..d 'Ufltl 16

1llii'Yl1u~f~~1r.Jrl1\J. 1~ ~fh~1nflfl11li"JJEJ\I "R\lflli1'Ylr.J1~"un" 1 1LLil n911\lrl\l.

L ~71::LL9J~::fl1\J.L \lufl11ll«1tlqj 13JL ~ijEl\J. rl\J.

Bertrand 1~ ~fl11ll~ll1f.J"JJEJ\IR\Iflli1'Ylr.J1'JJ\J.1J'Yl 1111

... (Bertrand. 1958 'VI\l.1 8)

Smith & Zopf. unR\Iflli1'YltJ111\l.1J'Yl~11mll7nu1~~fh~1nflfl11li"JJEl\l "i\lflll

1'Ylr.J111\J.U'Yl" 1 1mh\IJ1r.J 'J -h

A ......... \1)11 ...... A I !I'IA ...lo .... fl1. \J.~\J.1i" fl\l.1i"LR1 Lfl~fltl\IR \lflli1'Ylf.J1~\J.1J'Yl11 •••• Lu\l.1'YltJ1n11'YlR1fltlJR1"JJ1

'VId\I"JJ El \IR \lflli1'YltJ1vY1 1 rl i \lflli1'YltJ1~\l.U'YlL tlu ~1~1 ni \lflli1'Ylr.J1L\l ~1:: •••• ( il ~uf 2501

~'Ll1 16)

..... El.L ;gfi'JJ1f.J L ~~1\11~1 1li'Yifl ~\IR\Iflli1'Ylf.J1~\l.1J'Yl11 •••• L U\l.R1"JJ11~1~Lff~"JJEl\IR\Iflll , ... I ""' 1 ... ... !"I .. ..~ .. .. !"I

. 1'Ylf.J1El f.J1\I'VI\l.\l flf.JL\l ~1:: R \lflli1'Ylf.J1~\l.1J'YlL u\J.ff1Rf11'YlLLf.J mLtJ:: tl\1 n11ff n~1fl11liL u\l.ll1

... ~ • l.,j .I ... ... ... .. I ~ "JJEl\IR \Ifill L 'l.t'JJ\l.U'Yl fl11liLu~f.J\J.LLu~\l ~n~t14::fl11llftli~\J.11"1::'V111\I~li~\J. L \J.~\J.U'Yl LL\l.1'Yl1\l

"JJEJ\11fi-i1f1Ln~f11n1 LL~::r;l13J1li'tJ7::·nEl1JEJ1-i~Ln~f17~\l. ') LL~::~\In~11n\lfl11liLU\J.li1"JJEl\l ., ~ A .1.1 .1 .- "' A A .,j .,. .,. .,. • R \lflll L \J.~fl~\l.\ILL~::fl11liL u~f.J\l.LL u~\1 El nfl1f.J •••• ffn1~t1 tl\lfl11liL nr.J1~\J. nUR \lflliLll El\1 L ~ 11::

U71n!Jm7mlui\lflliLiiEJ\IEJT;J';l::Li "~~a-::'ti'EJu 1 tJ~11" U'Yl ri1l ~11\J.U'YlLU;r.J\l.LLU~\11 tJ •••• m1

'V111iLR7liRi'1..:1-i1fl~\l.1J'YlL~lrufl\I ••• :.(L;gfl~1tJ 2519 'V1\l1 2)

so 103 335

\

I

:'1• W'.,. • .. tJ W'.,.., A "~ •.t:A•a Lu~1fltl1ff1Rfl'1fi1-3R -3fl111flt11fl · 'f::~nfiL 'll1 nu m '1ffn1!t1fl~fl-n LLfi::1'Vtlfl-3'!r1fiLLft::fl1111

LU~Elij'llEl-3'!r11'!r~un ul11l1LEl1NII11nn1'1tYn1!t1 .r~fli1 LLfl::'hi'utf~111 l ofltnltJ1:: tu'!r"

II t .,. .., •II ( W' " L~n1'111-3~ tltJ1tJLLfi:11-3LLN~V.f.ai~1R-3fl1JLLfi::Lff'11!tJn1 L~'!r~tJfl •••• tu '1-3fl 2521 \'1~1 1)

."f. I I 11 ~ A ... A '11.11 I " .. Jf ... 1::L1'1~11 'VIft1tlfl~ hi-.JtUl-3R-3fl111fltl1'!r~tJfl n LW-3 R1'll11'!r1LQV.1:: 'UEl-3R-3fl11

int11 4-3i-3fl111flt11jjElij111n111tJ'V1111tJR1"JJ1l1tJn~ l-3~L '11l~n'1itJ111LLI1 \~unl~'. 'J .t'~.. tJ"~~~· ".!:' .. , . .. ..... .. m~ 1-3V.Elll L•111 n-3fl111fltl1'!r~tJfl (Rural Sociology) 'V1111tlfi-3 •••• R-3fl111fltJ1

....... 'II• tJ .. ... ... ... W' LQV.1::fl1-3fl~-3ffn1!t1fl-3'!ri1 L 1 '!111~1 '!r11R1~ '!ri1 1:11-3 flf1Elflfl-3fln1!ttu::fl1ilfft'11V.~lr

tJ W'~ ~tJ .... ~-~~ ...

LU~:: '11 nlJn1'1tufi-3'VIflitlfl-3 1-3f1Lnfi'U~ L ~~ -3fllt'!r~1Jfl •••••

i' ~flSJlYtrn .. ,.,uYiiith::i'iltrnuiihn..ne dH 11?

ni'1fln1!tiL~tl10tJ'!r~tJ'YiliL,11111~i~LLI1\~~htJ LLfl:ft'Wf'JElLll;ni ~~l~ftJ um.iEl-3'h LU~tl'nuRfl-31flt11'!r~tJflfl~LL'1n'lle-3lflntte ULLtJf nfl lull LVhLfiEl;fl LfiEllUfl

