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SMK(L) METHODIST, KL.

YEARLY SCHEME OF WORK - BIOLOGY UPPER SIX2009

Week Theme/Title Objectives/Learning Outcomes Activities Noble values & CCTS

1, 2 ENERGETICS

5. Respiration (7 periods)5.1 Aerobiosis

5.1.1 Glycolysis

5.1.2 Krebs cycle/tricarbocylic acid cycle/ citric acid cycle

5.1.3 Electron transport system

5.2 Anaerobiosis

- Glucose phosphorylation, fructose diphosphate production- Splitting of 6C t o 3C(phosphoglyceraldehyde and

dihydrocyacetone phosphate

-

Conversion of phosphoglyceraldehyde to pyruvate andproduction of ATP and NADH- Substrate level phosphorylation- Formation of acetyl coenzymeA, formation of citrate,

reformati on of oxaloacetate from citrate via -ketoglutarateand succinate, with emphasis on the formation of NADH,

FADH2,and GTP, and release of carbon dioxide- Calculation of total ATP production- Electron flow from NADH/FADH2 via flavoprotein,

coenzymeQ, and cytochrome to oxygen with the productionof ATP and water

- Effects of inhibitors (cyanide and carbon monoxide)-

Differences between plants and animals: ethanol productionin plants and lactic acid production in animals- Use of fermentation in industry with examples

To draw the schematicdiagram of glycolysis

process

To describe the pathway of

Krebs cycle

To describe the effects ofinhibitor in ETS

To give examples the usesof fermentation in industry

Noble value:

To appreciate

CCTS :- evaluation- making

connection- classifying

3 C. GASEOUS EXCHANGE, TRANSPORT, HOMEOSTASIS

7. Gaseous exchange (4 periods)

7.1 Animals7.1.1 Gaseous exchange in mammals

7.1.2 Breathing cycle

7.2 Plants7.2.1 Stomata

- Process and structures involved- Haemoglobin- Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide- Partial pressure and Bohr effect- Oxygen dissociation curves- Mechanism of breathing control- Chemoreceptor- Tidal volume, vital capacity, total lung capacity, inspiratory

reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume

- Structure and functions- Mechanism of stomatal opening and closing based on the

starch-sugar hypothesis and K+

ions accumulation

hypothesis

To draw a diagram of alung and to describe the

transport of oxygen

To describe the differentvolume and capacity of a

lung in a breathing cycle.To draw the volume and

capacity of lung by using agraph.

To draw and to describethe

starch-sugar hypothesisand K

+ions accumulation

hypothesis

Noble value:To appreciate the creation

of God

CCTS:

- To differentiate- Making association or

connection- comparing andcontrasting

4 Chinese New Year Break (26-1-2009 to 30-1-2009)

5, 6 8. Transport (6 periods)8.1 Animals

8.1.1 Cardiac cycle - Definition of systole and diastole- Changes in pressure & volume in aorta, left atrium and left

ventricle

Showing the animation ofheart beat

NV :To appreciate

CCTS:

Making association or

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8.1.2 Control of heart beat

8.1.3 Cardiovascular diseases

- Sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes- Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves- Description of heart beat- Hypertension, arterioschlerosis, myocardial infarction- Meaning, causes and prevention

Explain the functions of

the nerves

Precaution to the heartdiseases

connection

7, 8 9. Homeostasis (6 periods)9.1 Concept of h omeostasis

9.2 Liver

- definition and importance- basis of control of biological systems- positive and negative feedback mechanisms- emphasis on temperature regulation (endothermic and

ectothermic)- emphasis on control of blood glucose level(role of insulin)

and its relationship with diabetes mellitus- calculation of pressure in movement of fluid between blood

capillaries and tissues

- structure and functions in mammals- Cori cycle and ornithine cycle; emphasis on the entrance of

amino groups into the cycle and the production of urea

- To describe andto calculate thepressure inmovement of

fluid betweenblood

capillaries andtissues

- to draw the s chematicdiagram of Cori cycle

NV:- to appreciate the create of

the God

CCTS:- arranging and

sequencing- evaluation

8 D. CONTROL AND COORDINATION

10. Nervous system (6 periods)10.1 i. Generation, characteristics and transmission of

impulse

ii. Synapses

iii. Neuromuscular junctions

10.2 Autonomous nervous system in mammals

10.3 Drug abuse

- Organisation of nervous system in mammals- Formation of resting and action potentials- Characteristics of n erve impulse and definition of related terms- Mechanism of transmission and spread of impulse along the axon- Structure of synapse and role of n eurotransmitters such as

