Tunnel Inspection and Maintenance in Taiwan CHL …geolsoc.org.hk/pdf/seminar/Tunnel Inspection and Maintenance in... · Tunnel Inspection and Maintenance in Taiwan 2 Outline

11

Technical Seminarorganised by

HKIE Geotechnical Division,Geological Society of Hong Kong Professional Branch and NTU Alumni Association (Civil & Geology) in Hong Kong

Chia-Han Lee

United Geotech, Inc., Taipei, Taiwan

National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan

28 June 2012

Tunnel Inspection and Maintenance in Taiwan

2222

Outline

� Introduction

� Phenomena and causes of tunnel anomaly

� Inspection methods and diagnosis

� Preliminary inspection

� Specific inspection

� Case studies

� Case study 1 - Wushanlin hydraulic tunnel

� Case study 2 - South link railway tunnels

� Case study 3 - Chichi line railway tunnels

� Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic tunnel

� Future researches

� Conclusions

3333

Introduction

� Tunnels differ from above-ground structures, and their

design conditions vary case by

case. So the deformation mechanism of tunnel is more

complicated than bridge.

4444

Flap

Lining

Tram lineWater leakage

(Up) (Down)

Introduction - Shinkanmon Tunnelin Japan

� Due to leakage caused by power outages, opera t ion o f the Sh inkansen was suspended for 2.5 hours. (1998.04.04)

Water leakage

Leakage induce spalling

of concrete lining block

5555

Introduction - Fukuoka Tunnel in Japan

� The spalling of concrete lining block from cold joints, hit the train on the Shinkansen, resulting in vehicle damage and suspension of operations. (1999.06.27)

Falling concrete block

The formation of cold joint.

The vibration of steel support,

influence of formwork release. The formation of crackThe formation of crack

Generation of cold joint

1

2

The formation of crack

The formation of cold joint.

The vibration of steel support,

influence of formwork release. The formation of crackThe formation of crack

Generation of cold joint

11

22


Water leakage, changes of air pressure,

temperature, train vibration.

Crack developmentCrack development

Changes in air pressure

and train vibrations.


3

Crack development

4

DroppedDropped

Water leakage, changes of air pressure,

temperature, train vibration.


Changes in air pressure

and train vibrations.


33

Crack development

44

DroppedDropped

6666

Introduction - Kitakyushu Tunnelin Japan

� The spalling of concrete lining block, suspended Shinkansen operating for 10 hours, affecting 62,000 people. (1999.10.09)

Falling concrete block

Roof

Sidewall

Construct joint

Protrusion area

The occurrence of crackThe occurrence of crack

Lining

Water leakage,

changes of

temperature,

train vibration


DroppedDropped

Self-weight

The differential

settlement after

lining or early

mold release at

the underside of

the formwork.

Water

Water

leakage

1

2

3

Protrusion

area Crack

Roof

Sidewall

Construct joint

Protrusion area

The occurrence of crackThe occurrence of crack

Lining

Water leakage,

changes of

temperature,

train vibration


DroppedDropped

Self-weight

The differential

settlement after

lining or early

mold release at

the underside of

the formwork.

Water

Water

leakage

11

22

33

Protrusion

area Crack

77

Phenomena and causes of tunnel anomaly

8

Tectonic plate motion

� Lies on western rim of circum-pacific seismic zone

� Located on convergent and compressive boundary between Eurasian and Philippine Sea Plates

� Collision formed buck of island through on-going orogenic process

9

Topography and Geological in Taiwan

� The rock formation is quite young, resulted in weak and soft

geo-environment.

South Africa

AustriaChina

Japan

Taiwan

Age of oldest stratum (100 My)

Age of latest orogeny (10 My)

Elevation of highest mountain (m)

30

3482

28

2469

5.5

6.5 3779

29

6.6

8848

4.5 2.5

3776

0.80.6

3952

Norway

10

Climate and typhoons in Taiwan

� The climate is very unfavorable. Typhoons and torrential

rains are common occurrences.