(Pierre Guillaume Frederic Le play 1806- 1882) tl'ni-3fl111rttJ1'!r11~f-3LffR L'll1l~fhn1'1fln1!t1

f1~fli1Lrlu1ntJfl'1~tJfli'1'!r~un u,a::El-3fln11th-3 'J l~'!r~un lflun11 l-D''VIttni-3L nfln1'1m

n1'1L riu n1'1'11tJ'111J'!i'El\jfltl1-3 'J ¥1u1fn1'1rt1-31rttJ1ff1ft'flf ~1m 'VI~d LflmtJ_a 1"lli'u

umJe-311Ltl~tl'ni"fl111rttJ1'!r~tJrtfl~U. '1n'llEl-3 tan ••••• ( m 1 -3fl 111u1 1)

ch~n1'1fln1!t1i"fl2J'!r~un fi111LL~1i"fl111nu1l~w'VIi'Jmll;n,tf~ tJ11nlJ·;h

... ... .. ... I 'II .!' ... II ... Ji tJ ( ~·) 1flt1111tJLLII::lf'VI11Yitl111tlfl1-3 ') L'ltiEilf'11JtJ'1'1, L~'VIIIn\lfi'1L1JEI 1::111tu 2 Ylfl1'1'11!t 20 u

riEJ~&~,fl1'1'11!t~ 19 GLEJ-3 11'VI11rtu1&ttJ~Ltlflft'EJ"i-3fl111nu1'!r~tJn l ~ 1::t1::LL 1m ;llflEJ

lt'V111rtt11fttl~fl1 t n 4-3 George E. Vinc~nt ua:: Charles R. Handerson LU~~~mfln 1flt1'1111Eiij

\~i-3nfll11fl~'!r1i-3fl111flt11 \~tl fl.f'r. 1892 LLII::li'V111rttJ1fttJ 1flR2JLUtl ~-3 Franklin H. " , ......... t .......

Giddings ft'El~ ~ll'!rU'!r~tJfl (Rural Communities) ft'1'VI'1tJ~nf'rn1!t1'lJ.~tJtu'Yiflffn1!t1

.., W' .,. .. · 'II.. \II'~ ,.:.~ A fltu:1Jfl1ft'fl1 •••• n11ffn1!t1R-.1flll'!r~tJYI L~'11J!l11LEI1 1 Lft'n-n-3"JJ11..1ti-3"JJ~ LlfEIU1::1r1~1-

itJtl Theodore Roosevelt ll.f-3 .. fltu::n'1'1111in11LfitJ1ntJf1fl'!r~tJrt" (Commission of Country A I .. .. !! ~.t: .. ... - II 11.1"1 .... II II I ... ,.:. ~

life) L V.ElR-3LR'111Cf~tJ'""~n1'1ftn1!t1'HitiLntJ1ntJ'!r1fl L ~'lrUtJfl Ll'l Lfl'1tJn11LEJ1 L 1 LRV.tal~1ti-3"JJ~

t~n 1980

336 so 103

'l""1h-3tl 1920 - 1929 LUWU1-3~tJ11fY'l11~11YttJ1L~'ufl1-3 'J 'l"wwfJmll;ml~un~ R-3f1111'YltJ11J"U'YIL "li1 l 1'l "~in~fl1

R-3f13J1'YitJ1"1J"lJ'YI ,flL "1i1~~f1LL ~-3f1111JL~;qJL~lJ 1fiL~1J~ fiEJ"li1-3U f).ff. 1930 - 1945

'l" "1i1-3,r "ii n11fl m~n1fm RtJ1 nu"1f"lJ'YIEIU1-3n11-3'!111 ~ 'l" "11" lJ'Yiiiwrn\4 'Yifi~EI..l'YI1-3fi1,. L n~fl7 .. .. -~ .I &oo ,.!'&.- .. ... .. I .t 'l ~I

