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Types of Genetic DisciplinesRobert F. Waters, PhD
Cytogenetics
Mendelian genetics
Molecular genetics
Population genetics
Immunogenetics
Oncogenetics
Evolutionary genetics
Medical genetics and genetic counseling
Genetics Review
HistoryMedieval Concepts
VaporsDisease
Paternal Society
Genetics Review Continued
MendelHomunculusOvistsDarwin (Pangenesis)Lamarck and LysenkoJohannsen
“gene” (1909) Johannsen + genotype + phenotype
Bateson“genetics” (1905) Bateson
T.H. Morgangenes -chromosomes
Others
Watson Crick Wilkins FranklinNobel Prize Physiology 1962
James Watson
Francis Crick
Maurice Wilkins
Rosalind Franklin
Linus PaulingMolecular shapes
Genes
Genotype + Environment = Phenotype
One gene one phenotype
One gene one enzyme
One gene one polypeptide
So what is a gene?
Genes Continued:
Dominant
Recessive
Complete dominance
Incomplete dominance
Additive (Quantitative Genes)
Inheritance
Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
Inheritance of acquired characteristicsWeisman experiment
Mendel’s LawsLaw of Independent Assortment
Law of Segregation
ChromosomesMitosisMeiosis
Crossing-Over
Numbers of chromosomes (Human 46)GenomePloidy
AneuploidyMonosomy (2n-1)Trisomy (2n+1)
Polyploidy Wheat (hexaploid 42 chromosomes) T. aestivum (6n)Allopolyploidy (genomes different) vs. autopolyploidy
Haploid (n)Diploid (2n)
Chromosomes Continued:NucleusNucleolusSex ChromosomesAutosomal ChromosomesChromatin vs. ChromosomesChromosome regionChromosome bandShort arm Long armCentromereTelomerep = short armq = long arm (9q34-Ch 9, long arm, reg 3, band 4)
One of the genes for ABO blood types
Chromosomes Continued:
Homologous chromosomesPaternal and maternal
Zygote
Homozygote
Heterozygote
Allele
Gametes
Pedigree
Mitosis
P/M/A/T
G1/S/G0 phases
Metaphase plate
Somatic cells
MTOC & Centriole
Spindle Fibers
Chromatids
Tetrads
Meiosis
Germ cellsMeiosis I and Meiosis IIGametogenesis
Oogenesis (Plants:Megasporogenesis)Spermatogenesis (Plants:Microsporogenesis)
Crossing Over – RecombinationChiasmata (Chiasma)Synaptonemal Complex
Mendelian GeneticsGenerations
ParentalFilial
Punnett’s SquaresGametesGenotypic frequencyPhenotypic frequency
MonohybridDihybridTrihybridLinkageKaryotype
Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes
Genome differences
Nucleus or not
Number of genes
Transcriptional differences
Translational differences
hRNA and mRNAPoly A tails on mRNA (eukaryotes)
DNA and RNADNA Structure
Base pairingReplication
Meselson and Stahl proof of semi-conservative replicationTranscriptionTranslationRepair
RNA StructurehRNAmRNA
codontRNA
Anti-codonrRNA
Mitochondrial DNA and RNA (mt)
Expressivity of GenesPenetranceExpressivityMutations
SomaticGermMorphological mutations (you can see)
Albinism
Caused by:Toxins, radiation
– Clastogens (ionizing radiation that causes mutations)– Mutagens (substances that cause mutations)
DNA missense codons (base substitution)Sickle cell anemia
Viruses and BacteriaRetrovirusesReverse transcriptionBacterial plasmids
Genetic engineering
ecoRI Bacterial EndonucleaseRFLP
Restriction fragment length polymorphism
PCR
Oncogenetics
CarcinogenCancer causing substance
Oncogenic viruses
Oncorepressor genesBreast cancer
Population GeneticsEvolutionGenetic driftGenetic loadHardy-Weinberg EquilibriumInbreedingGenetic polymorphismsGenetic diversity
Asexual vs. sexual reproduction
Natural selection
Discussion Topics
Genetic engineeringTurning off or on genes
Diabetes
Vectors and hostsPlants producing animal proteins
Herbicide resistant varieties
Cloning