[;k ls mRiUu gksus okyh leL;kvksa dh tkudkjh ugha gSA

de i<+s&fy[ks gksus ;k fuj{kj gksus ds dkj.k yksxksa dks ifjokj fu;kstu ds mik;ksadh Bhd ls tkudkjh ugha gSA os vkt Hkh cPpksa dks Hkxoku vkSj vYykg dh nsuekurs gSaA efgykvksa dk f'k{kk&Lrj iq#"kksa dh vis{kk dkQh de gS ftlls os viusLokLF; ds izfr lpsr ugha gSa] rFkk vf/kd cPps iSnk gksus ls mRiUu leL;kvksa lsvufHkK gSaaA vf/kdka'k yksxksa ds eu esa vkt Hkh ;g /kkj.kk cSBh gqbZ gS fd ulcanhds ckn 'kjhj detksj gks tkrk gS vkSj dke djus dh {kerk de gks tkrh gSAblfy, os ulcanh ugha djkrs vkSj tula[;k c<+krs tkrs gSaA

3. va/kfo'okl

vkt Hkh vf/kdka'k yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd cPps bZ'oj dh Ñik ls izkIr gksrs gSa]blfy, bZ'oj dh bPNk dks jksdus dh dksf'k'k ugha djuh pkfg,A bl rjg ,dds ckn ,d os dbZ cPps iSnk djrs pys tkrs gSaaaA dqN yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd larkuvf/kd gksus ls cPps firk ds dke esa gkFk c¡Vkrs gSa ftlls mUgsa cq<+kis esa vkjkefeyrk gSA dqN yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd ifjokj fu;kstu ds fy, ulcanh djkus lsbZ'oj ukjkt gks tkrk gSA bl rjg izpfyr va/kfo'okl tula[;k ij fu;a=k.k ikusesa enn djus dh ctk; mls c<+krs tkrs gSaA

fp=k % csgrj fpfdRlk


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4. cky&fookg vFkok de mez esa fookg

vkt Hkh gekjs ns'k esa cky&fookg rFkk de mez esa fookg tSlh dqizFkk,¡ izpfyr gSaAcgqr ls ekrk&firk ;g ekurs gSa fd fd'kksj gksrs gh larku fookg ;ksX; gks tkrh gSA'kkjhfjd ifjorZu dks os fookg dh vko';drk ekuus yxrs gSa tcfd ;g ,d HkzegSA 'kkjhfjd ifjorZu cpiu ls ysdj cq<+kis rd pyus okyh lgt izfØ;k gSA bldkvFkZ ;g ugha fd yM+dk ;k yM+dh 'kkjhfjd ekufld ifjiDork dks ;k fookg&;ksX;mez dks izkIr dj pqdk gSA bl vifjiDo mez esa 'kkjhfjd laca/k vusd izdkj ls?kkrd gksrk gSA izk;% yM+ds&yM+fd;k¡ fd'kksjkoLFkk esa gksus okys 'kkjhfjd vkSjHkkokukRed ifjorZuksa ls vifjfpr gksrs gSaA tYnh 'kknh gks tkus ds dkj.k fd'kksjtYnh ek¡&cki cu tkrs gSaA blls cPps rks T;knk iSnk gkssrs gh gSa] muds LokLF; ijHkh cqjk izHkko iM+rk gSA vr% ljdkj us ;g dkuwu cuk;k fd 18 o"kZ ls de mez esayM+fd;ksa dh rFkk 21 o"kZ ls de mez esa yM+dksa dh 'kknh dkuwuu vijk/k gSA

de mez esa 'kknh gks tkus ls fd'kksj&fd'kksfj;ksadks vius Hkfo"; dh fpark ugha gksrh vkSj osc<+rh tula[;k ds nq"ifj.kkeksa ls ifjfpr ughagks ikrsA de mez esa fookfgr gksus okysvf/kdka'k ;qok vkfFkZd :i ls nwljksa ij vkfJrgksrs gSaA bl rjg cPpk iSnk dj yxkrkj vU;vkfJrksa dh la[;k Hkh c<+krs tkrs gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i dekus okyksa dh la[;k de rFkk [kkusokyksa dh la[;k vf/kd gksus ls ifjokj ijvkfFkZd cks> c<+rk tkrk gSA

5. yM+ds dh pkg esa yM+fd;k¡ iSnkdjrs pys tkuk

yksx lksprs gSa fd yM+dk gh firk dh tk;nkn dk vlyh okfjl gksrk gS] ogh firkds lkFk jgrk gSA csfV;k¡ rks ijkbZ gksrh gSaA csVk gh firk dh lsok djrk gS rFkk vafrelaLdkj rd mlds lkFk jgrk gSA bl rjg ,d csVs dh pkg esa yksx dbZ&dbZyM+fd;k¡ iSnk djrs pys tkrs gSaA os yM+fd;ksa vkSj yM+dksa ds chp HksnHkko dks Hkhc<+kok nsrs gSaA bl HksnHkko ds pyrs yM+ds vkSj yM+dksa ds ikyu&iks"k.k esa vkjaHk lsgh vlekurk cjrh tkrh gSA O;ogkj ls ysdj [kku&iku rd dh vlekurkAifj.kkeLo:i yM+fd;k¡ ;qokoLFkk ;k cq<+kis esa jksxksa dk f'kdkj vf/kd gksrh gSaAtcfd vko';drk bl ckr dh gksrh gS fd yM+fd;ksa ds [kku&iku ij vkjaHk ls gh/;ku nsuk cgqr vko';d gS D;ksafd ek¡ cuus dh izfØ;k esa muds 'kjhj dh ikSf"VdrRoksa dh ek¡x vf/kd gksrh gSA dqN yksd ewd&cf/kj rFkk fodykax cPpksa ds iSnk gksusds ckn LoLFk cPpk iSnk djus ds ykyp esa Hkh tula[;k c<+krs pys tkrs gSaA

blds vykok dbZ fiNM+s bykdksa rFkk i<+s&fy[ks yksxksa ds chp euksjatu dh deh ds

fp=k % fd'kksjkoLFkk esa fookg


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dkj.k os lgokl dks gh ,dek=k larqf"V dk lk/ku le>us yxrs gSa ftllstula[;k c<+rh tkrh gSA

