UMTS

Introduction Siemens

TM2201EU04TM_0002 2002 Siemens AG

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Contents

1 First Steps & 1G 3

2 2G: Digital Revolution 11

3 3G Motivation 23

4 Exercise 35

5 Solution 41

Introduction

Siemens Introduction

TM2201EU04TM_0002

2002 Siemens AG

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3

1 First Steps & 1G

Introduction

First steps & 1G

archaic mobile communication optical transmission (smoke/light signals,..) acoustic transmission (drums, alpine horns,...)

electroniccommunications:fixed networks Morse code

1st telegraph line 1843Washington - Baltimore

TelephonyP. Reis 1861A.G. Bell 1876

Wireless transmission:1873 Maxwell theory of electromagnetic waves

1887 H. Hertz: experimental proof1897 Marconi: 1st wireless transmission1901 1st transatlantic transmission1903 Dt. Telefunken GmbH: AEG, Siemens& Halske

1906 1st speech & audio transmission1909 1st radio program1917: 1st mobile transmission: BS - train

Fig. 1


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First Steps and 1G

Archaic "mobile communication systems" are existing for thousands of years, but normally we start the history of mobile communication with the transmission of information via high frequency HF in the late 19th century. Even after HF speech transmission became possible in the first decade of the 20th century, it needed further 40 years, before the first mobile networks for private user started operation.

Simplex / Duplex Transmission

Simplex transmission means to be a communication "one-way street". Transmission in only one direction (to or from the mobile user) is possible at a certain time. Simplex transmission is used e.g. for radio and TV transmissions.

Simple mobile communication systems use the so-called Semi-Duplex Transmission, i.e. at a certain time it is only possible to transmit data in one direction, but the direction can be changed (used in ancient mobile systems and walkie-talkies).

Duplex transmission is used for simultaneous, bi-directional information exchange. Modern telecommunication systems are based on duplex transmission.

Single Cell Systems

The first mobile networks offering duplex transmission car phone telephone service to private user started operation in the late 1940's in the USA and in Europe during the 1950's. These systems have been created as Single Cell Systems. Single Cell Systems provide service in the service area (cell) of several Base Stations BSs, but every cell is far remote from others to prevent interference between different users (resulting in disruption of the connections). Every single cell was totally independent from the others. This caused the several problems, e.g.:

no "Handover" possible

no seamless service areas

no call toward the mobile user without knowledge of his current location

low system capacity

The following problems were also encountered by the first mobile services:

poor service and speech quality

manual switching (operator needed)

heavy, cumbersome, massive, expensive equipment (only for car phone)

Single Cell Systems have been used until the m1990's, becoming less and less important with the introduction of the cellular systems at the end of the 1970's.



5

Single Cell

1G Cellular systems

r

frequency Re-use

Quantum leap in mobile communication:

Single Cell systems Cellular systems

Quantum leap in mobile communication:

Single Cell systems Cellular systems

Single Cell Systems: no Handover, small service area

poor service & speech quality manual switching cumbersome, bulky & expensive equipment

used until the 1980s

1st mobile services:

Car phonesince 1946(St. Louis, USA)

radius

r

Fig. 2


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Principle of Cellular Systems

The cellular principle is that a large number of Base Stations BSs provide full service coverage; their cell areas are overlapping significantly. To prevent interference between subscriber using the same frequency, only part of the available frequency range is used in a cell. The same frequency range is only permitted to be used in another cell sufficiently distant from this first cell (re-use distance). The area in which the entire "set of frequencies" is once used is known as the cluster.

The number of calls that can be made at the same time in a particular area is no longer determined by the available frequency range but by the size of the available cells.

Cellular Systems are the prerequisite for:

Enhanced network capacity

Roaming

Handover

Cellular Systems were tested in many countries at the end of the 1970's. In 1979, AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) started commercial operation in the USA and the NTT-MTS (Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Co., Mobile Telephone System) in Japan. Both systems operated in the 800-MHz range. At the beginning of the 1980's the NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) system was launched in the 450-MHz range and later in the 900-MHz range in the Scandinavian countries. NMT was the first cellular system allowing International Roaming. In 1985 the TACS (Total Access Communication System) was introduced in Great Britain in the 900-MHz range. Also introduced in the 450-MHz range were the C450 system in Germany, the Radiocom2000 system in France and the RTMS system in Italy.

