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Understanding Job-Skill Relationships using Big Data and Neural Networks Abhinav Maurya Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA – 15213 [email protected] ABSTRACT Nonlinear vector space embeddings have shown great promise in many applications such as similarity search, analogy map- pings, dataset visualization, etc. In this paper, we propose a simple distribution-to-distribution regression model based on neural networks which provides (i) job2vec : interpretable embeddings of jobs in terms of associated skills, (ii) skill2vec : converse embeddings of skills in terms of the jobs that re- quire them, and (iii) SkillRank : a mechanism for ranking skills associated with each job that can be recommended to members aspiring for that job. Due to the simplicity of our model, it has no hyperparameters that need tuning ex- cept for the number of stochastic gradient descent iterations which is easily determined using the early stopping criterion. We dicsuss preliminary results and insights from our model using data from a major professional social network. Keywords Machine Learning, Neural Networks, Labor Market, Job- Skill Ranking, Vector Space Embeddings 1. INTRODUCTION The exchange of skilled services forms the driving force of modern economies. We spend the formative years of our lives acquiring skills that prepare us for our desired careers, and continue to acquire new skills throughout our profes- sional careers. However, the decision of skill acquisition for a desired career is often fraught with uncertainty due to lack of information. It is therefore important to study the associ- ation between jobs and the skills most commonly associated with these jobs. The study of job-skill association has been challenging for two reasons: (i) lack of large-scale data on jobs held and skills acquired by members of the workforce, and (ii) the multiple attribution problem which prevents us from associ- ating the acquisition of a particular skill with a specific job held by a person. With the advent of online professional social networks, large-scale data is now available to study the relationship between jobs and skills. In this paper, we tackle the second problem of multiple attribution in job-skill association by exploiting naturally occurring variation in the sets of jobs and skills across large-scale labor market data. Bloomberg Data for Good Exchange Conference. 16-Sep-2018, New York City, NY, USA. Our proposed model is inspired by topic modeling where latent topics occur throughout the documents of a corpus in varying proportions, which enables their identification to characterize the text corpus. Similarly, in our model, vari- ation in the co-occurrence of jobs and skills can be used to disentangle which skills are associated with which jobs. However, unlike unsupervised topic models such as LDA [1], we cast our problem of identifying job-skill associations as a supervised distribution-to-distribution regression, where the input is the empirical distribution over job titles and the output is the corresponding empirical distribution over skills for that person. Moreover, unlike unsupervised topic models such as LDA and supervised variants such as [4], our neural network model allows greater flexibility in job-skill association formulation. Our results show that most job- skill associations are negative, which is intuitive since only a small subset of all job-skill pairs are useful in the real world. Topic models often allow only a non-negative modeling of association which would be restrictive in this application. In the same vein as [5], our method provides embeddings for jobs and skills, known as job2vec and skill2vec respectively. However, the model used in [5] is quite different from ours, since it is geared towards identifying word synonyms and analogies. A more complete version of this work will seek to distinguish between the predictive and semantic power of embeddings obtained from the method proposed here and an adaptation of the word2vec model investiagted by [5]. [3] matches members and jobs to make skill recommenda- tions based on the demand of skills in jobs. However, it does not consider a user’s choice of career in making skill recommendations. In this paper, we identify specific skills for each job that a user can acquire if she aspires to get the job. Our work bears similarity to Canonical Correlation Analysis [2] in that it would be possible to map job and skill vectors of a user such that the distance between the mappings is mini- mized in the projected space. However, CCA would lose the benefit of using an asymmetric loss such as KL Divergence which allows us to model only the present skills. 2. DATA Our dataset consists of online profiles crawled from a major worldwide professional social network. Each profile is an- notated with a city and an industry. We focus on a subset of the entire data from a diverse set of cities and industries

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Page 1: Understanding Job-Skill Relationships using Big Data and ...€¦ · data are provided in table2. Datapoints are divided into 90% training, 5% validation, and 5% test data. We identi-

Understanding Job-Skill Relationships using Big Data andNeural Networks

Abhinav MauryaCarnegie Mellon University

Pittsburgh, PA – [email protected]

ABSTRACTNonlinear vector space embeddings have shown great promisein many applications such as similarity search, analogy map-pings, dataset visualization, etc. In this paper, we proposea simple distribution-to-distribution regression model basedon neural networks which provides (i) job2vec: interpretableembeddings of jobs in terms of associated skills, (ii) skill2vec:converse embeddings of skills in terms of the jobs that re-quire them, and (iii) SkillRank : a mechanism for rankingskills associated with each job that can be recommendedto members aspiring for that job. Due to the simplicity ofour model, it has no hyperparameters that need tuning ex-cept for the number of stochastic gradient descent iterationswhich is easily determined using the early stopping criterion.We dicsuss preliminary results and insights from our modelusing data from a major professional social network.

KeywordsMachine Learning, Neural Networks, Labor Market, Job-Skill Ranking, Vector Space Embeddings

1. INTRODUCTIONThe exchange of skilled services forms the driving force ofmodern economies. We spend the formative years of ourlives acquiring skills that prepare us for our desired careers,and continue to acquire new skills throughout our profes-sional careers. However, the decision of skill acquisition fora desired career is often fraught with uncertainty due to lackof information. It is therefore important to study the associ-ation between jobs and the skills most commonly associatedwith these jobs.

The study of job-skill association has been challenging fortwo reasons: (i) lack of large-scale data on jobs held andskills acquired by members of the workforce, and (ii) themultiple attribution problem which prevents us from associ-ating the acquisition of a particular skill with a specific jobheld by a person. With the advent of online professionalsocial networks, large-scale data is now available to studythe relationship between jobs and skills. In this paper, wetackle the second problem of multiple attribution in job-skillassociation by exploiting naturally occurring variation in thesets of jobs and skills across large-scale labor market data.

