Introduction Siemens
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Contents
1 First Steps & 1G 3
2 2G: Digital Revolution 11
3 3G Motivation 23
4 Exercise 35
5 Solution 41
Introduction
Siemens Introduction
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Introduction Siemens
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1 First Steps & 1G
Introduction
First steps & 1G
archaic mobile communication optical transmission (smoke/light signals,..) acoustic transmission (drums, alpine horns,...)
electroniccommunications:fixed networks Morse code
1st telegraph line 1843Washington - Baltimore
TelephonyP. Reis 1861A.G. Bell 1876
Wireless transmission:1873 Maxwell theory of electromagnetic waves
1887 H. Hertz: experimental proof1897 Marconi: 1st wireless transmission1901 1st transatlantic transmission1903 Dt. Telefunken GmbH: AEG, Siemens& Halske
1906 1st speech & audio transmission1909 1st radio program1917: 1st mobile transmission: BS - train
Fig. 1
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First Steps and 1G
Archaic "mobile communication systems" are existing for thousands of years, but normally we start the history of mobile communication with the transmission of information via high frequency HF in the late 19th century. Even after HF speech transmission became possible in the first decade of the 20th century, it needed further 40 years, before the first mobile networks for private user started operation.
Simplex / Duplex Transmission
Simplex transmission means to be a communication "one-way street". Transmission in only one direction (to or from the mobile user) is possible at a certain time. Simplex transmission is used e.g. for radio and TV transmissions.
Simple mobile communication systems use the so-called Semi-Duplex Transmission, i.e. at a certain time it is only possible to transmit data in one direction, but the direction can be changed (used in ancient mobile systems and walkie-talkies).
Duplex transmission is used for simultaneous, bi-directional information exchange. Modern telecommunication systems are based on duplex transmission.
Single Cell Systems
The first mobile networks offering duplex transmission car phone telephone service to private user started operation in the late 1940's in the USA and in Europe during the 1950's. These systems have been created as Single Cell Systems. Single Cell Systems provide service in the service area (cell) of several Base Stations BSs, but every cell is far remote from others to prevent interference between different users (resulting in disruption of the connections). Every single cell was totally independent from the others. This caused the several problems, e.g.:
no "Handover" possible
no seamless service areas
no call toward the mobile user without knowledge of his current location
low system capacity
The following problems were also encountered by the first mobile services:
poor service and speech quality
manual switching (operator needed)
heavy, cumbersome, massive, expensive equipment (only for car phone)
Single Cell Systems have been used until the m1990's, becoming less and less important with the introduction of the cellular systems at the end of the 1970's.
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Single Cell
1G Cellular systems
r
frequency Re-use
Quantum leap in mobile communication:
Single Cell systems Cellular systems
Quantum leap in mobile communication:
Single Cell systems Cellular systems
Single Cell Systems: no Handover, small service area
poor service & speech quality manual switching cumbersome, bulky & expensive equipment
used until the 1980s
1st mobile services:
Car phonesince 1946(St. Louis, USA)
radius
r
Fig. 2
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Principle of Cellular Systems
The cellular principle is that a large number of Base Stations BSs provide full service coverage; their cell areas are overlapping significantly. To prevent interference between subscriber using the same frequency, only part of the available frequency range is used in a cell. The same frequency range is only permitted to be used in another cell sufficiently distant from this first cell (re-use distance). The area in which the entire "set of frequencies" is once used is known as the cluster.
The number of calls that can be made at the same time in a particular area is no longer determined by the available frequency range but by the size of the available cells.
Cellular Systems are the prerequisite for:
Enhanced network capacity
Roaming
Handover
Cellular Systems were tested in many countries at the end of the 1970's. In 1979, AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) started commercial operation in the USA and the NTT-MTS (Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Co., Mobile Telephone System) in Japan. Both systems operated in the 800-MHz range. At the beginning of the 1980's the NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) system was launched in the 450-MHz range and later in the 900-MHz range in the Scandinavian countries. NMT was the first cellular system allowing International Roaming. In 1985 the TACS (Total Access Communication System) was introduced in Great Britain in the 900-MHz range. Also introduced in the 450-MHz range were the C450 system in Germany, the Radiocom2000 system in France and the RTMS system in Italy.
Due to the introduction of the cellular system principle for mobile communication in the late 1970's it was possible to increase the number of mobile subscriber between 1980 and 2000 from less than 1 million world-wide to more than 500 million.