acetylcholine and norepinephrine- Mechanism of impulse transmission across synpses- Comparison between mechanisms of impulse transmission across

synapse and along axon

- Structure of neuromuscular junction and sarcomere- Roles of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ions, myofibril and T

tubule in muscle contraction

- Sliding filament hypothesis- Mechanism of muscle contraction: roles of actin, myosin and

troponin- Organization of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous

systems and their relationship with th e central nervous systems- Mechanism of action of drug on nervous s ystem and

neuromuscular junction- Examples: cocaine and kurare

To define the function ofnerve system and to draw

the diagram of the 3

different nerves

NV:The importance of the

coordination that exist inour body system in order tolet the body function well.

To realize the effects of

drug to our body

CCTS:- making association

connection- identifying the effects

9, 10 Ujian Selaras T4, T5 dan T6A (2-3-2009 to 13-3-2009)

11 First Term Mid Term Break (16-3-2009 to 23-3-2009)

12, 13 11. Hormone/chemical coordination ( 5 periods )

11.1 Humans11.1.1 Hormonal action

11.1.2 Role of hormones in reproduction

- Mechanism of hormone action via gene activation. Examples ofsteroid hormones

- Mechanism of non-steroid hormones via activation of cyclicAMP system (cascade effect) eg. Adrenaline

- Comparison between the two action mechanisms- Site of production and role of h ormones in oestrus cycle- Site of production and role of h ormones during pregnancy

To tabulate the information

To collect information onspecific examples of eachcase

NV:

To tolerancy of thehormones to thephysiology of the cells

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11.2 Plants11.2.1 Auxin11.2.2 Gibberellin11.2.3 Cytokinin11.2.4 Abscisic acid (ABA)11.2.5 Ethene

11.3 Phytochromes and the effect of light on fl owering

- Role of hormones in plant growth and development- Growth of organs- Root and shoot induction- Apex and bud dominance- Seed dormancy- Flowering- Defoliation- Senescense- Fruit ripening- Stomatal mechanism- Parthenocarpy- Interaction between hormones, eg. Apex dominancy- Def.- Mechanism of phytochrome action- Photoperiodism- Role of phytochromes in photoperiodism and flowering

CCTS:

- identifying the main ideas- solving problems

14, 15 E. IMMUNE SYSTEM

12 Immunity (4 periods)

12.1. Antibody, antigen, epitope, cell-mediated response,humoral immune response

12.2. Lymphatic system12.3. development of immunity

12.4. concept of self and non-self12.5. acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS)

- Definition and description- Organization of lymphatic system and formation of lymphatic

fluid- Relationship between lymphatic system and immunity- Roles of macrophages, T-cells and B-cells- Mechanism of cell-mediated response (T-cell) and humoral

immune response (plasma cells)

- Foreign tissue/graft rejection by the b ody- Application of concept in medicine (organ transplant)- Causes, causing agent (HIV), symptoms and prevention of AIDS- Mechanism of HIV infection

To collect information onspecific examples of eachcase and how to prevent

from AIDS

NV:To love our body and theimportance of our immune

system

CCTS:

- identifying theeffects

- making associationor connection

15 F. REPRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND GROWTH

13. Reproduction (7 periods)

13.1 Sexual reproduction

13.1.1 Plantsi. Algae : Spirogyra

ii. Bryophyta :Marchantia

iii. Filicinophyta :Dryopterisiv. Coniferophyta : Pinusv. Angiospermophyta : Caesalpinia

13.1.2 Fungi : Mucor

To define and to describe.- Morphological characteristics- Structure of sexual reproductive organ- Life cycle with emphasis on sexual reproduction

To define and to describe.