Bloomberg Data for Good Exchange Conference.16-Sep-2018, New York City, NY, USA.

Our proposed model is inspired by topic modeling wherelatent topics occur throughout the documents of a corpusin varying proportions, which enables their identification tocharacterize the text corpus. Similarly, in our model, vari-ation in the co-occurrence of jobs and skills can be usedto disentangle which skills are associated with which jobs.However, unlike unsupervised topic models such as LDA [1],we cast our problem of identifying job-skill associations asa supervised distribution-to-distribution regression, wherethe input is the empirical distribution over job titles andthe output is the corresponding empirical distribution overskills for that person. Moreover, unlike unsupervised topicmodels such as LDA and supervised variants such as [4], ourneural network model allows greater flexibility in job-skillassociation formulation. Our results show that most job-skill associations are negative, which is intuitive since only asmall subset of all job-skill pairs are useful in the real world.Topic models often allow only a non-negative modeling ofassociation which would be restrictive in this application.

In the same vein as [5], our method provides embeddings forjobs and skills, known as job2vec and skill2vec respectively.However, the model used in [5] is quite different from ours,since it is geared towards identifying word synonyms andanalogies. A more complete version of this work will seekto distinguish between the predictive and semantic power ofembeddings obtained from the method proposed here andan adaptation of the word2vec model investiagted by [5].

[3] matches members and jobs to make skill recommenda-tions based on the demand of skills in jobs. However, itdoes not consider a user’s choice of career in making skillrecommendations. In this paper, we identify specific skillsfor each job that a user can acquire if she aspires to get thejob.

Our work bears similarity to Canonical Correlation Analysis[2] in that it would be possible to map job and skill vectors ofa user such that the distance between the mappings is mini-mized in the projected space. However, CCA would lose thebenefit of using an asymmetric loss such as KL Divergencewhich allows us to model only the present skills.

2. DATAOur dataset consists of online profiles crawled from a majorworldwide professional social network. Each profile is an-notated with a city and an industry. We focus on a subsetof the entire data from a diverse set of cities and industries

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IndustryComputer SoftwareHospital and Health CareFinancial ServicesReal EstateResearchMarketing and Advertising

CitiesSan Francisco Bay AreaNew York Metropolitan AreaSeattlePittsburghMumbaiNew Delhi

Table 1: Industries and cities included in the evaluation.

listed in table 1 for the purpose of our preliminary analysis.From each profile, we extract and use the set of job titlesheld by the person as well as the set of skills the personhas listed on the profile. Summary statistics about the useddata are provided in table 2. Datapoints are divided into90% training, 5% validation, and 5% test data. We identi-fied 12,652 unique job titles and 15,185 unique skills fromour data. Most frequent job titles and skills are listed intable 3.

Statistic ValueNumber of datapoints 157252

Number of train datapoints 125801Number of validation datapoints 15725

Number of test datapoints 15726Number of unique skills 15185Number of unique titles 12652

Table 2: Dataset Summary Statistics

3. METHODOLOGYSince we have over 12 thousand unique job titles and over 15thousand unique skills in our data, the challenge lies in effec-tively formulating a neural network model that can learn toperform a high-dimensional distribution-to-distribution re-gression by ingesting vast amount of examples available inour data. Our simple neural network model is designed toperform this high-dimensional map from a distribution overpositions to a distribution over skills.

The architecture of our SkillRank neural network model isshown in figure 1. The model maps an empirical distribu-tion over job titles to an empirical distribution over skills:f : J → S. Given an empirical distribution over jobs j ∈ J ,the model first performs a linear transformation φ · j, whereφ ∈ RSxJ , S is the number of skills and J is the numberof job titles. The result of the linear transformation is avector of unnormalized real-valued skill scores. The modelthen applies a softmax transformation to normalize the skillscores and output a distribution over skills. The model istrained by minimizing the KL Divergence loss between thegroundtruth empirical distribution over skills and the pre-dicted distribution over skills.

Since the KL Divergence is asymmetric, it does not penalizeany absent skills in the groundtruth empirical distribution

Most Frequent PositionsSoftware EngineerInternResearch AssistantDirectorManagerVice PresidentConsultantAccount ExecutiveProject ManagerOwner

Most Frequent SkillsMicrosoft OfficeManagementMicrosoft ExcelMarketingCustomer ServiceResearchLeadershipSocial MediaPowerPointSales

Table 3: Most frequent job titles and skills in the data.

of skills. This is a major reason why we choose the KLDivergence loss in our model optimization. In the case ofa single categorical output, the KL Divergence loss simpli-fies to the popular cross-entropy loss widely used in neuralnetwork classifiers.

The model was implemented in PyTorch1. It is notablethat the number of training epochs is the only parameterwe need to tune in our model, and it needs a single trainingrun to find the right number of iterations to avoid overfit-ting. There are no other model-specific parameters. This isin contrast to hyperparameter-heavy models that may needexpensive grid search, random search, or Bayesian optimiza-tion to tune the hyperparameters.

Jobs

Skill

s

Inpu

t Dist

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ion

over

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over

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Inpu

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over

Ski

lls

KL

Div

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Parameter 𝜙

Figure 1: Our Neural Distribution-to-Distribution Regres-sion Model.

3.1 EmbeddingsWe recall that φ ∈ RSxJ , S is the number of skills and J isthe number of job titles. Thus, the rows of φ correspond toskills and columns to jobs. The matrix φ encodes the asso-ciations between jobs and skills. A positive value indicatesthat a skill is desired by a job, and a negative value indicatesthat it is highly unlikely for the corresponding position-skillcombination to occur in the data.