nwljh rjQ jkstxkj dh ryk'k esa yksxksa dk 'kgjksa dh rjQ iyk;u Hkh 'kgjksa dhtula[;k&o`n~f/k dk dkj.k curk gSA

fØ;kdyki

eku yhft, vkidk ,d fe=k gS tks vHkh fd'kksj gSA og vius ekrk&firk dkvkKkdkjh iq=k gSA ekrk&firk mldk fookg djuk pkgrs gSaA vkids fopkj ls D;kvkids fe=k dks ekrk&firk dh ;g vkKk eku ysuh pkfg, ;k n`<+rk ls bldkfojks/k djuk pkfg,A ekrk&firk ls vlger gksrs gq, dkuwu] LokLF;] dSfj;j] ns'kds fodkl] tula[;k o`n~f/k vkfn dh n`f"V ls mlds D;k rdZ gksaxs\ mUgsa ;gk¡fyf[k,A

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ikBxr iz'u 36-2

fn, x, fodYiksa esa ls lgh fodYi Nk¡Vdj iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%

1- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk tula[;k&o`n~f/k dk dkj.k ugha gS\

¼d½ vf'k{kk ¼x½ vkSn~;ksfxd fodkl

¼[k½ va/kfo'okl ¼?k½ csgrj fpfdRlk lqfo/kk

2- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk dFku lgh ugha gSA

¼d½ f'k{kk dh deh ds dkj.k yksxksa dks tula[;k fu;a=k.k ds mik;ksa dhBhd&Bhd tkudkjh ugha gSSA

¼[k½ yksx lksprs gSa fd ulcanh ls 'kjhj detksj iM+ tkrk gS vkSj os Bhdls dke ugha dj ik,¡xs] ;g cgqr xyr /kkj.kk gSA

¼x½ tks yksx ,slk lksprs gSa fd flQZ yM+dk gh firk dh tk;nkn dhns[kHkky Bhd ls dj ldrk gS vkSj os yM+dk iSnk djus dh pkg esadbZ yM+fd;k¡ iSnk dj tkrs gSa] ;g cgqr xyr gSA

¼?k½ vc dksbZ Hkh nks ls vf/kd cPps iSnk ugha djrkA


fganh 143


fVIi.kh

36-4 tula[;k&o`n~f/k ls mRiUu leL;k,¡

vHkh rd tula[;k dks ysdj tks dqN Hkh ppkZ bl ikB esa dh xbZ gS mlls vki;g rks le> gh x, gksaxs fd nqfu;k ds ckdh ns'kksa dh vis{kk Hkkjr esa tula[;k cgqrrsth ls c<+h gSA tula[;k&o`n~f/k ds dkj.k gekjs ns'k esa vusd leL;k,¡ mRiUu gksxbZ gSaA bu lHkh leL;kvksa ds ihNs dksbZ&u&dksbZ oSKkfud dkj.k vo'; gSAtula[;k&o`n~f/k dk lcls cqjk izHkko i;kZoj.k ij iM+k gS] ftlls thou laca/kh vusddfBukb;k¡ iSnk gks xbZ gSaA tula[;k&o`n~f/k ls mRiUu izeq[k leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa ge;gk¡ ppkZ djsaxsA

tula[;k&o`n~f/k ls leL;k,¡ % gj txg yach iafDr

fo'o dk tu lkaf[;dh; #>ku

tula[;k of) nj 'kgjh orZeku 2020 esa¼gtkj esa½ izfr'kr tula[;k tula[;k tula[;k

¼1990½ ¼1990&95½ izfr'kr dks nks xquk ¼gtkj esa½¼1990&95½ gksus esa yxus

okyk le;fo'o 52]92]195 1-73 45 40 80]91]628

vYi fodflr ns'k 40]85]630 2]08 37 34 67]49581

fodflr ns'k 12]06]556 0-48 73 14-6 13]42]048

la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk 2]49]224 0-71 75 99 2]94]750

dukMk 26]521 0-77 77 91 31]491

la;qDr lksfo;r x.kra=k 2]88]595 0-68 66 102 3]43]871

cqYxkfj;k 9]010 0-06 68 1207 8]985

psdksLyksokfd;k 15]667 0-26 77 267 17]061

teZu x.kra=k 16]249 -0-04 44 - 15]970

gaxjh 10]552 -0-08 61 - 10]291

;wukbVsM fdaxMe 57]237 0-22 89 321 59]544

LohMu 84]444 0-15 84 458 8]604

MsuekdZ 5]143 0-06 87 1228 4]973

Lisu 39]187 0-37 78 190 42]122

bVyh 57]061 0-02 69 3684 54]138

fLoVtjySaM 6]609 0-22 60 320 6]810

Ýkal 56]138 0-35 74 198 60]169

vkWfLVª;k 7]583 0-05 58 14587]441

U;wthySaM 3]392 0-82 84 85 4]051

vkWLVªsfy;k 16]873 1-18 85 59 22]309

la;qDr vjc vyhjkr 1]589 2-24 78 31 2]559

dqoSr 2]039 2-82 96 25 3]593

phu 11]39]060 1-42 33 49 14]76]852

tkiku 1]23]460 0-39 77 179 1]29]029

dksfj;k 42]793 0-85 72 82 51]178

vQxkfuLrku 16]557 6-68 18 10 37]934

caxykns'k 1]15]593 2-69 16 26 2]20]119

HkwVku 1]516 2-27 5 31 2]861

Hkkjr 8]53]094 2-08 27 34 13]71]767

usiky 19]193 2-34 10 30 33]080

ikfdLrku 1]22]626 2-87 32 24 2]48]116

Jh yadk 17]217 2-26 21 56 23]656

eSfDldks 88]598 2-01 73 35 1]42]135

czkthy 1]50]368 1-87 75 37 2]33]817

vts±Vhuk 32]322 1-17 86 60 43]837

ftackCos 9-709 3-11 28 23 20]870

ekstk Echd 15]656 2-70 27 26 32]593

cq:aMh 5]472 3-02 6 23 11]950

vaxksyk 10]020 2-81 28 25 22-438

vYthfj;k 24]960 2-80 52 25 48]484

nf{k.k vÝhdk 35]282 2-18 59 32 61]406

ukbthfj;k 1]08]542 2-25 35 22 2]55393

lu~ 1901 ls 1991 rd Hkkjr esa tulkaf[;dh; #>kutux.kuk dqy ,d n'kd ,d n'kd okf"kZd xzkeh.k 'kgjh izfr gtkjdk o"kZ tula[;k esa izfr 1000 esa izfr 1000 vkSlr tula[;k tula[;k iq#"kksa

