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5/13/2018 UDAY PPT - slidepdf.com
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INSTANTANEOUS POWERINSTANTANEOUS POWERCONTROL OF D-STATCOMCONTROL OF D-STATCOMWITH CONSIDERATION OFWITH CONSIDERATION OF
POWER FACTORPOWER FACTORCORRECTIONCORRECTION Internal Guide
Mr RK.REDDY
Associate Professor
ByY.UDAYKIRAN
10C91D0718
M.Tech., EEE
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OVERVIEWOVERVIEW Electric power distribution network have become moreElectric power distribution network have become more
increasingly important and plays an essential role in power increasingly important and plays an essential role in power
system planning.system planning. This type of power systems has a major function to serveThis type of power systems has a major function to serve
distributed customer loads along a feeder line; thereforedistributed customer loads along a feeder line; thereforeunder competitive environment of electricity market serviceunder competitive environment of electricity market serviceof electric energy transfer must not be interrupted and at theof electric energy transfer must not be interrupted and at thesame time there must provide reliable, stable and high qualitysame time there must provide reliable, stable and high qualityof electric power.of electric power.
To complete this challenge, it requires careful design for To complete this challenge, it requires careful design for power network planning. There exist many different ways to power network planning. There exist many different ways to
do so. However, one might consider an additional device todo so. However, one might consider an additional device to be installed somewhere in the network. be installed somewhere in the network.
Such devices are one of capacitor bank, shunt reactor, seriesSuch devices are one of capacitor bank, shunt reactor, series
reactors, automatic voltage regulators and recently developedreactors, automatic voltage regulators and recently developed
dynamic voltage restorers, distribution static compensator dynamic voltage restorers, distribution static compensator
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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IUPQCBLOCK DIAGRAM OF IUPQC
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Block Diagram of IUPQCBlock Diagram of IUPQC
cont’dcont’d
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OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE
To regulate the bus voltage to which unbalanced load
and Non-Linear load are connected against sag/swell
and or disturbances in the system.
To protect the sensitive load from the disturbances
occurring in the system by regulating the voltage .
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Def of Power qualityDef of Power quality
Voltage quality:Voltage quality:
Voltage quality is concerned with the deviation of actual voltage from idealVoltage quality is concerned with the deviation of actual voltage from ideal
voltagevoltage.. Current quality:Current quality:
current quality is concerned with the deviation of actual current from ideal voltage.current quality is concerned with the deviation of actual current from ideal voltage. Power quality- voltage as well as current should bePower quality- voltage as well as current should be
maintainedmaintained
Any deviation of voltage or current from the ideal is aAny deviation of voltage or current from the ideal is a
power quality disturbance. power quality disturbance.
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Power Quality ProblemsPower Quality Problems
SagsSags
SwellsSwells
Voltage InterruptionVoltage Interruption Voltage Flicker Voltage Flicker
HarmonicsHarmonics
Voltage NotchingVoltage Notching
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Power Quality Problems Cont’dPower Quality Problems Cont’d
Voltage SagVoltage Sag
Voltage sag is defined as a sudden reduction of supplyvoltage down 90% to 10% of nominal, followed by
a recovery after a short period of time which can causewhich can cause
damage and loss of production especially in industrial sector.damage and loss of production especially in industrial sector.
Voltage SwellVoltage Swell
Voltage swell, , is defined as a sudden increasing of
supply voltage up 110% to 180% in rms voltage at
the network fundamental frequency with duration from
10 ms to 1 minute Caused by system faults, load switching and capacitor Caused by system faults, load switching and capacitor
switching.switching. Voltage InterruptionVoltage Interruption
AA voltage interruptionvoltage interruption is the complete loss of electric voltage.is the complete loss of electric voltage.
Interruptions can be short duration (lasting less than 2 minutes)Interruptions can be short duration (lasting less than 2 minutes)
or long duration. A disconnection of electricity causes an interruption—usually byor long duration. A disconnection of electricity causes an interruption—usually by
the opening of a circuit breaker, fuse,the opening of a circuit breaker, fuse, power system faults, equipment failures,
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Voltage FlickerVoltage Flicker A very rapid change in supply voltage is calledA very rapid change in supply voltage is called voltage flicker voltage flicker ..
This is caused by rapid variations in current magnitude of loads such as arc furnacesThis is caused by rapid variations in current magnitude of loads such as arc furnacesin which a large inrush current flows when the arc strikes first causing a dip in thein which a large inrush current flows when the arc strikes first causing a dip in the
bus voltage. bus voltage.
These variations are usually caused by rapid changes in load connected to the system.These variations are usually caused by rapid changes in load connected to the system.