1http://pytorch.org/

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0 100 200 300 400 500SGD Iteration

2

3

4

5

6

7

KL D

iver

genc

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Train LossValidation LossTest Loss

Figure 2: Training, Validation, and Test Losses.

job2vec: To calculate the embedding of a job, we passits corresponding column through a softmax transformation.The softmax transformation of a vector exponentiates its en-tries and normalizes the exponentiated entries so that theysum to 1. Thus, each job’s embedding indicates its distri-bution over skills. The exponentiation is also useful to getmeaningful job embedding vectors, since it diminishes thenegative values drastically and therefore represents a jobusing the skills its positively associated with.

skill2vec: Similar to job2vec, skills can also be embeddedto get a useful representation. Skills correspond to rows ofthe φ matrix. Therefore, their embeddings are obtained byapplying the softmax transformation to each row of φ.

4. PRELIMINARY RESULTSIn our implementation, we used minibatch gradient descentwith a minibatch size of 1000. The training and validationloss curves during the optimization procedure and the finaltest loss are shown in figure 2. Since the validation lossstarts rising after epoch 122 (shown with a vertical red linein the figure), we choose the model obtained at the endof 122 iterations as our final model as per validation-basedearly stopping criterion to prevent overfitting.

Figure 3 shows the histogram of values from the parametermatrix φ. Most values in the matrix are negative. Thismakes intuitive sense because most job-skill pairs are notnaturally associated with each other. Only 1.13% valuesin the matrix are positive indicating only a small subset ofjob-skills are positively associated with each other.

In table 4, we show the job-skill pairs which have the highestcorresponding φ values. It is interesting to note the job-skillassociations are non-trivial i.e. it’s not the most commonskills such as “Microsoft Office” that are repeatedly recom-mended for every position. Instead, each skill recommendedfor the job is precisely relevant for the job.

Figure 6 shows a 2-dimensional t-SNE visualization of jobembeddings. Job titles that are tightly clustered in the vi-sualization are often related to each other. For example,“postdoctoral scholar” and “postdoctoral fellow” are situatedvery close to each. A number of medical industry jobs suchas “medical director,”“consultant physiotherapist,”“clinicaltrial manager,” “pharmacy manager,” etc. are also locatedclosely in the visualization. Figure 7 shows a correspond-

ing 2-dimensional t-SNE visualization for skill embeddings.Not surprisingly, related skills are often located close to eachother in the embedding vector space. For example, “com-mercial real estate,”“investment properties,”“tenant reten-tion,” etc. are located close to each other.

From figure 4, we see the parameter matrix φ visualized be-fore and after spectral coclustering. The existence of bandsin figure 4b indicates that there is the possibility of cocluster-ing or mixed-membership stochastic blockmodel structureon parameter φ. This can help in identification of closely-related job and skill bundles.

Figure 5 shows two histograms. The first one shows the num-ber of skills on the X-axis and the number of positions thatwere positively associated with a certain number of skills onthe Y-axis. Here, positive association means a positive valuefor the corresponding φ entry. Similarly, the second figureshows the number of jobs versus the number of skills posi-tively associated with a particular number of jobs. The fig-ure illustrates that there is considerable diversity and speci-ficity in job-skill associations, since most jobs are associatedwith a moderate number of skills and most skills are asso-ciated with a moderate number of jobs, as indicated by therapid tapering of the histograms to the right of the X-axis.

8 6 4 2 0 2Parameter Magnitude

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0Pa

ram

eter

Cou

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1e7

Figure 3: Histogram of values in φ.

Jobs

Skills

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2

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6

(a) Parameter φ

Jobs

Skills

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8

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4

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(b) After Spectral Coclustering

Figure 4: Fig (a): Parameter matrix φ visualized. Fig (b):Parameter matrix φ visualized after spectral coclusteringwith 100 coclusters.

5. CONCLUSIONSIn this paper, we presented a simple neural approach toidentifying job-skill associations from large-scale labor mar-ket data. The model helps us rank skills by the order of

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Job SkillAssociate Media Director Mobile Advertising

Account Director Integrated MarketingManagement Supervisor Interactive Advertising

Clinical Dietitian Medical Nutrition TherapyProduct Management Go-to market StrategySenior Art Director Corporate Identity

Chief Compliance Officer Securities RegulationSpeech Language Pathologist Articulation

Senior Art Director TypographyAccount Director Creative Direction

Sr. Product Manager Go-to market StrategyArt Director Logo Design

Freelance Art Director TypographyAssociate Creative Director Concept DevelopmentSpeech Language Pathologist Speech Therapy

iOS Developer SwiftCopywriter Creative Writing

Management Supervisor Relationship MarketingLaw Clerk Legal Research

Enterprise Account Manager Solution SellingiOS Developer Xcode

Sr. Product Manager Product LaunchSocial Work Intern Crisis Intervention

Group Creative Director Art DirectionFinancial Advisor Retirement PlanningMedia Supervisor Mobile Marketing

Law Clerk Legal WritingSoftware Development Manager Scalability

Associate Creative Director Interactive AdvertisingMortgage Consultant FHA

Account Director Brand DevelopmentGraphic Designer Corel Draw

Consultant Physiotherapist Physical TherapyEditorial Intern Journalism

Creative Director Logo DesignAccount Director Customer InsightGraphic Designer InDesignEditorial Intern Proofreading

QA Engineer Selenium

Table 4: Examples of most positively associated job-skillpairs.

their importance to each position, and allows us to embedjobs and skills using job2vec and skill2vec to enable taskssuch as similarity searches and ontology visualization.

0 50 100 150 200 250 300Number of Skills

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(a) Histogram of number ofskills per position.

100 150 200 250 300Number of Positions

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lls

(b) Histogram of number of po-sitions per skill.

Figure 5: Fig (a): Number of skills versus number of posi-tions positively associated with a certain number of skills.Fig (b): Number of positions versus number of skills posi-tively associated in φ with a certain number of positions.

6. REFERENCES[1] D. M. Blei, A. Y. Ng, and M. I. Jordan. Latent

dirichlet allocation. Journal of machine Learningresearch, 3(Jan):993–1022, 2003.