- Morphological characteristics- Structure of sexual reproductive organ

Life cycle with emphasis on sexual reproduction

To identify and to draw


NV:

To express appreciation to

the taking care of our earth

CCTS:- comparing and

contrasting- classifying, grouping

and categorizing

16 13.1.3 Animals

i. Ciliophora : Parameciumii. Cnidaria :Hydraiii. Annelida : Pheretimaiv. Arthropoda : Periplanetav. Amphibia : Ranavi. Reptilia :Najavii. Osteichtyes : Tilapia

To define and to describe

- Morphological characteristics- Diversity of sexual reproductive systems and overall comparison- Mechanism of fertilization (internal and external)- Oviparity, ovoviviparity and viviparity


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viii. Aves : Columbaix. Mammalia : Rattus

13.2 Asexual reproduction13.2.1 Parthenogenesis13.2.2 Pedogenesis13.2.3 Polyembriony13.2.4 Sporulation13.2.5 Budding13.2.6 Binary fision13.2.7 Regeneration13.2.8 Vegetative

To define and give examples

- Aphis and Apis- Amphioxus- Fasciola- Dryopteris and Plasmodium- Hydra and Saccharomyces- Amoeba- Planaria

Allium, Solanim, Yucca, Zingiber

To collect information onspecific examples of eachcase

17 14 Development (6 periods)14.1. Animals14.1.1 Embryology

14.1.2 Human fetal development14.1.3 Parturition process in humans14.2 Plants14.2.1 Seed developmentSeed germination

- Brief description of major stages- Beginning after fertilization from cleavage to organogenesis

(blastula and gastrula)- Organ formation from ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm- Roles of placenta, chorion, amniotic fluid and allantois- Roles of progesterone and oestrogen- Roles of progesterone, oestrogen, oxytocin and prolactin

- Development of seeds and fruits a fter fertilization- Structure of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous seeds

Mobilization of nutrients after imbibition (role of giberrelin)

To collect information

To collect information

NV:To appreciate

CCTS:

- arranging and sequencing

18 15 Growth (5 periods)15.1 Measurement15.2 Types of growth curve

15.3 Growth pattern

15.4 Ecdysis and metamorphosis

15.5 Dormancy15.5.1 Animals15.5.2 Plants

- Parameters and methods of measurement (suitabilities andproblems)

- Absolute growth curve- Absolute growth rate curve- Relative growth rate curve- Limited growth (human)- Unlimited growth (perennial plants/woody saka)- Allometric growth (human)- Isometric growth (fish)- Intermittent growth (insect)- Definition- Role of hormones (neurosecretion, juvenile hormone and

ecdysone)- Ecdysis and metamorphosis in insects- Concept, importance and examples- Hibernation, aestivation and diapause- Seed dormancy- Factors affection seed dormancy and methods of overcoming

them

To collect information on

specific examples of eachcase

NV:

To be systematic

CCTS:- Evaluation- Identifying and

giving the causes

19, 20,21

Mid Year Examination (11-5-2009 to 28-5-2009)

22, 23 First Term Break (1-6-2009 to 14-6-2009)24, 25 G. Genetics

16 Transmission genetics ( 10 periods)

16.1 Mendelian genetics To explain NV:

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16.1.1 Monohybrid

16.1.2 Dihybrid

16.2 Modification of Mendelian genetics

16.2.1 Codominance

16.2.2 Incomplete dominance

16.2.3 Multiple alleles

16.2.4 Lethal genes

16.2.5 Polygenes

16.2.6 Linked genes

16.2.7 Epistasis

16.3 Genetic mapping

- definition of the terms gamete, gene, allele, dominant andrecessive alleles, homozygote, heterozygote, fenotype, genotype,filial generation, types of crosses (test cross, back corss,

reciprocal cross, selfing), and pure breeding- Mendels experiment on monohybrid and dihybrid crosses/

inheritance

- Characteristics of p ea plants used by Mendel- Monohybrid cross and its results- Mendels first law and its relation to meiosis- Calculation of genotypic and phenotypic ratios- Dihybrid cross and its results- Mendels second law and its relation with meiosis- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios until F2

generation- Crosses that result in ratios differing from the classic Mendelian

3:1 and 9:3:3:1 ratios

- Definition- Example of inheritance : MN blood group in humans- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios- Definition- Example of inheritance :Antirrhinum (snapdragon) flower colour- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios- Definition- Example of inheritance : human ABO blood group- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios- Definition- Example of inheritance : coat color in mice- Calculations of genotypic and phenotypic ratios- Definition- Example of inheritance : height in humans- Definition of linked genes and sex-linked genes- Effect of crossing-over on ratio of dih ybrid crosses- Parental and recombinant phenotypes- Examples :Drosophila eyes color and haemophilia in humans- Calculations of genotypec and phenotypec ratios- Pedigree analysis- Sex determination in humans- Definition and examples- Calculations of distance between two loci based on percentage of

crossing-over- Examples of calculations forDrosophila- Determining the relative position of a gene on a chromosome

based on percentage of crossing-over


To collect information onspecific examples of each

case

To express appreciation to

the scientist and theimportant of genetic to our

better life.