L'WEI"1f11"1f"U'YI ~~n11ffn,;.11,.m ntJ1nU"11''1.UJ'YI •J11Jn11fi'W1J'WL~tJLL'W1111n'!l'l.l. "lJ 1936

~~~ • ".... ... " ... ""'t" .... ... " ~fiEIEI fi111R11"1JEI R -3f13J1'Yitl1"11'"1J'YI LL~::1Jfi11~tlfl-3 R1J1f11JR ..1f11J1'YIU1"11'"1J'YI (Rural

Sociological Society) ~" 'l 'l.l.U 1937 •••••

o ..,. ' 1 • I.~ .. 'I .I A A &oo &I I A R1'VI11J ~ 1u"'" 1Jf1111Jft'"~~'Yl~::ffnl;-1rl..lfl1"11'11"11'"1J'YilJ1""1 (peasants) Eltl1-3~1-3

i-3111tJ'VIi-3ti7::L'Yifffl::1"fln 1flmg.fi1:: 'l"~ 1 7tl111f1n~1-3LL~::~ 11tlfl::1'1.l.EJEJn lllw" hflnl;-1

"1J11"11J1n L'W71::f1113JtJ1fi~'l.l.,j"LLti'l.l. f1113J~1'VIi-3tlEitJ~~'I.l.1LWfRL~tJ EIEIRLfl1tJ LtJEI1aJ'I.l.

... lll &~.. .. .!' 'I &I &oo • tl t I~ .. .. .... .I .... LL~~f!1fl ~fi3Jn11L 1r.Jn~ EJ-3 ~'VI'W~"1 7::L'Yiff •••• fi-3LLflu fl. fl. 1920 n11ffn1;-11~mnmnu

'I 1 tl I .. tl ."f I &I .1.. .. 0 'I &I "1111"1 ~"~ 1 fl1-3n 7::RU1JqJ'V11fiEJfl1"~1n"1tJ'tl"'Yifi"LL~::L~fl~n171J1n1J;JtJ •••••••• 'YI1 ~'VI

'I! ni-3f11Jff1Rflf~" ,tlfln1;-1i ..1f13JnEJ'I.l.~fiR1'VInn1J Ltl1tJuL Yiuunui ..1f13J~fiR1'VI n113JLL ,"····

(Shanin. 1973 P. 11)

I &oo 1 t .I A ,._ A ~~~ &1.. A &I &I &oo

fiEJ3J1111tJ'VI~-3R-3f1713J ~nf17-3'YI 2 1"1f1R-3f11J1'YitJ1"1J"lJ'YILfi1Jn11ffn,;.1f1'1.tf111n'l.l.

I I 'l tl I 1 tl A A •• 1"" .. t ,/i EltJ1-3LL'W1'V1~1tJ " 1::L'Yifffl1-3 ') LLrllJ~ 1 ~::fi"EIL3J1n1 LLrln7fl1 LEILIJI'U ••••• 'YI-3'1.l.L'W11::

tl I 'l I tl It I .. !'I 0 &oo tl ~~~ A ll!&~.oi

7::"11'1n7R1'1.t 'VIqJ'!IEI-3 1::L'YiffL'V1~1"'1.tfl1-3nEiij ~""ll'"lJ'YI R1'V111J 1::L'Yiff ~'YitJLf13J Lfi3Jfi11REI"

.I .... 1 .. .r !'I - .. .. ... &oo

LntJ1nlJ"1f'l.l.lJ'YI fltJ3JL'I.l.EI'V11113JEiij ~"1"1J1Lff1HJff1Rfl1 Lff7HJff1Rfi1Lnl;-f11 LL~::1"11'11~"1f173J

~-3iiwEJ"n" 'l1.t3J'V111'Ylmiu1f773Jff1Rflf 3J'V111'Yimim nl;-fl7ff1Rflf LrlEJtl1::111m 1 o n11t1

~" ~-3 Vi. ff. 2509 1J'VI11'Ylmim nl;-9'11 ff1Rflfl~LLUnREI"ft-3f13J1'YIU1"1J"lJ'Yl 'l1.tf1W.::1'YIU1ff1Rfl f

LL~::Bnl;-1 ff1Rflf flEI3J13J'V111'YltJ1iU9h-3 ') L "ti1::L 'Ylffl 'Ylr.Jfl1-3 Tlfi1::'VI'l! n~-3f1113J~hflqJ'!IEI.:I .I i] X .I I 'I I I 'I I tl &oo I .. lll &I :01

"lJ"lJ'Yl '11'-3L WVi"'YIR1"~'VIqJLL~::3J1~"1J"R1"~'VIqJ'l.IEI-3 7::L'YlffEI1ffUEiij ';1-3 ~fiLlJfiREI'I.l.

i -3f13J1'YIU1"11''1.l.U'Yl n'l.l.LL 'YllJ~-3i" 3J'V111'Yimiu111lfi1LL 'VI-3 l~L UfiREI'I.l.L ~u1 nu"lJ"lJ'Yl "W-3f13J

&~ " ,t .. ~I A .I ( • .- &~ • "11'111J1'1.l."1 (Fioksociety).'!J'I.l.L3JEI111f1 2 1Jn17ffnl;-1 2519 "LEI-3 .... Yi"lJqJ 2522 'V\"1 6-7) ., .. , .. .., -fll SJl11\Hfl tl~ftfl'l!llft' ~tlSJlflrJl._UUYI?

so 103

J

1. "11'11 bow1'Ut~qj\th'~~1"ll''I.UJ'Yl t.h::om.JEI1iw'Y11~o17LO~fl., .;)10l1tH1'U

1.h::~1tl 1971 "llEI~ft'~th:"ll'1"11'1fi';l::Yiu"h .... t'Utl fl.fl'. 1950 th::"l1'1o1J~ 1~o th::oEJlJEJ1:SYi

LO~fi7077llEI~t",."lJ'Yl~~ 64'*' LL~~o 20 tlf1Eill1 flEJtl fl.fl'. 1970 W1'UWfl"llEI~th::"lJ107

1'Un1fl"ll''UlJ'Yl"llEI~ 1~o~f!~~L~~EI 52* ~~0~111~11 tw;i1'U1'Uth::"ll'107 1~o 2 fi'U~ 1 fi'U

~Eiij1'U"lJ'UlJ'Yl (Malassls : 1976 ~~1 14) '

I ' . '· A .

1fltJL~Yi1::m.h~D~t.h::L 'Yl1f.'1 'Yltl 1J1 ~LU'Ut.h::L 'Ylfi'L o~fl'l 077lllh::"b'1 07t.h::a.ntu. ''!

so'*' th::oEJlJEJ1iYi'Y11~Ln~fi7LL~::o1~tJEJij1w1f'UlJ'Yl (Yi"DqJ. 2522 ~~1 15) o11fT0~1~~ W~flll"lJ'UlJ'Yl ~ ~LU'Ui~flllW1'U t ~ q}'!JEI~th::L 'Ylfi'LL~::"llEI~ 1~ O~~'ll'u·h,£ifl11llChtiqJ~~

2. L~EifiE1~017'Y1711.J~~1~f~fl cy.Jay of life) fl11llLWEI~~LLn';li~ t.h::Lwm1_,1-4li'77ll • • f ' : ' ' .

i ~LL 1flftEill'Y11~tr7'1ll"lJ1fi i ~LL 1 flftEilJYI1·1i~flll Lfl''l~ Jn';l LL~:: 01'1LiiEI~"1lEI~"lJ11"lJ'UlJ'Yl tl'U ';!:;

