Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Obstetrics

Gynecology/Oncology

Infertility

Ultrasound in Obstetrics

Early gestation ultrasound

First trimester screening

Ultrasound guided procedures

Cervical length

Level II ultrasound

Targeted scan

Fetal echocardiography

Growth scan

Doppler sonography

Early gestation ultrasound

Intra- or extra-uterine pregnancy

Prognosis of pregnancy

Number of fetuses

Dating

First trimester screening with ultrasound

Screening for Down syndrome:Nuchal translucency

Nasal bone

Combination with biochemical markers

Screening for cardiac defects:Nuchal translucency

Level II sonogram

Should it be performed routinely?

When should it be performed?

Which organs should level II sonogram include?

Indications for Fetal -Echocardiography

Suspected cardiac anomalies on sonogram

Non cardiac fetal anomalies detected

Fetal arrhythmia

Maternal/Paternal/Siblings with cardiac defects

Exposure to teratogens: viral and drugs

Diabetes

SLE (anti Ro/La)

Genetic and chromosomal diseases

Doppler Sonography

Indications:

IUGR

Pre-eclampsia

Twin-to-Twin-Transfusion

Isoimmunization

Doppler Sonography

Vessels to study:

Umbilical artery

Middle cerebral artery

Inferior vena cava

Ductus venosus

Umbilical vein

Doppler Sonography

Pathological findings:

Umbilical artery – RDV, AEDV, high S/D

MCA – Low S/D or PI, high PV

IVC – Increased reversed flow

DV – decreased forward and appearance of reverse flow

Umbilical vein - pulsations