¼djksM+ esa½ dh tula[;k dh tula[;k on~f/k nj dk dk ijesa tUe nj esa eR;q nj % izfr'kr izfr'kr fL=k;k¡

1901 23-84 - - - 89-2 10-8 972

1911 25-21 49-2 42-6 0-56 89-7 10-3 964

1921 25-21 48-1 47-2 ¼-½0-03 88-8 11-2 955

1931 27-09 46-4 36-2 1-04 88-0 12-0 950

1941 31-87 45-9 37-2 1-33 86-1 13-9 945

1951 36-11 39-9 27-4 1-25 82-7 17-3 946

1961 43-92 41-7 23-8 1-95 82-0 18-0 941

1971 54-82 41-2 19-0 2-20 80-1 19-9 930

1981 68-52 37-2 15-0 2-25 76-7 23-3 934

1991 84-62 29 10-0 2-21 74-3 25-7 927


fganh144

ekWM;wy - 5 [kfoKku dh Hkk"kk&fganh

fVIi.kh

1. ikfjra=kh; ¼bZdksyksftdy½ leL;k

ikfjra=k ml lewps okrkoj.k dks dgrs gSa] ftlesa tho/kkjh vkilh lg;ksx ds lkFkjgrs gSaA bl rjg i`Foh ij ik, tkus okys isM+&ikS/ks] unh&rkykc] ioZr&?kkVh] [ksr rFkktho&tarq lHkh ikfjra=k ds varxZr vkrs gSaA tula[;k&o`n~f/k ds dkj.k ikfjra=klaca/kh vusd leL;k,¡ iSnk gks xbZ gSaA tula[;k&o`n~f/k ds dkj.k yksxksa ds jgus dsfy, vkokl rFkk vUu ds fy, mitkÅ tehu dh t:jr Hkh c<+ xbZA bldkifj.kke ;g fudyk fd tgk¡ taxyksa okys Hkkx Fks ogk¡ ls taxy rFkk isM+&ikS/kksa dksdkVdj jgus ds fy, vkokl rFkk [ksrh ;ksX; tehu cukbZ tkus yxhaA taxyksa dsdVus ls vkS"kf/k ;ksX; ouLifr;k¡ u"V gksus yxhA blds vykok okrkoj.k esa iznw"k.kc<+us yxk D;ksafd tc isM+&ikS/ks dVus yxs rks okrkoj.k esa dkcZu MkbZ vkDlkbM dkvuqikr c<+ x;kA vkt fLFkfr ;g gS fd dqy czg~ekaMh; xjeh esa gqbZ c<+ksÙkjh dk 50

izfr'kr fgLlk bl dkcZu MkbZ vkDlkbM xSl ds dkj.k gSA isM+&ikS/kksa rFkk gfj;kyhds de gksus ls u dsoy okrkoj.k xje jgrk gS cfYd ckfj'k Hkh de gksrh gS] tykusds fy, ydfM+;ksa dh deh cuh jgrh gS rFkk ck<+ ds dkj.k [ksrh ;ksX; Hkwfe dk dVkorst gks tkrk gSA 1982 esa Hkkjr esa dqy 133 djksM+ Vu tykou dh ydfM+;ksa dht:jr Fkh] ftlesa ls flQZ 39 djksM+ Vu dh vkiwfrZ gks ikbZ FkhA ckdh dh vkiwfrZds fy, yksxksa us taxyksa dh rsth ls dVkbZ 'kq: dj nh ftldk urhtk ;g gqvk fd1970 esa tks 230]000 oxZ fdyksehVj dk {ks=k ck<+ ls izHkkfor gqvk Fkk] 1984 esa ogc<+ dj 590]000 oxZ fdyksehVj gks x;kA taxyksa dks dkVdj [ksrh ;ksX; ubZ tehucukus ds QyLo:i 1960 dh rqyuk esa 1982 rd vkrs&vkrs flapkbZ ds ikuh dhvko';drk nks xquk c<+ xbZ ftldh otg eq[; :i ls tula[;k o`n~f/k gh FkhA

2. i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k

tula[;k&o`n~f/k ds lkFk&lkFk euq"; dh t:jrsa Hkh c<+ha] ftl dkj.k euq"; us izÑfrdk nksgu 'kq: dj fn;kA oSKkfud izxfr ds lkFk&lkFk vkSn~;ksfxd fodkl Hkh rstgqvkA bl dkj.k i;kZoj.k ds gj ?kVd tSls ty] e`nk] ok;q vkfn esa iznw"k.k c<+kAvkSn~;ksfxd dpjk ufn;ksa esa izokfgr fd, tkus ls ty&iznw"k.k c<+kA xkfM+;ksa dsfuekZ.k ls ;krk;kr rFkk eky&<qykbZ esa rsth vkbZA bl rjg okguksa ls fudyus okyk/kq¡vk Hkh ok;q&iznw"k.k dk dkj.k cukA i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ds fofHkUu Lo:i rFkk dkj.kfuEufyf[kr gSa&