LU'ULL'U1'Y11~wi'1~fl11lJL "li1 h LL~::fl11llillwwftr"~ ,::~11~"lJ11LiiEJ~nu"ll'11,."1.J'Yl ~~';l::Ltl" ~~~flEI017W~1-41"lJ1fit 'U~11-4fl1~ ')

3. L ~m . .h:: 1u"ll'.ul "~1" n17W.,'U1'.11'1.41.J'Yl i~flll1'Ylt11'.11''UlJ'Yl -;J::"Jbu t ~~L 1u'U~0~1 1~L"li1hLL'U1'Y11~t"o17W~l-41'.11''UlJ'Ylt"~1"fl1~ ') LU'Ufiwh

n. t"n17w~"1"ll''Uun,.T~ fiEJ~~~w-~"1fi1-4Ltl"t1"~uLL7o LL~::ni7w.,"1fl"~" I' "" A l4 • ~ ~~ I' '"' I t 0 I t I '"' •

fiEI.,1Yi~'U1fl11llflfl"llEI~L "111 El:: L '1fiEI"11.J~n17 L~fi'U"lJ'UlJ'YlflfiL "lJ'U'U'U 'Y11L'.II''U'U'U fi1'Utl3.J ~'lEI

1~'Utr7 'lll n17fT0~1W.,1flll"ll''UtJ'Yl';l::tD1tJ t ~L 71L "li1 t ';! 1~

"11. Ly;EI'!btJ07::fil-4Lf'iEI'U t ~LL~'UW.,'U1"lJ'UlJ'Ylfl1ll lfl7 ~n1lfl1.,1 '} 1~i'1.Jn17LEI1 .. t ';) twtJ~~L v;EJ';l:: 1~u.,., ~~L ih~ll1tlfi13.JLL~" w~" 1

J \1 "" .. . -., .., .. I A -... 11 ..I -~ tol 4. LYiEI';l:: Lfi'Y1711.Jfl~fl11llft'lJW'Uli''1::~11~LlJEI.,1nlJ'!I''UlJ'Yl '!I''UlJ'Yl';l::Eiij flf1Lfltl1ll Lfl

~~ 71:: U';l,U'U d 01 7fiflflEii~w17 fillY 1flllft'::fl1 n rh t ~ n17' iJlJ1~1~, ::~11~"lJ11Li'lE1.,1rllJ "lJ11"ll''U lJ'Yl'rh l~ fltJ~1tJ "lJ11Lii EJ.,:j iifi~~yf.,W1EI1fltJ'!I''U lJ'YlL tll-4~~ ~fiE11'1;'17 ll1~1~1-4 1u~itJLL ';! o

: ·. L y;EI f1171.J71nfl "lJ11'!1''UlJ'Ylnfi'EJ~yf~~;'.II'11Li'lEI..1 t 'U~11.4017~EI"ll1!1Lfl~ EJ.,:ji'JEJLfi~EI.,1 t "J1J. ~Ein17 LO~fl., fl~Eifl~"n17~~Yi1~1"~" ''J ~·nll10 ..,

338 so 103

J

"~\UJ'Yl" (Rural) fl13JVf;J~1~n111~uu11"1nrm-riflmHn~~111tJil" "u1~~EJn" ~ "Lih.u. "llflLLt~~~~~il1LliEJ"EJEln ttl ""'f~u'Yl" · Lwti1~., ""'i111nu '\£iEJ., .. ~"iith::"'f1"11~ -,~n-~ EJ~~~1m4u d:lu~uumn-3n17u7~11 ... ~(11"1fum-iiflmnnu ~1X1 321 m~:: 538)

Oxford Universal Dictionary Illustrated 1~fl1111~111t.l"l!El" " " ' .. "11U'U'Yl 11 ~111llfl"

..1 ~I A A ..... ...~ •• ,;...·~~ ...

flU'YlD1fltJEI~~ElnL11El" ~7El~111llfl"~'Yl'Y11~7n';J 'U'YlEl" L 7'Y1El"U1

~ ..... " "1..... ~ ... ~~ Irwin T. sander Lfl~flfl" "'fU'U'Yl flt.IEI1"fl" Olaf Larson L 1 fl"U; ...

"'" "' 1..! .. .,. •• 1 1::..: "11U'U'Ylllfl1111~111t.l n11" LLfl'Ylt.IElll'lU nu111 n nflEJ "ll~1flLL~::fl113J~~ 1LL UU "liD" n17fl"f'IU !1U

tl I .. 0 ~ tJ I I ~ ... , I

"llEl" 7::"111n17::~11" 1,000 fl" 5,000 flU ';J1U1UU';J::L U~flLLU.,LLtJn7::~11""11UU'Ylnt.Jll "'f

"11U'U'Yl .... (Sander. 1977 P. 2)

VI ~' ... ,.,..., .. " " I .. -~~ .... A fl7. L 'Yi\l~m "111"L 7ll~ Lfl~flfl" "'JUU'Yl 11 ..... ~ll1t.lfl"L "llflLLflU'Yl'YiU';J1nfl1LllEl"

~7m~ElnL"llflL'YlflU1~EJEJnltl ..... (l'W\l~u 2516 ~1X1 67)

... ' ... .. ~ ... ....~ ... tl • ~ ' .. Vi.El.L "11fl"'f1ll L ~~1~~1 ..... "'fUU'Yl LflLLn'Yl'IJ" 1::"111"11'U'Yi~L11El"D1flt.IEI~~El nLllEI"

~7m£ie"t~q/ ') LUui1fl"llEI-\1~3J"'JU~D~fl111R1U ~1llth fl111nEJ..:Il7 nD..:IU1 .... " (Lifl"'11t.l

251,9 ~u1 11)

i..:~~u LrlEJ~flil..:~ "u1uuEJn" ~7EJ ""lfuu'Yl" tmu1nt~vhu11D"fl1111~111lll':L 2 LL~ .. fiE!

t I ....... t" I t ... ... t I

2. fl1111~111ll ULL" fl1111ftll'WU,~::~11.,~flflft Uft.,flll (Relationship) '11"..:1 ULL-\1

·. i "fl111'YltJ1ChU t ~ qj-;,:: ilm nm-ri"fl1111R11~WfLUUL nm-ri"n17LL u,n£iEJ..:~nU"'1Wl..I'Yl ""lfU'U'Yl"

• tuLL~fl113JR3J~utfd flU~eijtu"lfUU'Yl~U ';J::iifl11llR11~Uf£iu~~EJnu finnUflfWtl':'~~1~ ,;1t.IU1U 'l::U'ULfl~ El11!1~L "'ill"'iu ut~Jl'u t WJJUU,., 711L itulltl'l::L VitULL~::1~~,., 711~ 7 El"lfU U'Yl

Ltlui.,fl11LLuutl7::L 'Wm1l1 (Traditional Society) ~nflu tufl7Elt,Jfli'1fi1..:~ri'l oDLL., .,.,u,hun~ 1i4 l 'lu1

in~ m::fl7EIUfli'1LU~fl7EIUfli'1 t ~qJ fl7El1Jfli'1Ltluvt..:~Rfl1UU~~afl LLA::~u71nfl ,

so 103

1 A I !'I A ~ .Of. .- '"" 1 ...,

