Name:ECOLOGY U4D8 Soil Chemistry

BELLRINGER “Where do you want to be in five years? Explain”

TEACHER DEMO / NOTES / PPTOBJECTIVE: TSW summarize the human impact on ecosystems.QUESTION: How can we measure chemicals in the soil and maintain sustainable soil for agriculture?

1. Id rock samples as metamorphic, igneous, or sedimentary2. Soil is more than just rock (nutrients, micro / macro organisms, minerals, gases, liquids)3. Common contaminants of soil (industrial, agricultural, waste)4. What are soil components that purify stormwater that seeps into aquifer groundwater?

PPT NOTES – SOIL FORMATION(use video from APES arnoldscience https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1-RGmqtFOI )

1. Soil is a mixture of _____________________ and _________________ components.

2. List 5 factors of soil formation:P____________ M_____________ =C_______________ =T ______________ =O______________ =T______________ =

3. List the layers (____________) in soil:O_____________ contains…A_____________ contains…B_____________contains…C_____________contains…

4. Physical Properties (size of soil particles)3types based on size:

____________ _________________ _____________

5. Which of the 3 types would drain fastest? Why?6. Which would be best to FILTER & CLEAN water?7. Why do soils that are more BASIC than ACIDIC indicate healthy soil?8. What are 3 types of LIVING organisms in soil? _____________ _______________ ___________9. What are 5 ways soils are degrades?

_____________ ________________ _________________ ______________ _______________

TSW… Read article on beneficial bacteria and answers questions below.

Bacteria that occur naturally in soil can effectively reduce the amounts of the pesticide residue BAM in drinking water. The pesticide 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM) is toxic to aquatic animals and shows carcinogenic, toxicity, reproductive impairment to humans.

In the future, waterworks will no longer need to spend time and money on removing a drinking water well that is contaminated with the substance BAM. They will only need to sprinkle bacteria into the filters of the system. This became clear after a series of experiments carried out by GEUS – the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland.

“Our preliminary studies show that it’s actually possible to reduce BAM in drinking water by adding Aminobacter  to the existing sand filters. During the 20 minutes it takes for the water to pass through the filters, the bacteria degrade half of the BAM contents in the water,” says Professor Jens Aamand, of GEUS’s Department of Geochemistry.

BAM not easily degraded. Many areas are contaminated with BAM because for many years the sprays Prefix and Casoron were heavily used. These contain the pesticide dichlobenil, which is rapidly degraded to BAM in the soil. This herbicide, however, did not appear to be easily degradable – large amounts of it are still around and it has seeped into the groundwater. This is the water that the water companies are currently pumping out of their drinking water wells and sending out to the consumers as tap water.

BAM converted into energy, carbon dioxide and water. Aamand spotted a great opportunity for solving the problem when one of his students, Anitta M. J. Christensen, discovered that the soil contains its own internal water purifying plant. She found that there was a great difference in how effective various soil samples from contaminated rural areas in Denmark were at degrading BAM.

This indicated that the soil contained micro-organisms that had adapted to the contaminated soil and had started to use BAM as an energy source. Aamand’s PhD student Maria Sommer Holtze then set out to determine which bacteria were responsible. It turned out to beAminobacter sp. strain ASI1 and Aminobacter sp. strain MSH1. All that was left from the bacteria’s ‘meal’ was a small amount of carbon dioxide a bit of water.

Q1: What was a type of soil used in the water filter? Would it drain fast or slow?

Q2: In order to improve water filtration what was proposed?

Q3: Explain the added benefit from soil bacteria Aminobacter to purify water & soil?

Q4: Brainstorm: What are some other applications of Aminobacter?

GROUP WORK…SOIL

SAMPLE#%CLAY %SILT %SAND TYPE? Use soil triangle

1 0 100 0 silt2 30 40 303 50 20 304 20 40 405 45 45 106 10 30 607 20 60 208 10 0 909 50 0 50

10 100 0 0

SOIL MINI-LAB – Describe the 3 main components of soil provided.1. Sketch. Make observations. What color is the sample? Make an imprint of sample?2. What does it feels like? Add a little water. What happens?3. Write down questions as well.

CLAYHeat forms ceramics

SILTForms in bottom of rivers

SANDHeat forms glass

EXIT QUIZ …Soil can be polluted from human endeavors (industrial, agricultural, urban areas, transportation).Soil erosion (construction, improper riparian areas) can also BE a source of water pollution as well.

1. What is soil?

2. List abiotic factors?

3. List biotic factors?

4. Explain soil layers?

5. How does particle size determine type of soil and permeability?

6. List common soil pollutants?

7. Why would soil sediments from construction / farm sites negatively impact water quality?