Flicker problems can be corrected with the installation of filters, static VAR systems,Flicker problems can be corrected with the installation of filters, static VAR systems,or distribution static compensatorsor distribution static compensators
The maximum tolerable variation in supply frequency is often limited within + or – The maximum tolerable variation in supply frequency is often limited within + or –
0.5 Hz from the nominal frequency of 50 or 60 Hz.0.5 Hz from the nominal frequency of 50 or 60 Hz.
Power Quality Problems Cont’dPower Quality Problems Cont’d
Example voltage waveforms showing flicker created by an arc furnace
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Power System Harmonics Harmonic: Harmonics are components that make up a waveform where each
component has frequency that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency
Harmonic is applied to waveform components that have frequencies other thanHarmonic is applied to waveform components that have frequencies other than
fundamental frequency.fundamental frequency.
Power system harmonics: currents or voltages with frequencies that are integer
multiples (h=0,1,2,…N) of the fundamental power frequency
1st harmonic: 60Hz
2nd harmonic: 120Hz
3rd harmonic: 180Hz
Power Quality Problems Cont’dPower Quality Problems Cont’d
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How are Harmonics Produced ?
Power system harmonics: presenting deviations from a perfect sinusoidal-waveform ((voltage or current waveform).
The distortion comes from a Nonlinearity .
Power Quality Problems Cont’dPower Quality Problems Cont’d
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Why Bother about Harmonics?
50-60% of all electrical Ac Systems operate with non-linear type loads. Exponential Growth of Non-Linear Load over last decade
• Industrial, Commercial & Residential Power-Quality Problems Damage to Power Factor Correction capacitors Waveform Distortion can create
SAG/SWELL/NOTCHING/…
All can cause damage effects to consumer loads and power systems due to Over-Current/Over-Voltage or Waveform Distortion
Additional Power/Energy Losses
Power Quality Problems Cont’dPower Quality Problems Cont’d
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Distorted VoltageDistorted Voltage
WaveformsWaveforms
Solutions to problems caused by harmonic distortionSolutions to problems caused by harmonic distortion
include installing active or passive filters at the load orinclude installing active or passive filters at the load or
bus.bus.
Power Quality Problems Cont’dPower Quality Problems Cont’d
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Voltage NotchingVoltage Notching Voltage notching is caused by the commutation of power electronic rectifiers. ItVoltage notching is caused by the commutation of power electronic rectifiers. It
is an effect that can raise PQ issues in any facility where solid-state rectifiersis an effect that can raise PQ issues in any facility where solid-state rectifiers(for example, variable-speed drives) are used.(for example, variable-speed drives) are used.
When the drive DC link current is commutated from one rectifier thyristor to theWhen the drive DC link current is commutated from one rectifier thyristor to thenext, an instant exists during which a line-to-line short circuit occurs at the inputnext, an instant exists during which a line-to-line short circuit occurs at the input
terminals to the rectifier.terminals to the rectifier.
With this disturbance, any given phase voltage waveform will typically containWith this disturbance, any given phase voltage waveform will typically containfour notches per cycle as caused by a six-pulse electronic rectifier four notches per cycle as caused by a six-pulse electronic rectifier
Power Quality Problems Cont’dPower Quality Problems Cont’d
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Sources of Power QualitySources of Power Quality
ProblemsProblems Power electronic devicesPower electronic devices IT and office equipmentsIT and office equipments Arching devicesArching devices Load switchingLoad switching Large motor startingLarge motor starting Sensitive equipmentSensitive equipment Storm and environmental relatedStorm and environmental related
damagedamage Ca acitor switchingCapacitor switching
power quality problems cont’dpower quality problems cont’d
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Why is Power QualityWhy is Power Quality
Important?Important?
It affects both utilities asIt affects both utilities as
suppliers andsuppliers andcustomers as userscustomers as users
power quality problems cont’dpower quality problems cont’d
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Impact on Customer SideImpact on Customer Side Computers and communication equipment are susceptible toComputers and communication equipment are susceptible to
power system disturbances which can lead to loss of data and power system disturbances which can lead to loss of data and
erratic operation.erratic operation.
Automated manufacturing processes such as paper-makingAutomated manufacturing processes such as paper-making
machinery, chip-making assembly lines, etc. can shutdown inmachinery, chip-making assembly lines, etc. can shutdown incase of even short voltage sags.case of even short voltage sags.
Induction and synchronous motors can have excessive lossesInduction and synchronous motors can have excessive losses
and heating.and heating.
