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03. Comparison

Appendix

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Context Comparative Adjectives: Introduction What is Comparative Adjectives? What is Superlative Adjectives? Rules for Forming Comparative and Superlative Forms 주의해야 할 Irregular comparatives and superlatives Equal Comparison ( 동급비교 ) Negative Equal Comparison( 부정형 동급비교 ) & Modifiers ( 강조 ) Unequal Comparison ( 차등비교 ) Negative Unequal Comparison( 부정형 차등비교 ) Unequal Comparison 의 강조 Illogical Comparison ( 잘못된 비교 ) Multiple number Comparatives Double Comparatives: The + 비교급 , The + 비교급 Comparison without ‘than’: using ‘Of the two’ 혼동하기 쉬운 비교표현 Superlatives 원급과 비교급을 통한 최상급 표현 무관사 최상급 원급과 비교급의 관용적 표현

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longlongesesttiestiestfunnfunn

modermodernn

The The mostmostbestbest

longlongeerriesiestt

funfunnn

modernmodernmormoreebettebetterr

longlong

funnfunnyy

modermodernngoodgood

Comparative( 비교급 ) Superative ( 최상급 )Positive ( 원급 )

There are 3 types of adjectives.

1. Comparative Adjectives: Introduction1. Comparative Adjectives: Introduction

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What is an Comparative adjective? It’s a word which describes a noun and express the idea of ‘more’ to the noun

fast

big

expensive

carcar

adjectives noun

faster

bigger

More expensive

carcar

Comparative adjectives noun

2. What is a Comparative Adjective?2. What is a Comparative Adjective?

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Superlative Adjectives express the idea of ‘Max or Most’

fastfast-est-est

HisHis car is fast. car is fast. Your car is fastYour car is fasterer..

But But mymy car is the car is the fastest.fastest.

3. What is a “Superlative Adjectives”?3. What is a “Superlative Adjectives”?

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4. Rules for Forming Comparative & Superlative Forms원급 형용사 비교급 형용사 최상급 형용사

one syllable adjectives/ adverbs

비교급 : 원급 + er최상급 : The 원급 + est

Fast

Big

Faster

Bigger

More big (X)

The fastest

The biggest

The most big (X)

two syllable adjectives/adverbs: 대부분의 2음절 형용사는 more, 또는 -er비교급이 둘다 가능하며 , 일반적으로 more 를 더 선호함 . - More + 원급- The most + 원급

최상급 : The most + 원급비교급 : 1) More + 원급 - A 로 시작하는 서술형용사 - 분사형용사 - -ful, -less, -ish, -ous, 로 끝나는 형용사 - 형용사 +ly 형태의 부사 (early 는 예외 )

Famous

Pleasant

Afraid

Tired

Useful

slowly

More famous

More pleasant

More afraid

More tired

More useful

More slowly

The most famous

The most pleasant

The most afraid

The most tired

The most useful

The most slowly

2) ending in –y: - 원급 + (y i) + er

Busy

Funny

Busier

Funnier

The busiest

The Funniest

- 예외 : unhappy, untidy 는 둘다 가능

Unhappy

Untidy ( 지저분한 , 단정치못한 )

Unhappier

More unhappy

Untidier

More Untidy

The Unhappiest

The most unhappy

The untidiest

The most untidy

3) More + 원급 또는 원급 + er 둘다 OK: - able, angry, common, cruel, handsome, narrow, gentle, pleasant, polite, quite, simple, sour

Clever

Friendly

Cleverer

More clever

Friendlier

More friendly

The cleverest

The most clever

The friendliest

The most friendly

3 음절 이상 비교급 : More + 원급최상급 : The most + 원급

Delicious More delicious The most delicious

복합형용사 둘 다 가능 Good-looking Better-looking

More good-looking

Best looking

The most good-looking

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5. 주의해야할 Irregular comparatives and superlatives

원급 비교급 최상급Far Farther( 거리 , 시간상 ) 더 멀리

Further( 정도 , 공간적 ) 더 멀리 ,

Rome is farther from London than Paris is.

The farther side of the bay ( 만의 저쪽 )

Further training would improve your job prospects.

prevent further oil/chemical spillages.