Introduction Siemens
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Principle of cellular systems
Cluster
1G
Introduction
frequency- Year of
country system range [MHz] introduction
USA AMPS 800 1979
Japan NTT-MTS 800 1979
Scandinavia NMT 450, 900 1981 - 86
Great Britain TACS 900 1985
Germany C450 450 1985
Advantage: Capacity
Roaming
Handover
Advantage: Capacity
Roaming
Handover
1980 - 2000:
Growth Rates
cellular networks
> 50%/year
Fig. 3
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Limitations of the 1st Generation 1G
Cellular 1G systems transfer analog information over the radio or air interface.
Shortly after introduction of the first "analog" mobile communications systems it became evident that the extremely fast growth in subscriber numbers in the area of mobile communications would quickly lead to the capacity limits being reached.
A further problem entailed the frequently poor speech quality and service availability of the "analog" systems.
The large numbers of historically evolved, incompatible analog standards in Europe at the end of the 1980's also represented a barrier in a converging European market.
As early as the beginning of the 1980's it became clear that a new, uniform cellular system/standard at European level had to be developed. The first system in the so-called second mobile communications generation (2G) deriving from this initiative was the GSM Standard.
Different to the 1G systems, the 2G systems transmit digital information.
Introduction Siemens
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1G limitations
capacity
quality
incompatibility
European mobile market;
early 1990th
Fig. 4
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Introduction Siemens
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2 2G: Digital Revolution
IS-95 CDMA
D-AMPSPDC
IRIDIUM
2G: Digital revolution
Introduction
Fig. 5
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Advantages of the digital transmission
The 1G limits are due in no little part to their analog transmission technologies. As a reaction to this, the 2G systems, which took up commercial operation in the 1990's, are based on the transfer of digital information. In this way, mobile communication followed the trend set in fixed networks in the mid-1980's under the term ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network). Several advantages are correlated with the introduction of G digital transmission, e.g.:
Network capacity: Compression of digitized speech information can considerably increase the capacity of mobile communication networks. Speech compression must be weighed against a reduction in speech quality however. Compression in speech from 64 kbit/s (digital fixed network transmission) to 2.4 13 kbit/s is used in the different 2G systems for transmission over the air interfaces.
Security aspects: Unlike analog signals, digital information can be very easily ciphered, preventing unauthorized eavesdropping of user data.
Supplementary Services: Digital data transmission greatly simplifies the transfer of signaling information thereby allowing the introduction of a wide range of supplementary services not confined to just pure speech and data transmission.
Cost factor: Digital devices are less expensive to produce than analog devices thanks to better options for the use of large-scale integrated microelectronic components. Purchasing costs, as well as operating and maintenance costs, are lower and opened the way for the 2nd generation to the mass market.
Miniaturization: Microelectronics for digital information transmission allows a HW reduction that is relatively simple compared to analog HW elements. In this way, the size and weight of Mobile Stations MS could be reduced very much from 1G to 2G, allowing to turn over from car phone to handhelds. The weight of handhelds decreased during the 1990's from more than 500g to less than 100g.
Transmission quality: During transmission across the air interface the signals experience considerable fading, distortion and corruption. Digital signals can be treated easily with redundancy, can be better regenerated and offer therefore significantly better transmission quality than analog signals. Analog signals can only be amplified (including all disturbances).
Introduction Siemens
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CIPHER
MODUL
Input data(original text)
Output data(ciphered text)
Cipher
Sequence
Advantages of
digital data transmission
Network capacity speech compression
Supplementary Services signalling
Costs production, operation & maintenance
Miniaturisation micro electronics
Transmission Quality Easy to regenerate
Security easy to cipher
Network capacity speech compression
Supplementary Services signalling
Costs production, operation & maintenance
Miniaturisation micro electronics
Transmission Quality Easy to regenerate
Security easy to cipher
Distance to BS
SignalQuality
Digital Signal
AnalogueSignal
BS: Base Station
Security:
Ciphering
Transmission
Quality:Easy to regenerate
Fig. 6
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2G cellular systems
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication
In 1990 the GSM Standard was ratified as first 2G standard. Commercial operation of GSM systems started in late 1991. Originally planned as a European system, GSM spread all over the world, serving 2/3 of all mobile subscriber in 2001.
