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RESEARCH POSTER PRESENTATION DESIGN © 2012
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It is oIen though that American suburbs were first constructed in the post-‐World War Two era. In the late 1940’s and into the 1950’s the baby boom, economic prosperity, and the widespread use and low cost of the automobile allowed the suburbs to grow outwards into areas that were once exclusively rural. While this is true, suburban development can be traced all the way back to the 1850’s, with an intense period of growth occurring in the 1890’s. This inves/ga/on documents the early growth of suburbs in and around Bal/more City, MD and their rela/onship to the development of a streetcar system in a geographical context.
Introduc>on
Objec>ves
This project required extensive research into the history and development of both the streetcar system of Bal/more City and of the suburbs themselves. Two maps proved instrumental to understanding the connec/on between the two separate systems. Figure 1 is a map of the streetcar lines of Bal/more, MD in 1923. Figure 2 is a map of the spread of development in Bal/more from 1853-‐1918. These two maps were overlaid in Adobe Illustrator to create a composite map of the spread of the suburbs in Bal/more as shown in Map 4. Methodology: 1) Major routes leading out of the city were iden/fied; these were easily discernable from
inner-‐city transport routes or cross-‐city transport routes due to the direc/on of the route itself.
2) Research was conducted to confirm that suburban growth was aligned with streetcar development
3) To show growth in a historical context, Maps 1-‐3 documents the spread of Bal/more, MD from 1853 to 1918.
4) The different datasets were combined onto a single map to create Map 4.
Materials and Methods
The resul/ng map (Map 4) shows that there is a correla/on between the growth of the suburbs and the spread of development in Bal/more. While there is discussion of a “chicken or the egg” problem when it comes to suburbaniza/on, Eric Holcomb states that “streetcar companies knew that their efforts would spawn development, which in turn would create a market.” Thus while some suburban development was created without a streetcar line, streetcar companies began building their lines to undeveloped areas in the hopes that new development would occur. This remained true even with the development of the automobile. Streetcar lines jumpstarted the suburban growth that would encourage the usage of automobiles for transporta/on in Bal/more. Even with the rise of automobiles, in the early 1910’s ridership on the streetcars remained strong, indica/ng that suburban growth was s/ll /ed to the streetcar.
Results (con>nued)
Conclusion Suburbs of Bal/more, MD grew both because of preexis/ng social factors but also because of the development and growth of the streetcar system. As it expanded, development ensued, moving people farther away from the city center to the suburbs. This pacern con/nued un/l the rise of automobile, which enabled the suburbs to expand even further. The development of the U.S. Number Roads Systems and the Interstate Highway System further enabled this spread in future decades.
References Arnold, J. (1978). Suburban growth and municipal annexa/on in Bal/more, 1745-‐1918. Maryland Historical Magazine, 73(2). Bal/more Sun. (1952, November 25). Annex more area, Bal/more urged: Or merge with county to ease conges/on, Flynn proposes. The Bal7more Sun. Bal/more Sun. (1910, April 10). Have you no/ced the development going on in the suburbs? The Bal7more Sun. Collec/on of Goldsmith, Leslie. “Car #5388. Route 24 to Lakeside.” Photograph. Ca 1940’s. Roland Park, Maryland. Collec/on of the Maryland Historical Society. Photographs. Ca late 1890’s to early 1900’s. Bal/more, Maryland Collec/on of Pinto, Anthony F. Photograph. Ca 1940’s. Roland Park, Maryland. Harwood, H. (2003). Bal7more streetcars: the postwar years. (Revised Edi/on ed., Front Cover). Bal/more, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. Holcomb, Eric L, Kotarba, Kathleen G. 2005. The city as a suburb: A history of northeast Bal7more since 1660. Staunton, VA: Center for American Places Watson, M. (1932, July 31). The street car's troublesome plight: Our lines are not alone. The Bal7more Sun. Retrieved from ProQuest Historical Newspapers Database Whicle, C. (1973). Who made all our streetcars go? The story of rail transit in Bal7more. (p. Front Cover). Bal/more, Maryland: Bal/more Na/onal Railway Historical Society Publica/ons.
Acknowledgments Much thanks is given to my mentors who assisted me throughout this process in high school: Mrs. Colleen Burghardt, my thesis advisor; Mrs. Amy Woolf, the coordinator of the Edgewood High School Interna/onal Baccalaureate Program; and most importantly my parents Jeffrey and Lorraine Swab. Without their help my thesis could not have been completed. At Penn State, I am thankful to have worked with the staff of the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences Wri/ng Center. I am also thankful to the staff of the Special Collec/ons Department of the University of Maryland, Bal/more County who helped me find archival material for this project.
1) To becer understand how suburbs began to spread 2) Iden/fy the methods that caused the suburbs to spread 3) Create and model the spread of the suburbs of Bal/more, MD 4) Understand how the streetcar system of Bal/more influenced the development of the
suburbs
The Pennsylvania State University
John J Swab [email protected]
Streetcars: The Start of the Suburbs of Bal/more, Maryland
Further Ques>ons and Expansion Ques>ons: 1) What was the effect on preexis/ng, rural communi/es located adjacent to Bal/more
City in terms of suburbaniza/on? 2) How does Bal/more’s suburbaniza/on compare to other ci/es during the same /me
period? Expansion and Refinement: • Add the streetcar lines as they are constructed throughout the 1800’s • Refine development map, i.e. create more consistent /me intervals for the dataset
Growth of popula/on in Bal/more Metropolitan Area
Figure 1, Below: Streetcar Lines, Bal/more, MD 1923. (Whicle)
This detailed layout of the Bal/more Streetcar system was used to determine the major lines leaving the city. This map served as the basis to determine major streetcar lines.
Figure 2, LeT: Development in Bal/more, MD from 1818-‐1918. (Arnold)
Figure 2 was used as the base map to chart the spread of development in Bal/more as streetcars were built. Major routes from Figure 1 and development data from Figure 2 were overlaid on developed areas by /me period to create Map 4.
Results
Maps 1-‐4: Extent of Development in Bal>more
Poli/cal Boundaries 1818
1853
1874 1918 Suburbs
Streetcar Lines
1918 Con/nuous City
1918 Con/nuous City
Poli/cal Boundaries 1818
1853
1874
1918 Suburbs
Poli/cal Boundaries 1818
1853
1874
Poli/cal Boundaries 1818
1853
Map 1: Extent of development in Bal/more, MD 1853
Map 2: Extent of development in Bal/more, MD 1874
Map 4: Extent of development in Bal/more, MD 1918 with streetcar lines
Map 3: Extent of development in Bal/more, MD 1918
Figures 5 and 6: Streetcar in Roland Park, a suburb of Bal/more, in the 1940’s. (Right, Goldsmith) (LeI, Pinto)
1853
1874
1918
1918
1818 1853 1874
1918
Advisor Informa>on Jodi Vender, Coordinator of Undergraduate Advising and Alumni Rela/ons Department of Geography [email protected]
Transi>on in the early 1900’s
Figures 3 and 4: Streetcars moved from being horse powered to electrified. (MD Historical Society).
Figure 7: This cartoon (part of a larger image) shows how intertwined the suburbs and streetcars of Bal/more had become by 1910. (Bal/more Sun, 1910)