Equipment and process control malfunction translates to dollarsEquipment and process control malfunction translates to dollarsof expense for replacement parts and for down time, impactingof expense for replacement parts and for down time, impacting
adversely on profitability and product quality.adversely on profitability and product quality.
power quality problems cont’dpower quality problems cont’d
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Impact on Utility SideImpact on Utility Side
Failure of power-factor correction capacitors due to resonanceFailure of power-factor correction capacitors due to resonance
conditions.conditions.
Increased losses in cables, transformers and conductors,Increased losses in cables, transformers and conductors,especially neutral wires.especially neutral wires.
Errors in energy meters, which are calibrated to operate under Errors in energy meters, which are calibrated to operate under
sinusoidal conditions.sinusoidal conditions.
Incorrect operation of protective relays, particularly in solid-Incorrect operation of protective relays, particularly in solid-state and microprocessor-controlled systems.state and microprocessor-controlled systems.
Unhappy customers as well as malfunction and failure of Unhappy customers as well as malfunction and failure of
system components and control systems, impacting adverselysystem components and control systems, impacting adversely
on profitabilityon profitability..
power quality problems cont’dpower quality problems cont’d
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Focus on Three Aspects of Focus on Three Aspects of Power QualityPower Quality
HarmonicsHarmonics
UnbalanceUnbalance
Voltage SagsVoltage Sags
power quality problems cont’dpower quality problems cont’d
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..
Electric Power QualityElectric Power Quality
Mitigation Techniques Mitigation Techniques
to Improve Power Qualityto Improve Power Quality
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Possible SolutionsPossible Solutions Proper earthing practicesProper earthing practices
Online UPS/Hybrid UPSOnline UPS/Hybrid UPS
Energy storage systemEnergy storage system Ferro- resonant transformerFerro- resonant transformer
Network equipment and designNetwork equipment and design
Static Transfer SwitchesStatic Transfer Switches
Static Var CompensatorStatic Var Compensator
Uninterruptible Power SupplyUninterruptible Power Supply
Electric Power QualityElectric Power Quality Mitigation Techniques to Improve Power quality Mitigation Techniques to Improve Power quality
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FACTS and Custom Power DevicesFACTS and Custom Power Devices
The other families of power electronic devices, veryThe other families of power electronic devices, very
closely related to the active filtersclosely related to the active filters, are, are Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices,Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices,
Custom Power Devices.Custom Power Devices. FACTS devices are intended for FACTS devices are intended for
greater control of power transmission,greater control of power transmission,
maximize utilization of existing transmission lines,maximize utilization of existing transmission lines,
reduction of generation reserve margin,reduction of generation reserve margin,
prevention of cascading outages, prevention of cascading outages,
damping of power system oscillationsdamping of power system oscillations..
Mitigation Techniques to Improve Power quality cont’d Mitigation Techniques to Improve Power quality cont’d
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FAULTSFAULTS
Short circuit
(or)
Shunt fault
open circuit
(or) series fault
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Distribution Static Compensator
(DSTATCOM )
Mitigation Techniques to Improve Power quality cont’d Mitigation Techniques to Improve Power quality cont’d
The STATCOM, when used in low-voltage distribution
systems is normally identified as Distribution STATCOM
(D-STATCOM).
It consists of a two level VSC, a dc energy storage
device; a coupling transformer connected in shuntwith the ac system, and associated control circuits.
The static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a power electronic based
synchronous voltage generator that generates a three-phase voltage from a DC
capacitor.
The active power flow is controlled by the angle between the ac system and
VSC voltages and the reactive power flow is controlled by the difference
between the magnitudes of these voltages .
..
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Dynamic Voltage RestorerDynamic Voltage Restorer
(DVR(DVR))
DVR is a series compensator which is able to protect a sensitive load from thedistortion in the supply side during fault or overloaded in power system.
The basic principle of a series compensator is simple, by inserting a voltage of required magnitude and frequency, the series compensator can restore the load sidevoltage to the desired amplitude and waveform even when the source voltage isunbalanced or distorted.
Mitigation Techniques to Improve Power quality cont’d Mitigation Techniques to Improve Power quality cont’d
The DVR consists of a VSC, a switchingcontrol scheme, a DC energy storage
device and a coupling transformer similar toD-STATCOM, but here the couplingtransformer is connected in series with the
ac system.
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Mitigation Techniques to Improve Power quality cont’d Mitigation Techniques to Improve Power quality cont’d
The DVR can generate or absorb independently controllable real and
reactive power at the load side. The DVR also is made of a solid state dc to
ac switching power converter that injects a set of three phase ac output
voltages in series and synchronism with the distribution feeder voltages .
The amplitude and phase angle of the injected voltages are variable thereby
allowing control of the real and reactive power exchange between the DVR
and the distribution system ..