'"~ll"ll'U.'VI\4-3 ') 11 fl1a.lfl111JL u\4 ';l-'HLLtt1 JJO';l:lla 01!tfi4::N«li1::'V111-3'JJ\4tl'Yl nu .. a::..r II a:: ... '11.1 'II .... I I

Lll£1-3 'Yl-3U.q'fiLLfl11~ll"ll''"'""';l::n1::~fiPfl Lu'Y11-3 L'VI'" fl1£ltJ1-3L'lJU. nl~L'Y1V.li'V11U.fl1 'V11m 11

1 ... tf..lt ... J!..... ... ... .... '11 ... 1 !'I ...... I

a.l£1-3 U.fi1'"V.U.'Ylfl-3 fl11lJL';l1qJ'Y11-3~1U.1fi~LLft1 ~ll"ll'U.f:t1-3L'Y1V. '1 O';lfl Lfi11LuU. La.l£1-3 LLfl

Lrlollo-3n1-3L'Ylv. '11u.~1'"n11iiflfi£J~ll~u.fnu.LLi1 fl'"n1-3L'Ylv. 11 W1\41'VIqju-3fiflflmill~wli· nu.LLuud'u.Lfl1oqJ19i li m1 1 fuf'u.w1u1hm 'VIa m ~o Qft 1 u. 1-3tYqJ1fi«it'Ylijfi-,W'V11tJ fl1oufli'1

u-3liw n1v.Liju.f11otlfli'11 'VI qJo~t1-3dLtJu.~u. ~8 ""'

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l~iJW1U i'u~fi"JJflULLR::fl1 U~lln11tl1L t1 U-31i~1UU1 n1 1 Cf1!'11nL::tl1~ ') t Wrl~-3flU 'IJ~"-fl~ . LL~lutn~tJ~ufiut\'1tJ1::'JJ1"!fUfl1U~lllfiM~ull1n LV411::~1111'Jfn11f"~1tl~-3LUU\41Un~-3fl n17u1~11W1uf..,~1flll111nn17~ti"l",~"w1unR1-3 ijl"lfli1';11nn11Lft~n.T~,~"'1~Q1 tuna-3flu 1::~1~~"~'YIU~-3ltlvi1~U1~luCfn1f"~1flriw1Ull1nLUULy;U..,Cf~1fl11U1~ fl~U iu'YI11u"1"~~1111"JJn11f"~1fltl~UiltJm\'1Lthiu •••• a..,~n11u1~11W1uf..,~1fln1';1::t~ n11 tJ~u'1i"1"ijtJ,:: i'Y1!n1v.uf1 ,;.,.,.,';!:: i:ia"1:: t u n11

- £i~flR1n1LUU'IJ~~flUL~~ - il~1U1";Jff1Lriun1~ l~1nn~" - tl71fl'';l1 nn11 fl11J~ll';l1 n'YI1"f~~1fl

- iJ~Cf1::lun11tl1LitU-31U

'f'll1nu1R

tf'll1nU1RLU'U~U1Un11tlnfl1El-3na-3flU~fl~1nAflnutl1::'!f1'!f~tu"JJuu'Yill1n~'tfl Ill! I.... t 0 A ' .. .jl ... t ,f I 'I "' o

LLfl Lllli~Cf1: 1.4 n11tl1L UU~1Ull1n'YI'ftlL 11Un~ 'YI"UL ?411::~~111[1 Lfln11fl11J~li'IJ~ -301L11~

lfltJ\41[JD1L1lll~tJUtJ1::!'1\4~'1J1~1J1R tJffiD1L1ll!LtlUtJftl~1iiU1R Urlfldufiii1111llf111 LLR::

fl1LL'YI\4~11~Q1L.fln~n 4 flU LtJUn1111n11 i'fl~tJ1::Cf-3fllUn11ffl.f"'f'll1nU1RluCf~iJ "" .. t A' ...\ t·"'· I I ... ~ t "" ."': "" ,f"" tJ r 1'!fn1R'YI s uumv.a l'lu1::"!f1'1JWJ1tJnu ~ n~1fl1111Cf::~1tl 111 UCfliUu';l,UUU1fl~ 1::""fl

356 so 103

'I.U:JmnnEJ..:~tin17uiv.17cb'"f-3w'ltl q-,nnu1~LLa1 1'"v.~,n1'1f'I-4U'Yiu..:~~n~llfl1..:~ '1 .oiAo!"l I t11 ... I ...... !"I"'' I

ll1mJ1r.J'll''lflEl11Lu\4n~l!~~ 1: r.J'1f'I-4V.7Eln~ll~~ntl\4 Lu'l-4fl'1.411 n~l1Lm~tfl7n7 Wll1flll

tl .. "" ... :: tl I ... :t VI I I ... :t 1 ... I 'I

'11~ 7:'YI1\4711!-lJ7 Wll1flll~ L"lf\41'11~ 7:;'YI1\4 nqli~L~r.J'I Ln n~li~L~r.J'I fl Wll1flli~1Jll L1Jf.l1\11J

m~:n77l!n17l4'~'1.41V.~U1'1.4 (nVill.) m~:n77lln17Wtl1ihu~ (nwfl.) n~l!Lr.J11"lf'l-4 n~ll

,.. ,.. ... !"1 U 'I 2:: ..,.,. J n17llq''ilfl1Vitl '1.4 1JLu\4r.JEltl 717 fl\41'i1El'l'lnfl\4 L \4'1f\41J'YI\41.4 LLlJ';J:lJEJ1n1flWtl"lJ\4

uiq-'Yit i 'ILL1tlamJ1~LUWVhtL vh 1 1.4LiJEJ.:~ LL9i"lJ11"lJ\4U'YinU..:I~Uq)V.1'YI1\1~1'1-4q'"lltl1Yi El\4 1~r.J I . ... .. • 'I ... •T- ... VI I !"L ·tl 1 .. I I •

Elijll1n LVi71:fl11lltlElr.Jn17fln1!-1 'Y\1 LV.U7LllflEI1V.17'YI ~liLu-... 1: U"lf1.4f1El71'1n1r.J n'I-4El1V.17

iiu ') 1~ffnrl'1.4Ell!El1V.17 ~1'1.41'1.4fl'1.4Lntliill1n ~1'1.41\4fl'l.4fi1U\l'~ J1~11J11-rt~w:tl1n UtlJV.1 ... ... ... 'I ...

L nr.J1 nU'f'iltl1"WEl'l.41llr.J L 1.4"lf'I-4U'Yillll1 nll1r.J

L dEJ.:~';J1 nti1:L 'Yifl1 'Yir.JLU1.4ti7:L 'Yifl~Elr.Jl4'~'" 1 flUR1\4 1 v. qjEJ~1 'U."lf'U.U'YI ••••• n17LEJ1

1 ';) 1w~LL~ l ~ui n17'YI1'1~1'U.'f"lltl1YiEl\41Jr.J"lJEl'l"lJ11"lJ'U.U'Yin~Elr.Jfl1ll 1tl~1r.J i.:~L 71';J:L ~'" ';11 n AA I A ... ... "" 11111 11!11 ... .:t

WflfiLL V.~\11J7 n11lf'iltl1Yi 'If 'I tl7 .1J77Yifl 17:Wr.J Ltl711J71ll L 1 tl.:l\4

so 103

1 .:.. VIti ... t I ..

7'1Yir.J11J1~'YI1L 'i1El'11j'YI'IW1\4n~1'1U~:Qlltl1fl