¼d½ ok;q iznw"k.k

dy&dkj[kkuksa rFkk eksVj&xkfM+;ksa ls fudyus okyk /kq¡vk okrkoj.k esa ?kqydj blsiznwf"kr dj nsrk gSA bl jklk;fud /kq¡, esa dkcZu MkbZ&vkDlkbM] dkcZu eksuksvkDlkbM]lhlk] lYQj MkbZ&vkDlkbM] gkbMªkstu lYQkbM rFkk ukbVªkstu vkDlkbM tSlhtgjhyh xSlsa gksrh gSa] tks u flQZ vkneh ds LokLF; dks cfYd i`Foh ds vU;tho&tarqvksa rFkk isM+&ikS/kksa dks Hkh izHkkfor djrh gSaA bl iznw"k.k ds dkj.k tgk¡ yksxksaesa ekufld fof{kIrrk] vLFkek rFkk vU; lk¡l laca/kh chekfj;k¡ c<+ jgh gSa ogha isM+&ikS/kksa rFkk ouLifr;ksa dh dbZ nqyZHk iztkfr;k¡ Hkh yqIr gksrh tk jgh gSaA Qlyksa ijHkh budk cqjk izHkko iM+ jgk gSA


fganh146


fVIi.kh

gekjs ns'k esa fnYyh lcls vf/kd iznwf"kr 'kgj gSA bruk gh ugha iznw"k.k dh n`f"V lsfnYyh nqfu;k dk pkSFkk lcls vf/kd iznwf"kr 'kgj gSA ok;q iznw"k.k dks de djus dsmn~ns'; ls fnYyh ljdkj us lHkh QSDVfj;ksa dks fnYyh ls ckgj LFkku nsus dk dnemBk;k lkFk gh okguksa ls gksus okys iznw"k.k ls cpus ds fy, dkWEizSLM uspqjy xSl ¼lh-,u-th-½ clksa rFkk vkWVksfjD'kk pykus dh LohÑfr iznku dh ftlls cgqr lhek rdbls fu;af=kr fd;k x;kA

¼[k½ dwM+k&dpjk vkfn ls iznw"k.k

tula[;k&o`n~f/k ds dkj.k yksxksa n~okjk iz;qDr oLrqvksa ds vo'ks"k] ?kjsyw dpjk]ekuo&ey rFkk vkSn~;ksfxd bdkb;ksa ls fudyus okys dpjs dh ek=kk Hkh dkQh c<+hgSA yksx ;g dpjk eqgYys rFkk cLrh ds fdlh dksus esa MkYk nsrs gSa] tks lM+ dj cncwrFkk iznw"k.k QSykrk gSA bl ij cSBus okys ePNj rFkk dhVk.kq rjg&rjg dh chekfj;ksadks tUe nsrs gSaA egkuxjksa esa Msaxw uked ubZ chekjh bUgha dpjksa ij iuius okysePNjksa ds dkVus ls gksrh gSA

¼x½ /ofu iznw"k.k

cM+h&cM+h vkSn~;ksfxd bdkb;ksa rFkk l?ku clh NksVh cfLr;ksa esa pyus okyh e'khuksadh vkokt ls Hkh iznw"k.k QSyrk gS ftls /ofu iznw"k.k dgrs gSaaA /ofu iznw"k.k ls O;fDresa cgjkiu] fpM+fpM+kiu rFkk fny laca/kh chekfj;k¡ iSnk gksrh gSaA egkuxjksa esa pyusokys okguksa rFkk gokbZ tgktksa ds dkj.k Hkh Hk;kud /ofu iznw"k.k gksrk gSA rstvkokt djrh gqbZ e'khuksa ds chp fujarj dke djrs jgus ls cgjkiu c<+rk pyk tkjgk gSA

bl rjg vHkh gky gh esa fd, x, ,d losZ{k.k ls irk pyk gS fd ftu ns'kksa esatula[;k&o`n~f/k vf/kd gqbZ gS mUgha ns'kksa esa i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k Hkh rsth ls c<+k gSA buesavYifodflr ns'kksa dk lcls vf/kd ;ksxnku gSA vuqeku gS fd lu~ 2025 rd nqfu;kesa tks dqy iznw"k.k gksxk mlesa 82 fgLlk dsoy 65 vYifodflr ns'kksa dk gksxkA dqyiznw"k.k dk 24 ls 31 izfr'kr Hkkx ek=k tula[;k&o`n~f/k ds dkj.k gSA 'ks"k iznw"k.kvU; nwljs dkj.kksa ls c<+ jgk gSA

3. vkstksu ijr esa Nsn dh vk'kadk

vkstksu ,d Lor% mRiUu gksus okyh xSl gS] tks i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj lqj{kk dop ;kNrjh ds :i esa ekStwn gSA tc lwjt dh jks'kuh vkrh gS rks vkstksu xSl mldhgkfudkjd ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa dks lks[k ysrh gS ftlls ouLifr;ksa rFkk thoksa ijmldk cqjk vlj ugha iM+ ikrkA ysfdu vc Dyksjks¶yksjks dkcZu tSlh dqNjklk;fud xSlsa vkstksu ls fØ;k djds mls u"V djus yxh gSa ftlls vkstksu&ijresa Nsn gks jgk gS vkSj ijkcSaxuh fdj.ksa lh/ks i`Foh ij igq¡p dj tuthou dks izHkkfordjus yxsaxhA

vkstksu ls vfHkfØ;k djus okyh Dyksjks¶yksjks dkcZu uked xSl jsÝhtjsVj] okrkuqdwyu


fganh 147


fVIi.kh

;a=k rFkk 'khrx`gksa esa yxs la;a=kksa esa iz;qDr gksrh gSA bl rjg ds ;a=kksa dk nqfu;k esalcls vf/kd iz;ksx phu rFkk Hkkjr esa gksrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd Dyksjks¶yksjks dkcZuuked xSl dk mRiknu vkSj mRltZu lcls vf/kd vYifodflr ns'kksa esa gks jgk gSvkSj dqy czg~ekaMh; xjeh ¼Xykscy okfe±x½ dk 20% fgLlk bl dkj.k ls c<+rk pyktk jgk gSA