CCTS:

- identifying facts- identifying the

effects- predicting

consequences

26 17 Mutation (4 periods)

17.1 Classifivation17.2 Gene mutation17.2.1 Substitution17.2.2 Insertion/addition17.2.3 Deletion

- Spontaneous and induced- Examples of mutagens- Mutation at DNA level- Definition- Example : sickle-cell anaemia- Definition- Frameshift mutation- Definition


To collect information onspecific examples of each

case

NV:

To love and take care ofour body to avoid the

unnecessary mutation ofthe cells

CCTS:- classifying, grouping

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17.2.4 Inversion17.3 Chromosomal mutation17.3.1 Change in chromosome number

i. Aneuploidy

ii. Euploidy/polyploidy17.3.2 Change in chromosome structure

i. Inversionii. Translocationiii. Deletioniv. Duplication/multiplication

- Frameshift mutation- Ex: thalassaemia major- Definition- Chromosomal aberration- Definition of autosome and sex chromosome- Definition- Non-disjunction during meiosis- Abnormalities of autosome number

i. Monosomyii. Trisomy

- Abnormalities of sex chromosome numberi. Klinefelter syndromeii. Turner syndrome

- Definition of euploidy/polyploidy, autopolyploidy andallopolyploidy

- Examples in plants- Definition- Definition- Definition- Definition

and categorizing

- identifying theeffects

27 18 Population genetics (3 periods)18.1 Concept of gene pool18.2 Hardy-Weinberg law

- Concept pf gene pool, allele and genotype frequencies in apopulation

- Relationship between population genetics and evolution- Genetic equilibrium and allele fr equency- Requirements for genetic equilibrium

i. Large-sized populationii. Random mationgiii. No mutationiv. No migration

- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium- Calculations of allele and genotype frequencies in a population

To gather relevantinformation

To calculate

NV:

To realize the important ofgene

CCTS:

- making ass ociationsor connections

28 19 Modern genetics technology (8 periods)19.1 Genetic engineering/recombinant DNA technology19.1.1 Restrection endonuclease/ restreiction enzymes19.1.2 Vectors

19.1.3 Cloning

- Definition- Definition, importance and nomenclature- Restriction site : palindrome- Def- Properties of cloning vectors- Plasmid- Phage - Def- Steps in cloning processes

i. Isolation of target DNA and vector DNAii. Restriction of target DNA and vector DNA by

restriction endonuclease/ enzymesiii. Insertion of target DNA into vector DNA by DNA

ligaseiv. Transformation/ transduction of recombinant DNA

into host cell

To collect informationDiscussion

NV:Thank God and the

appreciation to thedeveloped of science andtechnology

CCTS:- identifying the effects or

consequence- predicting consequences

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19.2 Gene libraries and gene banks

19.3 Use of recombinant DNA technology

19.4 Other uses19.4.1 Genetic screening19.4.2 Gene therapy19.4.3 DNA fingerprinting19.5 Ethics of modern genetics

v. Amplificationvi. Screening for transformantsvii. Ex: insulin production byE.coli

- Def- Gene libraries : genomic and cDNA- Construction of genomic and cDNA libraries- Definition of transgenic organisms- Bacteria-

i. Insulin producersii. Oil composersiii. Nitrogen fixation

- Transgenic plantsi. Plants resistant to berbicideii. Plants resistant to insect pests

- Transgenic animalsi. Producers of-1-antitrypsin enzyme in milkii. Producers of tissue plasminogen activator in milkiii. Producers of human growth hormone in milk

- Def- Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS)- Restoration of adenosine deaminase enzyme in infants- Use in forensic science in identification of individuals- Identification of carriers of defective genes- Advantages and disadvantages of recombinant DNA technology.

29 23. Variation and the theory of evolution(10 periods)

23.1 Variation23.1.1 Continuous and discontinuous variation

23.1.2 Sourcei) Genetic

ii) Environment23.2 Selection

23.2.1 Natural selection

23.2.2 Artificial selection

To define variation and to state its importance.To define these terms.

To differentiate between them and to state examples.