[2] D. R. Hardoon, S. Szedmak, and J. Shawe-Taylor.Canonical correlation analysis: An overview withapplication to learning methods. Neural computation,16(12):2639–2664, 2004.

[3] A. Maurya and R. Telang. Bayesian multi-view modelsfor member-job matching and personalized skillrecommendations. In IEEE International Conferenceon Big Data (Big Data), 2017, 2017.

[4] J. D. Mcauliffe and D. M. Blei. Supervised topicmodels. In Advances in neural information processingsystems, pages 121–128, 2008.

[5] T. Mikolov, K. Chen, G. Corrado, and J. Dean.Efficient estimation of word representations in vectorspace. arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.3781, 2013.

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Sr Sales Engineer

CREATIVE DIRECTOR

Middleware Administrator

Email

Rating Analyst

PA C

Consumer Marketing

Product Sales Specialist

Sales Auditor

Scientific Consultant

Construction Worker

Clinical Manager

Senior Financial Software Developer

Commercial Loan Officer

PeopleSoft Consultant

Associate Business Director

Client Services Administrator

Realtor Associate

Data Coordinator II

Military Intelligence

Service Specialist

Director Assistant

Director Operations

Assistant Manager Client Servicing

Research Data Manager

Automotive Technician

Hospital Care Investigator

Computer Specialist

Senior Physician

Junior StrategistRetoucher

General Laborer

Makeup Artist

Performance Measurement Analyst

Web Administrator Product Marketing Consultant

Billing Manager

Sr Software Engg

French Teacher

relationship manager

Administration Officer

I T Consultant

Solution Consultant

Research Asst

Senior Research and Development Engineer

Clinical Operations Manager

Work Study

Software Engineer Analyst

Creative Director Owner

Observer

Patient Services Representative II

Crew Leader

Corporate Associate

trainee

Pediatric Oncology

Staff Nurse III

Intelligence Officer

Financial Operations Intern

Human Resources

Corporate Banking Intern

RN Staff Nurse

Configuration Analyst

Laboratory Technician II

Admissions Coordinator

Training and Development

Investment Research

VP Finance

Data Engineer II

Content Writer

Accounting Intern

Joint Director

Executive Assistant to the Director

Marketing Operations

Compliance Consultant

Project Manager Producer

Farmhand

Leasing and Marketing Manager

Events

Silicon Valley

Email Marketing Coordinator

Marketing Corporate Communications

Psychology Extern

Sr SAP Consultant

Communications Coordinator

Independent Trader

Education Consultant Design Researcher

Summer Sales Intern

Chartered Accountants

Advertising Representative

Investment Research Intern

CTO Co Founder

EconomicsDivision Leader

Volunteer Nurse

User Experience Research Intern

Triage Nurse

Business Operations Director

Administrative Fellow

Marketing Advertising

Real Estate Salesperson

Senior Mortgage Advisor

Licensed Acupuncturist

Creative Designer

Assistant Clinic Manager

Course InstructorCreative Copywriter

Tech lead

Principal Owner

Software Engineer Intern

Project Manager Consultant

Data Specialist

Senior Research Analyst

Internal Sales Representative

Director and Co Founder

Network Specialist

Reader

Digital Planning

Fellow

Sr Data Analyst

Publicity and Promotions Intern

Studio Production Artist

Graphic Artist

Group Sales

Candidate

Care Giver

Senior Creative Manager

Marketing Manager Intern

Nutritionist

Ph D student

Intern Co op

Programs Intern

Software Engineer 1

Home Mortgage ConsultantPR Assistant

Owner Developer

Senior Research Scholar

Alumni

Financial Analyst Co op

Lead Editor

Fielder

Busboy

Sr Development Manager

Scientist II

Cardiologist

Senior Finance Officer

Claims Representative

Senior Sales AssistantAdministrative Professional

Artist

Business Systems Analyst II

swe

Founder and Director

Sales Management Trainee

Marketing and Sales Associate

Teacher s Aid

R D Manager

Consultant Clinical Psychologist

Proprietary Equity TraderSecurities Lending

Financial Representative

Audit Senior Assistant

Summer Research Internship

Integrated Marketing Communications

Hyperion Consultant

Managing Director CEO

Senior Regional Manager

financial consultant

Unit Manager

Research engineer

Special Events Manager

Print Buyer

General Internal Medicine

Digital Planner

Marketing Communications DirectorCo Organizer

Social Work Supervisor

Group Project Manager

Consultant Physiotherapist

Junior Manager

Web Operations

Sr Manager Finance

Software Trainee

Relocation Specialist

Senior Service Engineer

Head Human Resources

Head Business Development

Contracts Manager

Internet Marketing Executive

Department of Computer Science

Claims Examiner

Math Tutor

Global Account Supervisor

MPH

Video Intern

Publishing Specialist

Business Process Consultant

Android App Developer

Business Banking Officer

Associate consultant

Assistant Digital Strategist

Research Professor

Sr Web Developer

Legal Intern

Account Exec

Marketing Operations Project Manager

Executive Assistant to Managing Director

Investment Services Advisor

iOS Developer

Community Health Educator

Distinguished Engineer

Data Collector

S W Engineer

Senior Analyst Programmer

Deputy Manager Marketing

Freshman Interest Group Leader

Chief Medical Information Officer

SDE II

Process Development Engineer

Corporate Sales Manager