Due to the introduction of the cellular system principle for mobile communication in the late 1970's it was possible to increase the number of mobile subscriber between 1980 and 2000 from less than 1 million world-wide to more than 500 million.



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Principle of cellular systems

Cluster

1G

Introduction

frequency- Year of

country system range [MHz] introduction

USA AMPS 800 1979

Japan NTT-MTS 800 1979

Scandinavia NMT 450, 900 1981 - 86

Great Britain TACS 900 1985

Germany C450 450 1985

Advantage: Capacity

Roaming

Handover

Advantage: Capacity

Roaming

Handover

1980 - 2000:

Growth Rates

cellular networks

> 50%/year

Fig. 3


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Limitations of the 1st Generation 1G

Cellular 1G systems transfer analog information over the radio or air interface.

Shortly after introduction of the first "analog" mobile communications systems it became evident that the extremely fast growth in subscriber numbers in the area of mobile communications would quickly lead to the capacity limits being reached.

A further problem entailed the frequently poor speech quality and service availability of the "analog" systems.

The large numbers of historically evolved, incompatible analog standards in Europe at the end of the 1980's also represented a barrier in a converging European market.

As early as the beginning of the 1980's it became clear that a new, uniform cellular system/standard at European level had to be developed. The first system in the so-called second mobile communications generation (2G) deriving from this initiative was the GSM Standard.

Different to the 1G systems, the 2G systems transmit digital information.



9

1G limitations

capacity

quality

incompatibility

European mobile market;

early 1990th

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11

2 2G: Digital Revolution

IS-95 CDMA

D-AMPSPDC

IRIDIUM

2G: Digital revolution

Introduction

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Advantages of the digital transmission

The 1G limits are due in no little part to their analog transmission technologies. As a reaction to this, the 2G systems, which took up commercial operation in the 1990's, are based on the transfer of digital information. In this way, mobile communication followed the trend set in fixed networks in the mid-1980's under the term ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network). Several advantages are correlated with the introduction of G digital transmission, e.g.:

Network capacity: Compression of digitized speech information can considerably increase the capacity of mobile communication networks. Speech compression must be weighed against a reduction in speech quality however. Compression in speech from 64 kbit/s (digital fixed network transmission) to 2.4 13 kbit/s is used in the different 2G systems for transmission over the air interfaces.

Security aspects: Unlike analog signals, digital information can be very easily ciphered, preventing unauthorized eavesdropping of user data.

Supplementary Services: Digital data transmission greatly simplifies the transfer of signaling information thereby allowing the introduction of a wide range of supplementary services not confined to just pure speech and data transmission.

Cost factor: Digital devices are less expensive to produce than analog devices thanks to better options for the use of large-scale integrated microelectronic components. Purchasing costs, as well as operating and maintenance costs, are lower and opened the way for the 2nd generation to the mass market.

Miniaturization: Microelectronics for digital information transmission allows a HW reduction that is relatively simple compared to analog HW elements. In this way, the size and weight of Mobile Stations MS could be reduced very much from 1G to 2G, allowing to turn over from car phone to handhelds. The weight of handhelds decreased during the 1990's from more than 500g to less than 100g.

Transmission quality: During transmission across the air interface the signals experience considerable fading, distortion and corruption. Digital signals can be treated easily with redundancy, can be better regenerated and offer therefore significantly better transmission quality than analog signals. Analog signals can only be amplified (including all disturbances).



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CIPHER

MODUL

Input data(original text)

Output data(ciphered text)

Cipher

Sequence

Advantages of

digital data transmission

Network capacity speech compression

Supplementary Services signalling

Costs production, operation & maintenance

Miniaturisation micro electronics

Transmission Quality Easy to regenerate

Security easy to cipher

Network capacity speech compression

Supplementary Services signalling

Costs production, operation & maintenance

Miniaturisation micro electronics

Transmission Quality Easy to regenerate

Security easy to cipher

Distance to BS

SignalQuality

Digital Signal

AnalogueSignal

BS: Base Station

Security:

Ciphering

Transmission

Quality:Easy to regenerate

Fig. 6


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2G cellular systems

GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication

In 1990 the GSM Standard was ratified as first 2G standard. Commercial operation of GSM systems started in late 1991. Originally planned as a European system, GSM spread all over the world, serving 2/3 of all mobile subscriber in 2001.