Farthest

Furthest

Little Less Least

Late Later ( 시간 ) 늦은

Latter ( 순서 ) 늦은

Latest

Last

Much

Many

More Most

Good ( 형용사 : 좋은 )

Well ( 부사 : 잘 )

Better Best

Bad( 나쁜 )

Badly( 지독하게 )

Ill( 아픈 , 병든 )

Worse Worst

Old Older 나이든 , 낡은

Elder 연상의 , 손위의

Oldest

Eldest

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6. Equal Comparison ( 동등 비교 ): as ~ as, the same ~ as

She has many books. I have many books too. // 2 문장을 하나로

I have as many books as she (has). // as+ many+ 명 + as

동등비교 구조

- As 다음에 명사가 오기 위해서는 반드시 수량형용사가 와야 함 .

He earns much money. His brother earns much money too.

He earns as much money as his brother. // as+ much + 불가산 +as

This grammar book is good. Yours is good too.

This grammar book is as good as yours. // as + 형 + as

His car runs fast. A race car runs fast too.

His car runs as fast as a race car (runs fast). // as + 부사 + as

Some of these fish can weigh as much as 80kg.

There are sometimes as many as 40 students in the classes.

as much as, as many as 는 숫자앞에서만 사용 가능

She is as tall as I (am).

= She is the same height as I.

He earns as much money as his brother.

= He earns the same amount of money as his brother (earns).

as 형 /부 as = the same + 명사 + as

I have the same watch as you do. // 같은 등급 , 같은 종류

My watch is the same as yours. // 똑같은 동일한 제품

My nationality is different from hers( her nationality).

Our climate is different from Canada’s.

주의 : the same as 는 같은 동일한 제품를 의미 주의 : The same as 의 반대말은 different from 이지 different than 이 아님 .

The train takes 30 minutes. By car, it'll take you twice as long (as the train takes)

I used to think he was smart. Now I'm not so sure (as I was sure before).

두 번째 As 의 생략 : 의미가 분명한 경우 두번째 As 는 생략가능

- as (so) + 형용사 , 부사 + as + ( 대 ) 명사- as + many/few + 가산 명사 + as + ( 대 ) 명사 + ( 동사 ) - as + much/little + 불가산 명사 + as + ( 대 ) 명사 + ( 동사 )- as + many/much+ ø + as + 숫자- the same + 명사 + as + ( 대 ) 명사 + ( 동사 )

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7. Negative Equal Comparison( 동등비교의 부정형 ) & Modifiers (강조자 )

Tom is not as tall as Jim (is). = Tom is not so tall as Jim (is).

His job is not as difficult as mine.

비교급 modifiers ( 긍정시 )

- Just as .. as : 동일

- nearly/almost as .. as : 거의 비슷

- Not quite as .. as : small difference

- Not nearly as .. as: big difference

- Not as .. as

Amy is 5. Jim is 5. Amy is just as old as Jim. // 동일

Amy is 5. Johh is 6. Amy is nearly/almost as old as John. // 거의 비슷

Amy is 5. Tom is 8. Amy is not quite as old as Tom. //조금 차이

Amy is 5. Tina is 10. Amy is not nearly as old as Tina. // 많이 차이

No sooner + + S + V조동사 + S + V than

S + No longer + V

Not + As (so) + 형 /부 + as

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8. Unequal Comparison ( 차등 비교 )

I am taller than Tom. (O)

I am taller than Tom is. (O)

I am taller than him. (O) // 목적격은 informal

I am more tall than Tom. (X) // tall 은 1 음절이라서 more 불가

I am more taller than Tom. (X) // 비교급이 둘 안됨

Anna is much taller than Tom. (O) // much 는 수식어라 비교급에 OK

Anna and Jim are taller than Tom and Bob. // 비교대상이 둘 이상인 경우

비교급 기본 :

- 비교급에서 as 다음에는 주어+ 동사옴 . ( 동사생략가능 )

- 비교급표현에서 very 또는 more 와 – er 둘이 동시에 사용될 수 없음 ( 주의 : much( 수식어 ) 다음에는 비교급 올 수 있음 )

He studies harder than I.

