UNDERBALANCED DRILLING.pptx

7/29/2019 UNDERBALANCED DRILLING.pptx

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© Weatherford. All rights reserved.UNDERBALANCED DRILLING

UnderbalancedDrilling




Emerging technologies are

revolutionizingcompressible drilling fluid

systems.

UnderbalancedExperience




For successful utilization of

these exciting new

technologies, a professionally

engineered team approach is

essential.





Potential cost savings and increasedproduction warrant consideration of

drilling underbalanced.





Weatherford’s experience and expertise

will assist you in investigating whether

the use of compressible drilling fluid

systems is the most efficient process

for reducing your drilling and

stimulation costs.





Benefits

UnderbalancedDrilling

• Optimize reservoir performance

• Minimize costs and risks• Increase drilling

efficiency through ratesof penetration

• Reduced formationdamage

• Because you “MUST”


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/underbalanced-drillingpptx 7/51© Weatherford. All rights reserved.UNDERBALANCED DRILLING

Weight of

DrillingFluid Formation

Pressure

Terminology

“CompressibleFluid Drilling”(CFD) isdefined as theuse of

techniquesthat employgases toreduce thedensity of a

drilling media.




• Provide Integrated, Technology-Driven

• Underbalanced Services

• Push the Envelope of Technology

• Maximize Well-Site Efficiency andIntegration by Providing Multiple Productsand/or Services

• Create Alliances with Strategic IndustryPartners

Weatherford's Goals in Compressible FluidDrilling Include:

Direction



© Weatherford. All rights reserved.

UNDERBALANCED DRILLING

What services does Weatherford provide?

Services

• Compressible Fluid Drilling

• Specialized Compressible Fluid DrillingAdditives - FOAM

• Hydraulics Software for Multi-Phase Flow

• Data Acquisition

• Engineering of Technical CFD Applications

• Air Compression

• Nitrogen Services

• Specialty Drilling Equipment





Testingand Training Rig

• OIME Model 950E

• Well Depth = 1,468 ft.

• 1000 hp Draw works

• 450,000 lbs. pull limit

• 6-5/8”- 30 drill pipe power tong

• Push Master™ tongpositioning

• 16K Power Tong w/Power Scope

• Stabmaster™ StabberlessSystem





Rig

CompressibleFluid Drilling

Team

CompressedGases

ProjectManagementand

Planning

DrillingFluidsChemistry

CompressibleFluidHydraulicSimulations

DataAcquisition

SpecialtyTools

PercussionDrilling

Systems

Back EndSeparation

DirectionalServices

Services









Many well-known companies depend on Weatherford'sexpertise in compressible fluids drilling.

Service

• Texaco -- High Pressure Coal Cavitation.

• Shell -- Trans-Foam drilled laterals in low pressure Shale.

• PDVSA -- Project Engineering, Closed System

Underbalanced.• PEMEX -- UBD Candidate Selection, Well Planning

• YPF -- Project Management, Foam Drilling, FormationEvaluation while Drilling

• Baker Inteq -- Fluids Services, Engineering, and Training for Offshore CT Drilling.

• MOBIL -- Complete Underbalanced Drilling System --Engineering, DAQ, Compressed Air, Nitrogen Services,Fluids.

• PetroBras -- Engineering, Design and Fluids Management for Low Head Drilling Research Project. Salvador, Bahia.





Accomplishments

• World’s Only Patented Recyclable FoamSystem -- Trans-Foam

• Foam to 1500 meters Horizontal Reach

• Foam With 70% Oil Contamination

• Foam to 22,000 ft Depth

• AMFM Down-hole Model, Proven Effective at55-100% GVF (Gas Volume Fraction)

• Horizontal CT Drilling with Foam in DepletedOil Reservoirs

• Unparalleled Worldwide Experience inTechnical CFD Applications





Formation Damage

Fracture Plugging

Pore Plugging Skin Damage

• Reduction of relativepermeability

• Plugging of

pore throats byfine cuttings

• Swelling of water sensitiveclays

• Damage bycontact withforeign fluid





UnderbalancedChemistry

• Surfactants (Foamers)

• Shale-Control Polymers

• Corrosion-Control Additives

• Water Shutoff Chemistry

• Special Gas Entrainment Chemistry





Foam offersthe greatestcutting-carryingcapacity of alldrilling fluids.

Increasing Cutting Carrying Capacity

Decreasing Velocity Requirements

CompressibleDrilling Fluids





• Quality (100) 100% Gas

• Least Efficient Transport Medium

• 3000 ft/min is Adequate

• Velocity Required Changes inHorizontal Section

• Dry Air is Rarely Dry

Dry Air & Gas





•Quality ( 96 - 99.9 % )

•30% More Air Required “NO”

•Water Phase is Continuum

•Physically Resembles a Fog

•Surfactant lowers fluidsurface Tension

•Better Definition: Ultra High

Quality Foam

•Fluid Droplets ConsideredCuttings With Slip Velocity





Foam

• Quality ( 55-99.5%)

• Most Efficient Medium (velocity)

• Lowest Slip Velocity

• Most Versatile

• Widest Effective Quality Range

• Present up to 99.5% Quality









BULK FLUID

GAS

Surfactants (Foam)

• Select Carefully

• Provides GreatCuttings

• Transport

• Low Annular Velocity

• HydrocarbonTolerance

• Salt Tolerance

• BHP Vs Friction





120o

GAS

PHASE

DRAINAGE IN THE

LAMELLA

FILM ELASTISITY

BULK DENSITYSURFACTANT

SELECTION





BULK FLUID

FOAM GAS

120 o

GAS PHASE

Thin Film Region

(Liquid Phase) Interface

(2-D Surface Phase)