Management Analyst

Registered Nurse III

Senior Tax Manager

Senior Marketing Program Manager

Summer Research Intern

South AfricaPublic Health Analyst

Chief Development OfficerAcademic Coordinator

Pre Sales Engineer

content writer

Knowledge Associate

Shop Manager

Survey Programmer

Special Events Coordinator

Marketing Design

Founder and Developer

EFL Teacher

Administrative intern

Sr SDE

Member of technical staff

Customer Engagement Executive

Exchange Student

Mortgage OperationsPsychometrist

Social Media Chair

Research Technician I

Sr UI Designer

Technical Support Officer

Global Payments

Self

Senior Research ChemistGenetic Counseling Intern

Maintenance Assistant

Senior Tax Specialist

Business Process Management

PR Executive

Payroll

Senior Executive Business Development

Marketing Product Manager

Sales Lead

RN Care Manager

Microsoft IT

Peer Mentor

Retail Sales

Direct Sales

Membership Manager

Project executive

Vice President of Leasing

AML Compliance Analyst

Sr Visual Designer

General Manager Operations

Local Account Executive

Mental Health ClinicianResident Assistant RA

Construction Manager

Senior Software Design Engineer in Test

Clinical Trial Manager

Sr Technical Project Manager

Practice Coordinator

Undergraduate Summer Intern

Volunteer Mentor

Finance Operations Managing director

Marketing Head

Project Manager

Naval Officer

Produce Clerk

Nurse

Marketing

Partner Program Manager

Web Coordinator

Advertising Sales Intern

Bilingual SLPA

Financial Advisory Services

Area Vice President

Human Resource Assistant

Founding Member

PHD

Western Regional Manager

Mobile Technology

Commercial Account Manager

CSE

Sr Director of Engineering

Senior Technology Architect

Operations Specialist

Dental Student

Global Manager

Security

Class of 2013

Graduate Technical Intern

Business Development Trainee

Molecular Biologist

strategic planner

Advertising Marketing Intern

Product Engineering

Senior Process Engineer

DTP Operator Vice President of Business Development

PHP Web Developer

Software Developer Consultant

Sr Vice President

Underwriting Specialist

Waiter

Management Student

Financial Aid Advisor

Marketing Programs Specialist

Undergraduate

Speech Pathology Intern

System Administrator

Technical Writer contract

Registered nurse

Analyst Relations

FP A Analyst

Systems Engineer Trainee

Park Ranger

Clinical Lab Scientist

Specialist

Associate Research Fellow

Bass Player

Strategic Marketing

CRO

Research Teaching Assistant

Senior Associate Scientist

VP and General Manager

Video Production Intern

Science

sales consultant

Vice President Product Management

Robotics Intern

Adjunct Faculty Member

Website Administrator

Informatica Developer

Contract ProgrammerConvener

Geologist

Database Marketing Manager

Process Engineer

IT Project Coordinator

Senior Social Media Executive

Biology

Associate Digital Producer

PTA President

freelancer

Laborer

Business Analysis Manager

Pres

Sr Designer

Designer Art Director

Sales Operations Intern

Marketing and Public Relations Manager

Business Data Analyst

Wholesale

Manager Quality

Configuration Management Engineer

project assistant

Marketing Analyst

Real Estate Coordinator

Cardiac Sonographer

Marketing Communications Assistant

Regional Finance Manager

Marketing Sales Intern

S W Engg

Healthcare Administrator

Digital Marketing Apprentice Technical Specialist

Banking Officer

Personal TrainerChief Experience Officer

Digital Experience Product Manager Lead Interaction Designer

Computer Science Tutor

Contract Employee

Architecture Intern

Chief Engineer

Staff Technical Writer

Manager Sales Marketing

Global Marketing Director

Director of Integrated Marketing

Advisor

Financial Planning Analysis Manager

Orientation Coordinator

Lead Technical WriterInternational Consultant

Pharmacy Manager

Test Technician

Senior Research Technician

Software Devloper

Junior Engineer

Collections Manager

Interactive Art Director

Equity Research Summer Analyst

Android Developer Intern

Divisional Director

Media Director

Healthcare

MANAGING PARTNER

Contract Web Developer

Brand PlanningCommunications Designer

Senior Director Business Development

Associate Project Director

Of Counsel

Research Project Coordinator

Senior Media Strategist

Research Assistant

Technical Sales Engineer

Personal Banking Representative

Group Head

Development Officer

Sr Software Design Engineer

Marketing Sales Manager

Contributor

Section OfficerFacilities Management

Sr Technical Analyst

Corporate Communications

Senior Trader

Client Strategy Manager

Technical Marketing Specialist

Programming Intern

NYS Licensed Real Estate Salesperson

Graduate researcher

Marketing Team Leader

Software QA Analyst

eCommerce Content Coordinator

Senior Financial Systems Analyst

Senior Administrative Assistant

ABAP Consultant

Intermediate Financial Analyst

AAE

Recruitment Chair

Freelance Web Designer

Group Exercise Instructor

Junior Recruiter

Creative Services InternProgram Management Intern

Computer Support Technician

RVP

Media Planner

Patient Service Manager

Figure 6: Job Embeddings. Please zoom in for an easier read.

Page 6: Understanding Job-Skill Relationships using Big Data and ...€¦ · data are provided in table2. Datapoints are divided into 90% training, 5% validation, and 5% test data. We identi-