To explain random assortment of homologous chromosomes during

meiosis, crossing-over, chromosome mutation, gene mutation,polygenes, and dominant and recessive genes/alleles.

To study the factors and influences of this source.To define and d escribe selection.To state its importance and to give examples.

To state the r elationship between selection and variation.To explain and differentiate the terms below :

-Stabilising selection

-Directional selection-Disruptive s election

-Sexual selection-Polymorphism

To explain the breeding of farm animals and crop plants.To explain controlled/selective breeding (inbreeding, outbreeding).To explain the purpose of human and animal sperm banks.


To source for the relevant

information

NV:To express appreciation

CCTS:

- evaluation- making inferences

30 23.3 Speciation

23.3.1 Concept of species23.3.2 Speciation process

To define and to describe.To state its importance and to give examples.

To state the problems in defining species.To explain the formation of new species through isolation, genetic drift,

hybridization, and adaptive radiation.

To tabulate the informationTo collect information on

specific examples of each

To appreciate

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case

31 23.4 Evolution

23.4.1 Lamarcks Theory23.4.2 Darwin-Wallaces Theory

23.4.3 Evidence supporting the theory of evolution

To define and to describe.

To state its importance and to give examples.To explain the theory and to give examples.To explain the theory and to give examples.

To explain the terms given :- paleontology- geographical distribution- comparative anatomy- comparative embryology- biochemistry- DNA homology

To gather information onboth of these theories

To appreciate

32, 33 Revision To reflect back on all the topics covered during the Lower Six class. To have a Q & A session

34 Second Term Mid Term Break (22-8-2009 to 30-8-2009)

35, 36,

37STPM Trial Examination (1-9-2009 to 18-9-2009)

38 Cuti Hari Raya (20-9-2009 to 27-9-2009)

39 to

45

Revision To reflect back on all the topics covered during the Lower and Upper

Six class.

To have a Q & A session

46 Final Term Break (23-11-2009 to 4-1-2010)

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SMK(L) METHODIST, KL.

YEARLY SCHEME OF WORK - BIOLOGY LOWER SIX2009

Week Theme/Title Objectives/Learning Outcomes Activities Noble values &

CCTS

18 A. THE BIOLOGY OF MOLECULES AND CELLS

1. Basic chemistry of a cell (15 periods)1.1 Physical and chemical properties and physiological role

1.1.1WaterIts important properties as a constituent and medium for life

1.1.2 Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

To explain polarity,cohesiveness, density, surface tension, specific heat

capacity, and latent heat of vaporization.

To differentiate between reducing and non-reducing sugar.To explain aldehyde and ketone groups.To draw the structure of a triose (glyceraldehyde), a pentose ring (ribose

and deoxyribose), and a hexose ring (glucose),To explain the formation of a glycosidic bond.

To draw the polymerisation process.

Discussion

Compare and contrast

Make conclusions

Noble values:

To appreciate

CCTS:- making

associations or

connections- to category

19 1.1.3LipidsTriglycerides: fatty acids and glycerol

Phospholipids

Steroids1.1.4Proteins

Amino acids

Levels of structure

Conjugated proteins

Properties of proteins

1.1.5 Nucleic acids

1.1.6 Other biomolecules: ions and vitamins

To compare between saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids.To explain the term ester and esterification process.

To explain the structure of lecithin and its importance in health.To discuss steroid drug abuse.

To differentiate between the types based on side chains.To explain the peptide b ond and polymerization process.

To differentiate the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternarystructures.

To explain the bonding involved in the formation of proteins.To differentiate between fibrous and globular proteins.

To state all the properties and to explain the factors causing denaturation.To draw the nucleotide structure.To explain the phosphodiester bond in the formation of polynucleotide

To identify the Watson and Cricks model of DNA structure. To differentiate between the three types of RNA.To state the differences between DNA and RNA.

To give examples and to state the importance of these substances.

Compare and contrastAscertain structures

DiscussionMake structural drawings

Make comparisons

To compare and contrast


To make structural

drawingsTo make comparisons

To draw tables

Noble values:To appreciate

CCTS:

- makingassociations orconnections

- to category- identifying- predicting

consequences

20 1.2 Movement of substances through membrane1.2.1 Passive transport

DiffusionFacilitated diffusionOsmosis and water potential

1.2.2 Active transport1.2.3 Endocytosis (pinocytosis and phagocytosis)

1.2.4 Exocytosis

To define and to give examples.To explain the process.To deduce the mechanism of action.