Functions: Reactive Power Compensation
Voltage Regulation Compensation for Voltage sag and Swell
Unbalance Voltage Compensation (for 3-phase systems)
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)
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Unified Power QualityUnified Power QualityConditioner (UPQC)Conditioner (UPQC)
Functions
Reactive Power Compensation
Voltage Regulation
Compensation for Voltage sag and swell
Unbalance Compensation for current and
voltage (for 3-phase systems)
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InterlineInterline Unified Power Quality Conditioner cont’dUnified Power Quality Conditioner cont’d
..
Single-line diagram of an IUPQC-connected distribution systemSingle-line diagram of an IUPQC-connected distribution system..
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BLOCK DIAGRAM OFBLOCK DIAGRAM OF
IUPQCIUPQC
InterlineInterline Unified Power Quality Conditioner cont’dUnified Power Quality Conditioner cont’d
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Main parts in IUPQCMain parts in IUPQC
Shunt connected voltage source converter(D-STATCOM)
Series connected voltage source converter
(DVR)
Energy storage DC capacitor
Feeder 1 containingFeeder 1 containing
Unbalanced loadUnbalanced loadNon-Linear loadNon-Linear load
Feeder 2 containingFeeder 2 containing
Sensitive LoadSensitive Load
InterlineInterline Unified Power Quality Conditioner cont’dUnified Power Quality Conditioner cont’d
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Schematic structure of a VSSchematic structure of a VSC
InterlineInterline Unified Power Quality Conditioner cont’dUnified Power Quality Conditioner cont’d
Each of the two VSCs is realized bythree H-bridge inverters.
In this structure, each switch
represents a power semiconductor
device and an anti-parallel diode .
All the inverters are supplied from a
common single dc capacitor and each
inverter has a transformer connected
at its output.
Features of vscFeatures of vsc
OPERATION :The Inverter is supplied by a dc source with a voltage of Vdc .
The switches of each leg have complementary values,
e.g. when S1 is ON,S4 is OFF and vice versa.
when S1 &S2 ON ,S3 & S4 OFF
when S3 & S4 ON, S1 &S2 OFF
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Function of VSCFunction of VSC
A voltage-source converter is a power electronic device, whichcan generate a sinusoidal voltage with any required magnitude,frequency and phase angle.
The VSC is used to either completely replace the voltage or to
inject the ‘missing voltage’. The ‘missing voltage’ is thedifference between the nominal voltage and the actual.
The converter is normally based on some kind of energystorage, which will supply the converter with a DC voltage.
The solid-state electronics in the converter is then switched toget the desired output voltage. Normally the VSC is not onlyused for voltage dip mitigation, but also for other power qualityissues, e.g. flicker and harmonics.
InterlineInterline Unified Power Quality Conditioner cont’dUnified Power Quality Conditioner cont’d
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Complete structure of anComplete structure of an
IUPQCIUPQC
..
InterlineInterline Unified Power Quality Conditioner cont’dUnified Power Quality Conditioner cont’d
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Description of Description of complete structure of a three-phase IUPQC The complete structure of a three-phase IUPQC consists of two
VSCs .
The secondary (distribution) sides of the shunt-connectedtransformers (VSC-1) are connected in star with the neutral
point being connected to the load neutral.
The secondary winding of the series-connected transformers
(VSC-2) are directly connected in series with the bus (B-2) and
sensitive load (L-2).
The ac filter capacitors also connected in each phase to prevent the flow of the harmonic currents generated due toswitching.
The six inverters of the IUPQC are controlled independently.
InterlineInterline Unified Power Quality Conditioner cont’dUnified Power Quality Conditioner cont’d
I liI t li U ifi d P Q li C di i ’dU ifi d P Q lit C diti t’d
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PWM CONTROL SCHEME PWM-based control scheme with reference to the
D-STATCOM and DVR
The aim of the control scheme is to maintain constant voltagemagnitude at the point where a sensitive load is connected,under system disturbances. The control system only measures
the rms voltage at the load point.
The VSC switching strategy is based on a sinusoidal PWM technique which offers simplicity and good response.
Besides, high switching frequencies can be used to improve onthe efficiency of the converter, without incurring significantswitching losses.