The GSM radio interface uses FDD for duplex transmission and FDMA/TDMA for multiple access. GSM systems are existing in the 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz frequency range.
D-AMPS: Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System
D-AMPS (also: IS-136 or US-TDMA) was conceived in 1991/1992 in America as an enhancement of the 1G AMPS standard. The D-AMPS radio interface uses FDD for duplex transmission and FDMA/TDMA for multiple access. The 800-MHz band (824-849/869-894 MHz) is used in conjunction with AMPS. D-AMPS was extended in 1995 to the 1900-MHz frequency range. AMPS and D-AMPS serves some 10% of the world-wide mobile subscriber in 2001.
JDC: Japanese Digital Cellular / PDC: Personal Digital Cellular
PDC (originally titled JDC) is used in Japan only. Commercial operation started in 1993/1994. The PDC radio interface uses FDD for duplex transmission and FDMA/TDMA for multiple access. PDC is used at the 900-MHz band (810-826/940-956 MHz) and 1500-MHz band (1429-1441, 1501-1513). In 2001 some 70 million subscriber used PDC in Japan.
IS-95 (Interim Standard-95):
IS-95 CDMA was developed at the beginning of the 1990's on the basis of CDMA technology. Commercial operation started 1995. The IS-95 radio interface uses FDD for duplex transmission and, different to GSM, D-AMPS and PDC, CDMA for multiple access frequencies in the 800-MHz and 1900-MHz bands are used globally (and also in the 1700-MHz band in Korea). IS-95 CDMA are used all over the world, serving some 100 million subscriber in 2001.
Introduction Siemens
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2G cellular systems
Date: 4Q2001
GSM:Global System for
Mobile Communication
since 1992world-wide:
165 countries
900, 1800 &
1900 MHz
subscriber: 550 M.
PDC:Personal Digital Cellular
since 1993/94
Japan only800 & 1500 MHz
70 M. subscriber
IS-95:Interim Standard-95
since 1995
welt-wide,
America & S. Korea800 & 1900 MHz, 1700 MHz (Korea)
100 M. subscriber
D-AMPS:Digital AMPS
since 1991/92
USA, Kanada800 & 1900 MHz
AMPS/D-AMPS
subscriber: 90 M.
Fig. 7
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Development of the GSM Standard
In 1978 the CEPT (Confrence Europene des Postes et Tlecommunication) reserved 2 x 25 MHz in the 900-MHz band for a future European mobile communications system. A team of experts the Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) was set up in 1982 to develop this standard. The objective was to create a binding, international standard for cellular mobile communications systems in Europe.
In 1988, the new-founded ETSI (European Telecommunication Standard Institute) took over standardization work and finished work on the standard, which has been re-named to Global System for Mobile communication GSM. In 1990 standardization work for GSM900 and 1991 for GSM1800 has been finished.
Commercial operation started late 1991. In the following 10 years, GSM became the quasi-world standard for mobile communication, serving some 2/3 of all mobile subscriber in 2001 (some 550 million).
GSM Adaptations / The GSM family
GSM 900: 890 - 915 / 935 - 960 MHz, i.e. 2 x 25 MHz. Used world-wide.
E-GSM: Extended GSM. An additional 2 x 10 MHz can be made available in E-GSM on national decision. 880 - 915 MHz / 925 - 960 MHz, 2 x 35 MHz.
GSM1800 (formerly Digital Cellular System DCS1800): 1710 - 1785 MHz / 1805 - 1880 MHz, i.e. 2 x 75 MHz. Used world-wide.
GSM1900 (formerly Public Cellular System PCS1900): 1850 - 1910 MHz / 1930 - 1990 MHz; i.e. 2 x 60 MHz. Developed especially for the American market.
GSM-R (GSM Railway) 876 - 880 MHz / 821 - 825 MHz, i.e. 2 x 4 MHz. GSM-R is the GSM adaptation for railway systems.
GSM450: 450.4-457.6 MHz / 460.4-467.6 MHz, i.e. 2 x 7.2 MHz
GSM480: 478.8-486 MHz / 488.8-496 MHz, i.e. 2 x 7.2 MHz. GSM450 & GSM480 have been defined to re-use 1G frequency ranges by GSM.
GSM850: 824-849 MHz / 869-894 MHz, i.e. 2 x 25 MHz. GSM850 has been defined to replace North American 1G AMPS systems by GSM.