4. czg~ekaMh; rkieku ¼Xykscy okfe±x½ dk c<+uk

dkcZu MkbZ&vkDlkbM] ehFksu] ukbVªl vkDlkbM] Dyksjks¶yksjks dkcZu rFkk vkstksu]bu ik¡p xSlksa dks xzhu gkml xSlsa dgrs gSaA ;s xSlsa i`Foh dh lrg ij rkieku dkslarqfyr djrh gSa] ftlls Ñf"k mRiknu rFkk isM+&ikS/kksa ds fodkl esa enn feyrh gSAfdarq vf/kd okguksa ds iz;ksx] iz'khrd ;a=kksa ds iz;ksx rFkk dy&dkj[kkuksa ls fudyusokys jklk;fud /kq¡, ds dkj.k okrkoj.k esa bu xSlksa dh ek=kk fnu ij fnu c<+rh tkjgh gS ftlls czg~ekaMh; rkieku Hkh fnuksafnu c<+rk tk jgk gSA buesa ls lclsvf/kd ek=kk dkcZu MkbZ&vkDlkbM dh c<+ jgh gSA dqy czg~ekaMh; rkieku dk 50

izfr'kr fgLlk flQZ blh xSl ds dkj.k c<+rk tk jgk gSA 1950 esa nqfu;k esa dqy2-4 vjc Vu dkcZu MkbZ&vkDlkbM mRlftZr gksrh Fkh tks 1985 esa c<+ dj 6-8 vjcVu gks xbZ ;kuh 1-9 izfr'kr izfro"kZ ds fglkc ls ;g c<+ jgh gSA blh izdkj ehFksurFkk ukbVªl vkDlkbM dh ek=kk Hkh vc dkQ+h vf/kd gSA

fp=k % fo'o esa c<+rh dkcZu MkbZ&vkDlkbM dh ek=kk dh fLFkfr

dqy fo'o vjc27

vesfjdk vjc5.9

phu vjc4.7

:l vjc1.7

tkiku vjc1.3

Hkkjr vjc1.1

djksM+86.2

djksM+58.8

djksM+58.0

djksM+49.7djksM+

48.5djksM+43.0

djksM+40.6

djksM+40.2

djksM+38.6

djksM+38.5

djksM+36.5

djksM+36.4

djksM+36.2

djksM+33.4

djksM+30.8

dukMk

teZuh

;wds

n- dksfj;kbVyh

n- vQzhdk

Qzkal

bZjku

vkWLVªsfy;k

esfDldks

l- vjc

mØsu

Lisu

czkthy

rkboku

oSf'od dkcZu MkbZ&vkDlkbM mRltZuVu lkykuk CO (2004)2


fganh148


fVIi.kh

;s xSlsa taxyksa ds dVus rFkk vflafpr Hkwfe ds c<+us ds dkj.k c<+ jgh gSA vki igysi<+ pqds gSa Dyksjks¶yksjks xSl iz'khrd ;a=kksa ls mRlftZr gksrh gS] tks Lor% mRiUu gksusokys lqj{kk dop] vkstksu xSl dh ijr dks u"V dj jgh gSA bl rjg gj lkyczg~ekaMh; rkieku c<+ jgk gS] ftlls i`Foh ij ouLifr;ksa rFkk isM+&ikS/kksa ds fodklesa ck/kk mRiUu gks xbZ gSA vr% Ñf"k mRiknu esa deh dh vk'kadk O;Dr dh tkus yxhgSA

5. izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dk nksgu

tSls&tSls tula[;k c<+h gS yksxksa dh vko';drk,¡ Hkh c<+h gSaA bl rjg yksxksa usizkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dk nksgu dj viuh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djuh 'kq: dj nhAeuq"; us izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dk ftu {ks=kksa esa nksgu 'kq: fd;k] os fuEufyf[kr gSa&

¼d½ taxyksa dk dVuk

vkokl rFkk tykou dh ydfM+;ksa dh vko';drk dh iwfrZ ds fy, yksxksa us taxydkVus 'kq: fd,A

¼[k½ ÅtkZ ds fy, dks;ys dh [kir

tula[;k ds lkFk&lkFk fctyh dh [kir Hkh c<+h gSA vkt Hkkjr esa fctyh dh [kir55]000 esxkokV gS] tks fd U;w;kdZ dh rqyuk esa nks xquh gSA bl rjg Hkkjr nqfu;kdk pkSFkk lcls cM+k dks;ys dh [kir djus okyk ns'k gSA 1950 esa ;gk¡ 33 djksM+Vu dks;ys dh [kir gksrh Fkh] tks 1989 rd c<+ dj 191 djksM+ Vu rd igq¡p xbZAbl rjg dks;ys dh [kir c<+us ls mldh [kqnkbZ esa Hkh rsth c<+ xbZ vkSj c<+rh tkjgh gSA

¼x½ e`nk iznw"k.k

iz;qDr dhVuk'kd] ihM+uk'kd vkfn dy&dkj[kkuksa ds jklk;fud rRo] Ñf"k esamfpr feV~Vh dh moZjk 'kfDr dks u"V dj nsrs gSaaA

¼?k½ ikuh dh deh

vki tkurs gSa fd taxyksa ds dVus ls o"kkZ de gksxh D;ksafd isM+&ikS/ks o"kkZ djkus esaegÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA lkFk gh ok;qeaMy dk rkieku c<+ jgk gS ftllsXysf'k;j ¼cQZ ds igkM+½ rsth ls fi?kyrs tk jgs gSaA Xysf'k;jksa ds fi?kyus ls Hkfo";esa Xysf'k;j de gksaxs vkSj ufn;ksa esa tyLrj de gksxk lkFk gh iznw"k.k ds dkj.kufn;ksa dk ikuh ihus ;ksX; o flapkbZ ;ksX; ugha jgsxkA QyLo:i izfro"kZ 131.4 oxZfdyksehVj Xysf'k;j de gksrk tk jgk gSA

6. Ñf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe dh deh

tula[;k&o`n~f/k ds dkj.k vUu dh [kir c<+rh tk jgh gSA fdarq blds foijhr yksxtehuksa ij vkokl dk fuekZ.k djrs tk jgs gSa] ftlls Ñf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe dh deh gksrh


fganh 149


fVIi.kh

tk jgh gSA tula[;k&o`n~f/k bruh vf/kd gS fd mlds vuqikr esa Ñf"k mRiknu dksugha c<+k;k tk ldrkA bl rjg [kkn~;kUu dh leL;k mRiUu gks jgh gSA vuqekugS fd 2025 rd ;fn Hkkjr esa 25% vUu dk mRiknu ugha c<+k fy;k x;k rksHkq[kejh dh leL;k [kM+h gks tk,xhA

