Types of joints movements:Types of joints movements:

Flexion: Flexion: Bending parts at a joint so that the angle Bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer between them decreases and the parts come closer together (bending the lower limb at the knee).together (bending the lower limb at the knee).

Extension: Extension: Straightening parts at a joint so that the Straightening parts at a joint so that the angle between them increases and the parts move angle between them increases and the parts move farther apart (straightening the lower limb at the farther apart (straightening the lower limb at the knee).knee).

Hyperextension: Hyperextension: Excess extension of the parts at a Excess extension of the parts at a joint, beyond the anatomical position (bending the joint, beyond the anatomical position (bending the head back beyond the upright position).head back beyond the upright position).

Joint Movement (cont)Joint Movement (cont)

Dorsiflexion: Dorsiflexion: Bending the foot at the ankle toward Bending the foot at the ankle toward the shin (bending the foot upward).the shin (bending the foot upward).

Plantar flexion: Plantar flexion: Bending the foot at the ankle toward Bending the foot at the ankle toward the sole (bending the foot downward).the sole (bending the foot downward).

Abduction: Abduction: Moving a part away from the midline Moving a part away from the midline (lifting the upper limb horizontally to form a right (lifting the upper limb horizontally to form a right angle with he side of the body).angle with he side of the body).

Adduction: Adduction: Moving a part toward the midline Moving a part toward the midline (returning the upper limb from the horizontal position (returning the upper limb from the horizontal position to the side of the body).to the side of the body).

Joint Movement (cont)Joint Movement (cont) Rotation: Rotation: Moving a part around an axis (twisting the Moving a part around an axis (twisting the

head from side to side). Medial rotation involves head from side to side). Medial rotation involves movement toward the midline, whereas lateral movement toward the midline, whereas lateral rotation involves movement in the opposite direction.rotation involves movement in the opposite direction.

Circumduction: Circumduction: Moving a part so that its end Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path (moving the finger in a follows a circular path (moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand).circular motion without moving the hand).

Supination: Supination: Turning the hand so the palm is upward Turning the hand so the palm is upward or facing anteriorly (in anatomical position).or facing anteriorly (in anatomical position).

Pronation: Pronation: Turning the hand so the palm is Turning the hand so the palm is downward or facing posteriorly (in anatomical downward or facing posteriorly (in anatomical position).position).

Joint Movement (cont)Joint Movement (cont)

Eversion: Eversion: Turning the foot so the sole faces laterally.Turning the foot so the sole faces laterally. Inversion: Inversion: Turning the foot so the sole faces Turning the foot so the sole faces

medially.medially. Protraction: Protraction: Moving a part forward (thrusting the Moving a part forward (thrusting the

chin forward).chin forward). Retraction: Retraction: Moving a part backward (pulling the Moving a part backward (pulling the

chin backward).chin backward). Elevation: Elevation: Raising a part (shrugging the shoulders).Raising a part (shrugging the shoulders). Depression: Depression: Lowering a part (drooping the Lowering a part (drooping the

shoulders).shoulders).

Major joints of the body Major joints of the body

JointJoint Type of jointType of joint Type of movementType of movementShoulder Shoulder Ball-and-socket Ball-and-socket Flexion, extension, Flexion, extension,

adduction, abduction, adduction, abduction, rotation, rotation, circumduction circumduction

ElbowElbow HingeHinge Flexion, extensionFlexion, extension

Proximal Proximal radioulnarradioulnar

PivotPivot RotationRotation

WristWrist CondyloidCondyloid Flexion, extension, Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, adduction, abduction, circumductioncircumduction

ContCont

CarpometacarCarpometacarpal 1pal 1

SaddleSaddle Flexion, Flexion, extension, extension, adduction, adduction, abduction abduction

CarpometacarCarpometacarpal 2-5pal 2-5

CondyloidCondyloid - Do -- Do -

MetacarpophalMetacarpophalangealangeal

CondyloidCondyloid - Do -- Do -

InterphalangealInterphalangeal HingeHinge Flexion, Flexion, extensionextension

HipHip Ball-and-socketBall-and-socket Flexion, Flexion, extension, extension, adduction, adduction, abduction, abduction, rotation, rotation, circumductioncircumduction

Tibiofemoral Tibiofemoral (knee)(knee)

modified hingemodified hinge Flexion, Flexion, extension, slight extension, slight rotation when rotation when flexed flexed

AnkleAnkle HingeHinge Dorsiflexion, Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, plantar flexion, slight slight circumductioncircumduction

MetatarsophalangMetatarsophalangealeal

CondyloidCondyloid Flexion, Flexion, extension, extension, adduction, adduction, abductionabduction

Definitions of joints:Definitions of joints:

Proximal radioulnar:Proximal radioulnar: The joint near the radius and ulnar The joint near the radius and ulnar bones.bones.Carpometacarpal 1: Carpometacarpal 1: The joint between the wrist bone and the The joint between the wrist bone and the first palm bone.first palm bone.Carpometacarpal 2-5:Carpometacarpal 2-5: The joint between the wrist bone and The joint between the wrist bone and the 2nd through the 5th palm bone.the 2nd through the 5th palm bone.Metacarpophalangeal:Metacarpophalangeal: The joints between the palm bones of The joints between the palm bones of the hand and the finger and toe bones.the hand and the finger and toe bones.Interphalangeal: Interphalangeal: The joints between the bones of the fingers The joints between the bones of the fingers and toes.and toes.Tibiofemoral: Tibiofemoral: The joint in the knee between the tibial and the The joint in the knee between the tibial and the femoral bones.femoral bones.Metatarsophalangeal: Metatarsophalangeal: The joint in between the palm of the The joint in between the palm of the foot and the toes.foot and the toes.