Introduction Siemens
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GSM:Standard /
Adaptations
GSM Adaptations:
GSM900 890-915 / 935-960 MHzE-GSM 880-915 / 925-960 MHz
GSM1800 1710-1785 / 1805-1880
GSM1900 1850-1910 / 1930-1990 MHz
GSM-R 876-880 / 921-925 MHz
GSM450 450.4-457.6 / 460.4-467.6 MHzGSM480 478.8-486 / 488.8-496 MHz
GSM850 824-849 / 869-894 MHz
1978:CEPT
Frequency
Reservation
1982-1990:GSM Standardisation
by Group Special Mobile GSM /ETSI (founded 1988)
1990/91:GSM Phase 1
frozen(GSM900/1800)
1990-2002:GSM rolls- up
world-wide market
Fig. 8
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GSM Evolutionary Concept
The GSM Standard was originally intended to include all specifications on its ratification. However, in 1998 it became clear that not all planned services and half-rate speech could be offered within the specified deadlines. This led to a crucial decision being taken that GSM was not be declared as a closed, immutable standard, but rather that it be further developed in phases. This evolutionary concept provides flexibility for modifications and technical innovations and allows GSM to be adapted to market requirements and the latest technical developments.
GSM Phase 1
The standardization ratified in 1990 for GSM900 and in 1991 for GSM1800 is referred to as GSM Phase 1. Phase 1 of the implementation of GSM systems includes all central requirements for the transmission of digital information. Speech data transmission is of core importance. Data transmission is likewise defined at rates of 0.3 to 9.6 kbit/s. GSM Phase 1 has only a few supplementary services (SS) such as call forwarding and barring.
GSM Phase 2
Work on GSM Phase 2 was completed in 1995. In this phase, supplementary services, in particular, with features comparable to ISDN were added to the standard. Technical improvements were also specified such as half-rate speech. An important aspect of Phase 2 was the declaration of downward compatibility i.e., all Phase 2 networks and terminal equipment must retain compatibility with the Phase 1 networks and terminal equipment.
GSM Phase 2+
Phase 2+ indicates ongoing development. The GSM Standard will not be fully revised; instead, individual topics can be separately treated. The Standard has been updated annually since 1996 (Annual Releases '97 '99). The current topics relate to new supplementary services, services for special user groups, improved voice codecs, IN applications and high data rate services.
Introduction Siemens
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Phase 1Phase 2
Phase 1
Phase 2+
Phase 2
Phase 1
Capabilities
Year1991 1995 1997
Speech transmission: FR,
Basic Services
Data: max. 9,6 kbit/s
Wide range of
Supplementary Services
comparable to ISDN,
Decision of
downward compatibility
Annual Releases:96, 97, 98, 99,..
New Supplementary Services
IN Applications
new Data Services
(high data rates)
GSM: Evolutionary Concept
Downward compatibility
Original concept:
closed standard
lifetime until 3G standardisation
Fig. 9
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Mobile Satellite Systems MSS
Large parts of the globe cannot be connected using fixed networks or cellular radio systems at justifiable expense. Mobile Satellite Systems MSS are suited to servicing sparsely populated, difficult to access regions with poor infrastructures, as well as for providing signals for maritime vehicles, catastrophe areas and for emergency services.
MSSs are classified according to the path of their satellites, as one factor:
on geo-stationary orbital paths (GEostationary Orbit GEO) with an orbital height of about 36,000 km
with highly elliptical orbital paths (High Elliptic Orbit HEO)
at medium heights (Medium Earth Orbital MEO) from 10,000 20,000 km
at low heights (Low Earth Orbital LEO) from 700 1,500 km
1G MSS
In 1976, MARISAT, the first MSS was taken into operation at the initiation of the USA. INMARSAT (International Maritime Satellite Organization) had a dominant role in 1G mobile communications. It was founded in 1979 and by June, 1999 it had 86 member nations. The 4 INMARSAT (operational) satellites are GEO satellites. All corners of the Earth, apart from the North and South poles, are covered by the satellites. INMARSAT mobile stations consist of terminals with small parabolic, or flat plate antennae. Since 1997, terminals are also available in laptop format weighing approx. 2 kg. INMARSAT switched to digital information transmission in 1995 in other words, it made the jump to the 2nd generation.