11

Annual Precipitation in Taiwan

� Global comparison of annual precipitation

12121212

(Wang et al., 2007)

Abnormal phenomena of mountain tunnel

(a) Longitudinal cracks

(b) Opening cracks

(c) Breaking away of lining

(d) Spalling of lining

(e) Scattered spalling

(f) Falling of lining (g) Dislocation of

lining

(h) Exposed

reinforcement

(i) Cavity behind

lining

(j) Lining

deformation

(k) Sidewall billow (l) Heaved invert (m) Leakage (n) Efflorescence (o) Dislocated

construction joint

1313

Abnormal phenomena of road tunnel

(Wang, 2010)

141414

Abnormal phenomena of MRT tunnel

14

crack caused by force of Jack thrust

crack caused by stress

concentration when the

TBM advancing

cracks around the iron frame

squeeze crack

shrink cracking

around the hole of

back-fill grout

cracks around the

iron connector

the crack caused by ring

connector open

crack caused by force of Jack thrust

crack caused by stress

concentration when the

TBM advancing

cracks around the iron frame

squeeze crack

shrink cracking

around the hole of

back-fill grout

cracks around the

iron connector

the crack caused by ring

connector open

(RTRI, 2007)

15151515

Possible causes of tunnel anomaly(JSCE, 2003)

Natural causes Artificial causes

External loading

Topography: unbalanced pressure, slope creeping, landslide

Geology: plastic earth pressure, loose earth pressure, insufficient soil bearing capacity

Groundwater: water pressure, frost heave pressure

Other: earthquake, earth crust deformation

Adjacent construction Train vibration, air pressure variation

External factors

Environmental factors

Ageing: rock weathering, neutralization, material deterioration

Groundwater: Leakage, Frost damage

Other: salt damage, toxic water

Smoke, fire

Material －－－－ Inferior lining material

Construction The temperature and humidity when pouring concrete

Dubitable construction quality Internal factors

Design －－－－ Design without considering on long term variation of external factors

1616

Possible causes of tunnel anomaly

16

Loading increase

Loading

increase

Tunnel deformation

Tunnel

deformation

Inadequate lining/supports

intensity

Inadequate

lining/supports

intensity

Low rock massstrength ratio

Low rock mass

strength ratio

Plastic /

loose zone increase

Plastic /loose zone

increase

Groundwaterinfiltration

Groundwater

infiltration

Groundwater

infiltration

Groundwater

infiltration

Unbalanced topography

Unbalanced

topography

Lining cavity

/ No invert

Lining cavity

/ No invert

Low tempera,

salt damage,

or harmful water

Low tempera,

salt damage, or harmful water

Thick overburden

Thick overburden

Low rock mass strengthLow rock mass strength

Weathe

ring

Weathe

ring

Swelling

Swelling

Plastic

earth

pressurePla

stic

earth

pressure

Deformationincrease

Deformationincrease

Design /Construction

problems

Design /

Construction

problems

Inadequate liningthickness / strengthInadequate liningthickness / strength

Earthquake

Earthquake Adjacent construction

Adjacent construction

Unbalanced

pressure

Unbalan

ced

pressure

Landslide

Landslide

Others (fire, etc)

Others (fire, etc)

Frost damageFrost damage

Materia

l

deterio

ration

Material

deterio

ration

Torren

tial rain

Torren

tial rain

Unstable slopeUnstable slope

Water pressure

Water pressureFrost heavepressure

Frost heavepressureUnsoiled rock

mass

Unsoiled rockmass

Rock bearing capacity

decrease

Rock bearing

capacity

decrease

Loading increase

Loading

increase

Tunnel deformation

Tunnel

deformation

Inadequate lining/supports

intensity

Inadequate

lining/supports

intensity

Low rock massstrength ratio

Low rock mass

strength ratio

Plastic /

loose zone increase

Plastic /loose zone

increase

Groundwaterinfiltration

Groundwater

infiltration

Groundwater

infiltration

Groundwater

infiltration

Unbalanced topography

Unbalanced

topography

Lining cavity

/ No invert

Lining cavity

/ No invert

Low tempera,

salt damage,

or harmful water

Low tempera,

salt damage, or harmful water

Thick overburden

Thick overburden

Low rock mass strengthLow rock mass strength

Weathe

ring

Weathe

ring

Swelling

Swelling

Plastic

earth

pressurePla

stic

earth

pressure

Deformationincrease

Deformationincrease

Design /Construction

problems

Design /

Construction

problems

Inadequate liningthickness / strengthInadequate liningthickness / strength

Earthquake

Earthquake Adjacent construction

Adjacent construction

Unbalanced

pressure

Unbalan

ced

pressure

Landslide

Landslide

Others (fire, etc)