... . ... t ... « fl~'U.El\4 1llr.J"JJ\4 V.'U.'I

. ... .. R1'U. n.:~1'U.~~"fl7 1 n

~'U.mn"JJ'U.1L~n

i'1'U.'i11r.JU1LL~'U.U';J~U'U.LL~"U.1u71tu.tl7:i1v.~u1'U. • VI I..... tl ... .-i

V.l!Elfi1LLr.J V.l!El Lllll LU 7:nEJUfl~u

.. tl.. t tl LL'Vi'Yir.J 7qjqj1'YI'I 7:L'Yifl

El~1 '1.1. n 1 .:~L 'YIYi 'i

2,237 LL~'I.

1,563 LL~'I

127 L~~'l

13,433

6,274 fl'U.

2, 752 fl'U.

1,834 fl\4

357

!fl ..1 I .. .ol I 0~ ... ~ " ._ W W .. . LuWYl1.41!J'Ufl11u';'J,lJ\UUl1::fl11"ft'111'1'HlUt'll LfiLlh1L~'Ufl1111~n'IJ!J1nLLR:fl1111

L ~ul '7i"llEl.,tl1:"lf1"lf"U 1 "U"lf"U'UYILLR: l~ ~fl111lcf1flqJfio n'11uo"n'" l 1fl111 n ~1un111::fl11

~1JWi"';'J1n"lf11U1\4 1 ~111rhwij1~~o1111ft'111'11nUt'll (Nft'ft'.) LLR:01ft'1ft'~fl1ft'111'11nLq'"ll tJ-,=~,~~u-,'" ( Elft'11.) 1 ~111fi1~",m ~fl1LL'U:U1L~!JLLW-ifl1111fLLR::"Jl'nu,'"tl'=,,,'" 1'"L ;o.,

fl1" 'J L~u1nun111-D'u1n11ft'111'THUq'"ll"llEl.,i'J n111fu1ft'1~qJtl1:i1u1"ULLR:u1~'" 'J

n111-D't11LLN"Ulu11m m11~1Jli~11n"Uhfl n1,q''ll1il'U1RLffu1nuJ1~11 J11f n11ft't'1.,W111 .. .. 0 ..... • ... • - ..,

n11n1';'Jfl"ll!J: n11n1';'JfiU1fl" n1~fl1'U~11~" LL11R.,1U LLR:LL11R.,ft'11J n11fl1'U~11~~ 01~11 .

Lij"Uw~ El1~11ft' ntl1 n LLR: n11tli'utll "U1"UL1ou n17i"n~1El\41~u;,.,n1u, n11111lnfl

El1~11 n1111.,LLN'Ufl1011flf1 n11ElU1~!JLU.iLLR~L~n n11Ln~fl1 ••••• ( n1::fl11.,ft'111'11nLq''ll

2521 ~"1 1-5)

'I.. .. .. ... • t ... .. ~ _I( ... n11 L ~'U1 n11'Yl1.,fi1'Uq''ll1l~El\41~VUn1Jt11JU1Jfl1:l'U L 11~\4111L \4 'Ufi1.J•I1'Uu0" n\4

11fl111nn11LLR::iln11.,.,::ltl~11fl1"~1'1.4 fn~1l 1fl \l'uLuun11L ~11l"U~~nn1.,LLft1 Ul)l~1 ~L ,,.,.,:fia.,w.,.,,,m,~1n1"Luinuri~o "•hilu11" "l!El.,1J11U1'1.4 ~r.r.,ilu11 "wu~11o" ~1a "tJ1n~1LLwnvtl1qJqJ1' LW11:L11l~tJun~"milu111"Un11 "i'n~1· l~LtiuLLR:ilu11111nn11

"n11UEJ.,nu" 111LU'UL1R1'1.41"ULLI1

..,. _J.d .J u t , II ,UtJYIU01111Ji'U.I'UUJJ&'l~YIH&Y.aftUOrJ1~ 1UH?

· n11Ltl~!JULLtlR"fl1"f"fi11~1ULU'Un11Lu;!JULL1..lR"~nn·1.,lJ,J11';'J::LU'Ufl1"n11Liio" .. .. .ol ... .. ._ .ol .. .. " t'l I._ ..11 ...

fi1.,Lff1~ Jn';'l L1JEJL fi!J'Un1J1::U:L 1R1'YI'U.,n'UElnL 1R1~U" ft' "fl1J"lfU1Jfl L11 L 1Jft'.Jfl11fl flf1Lfi!J1

ufliin11ilflfloill~ulfnui.,fl11111tJ"UonaijLR1JEl fi",f'" i"fl111J"Uun~"iin17Ltlau'"utlR"···· , tl..l tJ 'I ,._ t .ol I

ft'1L ~~"lJEl" n11L R!J'ULL R" L \4ft' "fl111J'U'Ufl\4\4110ij111 n1J1!J

n. - ft'1L~~';l1n111!JLUi"fl111J\41JYILEl" L"Ji'U

358

- n11L nfl ·

- n11flrtJ . .. ... - n11!.11Utl\4

so 103

...... .. ... • ~71U 'VI7flfi17~71J

• fi171.h:~~ft1~ti\l.i.,t-v~ll 'i~'i

11. - ft'1L'VI~';J1fi111UU£Jmi._,tUJ'lJUtJ'Yl

- n17~R11~R1\l.'Yl1._,1~\1.1r7711

- fi17LLYdn7:';11U'Yl1._,1ft!UI7711 0

.. I A - fi17fl11\1.1fl11fl~flflft'Elft'17

... - fi17L~U\l.LL1JtJ

• fi17'Yi~\1.1

fi17L tJiu\l.LLU~._,'Yl1._,R ._,fill L U'lJ\l.tJ'Yls:i111fi111U'V1~1U JU

... tl..l tl ... ""1 - 11fi17L ~U\l.LL ~.,7:uun17~~91 n17tJ7 11fl 7:tJtJfl~1~

... .. .... ... ~ I I ... I"'

- 11fl._,fln7'Yl1._,n17L11fl._,Ln~1l\1.3J1fl111U'V1~1Ufi~3J L'lJU flnL::n773Jn17'W~\1.1'V13JtJ1\l. , ~

flm:n771!n17'Vi~\1.19i1u~ flm:n77lln17R1119i1u~ 'i~'i

tl ... .. ..: ~ ... .. tl..l ..,tl

- 7::'1J1'1J\1.3Jfi17flfi~1L'Wli1JU 3JLLW'lfl113Jfl~L ~U" L

- j'fm.t1Lfl1'Yli'"WU1n7177ll'lf1~L \l.'tifl._,ri\l.ll1 L ..a'tl7:: 1u'lfii

- j'fn'Yi1._,1Wl!11Jn" Lfl17'W L \l.fl113Jtl~L ~\1.1Jfl._,~\l.

- j'f m.JfutJ1"LtJiU\l.LLU~.,tJ'l::L owmL ~L 'V13J1::R11

- jfnm'lU11"fn~1Ll1l111'Wfl\1.13JU j'fn L i~111 j'fn LitJ~n1'l'Yl1.,n17LLOW'Yl6LL~'\.4

U';J';IU\1. , ...... ...

- J';Jfi11.,LL~\l.fl'lfl1Jfl71

- iifl""'VI"'Yl'" s:iJ1'1J~tl'l::'Yl1\l.L~fln17Ln~fl'l