60 40 20 0 20 40 60

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

Partner Engagement

Scriptaculous

AMOS

Database Triggers

Team player

Airway Management

Fluent in Russian

Cell Therapy

Managing Project Budgets

EagleCAD

High Throughput Screening

Data Quality Assurance

Keyboard Skills

Athletics

Contractual Agreements

Figure Drawing

Bariatrics

Financial Technology

Safety

Internal Control Implementation

Kentico

Remarketing

Bilingualism

Agile Methodologies

ADO NET

Technically Competent

Academic Advising

Colposcopy

Return on Investment

WCDMA

Solid Phase Synthesis

Law Enforcement

Auger electron spectroscopy

CCU

Elementary Education

Business Impact Analysis

Boost

Superior Work Ethic

Spine

Cost Saving Initiatives

Clinical Operations

Library 2 0

Futures

Independence

Information Visualization

Git

Real Estate Law

Personal Styling

Technical Writers

Karyotyping

Catastrophe Modeling

Program Trading

Xilinx ISE

Silk Performer

System Integration

Sublime Text

Diversity Recruitment

Visio

Carbohydrate Chemistry

Disability Income Insurance

Neural NetworksCVD

Technical Documentation

Deductive Reasoning

Database Security

IRA s

Toad

Commercial Real Estate

Accountants

Molecular Pharmacology

Art Exhibitions

Autodesk Maya

Plannning

Academia

Tax Returns

Profitable Growth

Client Liason

Positive Psychology

Corporate Strategy Formulation

Sales Commission

Email Newsletter Design

IT Project Implementation

Pulmonary RehabilitationInvestment Advisory Services

Pspice

Patient Portal

Big data

ICT4D

Windows XP Professional

Cello

Yii

Adolescent Therapy

OData

Mergers Acquisitions

Visual Analytics

Sales Commissions

Jersey

New Business Acquisition

Scientific Presentation

Heart FailureExperience Working with Children

Project Management Tools

Localization Testing

Systat

New Product Roll Out

Magnetics

ECMO

Systems Engineering

Lotus

Clinical Decision Support

Collaborative Working

Protocol Development

Spirituality

Aluminum

Backend Development

Heuristics

Staff Management

Hypertension

Digital Cinema

Discharge Planning

Biosensors

Loan Portfolio Analysis

Facilities Management

Loan Origination

Legislative Policy

Building High Performance Sales Teams

Excellent oral and written communication skills

Stents

Scilab

Picasa

API Testing

New Home Purchase

Change Orders

Certified EKG Technician

Geophysics

Software Quality Control

SMBApplication Lifecycle Management

BFSI

Data Caching

Performance Testing

Charge Nurse

Websites

Securities Litigation

Social Skills

Programmatic Media

Procurement Contracts

General Corporate Counsel

Student Leadership

JGrasp

Digital Image Processing

Buying

Statistical Arbitrage

NWMLS

Grassroots Marketing

Multiscale Modeling

Decision Sciences

Performance Reporting

Buyers

Outstanding interpersonal communication skills

New Vendor Development

Participatory Design

Presentation Skills

Drug Interactions

Cloud Foundry

Operating Room

Timberline Accounting

Ethical Decision Making

Statistical Analysis Tools

Real Estate Due Diligence

Nuclear Power Plants

Transformational Leadership

Jazz Piano

Adobe After Effects

Guitarist

Ethics

Team Workshops

Customer Relationship Management

Campaign

Volatility

Thermodynamics

NFS

WCF Services

CFOs

Windchill

Flash Builder

Flash Memory

Positive Attitude

Financial Crimes Investigations

Wineries

Drug Development

Multi family

Corporate Social Media

Pervasive Developmental Disorders

Target Segmentation

Special Education

Committment

Computing

Investor Development

Ganglia

OA Framework

Teaching Reading

Threat Intelligence

Layout Design

Fire Suppression Systems

Stock Picking

Senior Services

Turbulence

iReport

Wealth Accumulation

Corporate Blogging

Cash Flow Lending

REST API

Gnuplot

IRI

Adobe Professional

Operational Support

Blood Bank

Debt Settlement

Import Export

Statistical Genetics

Market Research Project Management

Inc

Accounting Management

WellbeingCash

Always Willing to Learn

Analytical Ultracentrifugation

Microsoft Dynamics GP

Wealth Preservation Strategies

Blended Learning

Compensation

Google Cloud Platform

Certified Scrum Master CSM

Salary

Interventional Spine

svn

Mechanical Product Design

Heuristic Analysis

Contractor Selection

Catalysis

Mentoring

Outcomes Research

Pre Hospital Care

SysML

Theoretical Physics

Crafts

Electrical Design

Geneva

Power Systems

Policy and Procedure Development

Microfabrication

Stochastic Calculus

Analytical AbilitiesSAP CRM

Listener

PPC

Network Biology

Real Property

Presentation Preparation

Cash Balance

Low Level Programming

Legal Research Skills

UnrealScript

Scalable Architecture

Accounting Standards

Scientific Communications

Government Advocacy

Waste Water Treatment Plants

Factor Analysis

AIF

OAuth

BSP

SDK development

Apple Aperture

Target Orientation

CourtsPresenting Ideas

Interactive Development

Pacemakers

Small Boat Operations

Computer Hardware Troubleshooting

Reality

Manuscript

Cost Per Lead

AFS

Grief Counseling

Pharmaceutics

Rhyming

Rich Media

NetApp

Group Dynamics

Bing Maps

Media Measurement

Agricultural Marketing

SAP PS

Digital Production

Project Planning

Vector CANalyzerBeyond Compare

Chemical Biology

Supplier Negotiations

Equities Technology

Internet Video Production

Zemax

Press Release Development

Global Client Management

Strategic Communications Counsel

Yieldstar

University Relations

Budgets

Food Chemistry

ESL

Diversity Training

Rock Mechanics

PBMC isolation

Bacterial Genetics

Information Literacy

Adobe Dreamweaver

Employee Management

Mandarin Chinese

Clinical Practice Management

MS Project

Ciencias naturales

Retail Sales

Web Application Security Assessment