2G MSS
With digital information transmission and a larger number of satellites at lower orbits, the 2G MSS systems have significantly greater capacities than the 1G systems. 2G MSS systems are for example:
ORCOMM (only bi-directional SMS)
Globalstar (LEO)
ICO (MEO)
IRIDIUM (LEO)
INMARSAT (GEO)
Introduction Siemens
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Service of (in): sparsely populated areas
areas with poor infrastructure
at sea
catastrophe areas
areas without other supply
Service of (in):Service of (in): sparsely populated areas
areas with poor infrastructure
at sea
catastrophe areas
areas without other supply
GEO(GEOstationary
Orbital)
Erde
10.000
- 20.000 km
700
- 1500 km
MEO(Medium -
Earth Orbital)
36.000 km
LEO(Low Earth
Orbital)
Mobile Satellite
Systems MSS
1G: INMARSAT
2G: IRIDIUM, ICO,
Globalstar, INMARSAT,
ORBCOMM,..
Fig. 10
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Introduction Siemens
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3 3G Motivation
3G Motivation
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
1000
Su
bs
cri
be
r [M
.]
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
Year
Germany
World
Introduction
Fig. 11
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Mobile communication market: History
Before 1G cellular systems were introduced in 1980, all single cell systems together served world-wide significantly less than 1 million subscriber. Starting with 1G introduction, the amount of subscriber increased continuously to more than 25 million subscriber in 1992, the year of 2G commercial start. 2G introduction enabled a real mass market. During the 1990's, the amount of subscriber increased continuously to more than 500 million (end of 2000).
Mobile communication market: Medium and long term forecasts
The mobile communications market will continue to grow in the first decade of the 21st century and beyond. Unlike the fixed network sector, which over the last decades only developed slowly and which is only recently gaining momentum again, many market studies indicate unrestricted expansion of the mobile communications sector even well beyond the year 2010. This growth is only likely to be overtaken by the forecasts for the Internet market.
It is generally expected that the number of mobile communications subscribers will exceed those in fixed networks in the next years. This is already the case in particular in regions with a poorly developed fixed network infrastructure.
About 2.7 billion subscribers are predicted for the mobile communications market by the year 2015 according to the UMTS Forum Report #1. This growth is being experienced to a large extent in the current developing and threshold nations in the Asian/Pacific region. Forecasts indicate a 50% share of the global mobile communications market for this region by 2015. Similar growth rates are expected for Eastern Europe and Central and South America. The "classical industrial countries" in North America and Europe (EU15) will only have a slight increase in subscriber numbers from 2005 because, with penetration rates of more than 80%, saturation will be approached. North America and EU15 will only have shares of the world's subscribers of about 7% and 11% respectively by 2015 according to forecasts.
One result of the immense growth rates will be a steep rise in the demand for additional radio resources the necessity for very efficient usage of the radio resources.
Introduction Siemens
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0'
500'
1000'
1500'
2000'
2500'
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
RoW
As ia / P ac ific
North A m eric a
EU 15
UMTS Forum
Report #1
Trends & Outlook
Su
bs
cri
ber
[M.]
YearLong-term forecast: strong 2G & 3G growth new frequency ranges & efficient resource management
2002: Phasing out of 1G GSM dominating 2G ( 2/3 market)
Fig. 12
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Trend: Speech to Data transmission
In view of the continuous increase in global demand for data transfer, record growth rates for Internet links and access together with the wish to make these services that have long existed in the fixed network sector also available in the mobile sector, all forecasts are predicting a steep rise in the volume of data transfers using mobile communication systems. Although the demand for mobile computing, Internet and intranet access already exists, expansion in these sectors was greatly hindered by cumbersome equipment, very low data transfer rates and overly expensive costs for the mobile transfer of data. All of these barriers are set to be overcome in GSM Phase 2+ and by the 3G systems. Against this background, the expert studies (e.g., UMTS Forum) are predicting a considerably greater increase in the volume of data for transfer than for speech transmissions.
While continued annual growth in the area of speech transmission is assumed to be in the region of 20 60% in industrialized nations in the coming years, a growth rate of significantly greater than 100% is expected for the volume of data to be transferred.
Between the years 2005 and 2007, data transfers are predicted to make up about 50% of the total traffic with an upward trend in the years thereafter. This means that all forecasts envisage data transfers taking the lion's share in the medium term.