7. LokLF; laca/kh leL;k,¡

T;knk cPps iSnk djus ls ek¡ rFkk cPps nksuksa ds LokLF; ij cqjk izHkko iM+rk gSA tksyksx va/kfo'okl rFkk de f'k{kk ds dkj.k tula[;k fu;a=k.k dh xaHkhjrk ugha le>ikrs vkSj cPps iSnk djrs pys tkrs gSa vFkok yM+ds dh bPNk esa yM+fd;k¡ iSnk djrspys tkrs gSa] vDlj mudh ifRu;k¡ chekj jgrh gS] cPpksa dks Hkh mfpr iks"k.k ughafey ikrk ftlls os dqiks"k.k] viax rFkk detksj gM~fM;ksa okys rFkk fofHkUu chekfj;ksads f'kdkj gks tkrs gSa] mudk Bhd ls ekufld fodkl ugha gks ikrkA nwljh rjQyxkrkj dbZ cPps iSnk djrs tkus ds dkj.k ek¡ Hkh detksj gks tkrh gSa rFkk chekjjgus yxrh gSA ,slh efgyk,¡ vDlj de mez esa ;k rks vlk/; jksxksa dk f'kdkj gkstkrh gSa ;k e`R;q dks izkIr gksrh gSaA

blds vykok jklk;fud dpjs rFkk ?kjsyw dpjs ls mRiUu iznw"k.k esa iy jgs ePNjksarFkk dhVksa ds dkVus ls Msaxw tSlh ubZ 'kgjh chekfj;ksa dk Hkh tUe gqvk gS ftldsbykt esa FkksM+h&lh Hkh ykijokgh tkuysok fln~/k gksrh gSA tula[;k&o`n~f/k ds dkj.ktks rjg&rjg dh chekfj;k¡ QSyrh gSaa muds bykt ds fy, vLirkyksa esa HkhM+ yxhjgrh gS ftlls bykt esa vlqfo/kk gksrh gSA vLirkyksa esa lHkh izdkj dhvk/kqfudre lqfo/kk,¡ miyC/k gksus ij Hkh HkhM+ ds dkj.k mudk ykHk lHkh dks ughafey ikrkA bu chekfj;ksa ds vfrfjDr vkt ds le; dh lcls Hk;adj chekjh ,M~lds QSyus dk ,d dkj.k tula[;k o`n~f/k Hkh gSA tula[;k&o`n~f/k ds dkj.k xk¡oksa dhvkcknh dk iyk;u 'kgjksa dh vksj gksrk gSA bl vkcknh dk ,d fgLlk viuh'kkjhfjd t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, vlqjf{kr vizkÑfrd ;kSu laca/k cukrs gSa vkSjbl chekjh dk f'kdkj gksrs gSaA

8. xjhch rFkk csdkjh

gekjs ns'k esa ftl xfr ls tula[;k c<+ jghgS ml vuqikr esa vkfFkZd fodkl ugha gks ikjgkA Ñf"k&;ksX; Hkwfe ij tula[;k dk nckoc<+rk tk jgk gS ftlls yksx thou;kiu dsnwljs lzksrksa dh ryk'k esa HkVdrs gSaA fdarqorZeku tula[;k ds vuqikr esa jkstxkj dsvolj de gSaA bl rjg vkt xjhch rFkkcsdkjh dh leL;k c<+rh tk jgh gSA gekjsns'k esa vkt Hkh 52-2 izfr'kr yksx xjhch&js[kkds uhps th jgs gSaA

fp=k % c<+rh xjhch


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ftudh vk; 328 #i, izfr ekg ls de gksrh gS os xjhch js[kk ds uhps

vkrs gSaA

9. uSfrd ewY;ksa esa iru rFkk c<+rk vijk/khdj.k

tula[;k&o`n~f/k ds dkj.k vkcknh l?ku gksrh tk jgh gS ftlls yksxksa ds chpNksVs&NksVs LokFkks± ds fy, oSeuL;rk mRiUu gks jgh gSA uSfrd ewY;ksa esa fxjkoV vkjgh gSA xjhch rFkk jkstxkj ds volj de gksus ds dkj.k yksxksa esa vijk/k dhizo`fÙk;k¡ c<+ jgh gSaA uSfrd ewY;ksa esa vkbZ fxjkoV ds dkj.k mUeqDr ;kSu laca/kksa dhckr dh tkus yxh gSA bl rjg ,M~l uked chekjh c<+us dk ,d dkj.k ;g HkhgSA gkyk¡fd blds ihNs Hkh tula[;k&o`n~f/k eq[; dkj.k gSA ,M~l ,d laØkedjksx gS tks fuEufyf[kr rjhdksa ls QSy ldrk gSA

l vlqjf{kr ;kSu laca/kksa ls

l MkDVj dh laØfer lqbZ ls

l laØfer xHkZorh ek¡ ls cPps dks

l laØfer [kwu p<+kus ls

ikBxr iz'u 36-3

fn, x, fodYiksa esa ls lgh fodYi Nk¡V dj fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%

1- ikfjra=kh; leL;k dk laca/k gS ------------------------------------

¼d½ dy&dkj[kkuksa ds c<+us ls

¼[k½ yksxksa ds 'kgjksa esa clrs pys tkus ls

¼x½ taxyksa ds dVus ls

¼?k½ ubZ chekfj;ksa ls

2- fuEufyf[kr essa ls fdlds n~okjk i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ugha QSyrkA

¼d½ dkcZu MkbZ&vkDlkbM] dkcZu eksuks vkDlkbM] Dyksjks¶yksjks dkcZuvkfn jklk;fud xSlksa ls

¼[k½ vkSn~;ksfxd bdkb;ksa ls fudyus okyh tgjhyh xSlksa] tgjhys ikuhrFkk dpjs ls

¼x½ o`{kkjksi.k rFkk izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa ds bLrseky ls

¼?k½ eksVj&xkfM+;ksa ds /k¡q, rFkk iz'khrd ;a=kksa dh xSl ls

3- vkstksu ijr esa Nsn dh vk'kadk c<+ xbZ gS] D;ksafd------------------------------

¼d½ ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa dk izHkko rst gks x;k gS

¼[k½ iz'khrd ;a=kksa ls fudyus okyh Dyksjks¶yksjks dkCkZu xSl vkstksu ijrds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djds mls yxkrj u"V dj jgh gS


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¼x½ gokbZ tgktksa dh la[;k c<+ xbZ gS

¼?k½ yM+kb;ksa esa felkbyksa ls xksys T;knk nkxs tkus yxs gSa

4- czg~ekaM dk rkieku c<+ jgk gSA blls vkus okys fnuksa esa------------------------------