The GSM radio interface uses FDD for duplex transmission and FDMA/TDMA for multiple access. GSM systems are existing in the 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz frequency range.

D-AMPS: Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System

D-AMPS (also: IS-136 or US-TDMA) was conceived in 1991/1992 in America as an enhancement of the 1G AMPS standard. The D-AMPS radio interface uses FDD for duplex transmission and FDMA/TDMA for multiple access. The 800-MHz band (824-849/869-894 MHz) is used in conjunction with AMPS. D-AMPS was extended in 1995 to the 1900-MHz frequency range. AMPS and D-AMPS serves some 10% of the world-wide mobile subscriber in 2001.

JDC: Japanese Digital Cellular / PDC: Personal Digital Cellular

PDC (originally titled JDC) is used in Japan only. Commercial operation started in 1993/1994. The PDC radio interface uses FDD for duplex transmission and FDMA/TDMA for multiple access. PDC is used at the 900-MHz band (810-826/940-956 MHz) and 1500-MHz band (1429-1441, 1501-1513). In 2001 some 70 million subscriber used PDC in Japan.

IS-95 (Interim Standard-95):

IS-95 CDMA was developed at the beginning of the 1990's on the basis of CDMA technology. Commercial operation started 1995. The IS-95 radio interface uses FDD for duplex transmission and, different to GSM, D-AMPS and PDC, CDMA for multiple access frequencies in the 800-MHz and 1900-MHz bands are used globally (and also in the 1700-MHz band in Korea). IS-95 CDMA are used all over the world, serving some 100 million subscriber in 2001.



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2G cellular systems

Date: 4Q2001

GSM:Global System for

Mobile Communication

since 1992world-wide:

165 countries

900, 1800 &

1900 MHz

subscriber: 550 M.

PDC:Personal Digital Cellular

since 1993/94

Japan only800 & 1500 MHz

70 M. subscriber

IS-95:Interim Standard-95

since 1995

welt-wide,

America & S. Korea800 & 1900 MHz, 1700 MHz (Korea)

100 M. subscriber

D-AMPS:Digital AMPS

since 1991/92

USA, Kanada800 & 1900 MHz

AMPS/D-AMPS

subscriber: 90 M.

Fig. 7


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Development of the GSM Standard

In 1978 the CEPT (Confrence Europene des Postes et Tlecommunication) reserved 2 x 25 MHz in the 900-MHz band for a future European mobile communications system. A team of experts the Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) was set up in 1982 to develop this standard. The objective was to create a binding, international standard for cellular mobile communications systems in Europe.

In 1988, the new-founded ETSI (European Telecommunication Standard Institute) took over standardization work and finished work on the standard, which has been re-named to Global System for Mobile communication GSM. In 1990 standardization work for GSM900 and 1991 for GSM1800 has been finished.

Commercial operation started late 1991. In the following 10 years, GSM became the quasi-world standard for mobile communication, serving some 2/3 of all mobile subscriber in 2001 (some 550 million).

GSM Adaptations / The GSM family

GSM 900: 890 - 915 / 935 - 960 MHz, i.e. 2 x 25 MHz. Used world-wide.

E-GSM: Extended GSM. An additional 2 x 10 MHz can be made available in E-GSM on national decision. 880 - 915 MHz / 925 - 960 MHz, 2 x 35 MHz.

GSM1800 (formerly Digital Cellular System DCS1800): 1710 - 1785 MHz / 1805 - 1880 MHz, i.e. 2 x 75 MHz. Used world-wide.

GSM1900 (formerly Public Cellular System PCS1900): 1850 - 1910 MHz / 1930 - 1990 MHz; i.e. 2 x 60 MHz. Developed especially for the American market.

GSM-R (GSM Railway) 876 - 880 MHz / 821 - 825 MHz, i.e. 2 x 4 MHz. GSM-R is the GSM adaptation for railway systems.

