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HAL Id: halshs-00131406 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00131406 Submitted on 16 Feb 2007 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Tunisian Science in search of Legitimacy François Siino To cite this version: François Siino. Tunisian Science in search of Legitimacy. Science Technology & Society, 2003, 8 (2), pp.261-281. halshs-00131406

Tunisian Science in search of Legitimacy · François Siino To cite this version: François Siino. Tunisian Science in search of Legitimacy. Science Technology & Society, 2003, 8

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Page 1: Tunisian Science in search of Legitimacy · François Siino To cite this version: François Siino. Tunisian Science in search of Legitimacy. Science Technology & Society, 2003, 8

HAL Id: halshs-00131406https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00131406

Submitted on 16 Feb 2007

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open accessarchive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come fromteaching and research institutions in France orabroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, estdestinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documentsscientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,émanant des établissements d’enseignement et derecherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoirespublics ou privés.

Tunisian Science in search of LegitimacyFrançois Siino

To cite this version:François Siino. Tunisian Science in search of Legitimacy. Science Technology & Society, 2003, 8 (2),pp.261-281. �halshs-00131406�

Page 2: Tunisian Science in search of Legitimacy · François Siino To cite this version: François Siino. Tunisian Science in search of Legitimacy. Science Technology & Society, 2003, 8

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1 - Carthage speech, 25/01/1973. 2 - Speech of 7/11/1955. 3 - On this aspect see Christophe Bonneuil (1991). 4 - See Picard (1990, p. 209 and following pages). Research programmed on defined objectives did exist at the time, but it was implemented within agencies like the CEA or the CNES.

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5 - Not to mention that there were many who began their studies in the recently created Tunisian undergraduate courses under the rule of French teachers on assignment in Tunisia for aid schemes.

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7 - These were conflicts of personalities and differing political position rather than concerning strategies for scientific research.

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8 - Date of the implementation of the first Structural Adjustment Plan in Tunisia. 9 - Several observers have reported on his fascination for information technologies and computers (see Nicolas Beau and Jean-Pierre Tuquoi, 1999, Notre ami Ben Ali, Paris, La Découverte, p.103 and following pages). 10 - The public budget allocation for research rose from 38 to 55.3 million dinars between 1992 and 1995, an average annual rise (at + 13%) higher than that of the overall State budget (+ 11.3%). 11 - Research activity was focused on three areas: man-machine interface, telecommunications and networks, systems for assisting decision-making.

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18 - Law n¡96-6 of 31 January 1996 and government orders 97-938 to 942 of 19 May 1997. 19 - In other words, the seven centres of research coming under the Ministry of Scientific Research and Technology (formerly the Secretary of State department) and twenty others of varying size and activities which reported to other ministries ( Agriculture, Health, Defence and so on). 20 - With an average annual budget allocation of around 50 000 dinars (41 660 euros) per laboratory.

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21 - This trend has been observable in Tunisia since the beginning of the 1980s. At that time, students in fundamental sciences made up about 22% of all students; at present the figure is no more than

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25 - These institutions of "excellence" include the Ecole Polytechnique of Tunisia (since 1998), the Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies (IPEST since 1993) and the Ecole Normale Supérieure.. At the core of the network of "technical" Institutions there are the National Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology (INSAT, since 1996) and 11 Higher Institutes for Technological Studies (ISET) founded according to the blueprint of the French IUTs (Institut Universitaire de Technologie). 26 - See Nadia Omrane, "A damning report of teachers at the Tunis Faculty of Sciences. Have we really a "useful" university?" (Un rapport accablant d'enseignants de la Faculté des sciences de Tunis. Avons-nous vraiment une université "utile"?"), Réalités, n¡ 810, 5 - 11/7/2001. 27 - Position formulated explicitly in a World Bank report on higher education in Tunisia written in 1998. See Ben Kahla (2000, p.164).

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28 - In addition to the aid between the States managed by the French Embassy and the French Institute for Partnership Aid (Institut Français de Coopération), regional offices of the CNRS and IRD had also long been established at Tunis. 29 - Data given by Lise Andresen-Vollenweider and Victor Borgogno at the meeting "Higher education graduates from North Africa: their development in Europe and reintegration in their country of origin", 27-28 November 1998, Institut Maghreb-Europe (Univ.Paris VIII). 30 - See Gaillard and Schlemmer (1996).

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31 - The work of Vincent Geisser and Sa•d Ben Sedrine show that about 40% of Tunisian students trained abroad and who returned to the home country over the past ten years have studies in other countries of the Maghreb. See Geisser and Ben Sedrine (2000).

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