I ... t • . 1..1 tl .., • I I ~ • I <V .t I 1 I

'VI\1.1U._,1\l.'W~\1.1'Yl._,'V1~1U\1.1fl113JLu~U\l.LL ~._, ~u\1"1f\1._1J'Yl~\l.Ju1lfl._, f'tfliUl "R1\l. 'VIGJ

LU\l.'VI'I.bU.,'l\41lfl.,i'JL -.dw)1 n'l11n1'l'Yi~"'~3J'lJ'\.4 (Y-l"lf.) ti1Ufi.,1\4L ~ .,;~vrfti\1.1'1J\1.1J'Yl ( 'l'W'lJ.)

1 .,. .. ..1 ) .1 tl .,. 'VI\41U'W~"1n1'lLfl~fl"'Yl (\l.'Wfl. n'l3Jn1'lunfl'lfl., n'l~'Yl1.,'VI~1., n'l3J'lf~ 'l:'Yl1U n'l3J'Wftl\1.1

~~" n'l11~.,LR~11n17Ln~fl'l n'l11~.,LR~3JR'VIn'lm n711mnJu ti1'1l'nuDJtl~~" L~fl tlr:t-., .-1 1 I I a..., ~ I .. I

L n~fl'l fi'l73J 'i~'i \l,Elfi';J1nUnU._,11'VI\l. 1U"1"1lfl.,LEI n'lfU'V1~1U'VIU 1U L 'lJU 1J 'l~'YlL 'lf~~LL 'VI._,u'l::-

so 103 359

•

L'YifTlfltJ ~1rlfl tl1LilU-31U~_,U1~ fl.ft'11ii D.l'Jffl"JTtJ Ufl711'JfWaJ1 \jll\li\j1nL::'Jf.U1J'YIU~-3 ,., t.h::Lt!fTlnu W111fl1111-3UNUfl1ElUflf1LLII::~.,"1t.h::'J1101 111111 Ltlu9lu 4"~\l1tJ'I11UL~~1;i

iiD11 Ltlufi1\blum1Lu;uuutla" (Change Agent) fi1'11fi141m111tifl nf~Uflfi fhWI11 Lnfllulau

LLa::1fl~1f1111fi1" 'J L f'l\T'lf"un"llD" lt~u · ,;,t,.;no11Ltlauuutli~~luiilfifl1fuunLth.at.h~111o .... 'YI~fltl1

LLJJ11tl1::L 'YifT l 'Yitl~:: ltlii 011~_,14 1't11'11~1ULfT11+ Jfi~ ltJ111 0111tJLrlaLU;tl1JL ntJU

nuD~fl~~·hU111nfl111 LLfiLnt+fl1 01f'l1a~1 U 'lfU1J'Y.lD'ULUUti1U L ~qJ"lla'11tl1::L 'YifT 11tll~ua:: fl1111LUUDij"HD'I1L Ot+fl1 01111nU'I1~1Dijii'uLD~ Lrlm tJ;tJUL fiuu rlU L ~Lrlm!qJ\111 011 01::~1tl 11u l~~ll1LUU1f1111 011~tl1::'J11 o1"Ha'11tl1::L 'YifTiiDfi11011L ~11\Y '11ti1 t ~L Ot+fl1 01 l u 'JSU un

ih!qJ~1L~El'l1~fiufi1JJ1~1fiU1110~U ~'11dLVi11::'i1U1Ufl1DUfli'1LOt+fi1L~11~U~OU ~10011 fl1tlfl::LU"lJEl'I1~1U 1Ufli'1L 1DUL01+fl101 LU'J1U1Jfl Vi.fT. 2513-2518 "lJD'I10D'I111'11LLNUihi'l1flU

- "' A I A l I .!

ft' 111Vi.,U1LfT11+JO~LL ~"'J11fl 11tl..11U 11'

Vi.fT. 2503 iifl1El1Jfli'1L01tfl101 3.69 ft1Ufl1DUfli'1

Vi.fT. 2513 iifl1El1Jfli'1Lnt+fl101 4,37 ft1Ufl1D1Jfli'1 L~ll~U .677ft1Ufl1El1Jfli'1

...... .I'- ... ..:x ~ ... Vi.fT. 2518 11fl1El1Jfl11Lnt+fl101 5.06 lf1Ufl1El1Jfl11 LVi11"1J\.L .685 "i1Ufl1EllJfl11

X ..1. ... I , ..

- ViU'YI't110U~nLL1J'11LIIOII'11~0't1 ,

~I .r X ..!... ~~-. ..: I .r I ~ •• ..I. - 'J111U1LuU~Ull1~'\.W10W 'YiflU\II~flLu'K"llD'I1U1tl~U ft''I1L~II1U~::flDtl ') Lu~"Dll

'4 ..1 ~ tJ 1 "" " II ... 11.~ " 1 ..: X .!All .or. .t 1 wt a L"lJfl01::111J 11LL~'I1fl1111"1JflLW'11LUft''11fl11 L~"ll1\Yfl1111l\4LL 1'11tl~ L 11'~::LLn L"lJul)I~1UDtl1'11 L 1?'

't11"DDO~i'l1fl11l'YitiL11Lfltlti1nU11'}LUf1flEln11tlDitl~fiu ufinLUUfl1'11ft'1tlfiU~0~11U1tl~U Jt.' ..1.- -- J• .. II, " I ... ... ... .J!."r. 1 ..... .r ..... L·v1"lJD'11'YiflU~11ft''t11flJLft'tl'l1 L" 011ElElO OQ~ll1tl L11~1 '11';l'I101J011LL JJ1Jl)l~1 fltl11fUL Vi11::tl'l111 '

. . ' fflt 'tJ t .. I . I fl1111L ~ULL 0 1:: tl'J1Uft'1UfiUD~lJ1 n

i '11fl11'Jfll1Jfl rhi'I11El~~Li.tJWII::11 "L";ILLII::11 "'" t" 011LL nUtJI~1"lJD'I111111'JfUChu t VI qJaij L 11~'11111'lhunu~111nL 1~1flJ'I1'lhmiufia ltJL r~a::

360 so 103

J i

1. n7·n\tnTf tln1!t7~a 2520 tf'"fRU1P1tJ1UR1 nl~L'YI'Vi '1 17 -3V.ll~li'VI11'YitniU71ll­

tl1LL 'VI-3

2. n7::'YI71-3ft'1117m~'tl 2521 llU1n1-f,11tiiunuu't1s'li11tY1B11tuq'll ( Hnn.) ut1::B1n1

nllR1tY1B11tuq'llzi1::o·?Hyu1u (snu.) Pv.Ft. 2520-2524

n1-fm"., h-3-All~~ll~llw'VIn7mn17Lm~t917LLV:-31.h::­

L 'Yifr' 'YIU

~ - ... .l 5. N7-3fl fr7ft'1ft'fl 2515

~ - ... .l 6. N7-3fl fr7ft'1ft'fl 2521

A .. ...,. ...

7. U'Vi\41 fi\41Lft'1 2501 - ... 8. tJ77Yi91 17::ft'U 2520

. ... ~

9. Yi'!ftJl ft'li'Vi£)-3 2522

- ... .l • ... -~ 1 o. Yi7::ft''YII fi1'U1Ufrau 2520