GSM450: 450.4-457.6 MHz / 460.4-467.6 MHz, i.e. 2 x 7.2 MHz

GSM480: 478.8-486 MHz / 488.8-496 MHz, i.e. 2 x 7.2 MHz. GSM450 & GSM480 have been defined to re-use 1G frequency ranges by GSM.

GSM850: 824-849 MHz / 869-894 MHz, i.e. 2 x 25 MHz. GSM850 has been defined to replace North American 1G AMPS systems by GSM.



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GSM:Standard /

Adaptations

GSM Adaptations:

GSM900 890-915 / 935-960 MHzE-GSM 880-915 / 925-960 MHz

GSM1800 1710-1785 / 1805-1880

GSM1900 1850-1910 / 1930-1990 MHz

GSM-R 876-880 / 921-925 MHz

GSM450 450.4-457.6 / 460.4-467.6 MHzGSM480 478.8-486 / 488.8-496 MHz

GSM850 824-849 / 869-894 MHz

1978:CEPT

Frequency

Reservation

1982-1990:GSM Standardisation

by Group Special Mobile GSM /ETSI (founded 1988)

1990/91:GSM Phase 1

frozen(GSM900/1800)

1990-2002:GSM rolls- up

world-wide market

Fig. 8


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GSM Evolutionary Concept

The GSM Standard was originally intended to include all specifications on its ratification. However, in 1998 it became clear that not all planned services and half-rate speech could be offered within the specified deadlines. This led to a crucial decision being taken that GSM was not be declared as a closed, immutable standard, but rather that it be further developed in phases. This evolutionary concept provides flexibility for modifications and technical innovations and allows GSM to be adapted to market requirements and the latest technical developments.

GSM Phase 1

The standardization ratified in 1990 for GSM900 and in 1991 for GSM1800 is referred to as GSM Phase 1. Phase 1 of the implementation of GSM systems includes all central requirements for the transmission of digital information. Speech data transmission is of core importance. Data transmission is likewise defined at rates of 0.3 to 9.6 kbit/s. GSM Phase 1 has only a few supplementary services (SS) such as call forwarding and barring.

GSM Phase 2

Work on GSM Phase 2 was completed in 1995. In this phase, supplementary services, in particular, with features comparable to ISDN were added to the standard. Technical improvements were also specified such as half-rate speech. An important aspect of Phase 2 was the declaration of downward compatibility i.e., all Phase 2 networks and terminal equipment must retain compatibility with the Phase 1 networks and terminal equipment.

GSM Phase 2+

Phase 2+ indicates ongoing development. The GSM Standard will not be fully revised; instead, individual topics can be separately treated. The Standard has been updated annually since 1996 (Annual Releases '97 '99). The current topics relate to new supplementary services, services for special user groups, improved voice codecs, IN applications and high data rate services.



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Phase 1Phase 2

Phase 1

Phase 2+

Phase 2

Phase 1

Capabilities

Year1991 1995 1997

Speech transmission: FR,

Basic Services

Data: max. 9,6 kbit/s

Wide range of

Supplementary Services

comparable to ISDN,

Decision of

downward compatibility

Annual Releases:96, 97, 98, 99,..

New Supplementary Services

IN Applications

new Data Services

(high data rates)

GSM: Evolutionary Concept

Downward compatibility

Original concept:

closed standard

lifetime until 3G standardisation

Fig. 9


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Mobile Satellite Systems MSS

Large parts of the globe cannot be connected using fixed networks or cellular radio systems at justifiable expense. Mobile Satellite Systems MSS are suited to servicing sparsely populated, difficult to access regions with poor infrastructures, as well as for providing signals for maritime vehicles, catastrophe areas and for emergency services.

MSSs are classified according to the path of their satellites, as one factor:

on geo-stationary orbital paths (GEostationary Orbit GEO) with an orbital height of about 36,000 km

with highly elliptical orbital paths (High Elliptic Orbit HEO)

at medium heights (Medium Earth Orbital MEO) from 10,000 20,000 km

at low heights (Low Earth Orbital LEO) from 700 1,500 km

1G MSS

In 1976, MARISAT, the first MSS was taken into operation at the initiation of the USA. INMARSAT (International Maritime Satellite Organization) had a dominant role in 1G mobile communications. It was founded in 1979 and by June, 1999 it had 86 member nations. The 4 INMARSAT (operational) satellites are GEO satellites. All corners of the Earth, apart from the North and South poles, are covered by the satellites. INMARSAT mobile stations consist of terminals with small parabolic, or flat plate antennae. Since 1997, terminals are also available in laptop format weighing approx. 2 kg. INMARSAT switched to digital information transmission in 1995 in other words, it made the jump to the 2nd generation.