To calculate the water potential.To define the mechanism and to give examples.

To explain the process and to give examples.To explain the process and to give examples.

Give definitions

Explain processes

Make calculations


CCTS:- making

associations orconnections

21 1.3 Techniques of analysis To explain the uses of these methods in scientific analysis. Explain basic principles

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1.3.1Chromatography

1.3.2Electrophoresis1.3.3X-Ray diffraction

only

Compare and contrast

22, 23 First Term Break (1-6-2009 to 14-6-2009)

24 2. Structures of cells and organelles

(14 periods)2.1 Prokaryotic cells

2.2 Generalised eukaryotic cells

2.2.1 Plant cells2.2.2 Animal cells2.3 Cellular components

2.3.1 Membrane, cell wall, and cytoplasm

To identify the differences between these two types of cells.To draw the structure of eukaryotic cells as seen under the electron

microscope.

To differentiate between plant and animal cells.

To study the structure and functions of membranes based on the Singermodel.



To draw the model

diagrammatically


CCTS:- making


25 2.3.2 Organelles

i) Nucleus: nucleolus, chromosomes, nucleoplasm, and nuclear

membraneii) Rough and s mooth endoplasmic reticulum

iii) Mitochondriaiv) Golgi apparatusv) Lysosomes

To explain the structure, function and distribution of all the organelles.

To explain the process of lysosome action.

To draw the structure of allthe organelles listed below

To write short notes on thefunctions of all these

organelles


CCTS:

- makingassociations orconnections

26 vi) Ribosomesvii) Chloroplasts

viii) Centriolesix) Microtubules

x) Microfilamentsxi) Vacuoles

To explain the structure of chloroplasts of higher plants onlyTo write short notes on thefunctions of all these

organelles


CCTS:

- makingassociations or

connections

27 2.4 Specialised cells

2.4.1 Plant cellsi) Meristem

ii) Parenchymaiii) Collenchymaiv) Sclerenchyma

v) Xylem (tracheids and vessels)vi) Phloem (companion cells and sieve tubes)

2.4.2 Animals cellsi) Epithelium : squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

ii) Nervesiii) Muscles : smooth, striated, and cardiaciv) Bone, cartilage, and blood

2.5 Analytical techniques2.5.1 Ultracentrifugation

2.5.2 Microscopy: light and electron

To explain the structure, function and distribution of all these cells.

To define these cells.To give detailed description of each type of cell in t erms of structure,

function and distribution.To differentiate between simple and stratified types.To explain the formation of both endocrine and exocrine glands.

To explain and to draw the g eneral structure of neurons (sensory,interneuron, and motor).

To state the differences between muscle t ypes.To explain the structure of striated muscles as seen under the electron

microscope.To explain the structure and function of bone, hyaline cartilage,erythrocytes, and leucocytes.

To explain their basic principles only.To explain the use in the is olation of cellular components.

To explain the uses of phase-contrast, transmission and scanning electronmicroscopes.

To give examples of their uses.

To observe prepared slides

of these cells under themicroscope

To draw detailed diagram ofeach type of cell

To observe prepared slidesof these cells under the

microscopeTo draw detailed diagram of

each type of cellTo connect the structure ofthese cells to their function

To compare and contrastbetween the three

Noble values:

To appreciate thecreate of the God

CCTS:- making


28 3. Control in cells (7 periods)3.1 Enzymes

3.1.1 Catalysis and activation energy

To define the term enzyme.To state the properties of enzymes.

To explain the meaning of catalysis.To explain the lowering of activation energy by enzymes in a reaction.

NV:- to appreciate- the importance

of the

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3.1.2 Mechanism of action and kinetics

3.1.3 Cofactors : metal i ons, coenzymes, and prosthetic groups

3.1.4 Inhibitors : competitive and n on-competitive

3.1.5 Classification

3.1.6 Technology : enzyme immobilization and biosensing

To explain the lock-and-key model.

To explain affinity and Michaelis-Menten constant, and the Lineweaver-Burk plot.

To define cofactors.To give examples of each type of cofactor.To compare the action of each type of cofactor.

To define inhibitors.To give examples of both type of inhibitors.

To compare the action of each type inhibitor.To define major types according to IUB s ystem : hydrolases, lyases,

tranferases, isomerases, ligases/synthesases, and oxydoreductases.To give examples of each reaction.To state the meaning of these terms.