Others (fire, etc)

Frost damageFrost damage

Materia

l

deterio

ration

Material

deterio

ration

Torren

tial rain

Torren

tial rain

Unstable slopeUnstable slope

Water pressure

Water pressureFrost heavepressure

Frost heavepressureUnsoiled rock

mass

Unsoiled rockmass

Rock bearing capacity

decrease

Rock bearing

capacity

decrease

(JSCE, 2003)

1717

Inspection methods and diagnosis

18181818

Flow chart of tunnel maintenance in Taiwan

P re lim inary inspec tion

D iagnos is on soundness

S pecific inspec tion

S afety le ve l, m ain tena nce ne eded

O rd inary ins pec tion

E xcep tiona l pheno m enon fo und

o r con tinu ing

U rgen t C oun term easuresD es ign fo r m ain tenance w ork

C onstruc tion p lan

M ain tenance w orkC heck and accep ted

Y es N o

G ood

N o

N ot good

Yes

P re lim inary inspec tion

D iagnos is on soundness

S pecific inspec tion

S afety le ve l, m ain tena nce ne eded

O rd inary ins pec tion

E xcep tiona l pheno m enon fo und

o r con tinu ing

U rgen t C oun term easuresD es ign fo r m ain tenance w ork

C onstruc tion p lan

M ain tenance w orkC heck and accep ted

Y es N o

G ood

N o

N ot good

Yes

(Huang et al., 1997)

19191919

Ordinary check or preliminary inspection

(Lee & Wang, 2008)

2020

Preliminary inspection

� Visual inspection

2121

Preliminary inspection

� Tunnel image scanning system

2222

背後孔洞滲漏水

襯砌完整性襯砌表面 Cavity behind

lining

Lining surface

Lining soundness

Leakage

Items to be inspected

� Lining surface

� Crack distribution

� Crack width and its development

� Lining deformation

� Spalling

� Drop of sealing mortar

� Leakage

� Lining soundness

� Inner defect

� Lining thickness

� Crack depth

� Strength and deterioration of lining materials

� Rebar corrosion and cover thickness

� Deterioration of sealing mortar

� Cavity / loosening zone behind lining

23232323

Specific inspections

Inspection items Inspection method Inspection instrument Remark

3D laser range finding method

Laser theodolite / distance meter

Manual work Tunnel clearance

Tunnel image scanning method

Tunnel image scanner Automatic

Crack width Direct measurement

Gap meter, crack magnifier

Non-destructive

Ultrasonic method Ultrasonic test instrument

Non-destructive Lining surface

Crack depth Impact echo method

Impact echo test system

Non-destructive

Ground penetrating radar


Non-destructive

Infrared thermography

Infrared thermograph Non-destructive Surrounding conditions of

lining

Cavity imaging Particular digital camera

Destructive

Physical properties test

Water thermometer, pH meter, conductance meter

In situ Leakage water quality

Chemical properties test

Anion / cation measurement unit

In Lab

(Lee & Wang, 2008)

24242424

Specific inspections

Inspection items Inspection method Inspection instrument Remark

Impact echo method

Impact echo test system

Non-destructive

Ground penetrating method


Non-destructive Lining thickness

Concrete core sampling

Portable drill Destructive

Rebound hammer test

Schmidt rebound hammer

Non-destructive

Pullout test Pullout test system Non-destructive Lining strength

Compressive strength test

Compressive strength test system

Destructive

Concrete neutralization test

Concrete neutralization test

phenolphthalein indicator

Destructive

Acid-dissolution method

Nitric acid solution Destructive Chloride ion content

examination for concrete

Indirect examination

Chlorine content determination instrument

Destructive

Direct measurement by instruments

Reinforcement corrosion gauge

Destructive

Lining soundness

Reinforcement corrosion

examination Indirect examination

Static pulse measurement system

Non-destructive

(Lee & Wang, 2008)

25252525

Diagnosis on tunnel soundness

Tunnel classificationa,b

Damage level

Damage descriptionTraffic

strategy

No immediate

dangerA

No damage

No damages detectable by visual inspection.