2G MSS

With digital information transmission and a larger number of satellites at lower orbits, the 2G MSS systems have significantly greater capacities than the 1G systems. 2G MSS systems are for example:

ORCOMM (only bi-directional SMS)

Globalstar (LEO)

ICO (MEO)

IRIDIUM (LEO)

INMARSAT (GEO)



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Service of (in): sparsely populated areas

areas with poor infrastructure

at sea

catastrophe areas

areas without other supply

Service of (in):Service of (in): sparsely populated areas

areas with poor infrastructure

at sea

catastrophe areas

areas without other supply

GEO(GEOstationary

Orbital)

Erde

10.000

- 20.000 km

700

- 1500 km

MEO(Medium -

Earth Orbital)

36.000 km

LEO(Low Earth

Orbital)

Mobile Satellite

Systems MSS

1G: INMARSAT

2G: IRIDIUM, ICO,

Globalstar, INMARSAT,

ORBCOMM,..

Fig. 10


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3 3G Motivation

3G Motivation

0,01

0,1

1

10

100

1000

Su

bs

cri

be

r [M

.]

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Year

Germany

World

Introduction

Fig. 11


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Mobile communication market: History

Before 1G cellular systems were introduced in 1980, all single cell systems together served world-wide significantly less than 1 million subscriber. Starting with 1G introduction, the amount of subscriber increased continuously to more than 25 million subscriber in 1992, the year of 2G commercial start. 2G introduction enabled a real mass market. During the 1990's, the amount of subscriber increased continuously to more than 500 million (end of 2000).

Mobile communication market: Medium and long term forecasts

The mobile communications market will continue to grow in the first decade of the 21st century and beyond. Unlike the fixed network sector, which over the last decades only developed slowly and which is only recently gaining momentum again, many market studies indicate unrestricted expansion of the mobile communications sector even well beyond the year 2010. This growth is only likely to be overtaken by the forecasts for the Internet market.

It is generally expected that the number of mobile communications subscribers will exceed those in fixed networks in the next years. This is already the case in particular in regions with a poorly developed fixed network infrastructure.

About 2.7 billion subscribers are predicted for the mobile communications market by the year 2015 according to the UMTS Forum Report #1. This growth is being experienced to a large extent in the current developing and threshold nations in the Asian/Pacific region. Forecasts indicate a 50% share of the global mobile communications market for this region by 2015. Similar growth rates are expected for Eastern Europe and Central and South America. The "classical industrial countries" in North America and Europe (EU15) will only have a slight increase in subscriber numbers from 2005 because, with penetration rates of more than 80%, saturation will be approached. North America and EU15 will only have shares of the world's subscribers of about 7% and 11% respectively by 2015 according to forecasts.

One result of the immense growth rates will be a steep rise in the demand for additional radio resources the necessity for very efficient usage of the radio resources.



25

0'

500'

1000'

1500'

2000'

2500'

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

RoW

As ia / P ac ific

North A m eric a

EU 15

UMTS Forum

Report #1

Trends & Outlook

Su

bs

cri

ber

[M.]

YearLong-term forecast: strong 2G & 3G growth new frequency ranges & efficient resource management

2002: Phasing out of 1G GSM dominating 2G ( 2/3 market)

Fig. 12


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Trend: Speech to Data transmission

In view of the continuous increase in global demand for data transfer, record growth rates for Internet links and access together with the wish to make these services that have long existed in the fixed network sector also available in the mobile sector, all forecasts are predicting a steep rise in the volume of data transfers using mobile communication systems. Although the demand for mobile computing, Internet and intranet access already exists, expansion in these sectors was greatly hindered by cumbersome equipment, very low data transfer rates and overly expensive costs for the mobile transfer of data. All of these barriers are set to be overcome in GSM Phase 2+ and by the 3G systems. Against this background, the expert studies (e.g., UMTS Forum) are predicting a considerably greater increase in the volume of data for transfer than for speech transmissions.