InterlineInterline Unified Power Quality Conditioner cont’dUnified Power Quality Conditioner cont’d
mu n oc agram omu n oc agram o
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mu n oc agram omu n oc agram oIUPQCIUPQC
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Structure of Shunt connectedStructure of Shunt connected
V V 1VSC VSC1
Simulink block Diagram of IUPQC cont’dSimulink block Diagram of IUPQC cont’d
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Structure of Series connectedStructure of Series connectedVSC VSC2VSC(VSC2)
Simulink block Diagram of IUPQC cont’dSimulink block Diagram of IUPQC cont’d
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Simulation ResultsSimulation Results
Voltages and currentsVoltages and currents
With and withoutWith and without
IUPQCIUPQC
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Bus voltage toBus voltage to which unbalanced loads connectedwhich unbalanced loads connected with IUPQCwith IUPQC
Vabc_b21Vabc_b21
Bus voltage to which unbalanced loads connected without IUPQCBus voltage to which unbalanced loads connected without IUPQC Vabc_b21Vabc_b21
U b l d L d L 11 l d I b b31U b l d L d L 11 l d t I b b31 i h IUQCith t IUQC
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Unbalanced Load L-11 load currents Iabc_b31Unbalanced Load L-11 load currents Iabc_b31 without IUQCwithout IUQC
Non Linear Load L-12 load currents Iabc_b41Non Linear Load L-12 load currents Iabc_b41 without IUPQCwithout IUPQC
Feeder-1 currents Iabc_b21Feeder-1 currents Iabc_b21 with IUPQCwith IUPQC
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TRANSIENT PERFORMANCE OFTRANSIENT PERFORMANCE OF
IUPQCIUPQC
The performance of IUPQC has been The performance of IUPQC has been
evaluated considering various disturbanceevaluated considering various disturbanceconditions likeconditions like
voltage sag in feeder1 ,voltage sag in feeder1 ,
voltage sag in feeder2,voltage sag in feeder2,Faults(L-G,L-L-G,Three phase) inFaults(L-G,L-L-G,Three phase) in
feeder2feeder2
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System response duringSystem response during
voltage sag in Feeder-1voltage sag in Feeder-1
without and with IUPQCwithout and with IUPQC
..
Voltage at the bus to which unbalanced load is connected Vabc b31Voltage at the bus to which unbalanced load is connected Vabc b31
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Voltage at the bus to which unbalanced load is connected Vabc_b31Voltage at the bus to which unbalanced load is connected Vabc_b31
without IUPQCwithout IUPQC
With IUPQCWith IUPQC
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Voltage at the bus to which Non linear load is connected Vabc_b41Voltage at the bus to which Non linear load is connected Vabc_b41
without IUPQCwithout IUPQC
With IUPQCWith IUPQC
F d 1F d 1 t I b b21I b b21
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Feeder-1 current Feeder-1 current Iabc_b21Iabc_b21
without IUPQCwithout IUPQC
With IUPQCWith IUPQC
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System parametersSystem parameters
..
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..
The performance under some of the major
concerns of both customer and utility e.g.,
harmonic contents in loads, unbalancedloads, supply voltage distortion, systemdisturbances such as voltage sag, swelland fault has been studied.
The IUPQC has been shown to compensatefor several of these events successfully
conclusionsonclusions
Reference PapersReference Papers
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Reference PapersReference Papers G. Ledwich and A. Ghosh, “A flexible DSTATCOM
operating in voltage and current control mode,” Proc.Inst. Elect. Eng., Gen.,Transm. Distrib., vol. 149, no.
2, pp. 215–224, 2002 M. K. Mishra, A. Ghosh, and A. Joshi, “Operation of a
DSTATCOM in voltage control mode,” IEEE Trans.Power Del., vol. 18, no. 1, pp.258–264, Jan. 2003.
N. H. Woodley, L. Morgan, and A. Sundaram,“Experience with an inverter-based dynamicvoltage restorer,” IEEE Trans. Power Del.,vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1181–1186, Jul. 1999.
A. Ghosh, A. K. Jindal, and A. Joshi, “Designof a capacitor-supported Dynamic VoltageRestorer (DVR) for unbalanced and distortedloads,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 19, no. 1,pp. 405–413, Jan. 2004.
R fR f
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Reference papersReference paperscontd….contd….
H. Fujita and H. Akagi, “ The unified power qualityconditioner: the integration of series- and shunt-activefilters,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 315–322, Mar. 1998.
F. Kamran and T. G. Habetler, “Combined deadbeatcontrol of a series parallel converter combinationused as a universal power filter,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 160–168, Jan. 1998.
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Text BooksText Books
Power Quality in Power systems andPower Quality in Power systems and
Electrical Machines-Electrical Machines- Ewald F.FuchsEwald F.Fuchs
and A.S.Masoumand A.S.Masoum Power quality enhancement usingPower quality enhancement using
custom power devices-custom power devices-
Amit Kumar Jindal, Student Member, IEEE,Arindam Ghosh, Fellow, IEEE, and Avinash Joshi