He studies harder than I do. // do = study

Anna’s hair is longer than kate’s. // 비교 대상이 소유격이면 소유격가능

Anna’s room is smaller than mine. // 비교 대상이 소유격이면 소유격대명사가능

Anna’s room is smaller than my. (X) // 비교 대상이 소유격이면 소유격형불가 ( 대명사 )

There were more people than we have expected. (O) //than 에 목적어 없음

There were more people than we have expected them. (X)

She spent more money than is sensible. (O) // than 다음에 주어 없음

She spent more money than it is sensible. (X)

주의 : than 다음에 오는 절에는 주어 또는 목적어 ( 보어 )가 둘다 있으면 안됨 . 즉 불완전한 문장이 와야 함 .

I have more books than she (has).

February has fewer days than March.

명사를 비교할때는 count noun 이냐 non-count noun이냐를 잘 구분해서 determiner를 사용

There are more than 200 seats in the theater. more than + 숫자 + 명사

형 /부 + erMore/ Fewer/Less + 명 /형 /부 + than + S + (V)

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9. Negative Unequal Comparisons

Anna is taller than Tom.

Anna is not taller than Tom. // not 만 추가

He studies harder than I.

He doesn’t studies harder than me.

일반 비교급의 부정형은 be동사 다음에 not 추가 , 일반 동사인 경우 don’t/doesn’t 추가

Tom no longer studies at the university.

= Tome does not study at the university anymore.

No longer = not … anymore

Anna may no longer use the car because it’s more than 15 years old.

= Anna may not use the car anymore

No sooner had we started out for California, than it stared to rain.

No sooner will he arrive, than he will want to live.

No sooner had she entered the building, than she felt the presence of somebody else.

No sooner~, than = as soon as

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10. Unequal Comparison 의 강조 (modifiers)

Anna is taller than Tom.

Anna is far taller than Tom. // 비교급 강조

Anna is much taller than Tom. // 비교급 강조

Anna is very taller than I am. (X) // 비교급에서 very 못사용

His car is far better than yours.

A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon.

비교급에 사용되는 Modifiers: much, a lot, a little bit, a little, even, far, by far, slightly, somewhat, a bit

원급에서 사용되는 Modifiers: quite, too, very, almost, just, nearly

More 다음에 비교급 안옴 .

비교급에서 very 사용 못함 . 그러나 much 를 수식할 수 있음

- very much nicer (O)Jim’s watch is far more expensive than mine.

He speaks English much more rapidly than she does Spanish.

She dances much more artistically than her predecessor.

비교급S + V + + than +

Nounpronoun

far/ by far/much/even/still/

a lot/a little bit/ a little

+

more + 원급

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11. Illogical Comparison ( 잘못된 비교 )

His drawings are as perfect as his instructor. (X) // 비교 대상의 잘못

Drawings vs. instructor

His drawings are as perfect as his instructor’s. (O)

Instructor’s (=instructor’s drawings) vs. his drawing

비교급에서 비교 대상은 동일한 자격을 가져야 한다 .

The salary of a professor is higher than a secretary. (X)

Salary vs. secretary

The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary. (O)

The salary of vs. that of

The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than a teacher. (X)

Duties vs. teacher.

The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of a teacher. (O)

Those of vs. the duties of

Classes in the university are more difficult than those in high school. (O)

Your accent is not as strong as my mother’s. (O) // mother’s = mother’s accent

The climate in Florida is as mild as that of California. (O) // that of = the climate of

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12. Multiple number Comparatives

Anna’s house is twice as large as Jim’s. (O) // twice 는 동등비교만 사용 가능

This book costs twice as much as the other one.

Jim wasted twice as much times as I did. // as .. as 안에 times 올 수 있음

Jim ate twice as many oysters as Anna.

Tom has half as many CDs now as I had last year.

Anna’s house is twice larger than Jim’s. (X) // twice 는 차등비교만 사용 불가

twice 와 half 는 동급 비교인 as .. as에서만 사용가능 주의 : much times는 as.. as 안에 올 수 있다 XX times 는 오직 비교급에서만 사용가능

Anna’s house is two times larger than Jim’s. (O) // times 는 차등비교만 가능

Anna’s house is two times more large than Jim’s. (O)

S + V + + 명사

Three times,Ten times,…

as 원급 as

+ 비교급

TwiceHalf +

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13. Double Comparatives: The + 비교급 , The + 비교급

The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.