While continued annual growth in the area of speech transmission is assumed to be in the region of 20 60% in industrialized nations in the coming years, a growth rate of significantly greater than 100% is expected for the volume of data to be transferred.

Between the years 2005 and 2007, data transfers are predicted to make up about 50% of the total traffic with an upward trend in the years thereafter. This means that all forecasts envisage data transfers taking the lion's share in the medium term.



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Trend:

Voice Data

Mobile Trends

Source:

UMTS Forum

0

20

40

60

80

100

Tra

ffic

[%

]

1996 2001 2005 2007

Year

Voice

Data

Fig. 13


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Current market demands regarding mobile communications

The demands currently made by the mobile communications market are varied and include the following:

Improved speech quality

User friendliness

Global accessibility

Special services for particular user groups (e.g. Closed User Groups)

Flexible Service Creation

Everywhere the same services as in HPLMN

Fast transfer of large data volumes

Mobile Internet / Intranet Access

MultiMedia capabilities



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Demands on 3G

Mobile

Communication

improved speech quality

User-friendliness

world-wide access

world-wide HPLMN services

specific service definition

fast transfer of large data

volumes

(Inter-/Intranet, File Transfer,

E-Mail, Multimedia)

Fig. 14


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3G Services & required data rates

Different services have different requirements regarding the appropriate data rate.

Only a few kbit/s are required for conventional voice transmission with the use of efficient speech data compression functions.

Data rates to the order of several 10 kbit/s are helpful and meaningful for convenient e-mail transfers.

Greater bandwidth ranging from several kbit/s to more than 100 kbit/s is required for efficient general data transmissions, Internet access, mobile banking, shopping, etc.

Even greater data rates from several 10 kbit/s to several 100 kbit/s are necessary for high-quality image transmission and video telephony.

The highest requirements for data rates from 100 kbit/s to more than 1 Mbit/s are demanded by video conferences and video-on-demand applications, in addition to different multimedia applications.

UMTS will be able to dynamically and flexibly provide these data rates ranging from 8 kbit/s to a maximum of 2 Mbit/s.



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10 100 1000 10.000

Data rate [kbit/s]

Video conferences

video telephony

Tele-Shopping

Tele-Banking

Financial services

Electronic newspapers

Images / Sound files

Data base access

Information services

E-mail

Services

Voice

3G Services &

required data rates

UMTS offers

flexible & dynamic

data rates:

8 kbit/s - 2 Mbit/s

Fig. 15


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GSM Phase 2+ solutions

The GSM Phase 2+ offers solutions to most of the current mobile communication requirements:

Better speech quality: e.g. with Enhanced Full Rate speech EFR & Adaptive MultiRate speech AMR

improved user friendliness via combined speech/data terminals or MS - Terminal communication via Bluetooth or IR.

global accessibility e.g. via multiband and multimode terminals, satellite roaming

worldwide domestic services e.g. using Customized Applications for Mobile network Enhanced Logic CAMEL

specification of services for closed user groups e.g. using Advanced Speech Call Items ASCI services

flexible service creation using CAMEL or Unstructured Supplementary Services USSD

higher data rates for fast transmission of large data files using High Speed Circuit Switched Data HSCSD, General Packet Radio Services GPRS and Enhanced Data rates for the GSM Evolution EDGE

The major contribution of GSM Phase 2+ however is its creation of a platform on which the GSM successor standard, UMTS, can be developed. Many features point the way for UMTS and provide compatibility between UMTS and GSM.

With GSM Phase 2+, mobile communication starts into the age of MultiMedia. Due to the restricted bandwidth and historical restrictions according to the radio interface channel structure (being optimized for speech transmission, not for packet switched data transmission), the breakthrough will be enabled by the 3G systems, e.g. UMTS.



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EFREnhanced

Full Rate CAMELCustomized Application

for Mobile network Enhanced Logic

ASCIAdvanced Speech

Call Items

supplemented

by external features:

Blue Tooth, WAP,..