Normal operation

SlightLight damages detected on visual inspection, no effects on traffic (wc<3mm, lc<5m).

Dangerous

B Moderate

Spalling, cracking of linings (w>3mm, l>5m), exposed reinforcement, displacement of segmental joints, leaking of water.Some disruption to traffic.

Operable with

regulations

C Severe

Slope failure at openings, collapse of main tunnel structure, up heave or differential movement of road and road shoulder, flooding, damaged ventilation and lighting system in long tunnels.Total disruption of traffic.

Not operable

Note: a. Classification of a tunnel is based on its functionality and extent of damage in the tunnel.b. Classification of a tunnel should be based on the least safe section being assessed to be

conservative. c. W means width of crack, L means length of crack

(Huang et al., 1999)

2626

Case studies

2727

Case study 1 - Wushanlinhydraulic tunnel

� Tunnel data� Length = 3.2 km

� Cross section area = 30 m2

� Built with ASSM method in 1922-1929

� Lining material: stones, bricks and plain concrete

� Reinforce 0.25 m thickness concrete in 1972-1974

2828


� Abnormal phenomena of tunnel (in 2004)

2929


� Layout of tunnel inspection - Free hand sketch

30303030

Case study 2 - South link railway tunnels

� Tunnel data

� Total length of 7 tunnels = 19 km


(single line) & 65 m2 (double line)

� Built with ASSM & NATM method in 1980-1991

� Lining material: plain concrete (mined section) and reinforced concrete (portal section)

31313131



32323232


� Preliminary inspection – GRP 5000

� Speed = 0.7-1.0 km/hr

� Rotation frequency = 33-50 Hz

� Measured points per rotation = 10,000 points

333333


� Clearance Analysis - GRP 5000

34343434


� Specific inspection methods

35353535


� Layout of tunnel inspection

3636

Case study 3 - Chichi line railway tunnels

� Tunnel data� Total length of 7 tunnels = 2.2 km� Cross section area = 13 m2

� Built with ASSM method in 1925

� Lining material: bricks (crown) and plain concrete (sidewall)� Repair by shotcrete and steel support in 1962-1964, 1986, 1989,

1996 and 2000

3737



3838


� Tunnel inspection – Image mosaic technique

� The new developed tunnel image mosaic technique was developed with NTU & NTUT and was cooperated with UGI.

� The procedure is setting two laser leveler, taking a series of photos, inputting data and photos into the software which will compile the photos into tunnel images automatically.

3939


� Tunnel inspection – Image mosaic technique

4040


� Nondestructive inspection methods

4141



4242

Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic tunnel

� Tunnel data

� Total length = 15 km


� Built with NATM method in 2005

� Lining material: reinforced concrete

4343



4444


� Preliminary inspection – TIPS

� Principle: using lens and charge coupled device (CCD) to scan tunnel lining surface image

� Resolution: can identify the minimum crack width is from 0.3 to 0.5 mm

� Speed: 1-3 km/hr

4545


� Preliminary inspection – TIPS

4646


� Detail inspection methods

4747



4848

Future researches

49

Tunnel cracks auto-detection

Original image Result

(Developed by NTUT)

50

3D visual reality demonstration

� 3D visual reality

demonstration of the

lining image

� Integration of the lining

image and ground

penetration radar

(Developed by NTUT)

51

Identify the cause of anomalies

� Crack patterns on tunnel linings induced by slopes

movement

(Wang, 2010)

52

Time dependent of tunnel lining cracks

� February 2008：

� February 2009：

(Researched by NTUT)

5353

Conclusions

545454

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Nuremberg IngolstadtIngolstadtIngolstadtIngolstadt

Case study - German high speed rail (ICE)

� After the new construction of German High Speed Rail (ICE) from Nuremberg to Ingolstadt including nine tunnels (length = 27 km). They used the GRP5000 tunnel image scanning system to establish the original image of tunnel lining before the operation in 2005.

