In the 1980s microtechnology exploded onto the medical
instrumentation and treatment scene In the same manner the recent
developments in nanotechnology have spurred many research grants in
the area of nanorobotics http://ge.geglobalresearch.com/wp-
content/themes/rgagrc/img/technologies/mnst_me
dical_imaging_full.jpg
Slide 4
Three main approaches for further development of nanorobots
Positional nanoassembly DNA nucleic acid robots Bacteria-based
nanorobots All suffer from severe limitations Positional
nanoassembly is incredibly inefficient in building nanodevices, so
it cant be used to manufacture nano- integrated circuits (ICs) The
DNA approach to build nucleic acid robots is limited by complexity,
the max of which is lower than required for medical applications
Bacteria-based nanorobots present serious concerns because bacteria
are living organisms and can self-replicate making them unsafe due
to instability
Slide 5
Which leads to the fourth option Developed for common use in
medicine Requires hybrid materials, photonics, and wireless
communication for nanorobot manufacturing and control Must be
achieved as an IC (shown on next slide) This paper models for use
in brain anurysms
Slide 6
Slide 7
Chemical Sensor Actuator Power Supply Data Transmission
http://www.nanotech-now.com/columns/images/349.jpg
Slide 8
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-based sensors
use nanowires to achieve maximum efficiency Sensors with suspended
arrays of nanowires assembled into silicon circuits Carbon
nanotubes (CNTs) serve as an ideal material for the basis of a CMOS
IC nanobiosensor For the nanorobot architecture, the antibody
CAB002167 is included, which serves changes in the gradients of the
brain enzymes. http://www.consulta ntlive.com/image/im
age_gallery?img_id =1293779&t=122832 7485633
Slide 9
CMOS as an actuator is based on biological patterns and CNTs
are the natural choice In the same way that DNA can be used for
coupling energy transfer, and proteins may serve as the basis for
ionic flux, an array format based on CNTs and CMOS techniques could
be used to achieve similar reactions for the nanomechanisms
Cerebral aneurysm problem is identifying endothelial vessel
deformation before a stroke happens
http://static.rcgroups.com/forums /attachments/1/3/4/2/5/t2970368-
168-thumb-nanoact.jpg
Slide 10
The use of CMOS for active telemetry and power supply is the
most effective and secure way to ensure energy as long as necessary
to keep nanorobots in operation digital bit encoded data transfer
from inside a human, nanocircuits with resonant electric properties
can operate as a chip to provide electromagnetic energy This allows
for little energy lost in transfer
http://static.materialsgate.de/image/g/gylj.jpg
Slide 11
Using integrated sensors is the best method to read and write
data in implanted devices An embedded antenna with 200 nm size for
the nanorobot was used RF communication, a small loop planar device
is proposed as a RFIC electromagnetic pick-up having a good
matching on low noise amplifier (LNA) based on a gold nanocrystal
with 1.4 nm^3, CMOS and nanobioelectronic circuit technologies
http://cricketdiane.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/0509-demo-
c_x600.jpg
Slide 12
CMOS field effect transistor (FET) and some hybrid techniques
should successfully lay the foundations for the assembly processes
needed to manufacture nanorobots, joint use of nanophotonic and
nanotubes can achieve levels of resolution ranging from 248 to
157nm To extend the CMOS performance improvements new materials for
planar metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs)
and non-classical MOSFET structures are currently in development
which will advance nanoelectronics and new biosensors for
nanomedicine uses
Slide 13
Analysis done by 3D simulation Detection of brain aneurysm by
studying physical characteristics and fluid flow patterns in the
brain. http://ijr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/28/4/558
Slide 14
Why Simulate? Faster VLSI development Performance anticipation
New device design (controls, hardware etc)
http://www.instablogsimages.com/images/200
9/04/23/blue-brain-simululation_vfqTM_54.jpg
Slide 15
Physical Vessel size Flow rate through vessel Differing
diffusion coefficients Model Mathematical chemical based
conputations A 3D environment including bloodstream particles,
nanorobots, and the proteomic signaling
http://ijr.sagepub.com/cgi/conte nt/abstract/28/4/558
Slide 16
For the purposes of this paper: the NOS proteins will be
identified using the simulation. eNOS- positive protein nNOS-
associated with neurodegenerative diseases Nanorobot will be
outfitted with embedded nanoelectronic chemical sensors to detect
the NOS protein accumulations which can lead to the brain
aneurysm.
Slide 17
Parameters used in the simulation:
http://ijr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/28/4/558
Slide 18
=4DRC : capture rate D: diffusion coefficient R: radius of
vessel C: chemical concentration D 2 C=dC/dx diffusion equation
C=Q/(2Dr)e -(r-x)/(2D) These equations are used within the
simulation in order to offer a correlation between the
concentration, concentration gradients fluid velocity, and
diffusion coefficients of the fluids in the vessels.
Slide 19
Being guided by chemical concentration gradients of NOS, the
nanorobot simulation was able to calculate and correctly identify
where a brain aneurysm was developing. However, the robot had to
rely on actual nanobiosensor contact to be sure of detection.
http://ijr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/28/4/558
Slide 20
When the nanorobot detects NOS inside of normal levels(
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