TYPOLOGY OF MORPHOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN

Structure of the word

Morphemes

Morphemes are the smallest meaningfull units of language.

Some morphemes are meaningful by themselvesthunderstorm = thunder + stormclassroom = class + room

... and some need to be added to other morphemes.madly = mad + lycars = car + s

Types of morphemes

free (can stand alone) vs. bound (can't stand alone)

derivational (generate new words) vs. inflectional (contain grammatical information)

Free morphemes

LEXICAL (content morphemes)car, learn, green, happy, Paris,

LEXICO-GRAMMATICAL COPULAS, MODALS, PREPOSITIONS,

CONJUNCTIONS, ARTICLESGRAMMATICAL

AUXILARIES

Bound morphemes

The distinction between derivational and inflectional morphemes relates to the function they perform.

Derivation produces entirely new words (lexemes) by adding affixes

happy (ADJECTIVE) happily (ADVERB)courage (NOUN) encourage (VERB)Inflection adds grammatical information to an

existing word without changing its word classJohn plays the piano

Allomorphisms

In E inflectional morphemes are always suffixes, while in U they are prefixes and suffixes

U has more bound morphemesE has more grammatical free

morphemesHomonymy of free and bound

morphemes is more typical of E

Homonymy of bound morphemes in English

1. John plays the piano

2. The two dogs belong to Mike

3. Lisa's car broke down

4. The cat’s eaten the mouse

Homonymy of free morphemes in English

1. He promised he would come

2. Otherwise I would do it

3. I asked him but he wouldn’t say

4. He said he’d done it

5. He said he’d do it Find examples

Recategorisation as an allomorphism

from one class to another come round the corner come round with some fresh air

within a class (from one subcategory to another) from abstract to concrete (a youth meaning ‘a boy’) from uncountable to countable (wines ), from proper to common (an Einstein meaning ‘a

genius’, a Benedict Arnold meaning ‘a traitor’).

Part of speech division

1. Meaning2. Form3. Function

красивий, летитьbeautiful

flies, can“Time flies like an arrow, fruit flies like a

banana” Саn he can me for kicking the can?

Lexical paradigm of nomination

syntactico-distributional classification of words was worked out by L.Bloomfield, Z.Harris, and Ch.Fries.

The classification suggests four classes

N V A D

power - empower - powerful - powerfully

pro- N pro- V pro- A pro- D

grammatical categories

grammatical category is a system expressing a generalized grammatical meaning by means of paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms.

Marked member vs. unmarked memberThe set of grammatical forms in a

category constitute the paradigm of the category.

Obligatory categories

"she found a table" or "she found the table “

*she found table

Contrastive study of grammatical categories

a) the absence of the morphological categories in one of the compared languages

b) partial correspondence c) complete correspondence.