Story

Project Accounting

Teaching Classes

History of Political Thought

Solid Modeling

Multithreaded application development

Dtrace

Oratoria

User Testing

Interpretation

Agricultural Engineering

Presentations

Research Projects

Scriptwriting

Index Funds

eMarketer

M

Salesforce com Administration

User Stories

Log4j

Sun Certified Java Programmer

Earthquake Engineering

Hand Knitting

Max

Hematologic Malignancies

Kendo

Star Schema

Fluorescence

ROI Analysis

Student Services

Team FacilitationPHPUnit

Industrial Sector

Google

Web Commerce

Parallel Programming

Oracle Service Bus

Business Objects Data Integrator

Cytom trie en flux

Operational Streamlining

RDBMS

Strategic Marketing

Signs

Stylists

Contact Management

Enterprise Risk Management

Renal Nutrition

Juvenile Justice

Transformation

Sculpture

Colloids

UEFI

Security System Design

CRO

Korean Culture

HR Operations

Electronic Marketing

Environmental Auditing

Analytical Skills

Mechanical Ventilation

Baan

Color Printing

Youth Empowerment

HTML scripting

Strategic Alliances

Energy Storage

Clinical Supervision

Claims Management

Data Models

Eye Surgery

ICH GCP

HIVE

flexible

Automation Tools

CDS

Business Development Consultancy

Gambling

Beauty

Medicinal Chemistry

Standards Development

Visual Arts

OscilloscopeWardrobe

SDK

Sexual HealthDimensional Modeling

Managerial Finance

Media Math

Ecosystem Services

Lean Startup

Surveying

Financial Management

Sputtering

CDMA

Production Coordination

x86 Assembly Evolutionary Genetics

Emergency Services

E payments

Strategy Formulation

Seeing the Bigger Picture

Tax Credit Compliance

Development implementation of marketing plans

Program Planning

Logistic Regression

Visual Identity Design

Finance Consulting

Writer

Transport PhenomenaBone Densitometry

Public speaking

Microsoft Server Platforms

Server Side Programming

Buy sideBabysitting

Commodities

WebSphere MQ

Reverse Mortgages

Boolean Searching

Managing Agency Relationships

Online Payments

Social Networking Sites

Integrity

Gest o

Wordpress

Customer Focus Valgrind

Knife Skills

Installation Design

CommVault

Project Team Management

Moodle

2D graphics

Diagnostic

Management Development

C I Lending

Salesforce com Certified

Talend Open Studio

Cardiovascular

Always On Time

Aptana

One to one Marketing

Operating Expenses

Corporate Advisory

Onsite Coordination

Smalltalk

Commercial Management

Revenue Cycle Management

Quality Patient Care

Patent Analysis

Destination Marketing

CouchDB

marketing

Bond Pricing

Strategic Forecasting

Semiconductors

Series 55

Brand Ambassadorship

Unica

Service Level AgreementsDesign Collaboration

Selenium IDE

Search Algorithms

Personalized Medicine

Print Publication Design

Brand Stewardship

Loan Processing

OTC

Highly Adaptable

Ticket Sales

Clinical Care

Trade Promotions

Human Anatomy

Microsoft Powerpoint

Humanitarian

Hiring Personnel

Multi unit

Market Entry

ChIP

Corporate Website Management Pathogenesis

Critical Care Nursing

Brand Messaging

Rates

Infusions

A B testing

Plant Propagation

Commodity

Luxury Brand Marketing

Drug Resistance

Execution of Business Plans

Environmental Graphics

Ubiquitous Computing

B2B Marketing Strategy

Anticoagulation

International Development

Structured Products

Bayesian Statistics

Go

Livelihood

Materials Science

Commodity Risk Management

illustrator

Syndications

Vision

Illustrator

Minerals

User Interface Specifications

Community Service

Material Characterisation

Strategic Enterprise Management

QUnit

Timeslips

ProducersStakeholder Analysis

Peacebuilding

Biophotonics

Home Sellers

Branded Content Development

Cascading

Broker Price Opinion

Axure RP

Trading

IND

Emergency Vehicle Operator Course

Salons

Team Management

Detail Orientation

Video Production

Experience working with diverse populations

Hold Series 7

Gene Therapy

Gift Cards

Lung

Visual Basic

Farms

Cancer Epidemiology

Applied Probability

I2C

Acceptance Testing

Titanium

Federal State Regulatory Compliance

Transition Management

Professional Development Programs

Seizure

Outstanding Customer Service

Molecular Evolution

Radiopharmaceuticals

CPOE

Hip Hop Dance

Customer Loyalty

Agilent ADS

Job Descriptions

PICU

Patient Education

Product Strategies

Educational Technology

MCNP

Telephone Interviewing

P Spice

Technical Demonstrations

JBuilderChoreography

Protein Kinases

IT Infrastructure Operations

National Account Management

Ecological Modeling

Electrodynamics

SIGINT

Neuroimaging

Sanger Sequencing

Enterprise ValuationE M coding

Rebranding

Company Branding

Tax Law

Scholarly Research

Seller Financing

Physical Design

Records Management

cGMP

Online MerchandisingComputational Finance

Custom CMS Development

Court Proceedings

Apple OS

Community Pharmacy

Medicine

Financial Systems Implementation

Windows Programming

Veterans Benefits

Active Directory

Analyst Relations

Content Auditing

Artistry

CMake

Layout

Fashion GPS

IP Networking

Multithreaded Development

Socially Responsible Investing

Commercial Buildings

Machine Translation

Project Analysis

Ad Hoc Reporting

FRET

Restaurant Management

Microsoft word

US GAAP reporting

HTML emails

Art Direction

XRF

Monte Carlo Simulation

Sample Preparation

Leases

WSDL

Process Simulation

Lifestyle Brands

Compensation Planning

Salesforce com Development

JBoss EAP

Media Pitching

Gentoo LinuxMachine learning

Chair Massage

Innovative

Volcanology

Corporate Sales Presentations

Metrics Reporting

In Vitro

Java Swing

User Modeling

Embroidery

GNU Debugger

Agile Leadership

Tube Feeding

Credit Cards

Particle Physics

Culture Change

Addiction Medicine

Issue Resolution