¼d½ iznw"k.k vkSj c<+sxk

¼[k½ Xysf'k;j fi?ky dj u"V gks tk,¡xs

¼x½ lnhZ dk ekSle ugha gksxk

¼?k½ yksxksa dks Nkrk [kjhnuk t+:jh gks tk,xk

5- ,M~l uked chekjh gksrh gS-------------

¼d½ i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ls

¼[k½ Hkkstu esa foVkfeuksa dh deh ls

¼x½ vlqjf{kr ;kSu&laca/kksa ds dkj.k

¼?k½ ePNj ds dkVus ls

35-5 tula[;k fu;a=k.k ds mik;

tula[;k&o`n~f/k ls mRiUu leL;kvksa dks ns[krs gq, bls fu;af=kr djus ds fy,ljdkj rFkk Lo;a lsoh laxBuksa n~okjk dbZ oSKkfud rFkk lkekftd mik; fd, x,gSaA muesa ls izeq[k mik; fuEufyf[kr gSa&

¼d½ xHkZ fujks/kd dk iz;ksx

blds varxZr daMkse vFkok fujks/k dk iz;ksx] ulcanh] dkWij&Vh dk iz;ksx rFkk xHkZfujks/kd xksfy;ksa ds iz;ksx ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA bu pkjksa mik;ksa esa ulcanh lclsvf/kd izHkkodkjh ek/;e gSA blesa iztuu ufydk dks can dj fn;k tkrk gSAulcanh dks ysdj dqN yksxksa esa Hkzked /kkj.kk,¡ QSyh gqbZ gSa fd blls 'kjhj detksjgks tkrk gS vkSj vkneh dh dk;Z{kerk de gks tkrh gSA fdarq ;g cgqr gh xyr/kkj.kk gSA vc rks ulcanh ystj fdj.kksa n~okjk gksus yxh gS] ftlls fcuk phjQkM+ds iztuu ufydk vo#n~/k dj nh tkrh gS vkSj efgyk ;k iq#"k rqjar dke ij okiltk ldrk gSA

daMkse ,d izdkj dk xHkZ fujks/kd rks gS gh vktdy blds iz;ksx dk izpkj&izlkj,M~l ls cpus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tk jgk gSA

¼[k½ tula[;k f'k{kk

;g ifjokj fu;kstu ls vyx dk;ZØe gS] tks ljdkj rFkk Lo;a lsoh laxBu] nksuksavius&vius Lrj ij pykrs gSaA blds ek/;e ls yksxksa dks c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k] mldsnq"izHkkoksa] [kku&iku laca/kh xM+cfM+;ksa] chekfj;ksa] fookg ;ksX; lgh mez vkfn dhtkudkjh nh tkrh gSA vc rks Ldwyksa esa tula[;k f'k{kk vfuok;Z dj nh xbZ gS] rkfd;qokvksa esa tula[;k ds izfr tkx:drk vk ldsA tula[;k f'k{kk ls Hkfo"; esa

laiw.kZ fo'o dks tula[;k&on~f/k dsizfr lHkh dks tkx:d cukus dsmn~ns'; ls ,d fnu lqfuf'prfd;k x;k gS] tks fo'o tula[;kfnol ds :i esa 11 tqykbZ dkseuk;k tkrk gSA


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mRiUu gksus okys [krjksa dks Vkyk tk ldrk gSA yksxksa dks tkx:d cukdj muesaQSyh Hkzkar /kkj.kkvksa dks rFkk tula[;k&o`n~f/k dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA

¼x½ ;kSu f'k{kk

vkt Hkh ;kSu laca/kksa dks lekt esa ijns dh pht le>k tkrk gS ftlls yksx ;kSulaca/kh leL;kvksa ij ckr djus ls Hkh drjkrs gSaA ;kSu laca/kh lgh tkudkjh u gksusls yksx vle; vFkok T;knk nsj rd cPps iSnk djrs tkrs gSaA ;kSu laca/kh lghtkudkjh gksus ls tula[;k&o`n~f/k esa dkQh deh vkus dh laHkkouk gSA

¼?k½ efgyk f'k{kk

vkt Hkh gekjs ns'k esa efgykvksa dh f'k{kk dk Lrj iq#"kksa dh vis{kk dkQh de gSAefgykvksa ds f'kf{kr u gksus ls os tula[;k&o`n~f/k ds nq"izHkkoksa ls voxr ugha gksrha]os vius [kku&iku ij lgh <ax ls /;ku ugh ns ikrhaA tula[;k fu;a=k.k ds mik;ksadh lgh tkudkjh mUgsa ugha fey ikrh vkSj os tula[;k fu;a=k.k esa ;ksxnku ughans ikrhaA i<+h&fy[kh efgyk,¡ tula[;k fu;a=k.k ds izfr dkQh tkx:d gSaA dsjyesa efgykvksa dk f'k{kk&Lrj vf/kd gS blfy, ogk¡ tula[;k&o`n~f/k Hkh de gS vkSjmÙkj izns'k esa efgykvksa dk f'k{kk&Lrj de gksus ls ogk¡ tula[;k&o`n~f/k dh njvf/kd gSA

bl rjg tc efgyk,¡ f'kf{kr gksaxh rks vius rFkk vius cPps ds Hkfo";] LokLF;rFkk iks"k.k ds ckjs esa Hkh tkx:d gksxh vkSj tula[;k&o`n~f/k ij fu;a=k.k gksxkAifj.kkeLo:i LoLFk] f'kf{kr lekt dk fuekZ.k gksxkA

¼p½ tulapkj ek/;eksa n~okjk izpkj&izlkj

ljdkj jsfM;ks rFkk Vsyhfotu ij ifjokj fu;kstu rFkk tula[;k f'k{k.k laca/khdk;ZØeksa dks c<+kok nsrh gSA lkFk gh tula[;k&o`n~f/k ls mRiUu leL;kvksa rFkkmUgsa jksdus ds mik;ksa dk izpkj&izlkj Hkh djrh gSA blls Hkh yksxksa esa tula[;kfu;a=k.k ds izfr tkx:drk vk jgh gSA