To give examples of their uses.

To draw the lock-and-keymodel



To make comparisons ofeach method of action.

coordination

that exist in ourbody sys. in

order to let thebody functionwell

CCTS:

- makingassociations or

connections- classifying

29 Ujian Selaras T6B (20-7-2009 to 24-7-2009)

30 3.2 DNA and protein synthesis3.2.1 DNA as genetic material

3.2.2 Gene concept, one-gene-one polypeptide hypothesis3.2.3 DNA replication

3.2.4 Protein synthesis

To explain the experiment of Avery and colleagues.

To explain the experiment of Beadle and Tatum.To explain the experiment of Messelson and Stahl.

To explain the processes involved in DNA replication.To define transcription.

To explain the processes of mRNA production.To define translation.To explain the processes of polypeptide production.

To draw conclusion from

the results of these threeexperiments.

To make schematic

drawings of these entireprocesses in order to have abetter understanding.

NV:- to appreciate- the importance

of the

coordinationthat exist in our

body sys. inorder to let thebody function

well

CCTS:- making


- classifying31 B. ENERGETICS

4. Photosynthesis (9 periods)4.1 Light reaction

4.2 Dark reaction/ Calvin cycle in C3 and C4 plants

4.3 Factors limiting the rate of photosynthesis

- Reaction and detailed description- Photoactivation of photosystem I and photosystem II- Photolysis of water- Production and roles of NADPH and ATP- Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation- Reaction and detailed description- CO2 fixation to RuDP- Production of PGAL until the formation of carbohydrates- Involvement in the formation of proteins and fatty acids- Anatomical and physiological differences between leaves of C3 and

C4 plants

- Krantzs anatomy- Hatch-Slack pathway- Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)- Example : cactus- Wavelength and intensity of light, temperature, and carbon dioxide

concentration- Compensation point

To describe and to draw a

schematic diagram of lightreaction

To compare and contrast the

C3 and C4 plant

To describe the dark

reaction

To analyse

Noble values:

To appreciate thecreate of the God

CCTS:- making

associations or

connections- classifying

32 6. Nutrition (2 periods)

6.1 Autotroph6.1.1 Chemosynthesis

- Concept with examples- Refer to topic 4. Photosynthesis - describe the differentways of nutrients Noble values:To appreciate the

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6.1.2 Photosynthesis

6.2 Heterotroph

6.2.1 Holozoic6.2.2 Saprophytic6.2.3 Parasitic

- Brief description of photosynthesis in bacteria- Concept with examples

consumption.

- Classifyingorganisms according

to the method ofnutrientsconsumption

create of the God

CCTS:

- to classifying- to evaluate- to compare

33 H. TAXONOMY, BIODIVERSITY, AND THEORY OF

EVOLUTION

21. Taxonomy (3 periods)21.1 Purpose and importance of taxonomy

21.2 Classification system

21.3 Taxonomic hierarchy21.4 Dichotomous keys

21.5 Biological nomenclature

To give a brief description of the purpose and importance of taxonomy.

To differentiate between artificial classification system and naturalclassification system.

To define taxonomic rank.To give examples of taxonomic hierarchy for plants and animals.To explain the methods of constructing dichotomous keys.

To explain the use of dichotomous keys for the purpose of identification oforganisms.

To give examples of dichotomous keys.To explain the binomial system and to give examples.

To explain the purpose of

giving each organism aname.

To do experiments whereboth plant and animals

specimens are identifiedand given a name.

NV:To appreciate the

create of the God andto realize the

importance of otherspecies and man

CCTS:-classifying

- grouping- categorizing

33 22. Biodiversity (16 periods)22.1 Five kingdom systems

22.1.1 Kingdom Prokaryotae :viruses and bacteria

22.1.2 Kingdom Protoctista :

i) Cholorophyta : one example of unicellular and one

example of filamentousii) Phaeophyta : one example of fucoidiii) Rhizopoda : Amoebaiv) Ciliophora : Paramecium

v) Zoomastigina : Euglena

To give the definition of biodiversity.To give th e morphological characteristics and examples.

To give the m orphological characteristics at the ph ylum and class levels.