Applied Econometrics

CCRN

CorelDraw

Healthcare Consulting

Smartview

Building Management Systems

Eco Friendly

AML

WebTrends

Impedance Spectroscopy

SWIFT Payments

Apartments

JDeveloper

Thinking Outside The Box

Deals

Cleaning

CollageJazz Dance

Museum Collections

Command

Corporate Communications

Consultative Approach

Redis

Public Health Emergency Preparedness

Library Science

Fine Art Sales

Highly personable

203K

Gameplay

Dentistry

Acupuncture

Residential Investment Property

Charitable Gift Planning

IXIA

Prior Art Search

Enterprise Solution Selling

Microsoft Applications Liferay

PowerPivot

Project Bidding

Event Production

Writing Editing

Political Consulting

Opening Hotels

Freewheel

Social Security

Agricultural Research

Rich Media Design

Linux development

SIMION

Offshore Funds

DNA methylation

Senior Relocation

Educational Workshops

Foot Surgery

Hard Worker

Aeronautics

Non profit Program Development

Oncology

Biomedical Sciences

Consumer Product Testing

Microsoft Works

Industry Trend Analysis

Whisky

Townhomes Pyramid

Network Infrastructure

Identifying New Opportunities

Online Data EntryNew Homes

Consulting

Alternative MedicineWine Education

Creative Nonfiction Writing

Convex Optimization

market

Social Psychology

Desktop Application Support

Microsoft Office Xp

Global Communications

Scheduling

Memory

RoboHelpExecutive Management

Undergraduate Teaching

WinForms

RPG III

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Lean Process Improvement

Needs Assessment

Telephone Reception

Firefighting

Endangered Species

Food Allergies

Pay Per Call

Human Resources

Commercial Directing

Recipes

EMC

UV Vis Spectroscopy

Video Processing

Patent Portfolio Management

Mobile AppsWritten Skills

Search Engine Optimization SEO

Emerging Infectious Diseases

Student Recruiting

Igor Pro

Liquidity Risk

Yoga Instruction

OpenNI

Patient Administration

Quick Thinker

Managed Care

Biological Assessments

Optical Microscopy

Incubation

24

Health

Real Options Analysis

Differentiated Instruction

Investment Properties

AAC

SEC filings

Medical Microbiology

Visual Effects

Biomechanics

Django

Supply Management

Sales Strategy

Ebay Sales

Pancreatic Cancer

Apple Safari

Quote to Cash

Commercial Closings

Cytology

WF

Basic Life Support

Permanent Placement

Pedagogy

3D Studio Max

Heat Exchangers

Adobe Connect

International Relations Theory

Drawing Blood

McAfee

Member Relations

Handle Confidential Information

DevExpress

typing

Lithium ion Batteries

Stem Cell TransplantHealthcare Improvement

Brain

Tennis Instruction

Building Science

Project Development

Cadence Spectre

Business Case Modelling

Java Web Services

Organisational Leadership

Gel Extraction

Escrow

Strategic Sourcing

MSI

Package Design

ETL ToolsDelta One

Compensation Benefits

Team leadership

Question Answering

Inorganic Synthesis

Pediatric Endocrinology

Amazon Mechanical Turk

Inventory Control

Data Transformation

RESTful architecture

Debit Cards

Campaign Development

Strong Organizational Skills

Place Route

VxWorks

Versatility

Horse TrainingLoan Documents

Bahasa Indonesia

Residential Real Estate

Contract Negotiations

Detail oriented

Middleware

Ability to multitask

Online Survey Design

Ebooks Magnetohydrodynamics

Electric Vehicles

Linear Programming

Automotive Aftermarket

Aprimo

Cultural Anthropology

Tenant Retention

Rent Collection

International Security

Application Virtualization

Internal Investigations

Functional Genomics

Decision Modeling

Team Leadership

1H NMR

Immunofluorescence

Astrology

BlueJ

Integrated Multi Channel Marketing

Immunology

Resource Mobilization

Entertainment

Yacc

Artistic Vision

POS

conversational French

Doors

Financial Planning Analysis

Backup Solutions

Norton Ghost

Roofing

Trade Compliance

Forest Ecology

Coastal

Negative Pressure Wound Therapy

Qmail

Health Care

Statistical Reporting

Work Ethic

Docking

Commercial Awareness

Bancassurance

SCVMM

next generation sequencing

Research Development

Technical TrainingFine Dining

Corporate Marketing

COMSOL

Silverlight

Mail Merge

Building Brand Awareness

Customer Experience Analysis

Scheme

Facilitation

Smartboard

Basic Spanish

Billing Process

Business Intelligence

Digital Advertising

Bioanalysis

Transfusion Medicine

Integrated Marketing Solutions

Hadoop MapReduce

P L Analysis

Ion Channels

Intelligent Agents

Managed Money

Financial Planners

Protein protein Interactions

Non profit Communications

OASIS

Hematology

Multiple Project Coordination

Perl

Independent

Qualitative Research

Academic Administration

Engineering Design

ETL

Financial Due Diligence

Twitter Ads

Ethnography

Debt Restructuring

Forklift Operator

Student Financial Aid

Gel Electrophoresis

Business in China

OSB

OCR

Mock Interviews

Mobile Internet

Calibration

Digital Innovation

Foreign Currency

Foreign Exchange Risk Management

Talent Developer

Retina

Union Experience

Grasp New Concepts Quickly

Evictions

Corporate Communication

Excel models

Lisp

Bloomberg Terminal Maintenance Management

Interdisciplinary Research

Acoustic Guitar

Convertible Bonds

ShoreTel

Computer literate

Investigaci n y desarrollo

Accounting System

Cerner CCL

Donor ManagementMyBatis

Adobe Creative Suite

Vector Design

Firmware

Model Making

Technical Drawing

Fine Woodworking

Zoning

Corporate Budgeting

Nanomaterials

Non Qualified Deferred Compensation

Relational DatabasesProduct Naming

Persuasive Writing

FFIEC

Traumatology

Atmospheric Science

ADHD

Study Design

Constructability

Marketing Event Planning

Shoes

Partnership Accounting

Dissemination

Live Streaming

Figure 7: Skill Embeddings. Please zoom in for an easier read.