¼N½ tu&laidZ

dbZ Lo;a lsoh laxBu Hkh yksxksa ds chp tkdj muls ckrphr djrs gSaA mUgsa uqDdM+ukVdksa] lkaLÑfrd dk;ZØeksa rFkk rjg&rjg dh izfr;ksfxrkvksa ds ek/;e lstula[;k&o`n~f/k ls mRiUu leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa crkrs gSa rFkk mUgsa tkx:d cukrsgSaA

36-6 izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa ds laj{k.k ds mik;

tula[;k&o`n~f/k ds dkj.k lcls cqjk izHkko izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa ij iM+k gS ftllsthou esa vusd ladV iSnk gks x, gSa blfy, izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa ds laj{k.k dhvko';drk c<+ xbZ gSA buds laj{k.k ds dqN fuEufyf[kr mik; lq>k, x, gSa&


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l o`{kkjksi.k

l fctyh rFkk rsy ls pyus okyh e'khuksa ds LFkku ij lkSj ÅtkZ dk iz;ksx

l ou thoksa ds laj{k.k ij cy] ou thoksa ds f'kdkj ij izfrca/k

l iznw"k.k jfgr xkfM+;ksa ds fuekZ.k rFkk iz;ksx ij cy

l vkSn~;ksfxd dpjs dks ufn;ksa esa cgkus ij jksd

l tgjhyh xSlsa mRlftZr djus okyh vkSn~;ksfxd bdkb;ksa dks 'kgjksa ls nwj ys tkuk

l IykfLVd ds iz;ksx ij jksd

l vkSn~;ksfxd rFkk ?kjsyw dpjs dks bdV~Bk dj mlls iqu% ÅtkZ izkIr djuk rFkkvU; oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djuk% tSls&ey rFkk ?kjsyw dpjs ls fctyh mRiknu][kkn rFkk dkxt vkfn dk fuekZ.k djukA

36-7 vkius D;k lh[kk

1- Hkkjr esa lcls vf/kd tula[;k&o`n~f/k gksrh gSA Hkkjr nqfu;k dk nwljk lclsvf/kd tula[;k okyk ns'k gSA

2- fodflr ns'kksa dh vis{kk fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa tula[;k&o`n~f/k dh vkSlr njvf/kd gSA

3- csgrj fpfdRlk lqfo/kk] va/kfo'okl] vf'k{kk] de mez esa fookg rFkk yM+ds dhpkg esa yM+fd;k¡ iSnk djrs tkus ds dkj.k gekjs ns'k dh tula[;k c<+rh tkjgh gSA

4- tula[;k&o`n~f/k ds dkj.k ikfjra=kh; leL;k] i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k] vkstksu ijr esaNsn dh vk'kadk] czg~ekaMh; rkieku dk c<+uk] Ñf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe dh deh] ihus dsikuh rFkk flapkbZ ds ikuh dh deh] izkÑfrd nksgu] LokLF; laca/kh leL;k]xjhch] csdkjh rFkk vijk/khdj.k tSlh leL;k,¡ mRiUu gks xbZ gSaA

5- tula[;k fu;a=k.k ds fy, xHkZ fujks/kd mik;ksa dh tkudkjh] tula[;k f'k{kk]efgyk f'k{kk] ;kSu f'k{kk rFkk lapkj ek/;eksa n~okjk izpkj&izlkj fd;k tkrk gSA

6- tula[;k fu;a=k.k blfy, t:jh gS fd gj vkneh dks Bhd ls Hkkstu] f'k{kk]LokLF; lqfo/kk,¡ rFkk dke ds volj miyC/k gks ldsaA ;krk;kr dh leqfprO;oLFkk gks lds] i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k] Msaxw vkSj ,M~l tSlh laØked chekfj;ksa ijfu;a=k.k ik;k tk lds] vkfFkZd fodkl gks lds] ftlls xjhch rFkk vijk/k dhizo`fÙk;ksa dks jksdk tk ldsA

36-8 ikBkar iz'u

1- fuEufyf[kr dk la{ksi esa mÙkj nhft,%

¼d½ e`nk iznw"k.k dSls gksrk gS\


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¼[k½ tUenj fdls dgrs gSa\

¼x½ e`R;qnj fdls dgrs gSa\

¼?k½ xjhch&js[kk fdls dgrs gSa\

2- Hkkjr esa tula[;k&o`n~f/k dk D;k Lo:i gS Li"V dhft,\

3- tula[;k dks foKku fdl rjg izHkkfor djrk gS\

4- tula[;k&o`n~f/k dk i;kZoj.k ij fdl izdkj izHkko iM+rk gS\

5- tula[;k f'k{kk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

6- Hkkjr esa tula[;k&o`n~f/k ds izeq[k dkj.kksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

7- fuEufyf[kr ij fVIif.k;k¡ fyf[k,&

¼d½ ikfjra=kh; leL;k

¼[k½ vkstksu ijr esa Nsn

¼x½ xzhu gkml izHkko rFkk czg~ekaMh; rkieku dk c<+uk

¼?k½ izkÑfrd nksgu

8- ;kSu laca/k ds {ks=k esa la;e cjruk D;ksa vko';d gS\ rdZ nsrs gq, mÙkj fyf[k,A

9- fd'kksjkoLFkk esa ek¡ cuus ds nq"ifj.kkeksa ij ,d fVIi.kh fyf[k,A

10- ;kSu f'k{kk ds vHkko esa fd'kksj rFkk ;qok ih<+h dks dkSu&dkSu lh leL;kvksa dklkeuk djuk iM+rk gS\

36-9 mÙkjekyk

ikBxr iz'uksa ds mÙkj

36-1 1- ¼[k½ 2- ¼x½ 3- ¼[k½ 4- ¼x½

36-2 1- ¼x½ 2- ¼?k½

36-3 1- ¼x½ 2- ¼x½ 3- ¼[k½ 4- ¼[k½ 5- ¼x½

Documents

tula[;k&o n~f/k vkSj foKku · tula[;k&o`n~f/k dkQh rst gks xbZ gSA fnYyh dk gh mnkgj.k ysaA ;gk¡ gj lky 20 yk[k yksx jkstxkj dh ryk'k esa xk¡oksa rFkk ckgj ds {ks=kksa ls vkdj cl