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Trend:
Voice Data
Mobile Trends
Source:
UMTS Forum
0
20
40
60
80
100
Tra
ffic
[%
]
1996 2001 2005 2007
Year
Voice
Data
Fig. 13
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Current market demands regarding mobile communications
The demands currently made by the mobile communications market are varied and include the following:
Improved speech quality
User friendliness
Global accessibility
Special services for particular user groups (e.g. Closed User Groups)
Flexible Service Creation
Everywhere the same services as in HPLMN
Fast transfer of large data volumes
Mobile Internet / Intranet Access
MultiMedia capabilities
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Demands on 3G
Mobile
Communication
improved speech quality
User-friendliness
world-wide access
world-wide HPLMN services
specific service definition
fast transfer of large data
volumes
(Inter-/Intranet, File Transfer,
E-Mail, Multimedia)
Fig. 14
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3G Services & required data rates
Different services have different requirements regarding the appropriate data rate.
Only a few kbit/s are required for conventional voice transmission with the use of efficient speech data compression functions.
Data rates to the order of several 10 kbit/s are helpful and meaningful for convenient e-mail transfers.
Greater bandwidth ranging from several kbit/s to more than 100 kbit/s is required for efficient general data transmissions, Internet access, mobile banking, shopping, etc.
Even greater data rates from several 10 kbit/s to several 100 kbit/s are necessary for high-quality image transmission and video telephony.
The highest requirements for data rates from 100 kbit/s to more than 1 Mbit/s are demanded by video conferences and video-on-demand applications, in addition to different multimedia applications.
UMTS will be able to dynamically and flexibly provide these data rates ranging from 8 kbit/s to a maximum of 2 Mbit/s.
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10 100 1000 10.000
Data rate [kbit/s]
Video conferences
video telephony
Tele-Shopping
Tele-Banking
Financial services
Electronic newspapers
Images / Sound files
Data base access
Information services
Services
Voice
3G Services &
required data rates
UMTS offers
flexible & dynamic
data rates:
8 kbit/s - 2 Mbit/s
Fig. 15
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GSM Phase 2+ solutions
The GSM Phase 2+ offers solutions to most of the current mobile communication requirements:
Better speech quality: e.g. with Enhanced Full Rate speech EFR & Adaptive MultiRate speech AMR
improved user friendliness via combined speech/data terminals or MS - Terminal communication via Bluetooth or IR.
global accessibility e.g. via multiband and multimode terminals, satellite roaming
worldwide domestic services e.g. using Customized Applications for Mobile network Enhanced Logic CAMEL
specification of services for closed user groups e.g. using Advanced Speech Call Items ASCI services
flexible service creation using CAMEL or Unstructured Supplementary Services USSD
higher data rates for fast transmission of large data files using High Speed Circuit Switched Data HSCSD, General Packet Radio Services GPRS and Enhanced Data rates for the GSM Evolution EDGE
The major contribution of GSM Phase 2+ however is its creation of a platform on which the GSM successor standard, UMTS, can be developed. Many features point the way for UMTS and provide compatibility between UMTS and GSM.
With GSM Phase 2+, mobile communication starts into the age of MultiMedia. Due to the restricted bandwidth and historical restrictions according to the radio interface channel structure (being optimized for speech transmission, not for packet switched data transmission), the breakthrough will be enabled by the 3G systems, e.g. UMTS.
Introduction Siemens
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EFREnhanced
Full Rate CAMELCustomized Application
for Mobile network Enhanced Logic
ASCIAdvanced Speech
Call Items
supplemented
by external features:
Blue Tooth, WAP,..
Multi-
Band / ModeSatellite
Roaming
GSM
Phase2+
GPRSGeneral Packet Radio Service
HSCSDHigh Speed Circuit
Switched Data
Many other
Supplementary
Services
Ph2+ Solutions:
enhanced speech quality
user-friendliness world-wide access &
HPLMN services flexible service creation fast transfer of large
data volumes
Platform for UMTS
GSM
Phase 2+
Solutions
EDGEEnhanced Data Ratesfor the GSM evolution
mobile Multi Media:
Start with GSM Ph2+
Breakthrough:
3G (UMTS)
mobile Multi Media:
Start with GSM Ph2+
Breakthrough:
3G (UMTS)
Fig. 16
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Introduction Siemens
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4 Exercise
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Introduction Siemens
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Exercise
Title: Introduction
Objectives: The participant is able to explain the most important steps of the evolution from GSM to UMTS
Pre-requisite: none
Task
Please answer the following questions. More than one solution is possible.