Multi-

Band / ModeSatellite

Roaming

GSM

Phase2+

GPRSGeneral Packet Radio Service

HSCSDHigh Speed Circuit

Switched Data

Many other

Supplementary

Services

Ph2+ Solutions:

enhanced speech quality

user-friendliness world-wide access &

HPLMN services flexible service creation fast transfer of large

data volumes

Platform for UMTS

GSM

Phase 2+

Solutions

EDGEEnhanced Data Ratesfor the GSM evolution

mobile Multi Media:

Start with GSM Ph2+

Breakthrough:

3G (UMTS)

mobile Multi Media:

Start with GSM Ph2+

Breakthrough:

3G (UMTS)

Fig. 16


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4 Exercise


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Exercise

Title: Introduction

Objectives: The participant is able to explain the most important steps of the evolution from GSM to UMTS

Pre-requisite: none

Task

Please answer the following questions. More than one solution is possible.

Query

1. A cluster is:

a location area

an area of cells, where the hole set of frequency is used once

cellular network of one operator

coverage area of one BSC

coverage area of one BTS

2. Handover means:

changing the cell during a connection

changing the cell while there is no connection

changing the location area

changing the area of one PLMN


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3. What are the advantages of GSM compared to 1G:

International roaming

GSM-Mobil Station can be used in other 2G networks

enhanced security

possibility of handover

all of above

4. GSM 900 offers:

19

174

374

124

HF channels

5. In GSM-phase 1

only speech transmission was offered

data transmission with rates up to 9.6 kbit/s were defined

SMS transmission was defined

FR speech was offered

none of the above

6. IS-95 is a

CDMA-standard

GSM-feature

UMTS-feature

2G-feature



39

7. Which of the following systems are 2G cellular systems?

PDC

UMTS

MC-CDMA

IS-95

AMPS

8. What are the advantages of GPRS:

volume dependent charging

higher data rates than "classical" GSM

real-time data transmission

more efficient use of transmission resources

all of the above

9. What is new in EDGE?

channel bundling

8 PSK

packet switched


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10. The Enhanced Full Rate EFR codec offers

better speech quality

higher capacity

higher data rates

PtM-call

11. Which features does not belong to GSM phase 2+

Blue Tooth

ASCI

HR

EFR

CAMEL

12. What are the demands for 3G systems?

CS and PS data transmission

Multi-Media Services

world-wide access

proprietary IN solutions

flexible data rates

flexible service creation

highest data rates up to 25 Mbit/s

all of the above



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5 Solution


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43

Solution

Title: Introduction

Objectives: The participant is able to explain the most important steps of the evolution from GSM to UMTS

Pre-requisite: none

Task

In the following section, there are the answers to the exercises.

Query

1. A cluster is:

a location area

an area of cells, where the hole set of frequency is used once

cellular network of one operator

coverage area of one BSC

coverage area of one BTS

2. Handover means:

changing the cell during a connection

changing the cell while there is no connection

changing the location area

changing the area of one PLMN


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3. What are the advantages of GSM compared to 1G:

International roaming

GSM-Mobil Station can be used in other 2G networks

enhanced security

possibility of handover

all of above

4. GSM 900 offers:

19

174

374

124

HF channels

5. In GSM-phase 1

only speech transmission was offered

data transmission with rates up to 9.6 kbit/s were defined

SMS transmission was defined

FR speech was offered

none of the above

6. IS-95 is a

CDMA-standard

GSM-feature

UMTS-feature

2G-feature



45

7. Which of the following systems are 2G cellular systems?

PDC

UMTS

MC-CDMA

IS-95

AMPS

8. What are the advantages of GPRS:

volume dependent charging

higher data rates than "classical" GSM

real-time data transmission

more efficient use of transmission resources

all of the above

9. What is new in EDGE?

channel bundling

8 PSK

packet switched


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10. The Enhanced Full Rate EFR codec offers

better speech quality

higher capacity

higher data rates

PtM-call

11. Which features does not belong to GSM phase 2+

Blue Tooth

ASCI

HR

EFR

CAMEL

12. What are the demands for 3G systems?

CS and PS data transmission

Multi-Media Services

world-wide access

proprietary IN solutions

flexible data rates

flexible service creation

highest data rates up to 25 Mbit/s

all of the above

IntroductionFirst Steps & 1G2G: Digital Revolution3G MotivationExerciseSolution

Documents

UMTS