Plateau Border

Lamella

Surfactants(Foam)

• Select Carefully

• Provides GreatCuttings

• Transport

• Low Annular Velocity

• HydrocarbonTolerance

• Salt Tolerance

• BHP vs Friction





Aerated Fluid

• Quality (0-55) 0-55% Gas

• Extremely Inconsistent Medium InHigh Quality Range

• Fluid And Gas Have Very DifferentFrictional Factors

• Adding Gas to Standard Mud is NotThe Solution

• Special Entrainment ChemistryBenefits





Trans-Foam®

• World’s Only RecyclableFoam

• Most Oil-Tolerant Foam

Available• Reduces Chemical Costs

• Reduces Water Consumption

• Provides Substantial WasteReduction





Trans-Foam®

• First Well, Basilacata, Italy, Texaco, 1992

– 1,500 feet of 26” Hole

– 4,500 feet of 17.5” Hole

– Set Drilling Records for the Area

• Most Recent Well, September 1999

– PDVSA Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela

– Offshore Location -- Containment Critical

– Highly Successful 300 meter Laterals

–Oil Influx

– Ten days of Circulation with only 500 Barrels of Water Consumption





Separator

Shaker, Low pH

Circulating System

pH Control System

Recovered Solution

Ready for Re-Use

CompressionEquipment

Typical Trans-Foam®

Layout





Shale-Control Polymers

• Shale Hydration -

• Big Problem

• High Shear at Bit with Gas Drilling

• Compatibility with Foamers

• Decrease Shale

• Sloughing and Increase

• Hole Stability





Corrosion Chemistry

• Always a Consideration

• Accelerated with CO2 or H2S

• Potential Exists for Temperature andPressure Increase

• “Erosion Corrosion” in Lateral Wells

• Easily Handled with Proper Chemistry





Source: US DOE, Oil & Gas Journal Sept. 23, 1996

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

P e r c e n t a g e o f

A l l W e l l s

0

2

0 0 0

4 0 0 0

6 0 0 0

8

0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0

1 2 0 0 0

1 4

0 0 0

N u m b e r o f W

e l l s

Percentage of All Wells

Number of Wells

Underbalanced Drilling ActivityUS Activity - 1994 - 2005





Compressible FluidsGas Injection

• Air Nitrogen Or Natural Gas

• Inject Down Drill String

• Install Parasite

• Scab Liner Or Concentric Pipe





Air-Nitrogen Injection(Down Drill String)

• Simplest Application

• Most Cost Effective

• Hard To Control BottomHole Pressure WhileTripping

• Use Steering Tool Or

EMWD





Parasite String

• More ExpensiveInstallation

• Controlling ECD is

Limited By Depth of String

• Good Control of BHPWhile Tripping

• Allows Mud Pulse





Scab Liner

• Expensive Installation

• Limited In ControllingECD By Depth Of

Setting

• Control Of BHP WhileTripping

• Allows Mud Pulse





Weatherford manufactures

a complete line of

compression equipment

designed to optimize

performance.






Weatherfordmaintainscomplete

controlduring allconstructionphases of compression

equipment.








In-housemanufacturingfacilities help

control quality,cost and leadtime.







Shown, are Weatherford high-pressuremembrane nitrogen modules and control panel.





High-pressure air flows in, and the resultingoutput is high-pressure, high-purity nitrogen.






ReliableWeatherfordcompressors are

“on-the- job” atsites around theworld.






Compressor-Booster Combination

Fuel Consumption - 22 gal/hr

Lowest in the Industry!






Compression/NitrogenMembraneUnit

Nitrogen CompressionEquipment





RotatingControl Heads

• Williams rotating control heads areknown worldwide for well control andother uses when drilling for oil, gas,coal bed methane, and geothermalresources.

• Williams model 7000 series control

heads are designed to operate at thehigher pressures of horizontal andreverse circulation drilling applciations.Rotary or top drive capable, bearingassembly change-outs can be madewithout removing the drill string from

the well. This exclusive system alsopermits very quick stripper rubber change-outs or the total replacement of the bearing assembly in minutes.





RotatingControl Heads

• Dual RotatingStripper Rubbers

• Water Cooled Seals

• Positive OilLubrication

• Hydraulic OperatedClamp

• Complete System





DataAcquisition

• ExtremelyImportant

• Historical DataEnhances Future

Operations• Required for

SoundEngineeringDecisions

• ProvidesElectronicRecord of Well





DataAcquisition

• Measure and Record – Pressures – Rates – Gas – Liquid

– Temperatures

• Real Time Display

• ProprietarySoftware -Industry’s Finest

• Software Designedto Provide DynamicData Exchange withMultiphase FlowModel -Weatherford

is the Only Companyin the World to Offer this Capability





DataAcquisition





Multi-Phase Hydraulics Model

AMFM Model

• Developed byClearwater and PennState University

• Designed by Field-Trained Engineers

• Most Accurate Modelfor Two and Three-

Phase Flow

• 7 Years inDevelopment

• Not Designed For Commercial Use

• Used as a Tool toEnsure Success inthe Field

• Updated Continuallywith Accurate Field

Data




Count on Weatherford's

Experience and Expertise to

Maximize Productivity on

Your Next Drilling Project.

For All Your Drilling Needs

The Complete Package

Documents

UNDERBALANCED DRILLING.pptx