The higher we flew, the worse Anna felt.

The bigger they are, the harder they fall.

The sooner you take the medicine, the betterthe better you will feel.

~ 머머 할 수록 더욱 ~ 하다 .

I made more mistakes as I tried to finish it faster.

The more I tried to finish it faster, the more mistake I made.

The more you study, the smarter you will become.

The more you rowed the boat, the farther away he got.

The more he saves money, the higher the price of a house goes

The + 비교급 + ( 형 , 명 ) + + S + VS + V, The + 비교급 + ( 형 , 명 )

The more + ( 명 ) + + S + VS + V,The + 비교급 + ( 명 )

S + VThe + 비교급 + ( 명 )

S + V,The + 비교급 + ( 명 )

S + V,The more + ( 형 , 명 )The + 비교급 + ( 형 , 명 )

S + V,

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14. Comparison without ‘than’: using ‘Of the two’

Anna is the smarter of the two women.

= Of the two women, Anna is the smarter.

Of the two shirts, this one is the prettier.

Of the two books, this one is the more interesting.

비교 대상이 2 개인경우 : 비교급 (주의 : 일반적으로 비교급에는 the 를 사용하지 않으나 , of the two 인 경우 반드시 the 사용 ) of the two 표현은 문두나 문중 , 문미에 올 수 있음주의 : 비교 대상이 3 개 이상인 경우 : 최상급 사용

Of gold and silver, the former is the more precious. of the two 표현 대신 , Of + 명사가능

The + 비교급 +

++ S + V

The + 비교급 Of the two + 명

Of the two (three, four..) + 명 ,The + 비교급

The more + 원급

++ S + VOf + 명 ,The + 비교급

The more + 원급

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15. 혼동하기 쉬운 비교표현He is more cunning than intelligent. // 지적인것 보다는 교활하다

= He is cunning rather than intelligent.

= He is rather cunning than intelligent.

= He is not so much intelligent as cunning.

More + B + than + A

= B rather than A

= rather B than A

= Not so much A as B

A 라기 보다는 B 다He is more a politician than a scholar. 

=He is not so much a scholar as a politician. 

=He is less a scholar than a politician.

A whale is no more a fish than a dog is. // 개가 어류가 아니것처럼 , 고래가 어류가 아니다 .

A is no more ~ than B is : A 가 ~ 아닌것은 B 가 ~ 아니것과 같다

A is similar to B // A 는 B 와 비슷하다

Similarly, // 그와 비슷하게 ~ 이다

Compared to ~ // ~ 와 비교할 때

Would rather A than B // B 보다 A 를 더 선호하다

유사 비교급 표현

-or 로 끝나는 형용사는 그 자체로 비교급이며 , than 이 아닌 to 를 사용

Superior to // ~ 보다 우등한

Inferior to // ~ 보다 열등한

Prior to A // A 보다 이전에 , A 보다 중요한

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16. Superlatives: basic

Anna drove more cautiously than Jim. // 부사의 비교급

Anna drove the most cautiously of all. // 부사의 최상급

Anna is the smartest in the class.

Tom is the shortest of the family.

He's the best of the lot.

These shoes are the least expensive of all.

부사의 경우 , 끝이 – er, -est 로 끝나는 비교급 , 최상급이 거의 없으면 , more (less), most (least) 를 사용해서 비교급 , 최상급을 만든다 .

주의 : in the world (O), in the class (O), of the world (X), of the class (X)

of 다음에는 복수 명사 또는 all, the lot 이 옴

Korea is one of the most successful countries in Economic

Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world.

One of the + 복명 + 단동 One of + 최상급 + 복명 + 단동 : 강조시

She is by far the oldest among all.

He is quite the most stupid man I’ve ever met.

That was easily the worst party I had been to this year.

I am nearly the oldest in my department.

최상급의 강조 :

- by far, much, even, quite(= absolutely), nearly, easily

- very 를 통한 최상급강조 : best, first, next, last 등을 수식

- possible 를 통한 최상급 강조I’ll prepare my very best food for tonight.

She is the very first customer to visit my shop.

This is your very last chance.