55555555

Life-cycle of tunnel

T1 T1 T1 T1 T1T0T2 T3 T4

dF1

dF0

dF2 dF3 dF4

Preventive maintenance

Proactive maintenance

Breakdown maintenance

Time

Saf

ety

lev

el /

fu

nct

ion

in

dex

dF0

3dF +dF2dF x41

T0

T x41

T2 +T3

T2 +T3 T x41 T0

3dF +dF2 dF x41 dF0<<

<<

(Lee et al., 2004)

56565656

Conclusions

� The end of construction is the beginning of maintenance.

� Different tunnel usage has different tunnel exceptional

phenomena. So tunnel inspection methods should be selected based on tunnel function.

� The hard part of inspection works is not how to inspect, but where to inspect and how to identify & diagnosis.

� Maintenance countermeasures also should depend onthe tunnel anomaly phenomena, causes and usage.

� Further research about inspection, diagnosis and rehabilitation technique for tunnel maintenance are on

going in Taiwan.

57

References

� Chiu, Y. C., C. H. Lee, T. T. Wang and T. H. Huang, 2011. Development and characteristics of a deep-seated slope movement, 12th Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, 17-21 Oct., Beijing, China, 1877-1880.

� Huang, T. H., F. S. Jeng, W. L. Wang, R. Fu, C. S. Chang, T. Y. Ho, M. L. Lin, and R. J. Hong, 1997. Planning on engineering and inspection technology for tunnel: research on the technologies of inspection. Maintenance and Repairing for Traffic Tunnel (I). Report for MOTC. (in Chinese)

� Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 2003. Tunnel deformation mechanism. (in Japanese)

� Lee, C. H. and T. T. Wang, 2008. Rock Tunnel Maintenance in Taiwan, 6th Asian Young Geotechnical Engineers Conference-2008, Bangalore, India, p. 205-217.

� Lee, C. H., Y. C. Chiu, T. T. Wang and T. H. Huang, 2011. Application and validation of simple image-mosaic technology for interpreting cracks on tunnel lining, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. (submitted)

� United Geotech, Inc., 2004. Report on inspection and countermeasures of the Wushanlin tunnel. Prepared for Chia-Nan Irrigation Association. (in Chinese)

� United Geotech, Inc., 2007. Report on inspection and rehabilitation of the south link railway tunnels. Prepared for Taiwan Railway Administration. (in Chinese)

58

References

� United Geotech, Inc., 2008. Report on inspection and rehabilitation of the Chichi line railway tunnels. Prepared for Taiwan Railway Administration. (in Chinese)

� United Geotech, Inc., 2011. Report on the hydraulic inspection of Akungkienreservoir transbasin waterway. Prepared for Southern Region Water Resources Office. (in Chinese)

� Wang, T. T. and C. H. Lee, 2012. Life cycle design considerations for hydraulic tunnels - lessons learned from inspection and maintenance cases, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities. (accepted)

� Wang, T. T., 2010. Characterizing crack patterns on tunnel linings associated with shear deformation induced by instability of neighboring slopes, Engineering Geology, 115(1-2), 80-95.

� Wang, T. T., C. H. Lee, F. S. Jeng and T. H. Huang, 2009. Recent researches on tunnel inspection and safety evaluation in Taiwan, 2nd International Tunnel Safety Forum for Road and Rail, Apr. 20-22, Lyon, France, 57-72.

� Wang, T. T., F. M. Chang, and T. H. Huang, 2008. Using image mosaic technology for tunnel inspection. Proceedings of 42nd U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium and 2nd U.S.-Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium, San Francisco.

� Wang, T. T., T. H. Huang, F. S. Jeng, W. C. Hsueh and R. Fu, 2007. Exceptional phenomena on tunnel linings in Taiwan. Tunnel Construction 27, 87–92. (in Chinese)

59595959

Thanks forThanks for

your attention !your attention !

Chia-Han Lee

United Geotech, Inc.

Tel: +886-2-2746-6777 ext. 228

E-mail: [email protected]

http: www.ugi.com.tw

Address: 5F, 356, Nanking E. Rd., Sec. 5, Taipei, Taiwan.

Documents

Tunnel Inspection and Maintenance in Taiwan CHL …geolsoc.org.hk/pdf/seminar/Tunnel Inspection and Maintenance in... · Tunnel Inspection and Maintenance in Taiwan 2 Outline