NV:

To appreciate thecreate of the God andto realize the

importance of other

species and man

CCTS:-classifying

- grouping- categorizing

34 Second Term Mid Term Break (22-8-2009 to 30-8-2009)

35 22.1.3 Kingdom Fungi : Mucor

22.1.4 Kingdom Plantae :i) Bryophyta : Marchantia

ii) Filicinophyta : Dryopteris

iii) Coniferophyta : Pinusiv) Angiospermophyta : Zea mays and Helianthus

22.1.5 Kingdom Animalia :

i) Porifera : Syconii) Cnidaria : Obelia

iii) Platyhelminthes : Taeniaiv) Nematoda : Ascaris

v) Annelida : Pheretima

To give the m orphological characteristics at the kingdom level.To give the m orphological characteristics at the ph ylum and class levels.





NV:To appreciate thecreate of the God and

to realize theimportance of other

species and man

CCTS:

-classifying- grouping

- categorizing

36 vi) Arthropoda :

Insecta : PeriplanetaArachnida : Lycosa

Crustacea : PenaeusChilopoda : LithobiusDiplopoda : Lulus

Merostomata : Limulusvii) Mollusca : Helix

viii) Echinodermata : Holothuria


To give the m orphological characteristics at the phylum and class levels.



NV:

To appreciate thecreate of the God andto realize the

importance of otherspecies and man

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ix) Chordata :

Chondrichthyes : CarcharodonOsteichthyes : Tilapia

Amphibia : RanaReptilia : NajaAves : Columba

Mammalia : Ratus

CCTS:

-classifying- grouping

- categorizing

37 22.2 Biodiversity in Malaysia22.2.1 Ecosystem diversity

22.2.2 Species diversity

22.2.3 Genetic diversity

22.3 Threat of extinction to biodiversity in Malaysia

22.4 Conservation of biodiversity22.4.1 In situ conservation

22.4.2 Ex situ conservation

To define biodiversity.To explain different types of ecosystem found in Malaysia : tropical forest,mangrove swamp forest, and coastal.

To compare the diversity of plant (flora) and animal (fauna) species and togive examples of ferns and insects.

To compare genetic variation between population in humans, and plant andanimal species.To explain the factors which threat the extinction of biodiversity such as

excessive and illegal logging, pollution of rivers and beaches, fishbombing, and the exploitation of mangrove in an unsustainable way.

To explain the implications of the extinction of ecosystem, species, andgenetic diversities on human life and the environment.

To study and explain the steps taken in th e conservation of biodiversity interms of ecosystem, species, and genetics.Example : Taman Negara

Example : botanical garden, zoo, gene and germplasm banks

To gather relevantinformationTo have class room

presentation

NV:To love and tomaintain the diversity

in Malaysia

CCTS:- making

association or

connection- evaluation

38 Cuti Hari Raya (20-9-2009 to 27-9-2009)39, 40 Final Year Examination (28-9-2009 to 9-9-2009)

41 I. ECOLOGY24. Ecosystem (6 periods)

24.1 Organisation of life24.1.1 Components of life : organisms, populations and

communities, ecosystems, bi omes, and biospheres24.1.2 Niche and habitat

24.2 Biogeochemical cycles

24.3 Energy

24.3.1 Flow

24.3.2 Transfer

To explain the concept, hierarchy, and interaction.To define and to give examples.

To explain why the emphasis on the d ynamism of ecosystems.To define and to give examples.

To state the r elationship between niche, habitat, and environment.To explain the sulphur and phosphorus cycles.To explain the first and second law of thermodynamics.

To define and to give one example of this in an ecosystem : pond/forest.To explain the efficiency of energy transfer by producers, consumers, and

composers.

To give an example of this in an ecosystem : pond/forest.


To try and establish a

relationship between thetwo

NV:To realize the

importance ofecosystem to human

CCTS:- making connection

42 - 45 25. Quantitative ecology (12 periods)25.1 Population ecology To explain the terms given :

- Biotic potential- Natality- Mortality- Migration- Survivorship- r and K strategies- Population growth- Factors limiting population size and distribution- Liebigs law- Shelfords law

NV:- co-operation- tolerate

CCTS:- calculation- solving

problems

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25.2 Applied ecology To explain carrying capacity.

To explain how the management and conservation of ecosystems aredone.

To explain how sustainable development is done in forestry, agriculture,and fishery.

To read up gather

information on this matterand its relevance to what is

happening in our country.

46 Final Term Break (23-11-2009 to 4-1-2010)

Documents

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