The car was running at the highest speed possible.

Hyundai Group is the second largest group in Korea.

= Hyundai Group is the largest but one in Korea.

the + 서수 + 최상급 : 순위를 표현할때

S + V +형 /부 + est

Most/Least + 형 /부+in the + 명사 , of all the+ 명사

형용사절

the,one of the

+the second /third /..

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17. 원급과 비교급을 통한 최상급 표현

No other city in Korea is as(so) large as Seoul. // 부정주어를 통한 최상급

Nobody can speak English fluently better than Mina.

No (other) + 단명 + as 원급 as

Nothing (nobody) + .. + 비교급 + than

Bill Gates is richer than any other man in the world. //any other+단명

Bill Gates is richer than all the other men in the world. //all the other+ 복명

My daughter is more precious than anyone else.

비교급 + than+ any other + 단명비교급 + than+ all the (other)+ 복명비교급 + than+ anything/anyone else

as+ 원급 + as+ any+ 단명as+ 원급 + as+ any of the other+ 복명

Mina speaks English as fluently as any student in her class.

It's as good as any of the other drugs on the market. // 어떤약보다도 우수한

Herbs have never been more popular than now. have never/hardly/rarely been + 비교급 도 최상급 표현

The + 비교급 +비교급 than any other + 단명

The + 비교급 +As 형 /명 as any + 단명

The + 비교급 +No other + 단명Nobody/Nothing

as .. as비교급 than

+ 단명

than all the other+ 복명

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18. 무관사 최상급It is his greatest pleasure to read novels. 정관사가 명사 또는 대명사의

소유격으로 대체되는 경우 .

This river is deepest at this point.

He is nicest when he is with his children. (O)

He is the nicest when he is with his children. (X)

동일인 , 동일물 , 동일 대상물내에서 비교일 경우 the 사용 불가

He always works hardest in the office.

He always works the hardest in the office. (X)

He always works (the) hardest in the office; his colleges do not know what the work is. // He vs. His colleges 비교중

동사다음에 오는 부사의 최상급인 경우 the 사용 불가 . 그러나 이 경우도 비교의 의미가 강할 경우 the 사용 가능 .

I am the strongest. // 나는 가장 힘센 ~ 이다라는 의미 . 즉 뒤에 명사가 생략된 구조 따라서 the 생략 불가

I am Ø strongest. // 나는 가장 힘세다 . 최상급이 보어로 쓰임

Which one is Ø strongest?

Which one is the strongest person? // 뒤에 명사가 오면 the 사용

Who can run Ø fastest in this class?

Which season do you like Ø best?

명사가 올 필요가 없는 최상급에서는 the 를 사용할 필요가 없음 . 즉 최상급다음에 생략 가능Linking verb 다음에 the 생략 가능 ( 즉 최상급이 보어가 되는 경우 )

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19. 원급과 비교급의 관용적 표현More than ~ 이상

Less than ~ 이하

Other than ~ 이외에 He has no close friends other than me. // 나 이외에 친한 친구들이 없다

Rather than ~ 보다 Trucks are used to carry things rather than people. // 트럭은 사람들보다 물건을 나르는데 사용된다

Would rather A than B B 하느니 차라리 A 하겠다 .

비교급 관용표현들 1

No more than = only 불과 , 겨우

Not more than = at most 기껏해야 , 많아야

No less than = as many as ~ 만큼이나

Not less than = at least 적어도

No later than 늦어도 ~ 까지

No better than = as good as ~ 와 다름없는

None the less ~ 에도 불구하고

비교급 관용표현들 2

All the 비교급 + for (because) ~ 때문에 더욱 더 ~ 하다

I like him all the better because of his faults.

as cold as ice as hard as nails

as black as night as ... as hell

비교급 관용표현들 3

As (so) long as ~ 하는 한 , ~ 하는 동안

As far as ~ 하는 한

As 원급 as possible 가능한한 ~( 원급 ) 하게 = as 원급 as one can

비교급 관용표현들 4

At last 마침내 , 드디어 , 결국

At (the) best 기껏해야 , 최대한 ( 최고로 )

At (the) most 많아야 = not more than

At (the) least 적어도 = not less than

최상급 관용표현들