~~~ ~ I -12. ~'Vi\lau '!11-3L7uu 2516

so 103

"ifliuwa-3flaa-3iui" ''" u:mn8n1u 1ntniufl~ li'VI1ft'17fl1ll

tf'"ft'IU1ntJ171UUP1 nl-3L'YI'Vi'1 : h-3-Ali~LL'Vi~~'YIU1Dmfl£lf

Lu.fuLLua -;i1nt~

... -U1Un7_!li'Uf17

Fl1U1::U1fiFI.1U11t/1tJtf'"fFIU1ntJ171UUn/ug"f .li'V111'Yimiu

L n1!tf17fr1ft'flf (17L i1U1LUUL~ll) " n"fRU1ntJ1lVB~fiu nl-3L'YI'Vi'1 h -3-All~th::~71-3tl

n~t'IU1ntJ1Ufi::U1J{I:ItJ1ntJ1 nl-3L'YI'Vi '1 h -3filloWli'V11-- ... . 1'YIU1 fi:I[J 71llfl1 LL 'VI-3

tf'mU7111U1UU1 nl-3L'YI'Vi'1 h-3-All~li'VI11'YIU1iU

71lltl1LL 'VI-3

11m?um11fioR11unuwui1::Hhn~v1R1BURnnun11::

f111lflif!Jwul1uz11;~,, 1no i1\l'n1fu wcnuuurnrnfl ... ... ~

Yi.~\4 tJ 7 'V\17 fr1 ft' f17

., .Y 7 1 ... ~..1 -flf)l:JfU::cr~FIU ntJ: Ufi7'VIS1-3 '1 7-3Yili'ViLSU~L~U-3-

~-3L~;tJl

n1nJJnmtfJfnn1~m,u1no1 nl-3L'YI'Vi'1 u;,;'nH~~1nm

-;i1nt1

361

•

... ....1 I

14. ft'll"n ff1u~..:J 2519

... .. 15. ft'WYI ~ft'3Jfl1011 2519

.......... iJ u· 16. ~1~~tl L till fl 2519

... .. , 17. el3J11 VNff1~11'qJ 2519

19. Bertrand, Alvin, L.

20. Goode, William J. 1966

21. Horton, Paul B. Hunt, 1972

Chester L.

22. Malassis, Louis. 1976

23. Nelson, Lowry. 1955

24. Sander, Irwin T. 1977

25. Shan in, Teodor. 1971

362

,

~..,'Yitrff1ft'"1fl13JLLuu,.,1mlwnflfl::1wmrnoo-31.~~

l~tmimnHlJihun ?tm:n"'ueemamtniie CfLYM Cf"'Yil­

LTli"ll' (LLU~) ft'3J1fi3Ji..:Jf13Jff1ft'flfLL vl..:JU1::L 'Yiff' 'Yitl •

·,.,nutnnouwe~tn7:1,1n'llltl::ttu1n?mniv nl..:JL'YI~ '1

. ;b"~ll,;71l1Dfl1l'Yiu , 1~ .tt.~ I "" ..., -., ., I .,_, e ..,.. -. .. UNunuU11uemnemuuvnw nl..:JL'YI~'1 ft'1"n~3J~

U11tl40'

" .1..1 .1 tJ "" ..: ..I !"I tJ :'1 n11LuftWUu~..:l3 LL1,JUn11tJ1tltl"'Yielij ~" . 1::L'Yiff ~'Yitl

.. t ... ... "'iJ ... ~.ff. 2503-2513 "11'Jlf1'SWfiiUV'iH11f117lf,'i · 'YI 6 .. ... ~UU'YI 3 •

.. .. .. l .J': ,., "t1'Yilfff1ft'"111'11U1" "17'Jlf1'ia~f'I1Jf117lf"'J ,Vf1-

~·.1n1tU11~1i'YitJ1lttJ n~ 13 ~u-u~ 3 n1nLJ1fl3J

IJ'Ij'tllnvtrmu: tT'~t?uun::fmuBnu 7nu "fl'~~1..:~ '1

h..:~~3J~u,1-:~~~~.n';l

Rural Sociology McGraw-Hill Book Company .

The Dynamics of Modern Society. New York :Atherton

Press.

Sociology Me Graw-Hill Kogakusha Ltd.

The Rural World Education and Development. Paris : The

UNESCO Press.

Rural Sociology. New York: America) Book Company.

Rural Society. New Jersey Prentice-Hill, lne, Englewood

Cliffs.

Peasants and Peasant Societies. Penguin Book Ltd.

so 103