Query
1. A cluster is:
a location area
an area of cells, where the hole set of frequency is used once
cellular network of one operator
coverage area of one BSC
coverage area of one BTS
2. Handover means:
changing the cell during a connection
changing the cell while there is no connection
changing the location area
changing the area of one PLMN
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3. What are the advantages of GSM compared to 1G:
International roaming
GSM-Mobil Station can be used in other 2G networks
enhanced security
possibility of handover
all of above
4. GSM 900 offers:
19
174
374
124
HF channels
5. In GSM-phase 1
only speech transmission was offered
data transmission with rates up to 9.6 kbit/s were defined
SMS transmission was defined
FR speech was offered
none of the above
6. IS-95 is a
CDMA-standard
GSM-feature
UMTS-feature
2G-feature
Introduction Siemens
TM2201EU04TM_0002 2002 Siemens AG
39
7. Which of the following systems are 2G cellular systems?
PDC
UMTS
MC-CDMA
IS-95
AMPS
8. What are the advantages of GPRS:
volume dependent charging
higher data rates than "classical" GSM
real-time data transmission
more efficient use of transmission resources
all of the above
9. What is new in EDGE?
channel bundling
8 PSK
packet switched
Siemens Introduction
TM2201EU04TM_0002
2002 Siemens AG
40
10. The Enhanced Full Rate EFR codec offers
better speech quality
higher capacity
higher data rates
PtM-call
11. Which features does not belong to GSM phase 2+
Blue Tooth
ASCI
HR
EFR
CAMEL
12. What are the demands for 3G systems?
CS and PS data transmission
Multi-Media Services
world-wide access
proprietary IN solutions
flexible data rates
flexible service creation
highest data rates up to 25 Mbit/s
all of the above
Introduction Siemens
TM2201EU04TM_0002 2002 Siemens AG
41
5 Solution
Siemens Introduction
TM2201EU04TM_0002
2002 Siemens AG
42
Introduction Siemens
TM2201EU04TM_0002 2002 Siemens AG
43
Solution
Title: Introduction
Objectives: The participant is able to explain the most important steps of the evolution from GSM to UMTS
Pre-requisite: none
Task
In the following section, there are the answers to the exercises.
Query
1. A cluster is:
a location area
an area of cells, where the hole set of frequency is used once
cellular network of one operator
coverage area of one BSC
coverage area of one BTS
2. Handover means:
changing the cell during a connection
changing the cell while there is no connection
changing the location area
changing the area of one PLMN
Siemens Introduction
TM2201EU04TM_0002
2002 Siemens AG
44
3. What are the advantages of GSM compared to 1G:
International roaming
GSM-Mobil Station can be used in other 2G networks
enhanced security
possibility of handover
all of above
4. GSM 900 offers:
19
174
374
124
HF channels
5. In GSM-phase 1
only speech transmission was offered
data transmission with rates up to 9.6 kbit/s were defined
SMS transmission was defined
FR speech was offered
none of the above
6. IS-95 is a
CDMA-standard
GSM-feature
UMTS-feature
2G-feature
Introduction Siemens
TM2201EU04TM_0002 2002 Siemens AG
45
7. Which of the following systems are 2G cellular systems?
PDC
UMTS
MC-CDMA
IS-95
AMPS
8. What are the advantages of GPRS:
volume dependent charging
higher data rates than "classical" GSM
real-time data transmission
more efficient use of transmission resources
all of the above
9. What is new in EDGE?
channel bundling
8 PSK
packet switched
Siemens Introduction
TM2201EU04TM_0002
2002 Siemens AG
46
10. The Enhanced Full Rate EFR codec offers
better speech quality
higher capacity
higher data rates
PtM-call
11. Which features does not belong to GSM phase 2+
Blue Tooth
ASCI
HR
EFR
CAMEL
12. What are the demands for 3G systems?
CS and PS data transmission
Multi-Media Services
world-wide access
proprietary IN solutions
flexible data rates
flexible service creation
highest data rates up to 25 Mbit/s
all of the above
IntroductionFirst Steps & 1G2G: Digital Revolution3G MotivationExerciseSolution